ap biologyap biology lab 1: artificial selection analysis & results: calculate mean, median,...
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![Page 1: AP BiologyAP Biology Lab 1: Artificial Selection Analysis & Results: Calculate mean, median, standard deviation, range Are the 2 populations before and after selection (P and F 1)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5f0302b07e708231d4071845/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP Biology
AP Biology
Lab Review
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AP Biology
Big Idea 1: Evolution
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AP Biology
Lab 1: Artificial Selection▪ Concepts:
◆ Natural selection = differential reproduction in a population
◆ Populations change over time ! evolution ◆ Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection
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AP Biology
Lab 1: Artificial Selection▪ Description:
◆ Use Wisconsin Fast Plants to perform artificial selection
◆ Identify traits and variations in traits ◆ Cross-pollinate (top 10%) for selected trait ◆ Collect data for 2 generations (P and F1)
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AP Biology
Sample Histogram of a Population
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AP Biology
Lab 1: Artificial SelectionAnalysis & Results: ▪ Calculate mean, median, standard deviation, range ▪ Are the 2 populations before and after selection (P
and F1) actually different?
▪ Are the 2 sub-populations of F1 (hairy vs. non-hairy) different?
▪ Are the means statistically different? ▪ A T-test could be used to determine if 2 sets of
data are statistically different from each other
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AP Biology
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg
▪ Concepts: ◆ Evolution = change in frequency of alleles in
a population from generation to generation ◆ Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium ▪ Allele Frequencies (p + q = 1) ▪ Genotypic Frequencies (p2+2pq+q2 = 1)
⬥Conditions: 1. large population 2. random mating 3. no mutations 4. no natural selection 5. no migration
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AP Biology
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg
▪ Description: ◆ Generate mathematical models and
computer simulations to see how a hypothetical gene pool changes from one generation to the next
◆ Use Microsoft Excel spreadsheet ▪ p = frequency of A allele ▪ q = frequency of B allele
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AP Biology
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg
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AP Biology
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg
▪ Setting up Excel spreadsheet
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AP Biology
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg
▪ Sample Results
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AP Biology
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg
Analysis & Results: ▪ Null model: in the absence of random events
that affect populations, allele frequencies (p,q) should be the same from generation to generation (H-W equilibrium)
▪ Analyze genetic drift and the effect of selection on a given population
▪ Manipulate parameters in model: ◆ Population size, selection (fitness),
mutation, migration, genetic drift
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AP Biology
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg
▪ Real-life applications: ◆ Cystic fibrosis, polydactyly ◆ Heterozygote advantage (Sickle-Cell
Anemia)
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AP Biology
Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST ! Evolutionary Relationships
▪ Concepts: ◆ Bioinformatics: combines statistics, math
modeling, computer science to analyze biological data
◆ Genomes can be compared to detect genetic similarities and differences
◆ BLAST = Basic Local Alignment Search Tool ▪ Input gene sequence of interest ▪ Search genomic libraries for identical or
similar sequences
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AP Biology
Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST ! Evolutionary Relationships
▪ Description: ◆ Use BLAST to compare several genes ◆ Use information to construct a cladogram
(phylogenetic tree) ◆ Cladogram = visualization of evolutionary
relatedness of species
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AP Biology
Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST ! Evolutionary Relationships
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AP Biology
Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST ! Evolutionary Relationships
▪ Use this data to construct a cladogram of the major plant groups
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AP Biology
Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST ! Evolutionary Relationships
▪ Fossil specimen in China ▪ DNA was extracted from preserved tissue ▪ Sequences from 4 genes were analyzed using BLAST
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AP Biology
Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST ! Evolutionary Relationships
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AP Biology
Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST ! Evolutionary Relationships
▪ Analysis & Results: ◆ BLAST results: the higher the score, the
closer the alignment ◆ The more similar the genes, the more
recent their common ancestor ! located closer on the cladogram
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AP Biology
Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST ! Evolutionary Relationships
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AP Biology
Big Idea 2: cellular processes: energy and communication
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AP Biology
Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis▪ Concepts:
◆ Selectively permeable membrane ◆ Diffusion (high ! low concentration) ◆ Osmosis (aquaporins) ◆ Water potential (ψ) ▪ ψ = pressure potential (ψP) + solute potential (ψS)
