ap biology cell and cell parts reivew videos inner life of a cell (with dramatic music) inner life...
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Cell and Cell Parts Reivew videos Inner Life of a Cell (with dramatic music) Inner Life of a Cell (technically narrated)
Human skin cells, up close and personal Dust mites (just for fun)
Through the virtual cell (in cell submarine with all of the key cellular processes)
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AP Biology
What is the purpose of all this stuff?
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AP Biology
Phospholipids
Fatty acid
Phosphate
Phosphate head hydrophilic
Fatty acid tails hydrophobic
Arranged as a bilayer
Aaaah, one of those
structure–functionexamples
“repelled by water”
“attracted to water”
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AP Biology
Arranged as a Phospholipid bilayer
polarhydrophilic
heads
nonpolarhydrophobic
tails
Serves as a 5-10 nm wide cellular border
H2Osugar
lipids
salt
waste
impermeable to polar molecules
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AP Biology
Permeability to polar molecules? Membrane becomes semi-permeable via
protein channels specific channels allow specific material
across cell membrane
inside cell
outside cell
sugaraaH2O
saltNH3
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AP Biology
Cell membrane is more than lipids… Transmembrane proteins embedded in
phospholipid bilayer create semi-permeabe channels
lipid bilayermembrane
protein channelsin lipid bilyer membrane
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Why areproteins the perfect
molecule to build structures in the cell membrane?
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AP Biology
Classes of amino acids
What do these amino acids have in common?What do these amino acids have in common?
nonpolar & hydrophobicnonpolar & hydrophobic
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AP Biology
Classes of amino acids
What do these amino acids have in common?What do these amino acids have in common?
polar & hydrophilicpolar & hydrophilic
I like thepolar onesthe best!
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AP Biology
Proteins domains anchor molecule
Within membrane nonpolar amino acids
hydrophobic anchors protein
into membrane
On outer surfaces of membrane in fluid polar amino acids
hydrophilic extend into
extracellular fluid & into cytosol
Polar areasof protein
Nonpolar areas of protein
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AP Biology
NH2
H+
COOH
Cytoplasm
Retinalchromophore
Nonpolar(hydrophobic)-helices in thecell membrane H+
Porin monomer
-pleated sheets
Bacterialoutermembrane
proton pump channel in photosynthetic bacteria
aquaporin = water channel in bacteria
function through conformational change = protein changes shape
function through conformational change = protein changes shape
Examples
H2O
H2O
H+
H+
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AP Biology
Many Functions of Membrane Proteins
Outside
Plasmamembrane
InsideTransporter Cell surface
receptorEnzymeactivity
Cell surface identity marker
Attachment to thecytoskeleton
Cell adhesion
“Antigen”
“Channel”
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AP Biology
Membrane Proteins Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions
cell membrane & organelle membranes each have unique collections of proteins
Classes of membrane proteins: peripheral proteins
loosely bound to surface of membrane ex: cell surface identity marker (antigens)
integral proteins penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane transmembrane protein ex: transport proteins
channels, permeases (pumps)
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AP Biology
Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer
Extracellular fluid
Cholesterol
Cytoplasm
Glycolipid
Transmembraneproteins
Filaments ofcytoskeleton
Peripheralprotein
Glycoprotein
Phospholipids
1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson proposed Fluid Mosaic Model
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AP Biology
Membrane carbohydrates Play a key role in cell-cell recognition
ability of a cell to distinguish one cell from another antigens
basis for rejection of foreign cells by immune system
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AP Biology
Any Questions??
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Movement across the Cell Membrane
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AP Biology
Diffusion 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
governs biological systems universe tends towards disorder (entropy)
Diffusion movement from HIGH LOW concentration
Diffusion movement from HIGH LOW concentration
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AP Biology
Simple Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
“passive transport” no energy needed
diffusion osmosis
movement of water
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AP Biology
Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion through protein channels
channels move specific molecules across cell membrane
no energy needed
“The Bouncer”“The Bouncer”
open channel = fast transport
facilitated = with help
HIGH
LOW
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AP Biology
Active Transport
“The Doorman”“The Doorman”
conformational change
Cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient conformational shape change transports solute
from one side of membrane to other protein “pump” “costs” energy = ATP
ATP
LOW
HIGH
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AP Biologysymportantiport
Active transport Many models & mechanisms
ATP ATP
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AP Biology
Getting through cell membrane Passive Transport
Simple diffusion diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
lipids HIGH LOW concentration gradient
Facilitated transport diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules through a protein channel
HIGH LOW concentration gradient
Active transport diffusion against concentration gradient
LOW HIGH uses a proton pump requires ATP
ATP
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AP Biology
Two combined forces, collectively called the electrochemical gradient, drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane
A chemical force (the ion’s concentration gradient)
An electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential
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AP Biology
• An electrogenic pump is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
• The sodium-potassium pump is the major electrogenic pump of animal cells
• The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria is a proton pump Electrogenic pumps help store energy that can be
used for cellular work
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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AP Biology
Figure 7.20
CYTOPLASM
ATP EXTRACELLULARFLUID
Proton pumpH
H
H
H
H
H
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AP Biology
Figure 7.21
ATP
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
Proton pump
Sucrose-H
cotransporter
SucroseSucrose
Diffusion of H
Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein
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AP Biology
Transport summary
simplediffusion
facilitateddiffusion
activetransport
ATP
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AP Biology
How about large molecules? Moving large molecules into & out of cell
through vesicles & vacuoles endocytosis
phagocytosis = “cellular eating” pinocytosis = “cellular drinking”
exocytosis
exocytosis
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AP Biology
Endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
fuse with lysosome for digestion
non-specificprocess
triggered bymolecular signal
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AP Biology 2007-2008
The Special Case of Water
post lab
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AP Biology
Osmosis is just diffusion of water Water is very important to life,
so we talk about water separately Diffusion of water from
HIGH concentration of water to LOW concentration of water across a
semi-permeable membrane
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AP Biology
Concentration of water Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations Hypertonic - more solute, less water
Hypotonic - less solute, more water
Isotonic - equal solute, equal water
hypotonic hypertonic
water
net movement of water
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AP Biology freshwater balanced saltwater
Managing water balance Cell survival depends on balancing
water uptake & loss
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AP Biology
Managing water balance Hypotonic
a cell in fresh water high concentration of water around cell
problem: cell gains water, swells & can burst
example: Paramecium ex: water continually enters
Paramecium cell
solution: contractile vacuole pumps water out of cell ATP
plant cells turgid = full cell wall protects from bursting
freshwater
ATP
1
No problem,here
KABOOM!