◆ Solutions: ▪ Hypertonic ▪ hypotonic ▪ isotonic
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AP Biology
Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
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AP Biology
Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis▪ Description:
◆ Surface area and cell size vs. rate of diffusion
◆ Cell modeling: dialysis tubing + various solutions (distilled water, sucrose, salt, glucose, protein)
◆ Identify concentrations of sucrose solution and solute concentration of potato cores
◆ Observe osmosis in onion cells (effect of salt water)
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AP Biology
Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
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AP Biology
Potato Cores in Different Concentrations of Sucrose
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AP Biology
Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis▪ Conclusions
◆ Water moves from high water potential (ψ ) (hypotonic=low solute) to low water potential (ψ) (hypertonic=high solute)
◆ Solute concentration & size of molecule affect movement across selectively permeable membrane
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Lab 5: Photosynthesis▪ Concepts:
◆ Photosynthesis ▪6H2O + 6CO2 + Light ! C6H12O6 + 6O2
◆ Ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis: ▪Production of oxygen (O2) ▪Consumption of carbon dioxide (CO2)
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AP Biology
Lab 5: Photosynthesis▪ Description:
◆ Paper chromatography to identify pigments ◆ Floating disk technique ▪ Leaf disks float in water ▪Gases can be drawn from out from leaf using
syringe ! leaf sinks ▪ Photosynthesis ! O2 produced ! bubbles form
on leaf ! leaf disk rises ◆ Measure rate of photosynthesis by O2 production ◆ Factors tested: types of plants, light intensity, colors
of leaves, pH of solutions
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AP Biology
Plant Pigments & Chromatography
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Floating Disk Technique
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AP Biology
Lab 5: Photosynthesis▪ Concepts:
◆ photosynthesis ◆ Photosystems II, I ▪ H2O split, ATP, NADPH
◆ chlorophylls & other plant pigments ▪ chlorophyll a ▪ chlorophyll b ▪ xanthophylls ▪ carotenoids
◆ experimental design ▪ control vs. experimental
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration▪ Concepts:
◆ Respiration ◆ Measure rate of respiration by: ▪O2 consumption ▪CO2 production
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AP Biology
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration▪ Description:
◆ Use respirometer ◆ Measure rate of respiration (O2 consumption)
in various seeds ◆ Factors tested: ▪ Non-germinating seeds ▪ Germinating seeds ▪ Effect of temperature ▪ Surface area of seeds ▪ Types of seeds ▪ Plants vs. animals
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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AP Biology
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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AP Biology
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration▪ Conclusions:
◆ ↓temp = ↓respiration ◆ ↑germination = ↑respiration ◆ Animal respiration > plant respiration ◆ ↑ surface area = ↑ respiration
Calculate Rate
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AP Biology
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Big Idea 3: genetics and information transfer
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AP Biology
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis▪ Concepts:
◆ Cell Cycle (G1 ! S ! G2 ! M) ◆ Control of cell cycle (checkpoints) ▪ Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
◆ Mitosis vs. Meiosis ◆ Crossing over ! genetic diversity
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AP Biology
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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AP Biology
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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AP Biology
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis▪ Description:
◆ Model mitosis & meiosis (pipecleaners, beads) ◆ How environment affects mitosis of plant roots ▪ Lectin - proteins secreted by fungus ▪ Root stimulating powder ▪ Count # cells in interphase, mitosis
◆ Observe karyotypes (cancer, mutations) ◆ Meiosis & crossing over in Sordaria (fungus)
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AP Biology
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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AP Biology
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis
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AP Biology
Abnormal karyotype = Cancer
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AP Biology
Meiosis: Crossing over in Prophase I
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AP Biology
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis▪ Observed crossing over in fungus (Sordaria)
◆ Arrangement of ascospores
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AP Biology
Sordaria Analysis
% crossovertotal crossover
total offspring=
distance from centromere
% crossover
2=
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AP Biology
Lab 8: Bacterial TransformationConcepts: ▪ Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA from
surroundings ▪ Plasmid = small ring of DNA with a few genes
◆ Replicates separately from bacteria DNA ◆ Can carry genes for antibiotic resistance ◆ Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA = pGLO
plasmid
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AP Biology
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
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AP Biology
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
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AP Biology
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation▪ Conclusions:
◆ Foreign DNA inserted using vector (plasmid) ◆ Ampicillin = Selecting agent ▪ No transformation = no growth on amp+ plate
◆ Regulate genes by transcription factors (araC protein)
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
▪ Concepts: ◆ Restriction Enzymes ▪Cut DNA at specific locations
◆ Gel Electrophoresis ▪DNA is negatively charged ▪Smaller fragments travel faster
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AP Biology
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
▪ Description
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AP Biology
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
▪ Determine DNA fragment sizes
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AP Biology
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
▪ Conclusions: ◆ Restriction enzymes cut at specific
locations (restriction sites) ◆ DNA is negatively charged ◆ Smaller DNA fragments travel faster than
larger fragments ◆ Relative size of DNA fragments can be
determined by distance travelled ▪Use standard curve to calculate size
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AP Biology
Big Idea 4: interactions
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AP Biology
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics▪ Concepts:
◆ Energy from sunlight ! drives photosynthesis (store E in organic compounds)
◆ Gross Productivity (GPP) = energy captured ▪ But some energy is used for respiration (R) ▪Net primary productivity (NPP) = GPP – R
◆ Energy flows! (but matter cycles) ▪ Producers ! consumers
◆ Biomass = mass of dry weight
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AP Biology
Lab 10: Energy DynamicsPyramid of Energy Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Numbers
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AP Biology
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics▪ Description:
◆ Brassica (cabbage) ! cabbage white butterfly larvae (caterpillars)
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Lab 10: Energy Dynamics▪ Measuring Biomass:
◆ Cabbage ! mass lost ◆ Caterpillar ! mass gained ◆ Caterpillar frass (poop) ! dry mass
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AP Biology
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics▪ Conclusions:
![Page 80: AP BiologyAP Biology Lab 1: Artificial Selection Analysis & Results: Calculate mean, median, standard deviation, range Are the 2 populations before and after selection (P and F 1)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5f0302b07e708231d4071845/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
AP Biology
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics▪ Conclusions:
◆ Energy is lost (respiration, waste) ◆ Conservation of Mass ◆ Input = Output
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Lab 11: Transpiration
▪ Concepts: ◆ Transpiration ▪Xylem ▪Water potential ▪Cohesion-tension hypothesis
◆ Stomata & Guard cells ◆ Leaf surface area & # stomata vs. rate of
transpiration
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AP Biology
Lab 11: Transpiration
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AP Biology
Lab 11: Transpiration▪ Description:
◆ Determine relationship between leaf surface area, # stomata, rate of transpiration ▪Nail polish ! stomatal peels
◆ Effects of environmental factors on rate of transpiration ▪Temperature, humidity, air flow (wind), light
intensity
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AP Biology
Analysis of Stomata
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AP Biology
Rates of Transpiration
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AP Biology
Lab 11: Transpiration▪ Conclusions:
◆ ↑transpiration: ↑ wind, ↑ light ◆ ↓transpiration: ↑ humidity ◆ Density of stomata vs. transpiration ◆ Leaf surface area vs. transpiration
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Lab 12: Animal Behavior▪ Concepts:
◆ Experimental design ▪ IV, DV, control, constants ▪ Control vs. Experimental ▪ Hypothesis
◆ innate vs. learned behavior ◆ choice chambers ▪ temperature ▪ humidity ▪ light intensity ▪ salinity ▪ other factors
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AP Biology
Lab 12: Animal Behavior▪ Description:
◆ Investigate relationship between environmental factors vs. behavior ▪ Betta fish agonistic behavior ▪ Drosophila (fruit fly) behavior ▪ Pillbug kinesis
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AP Biology
Lab 12: Animal Behavior
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AP Biology
Lab 12: Animal Behavior▪ Hypothesis Development
◆ Poor: I think pillbugs will move toward the wet side of a choice chamber.
◆ Better: If pillbugs are randomly placed on two sides of a wet/dry choice chamber and allowed to move about freely for 10 minutes, then more pillbugs will be found on the wet side because they prefer moist environments.
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AP Biology
Lab 12: Animal Behavior▪ Experimental Design sample size
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AP Biology
Lab 12: Animal Behavior▪ Data Analysis:
◆ Chi-Square Test ◆ Null hypothesis: there is no difference
between the conditions ◆ Degrees of Freedom = n-1 ◆ At p=0.05, if X2 < critical value ! accept null
hypothesis (any differences between observed and expected due to CHANCE)
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AP Biology
Lab 13: Enzyme Activity▪ Concepts:
◆ Enzyme ▪ Structure (active site, allosteric site) ▪ Lower activation energy
◆ Substrate ! product ◆ Proteins denature (structure/binding site
changes)
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AP Biology
Lab 13: Enzyme Activity▪ Description:
◆ Determine which factors affecting rate of enzyme reaction
◆ H2O2 ⎯⎯⎯→ H2O + O2 ◆ Measure rate of O2 production
catalase
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AP Biology
Turnip peroxidase ! Color change (O2 produced)
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AP Biology
Lab 13: Enzyme Activity▪ Conclusions:
◆ Enzyme reaction rate affected by: ▪ pH (acids, bases) ▪ Temperature ▪ Substrate concentration ▪ Enzyme concentration
Calculate Rate of Reaction
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Any Questions??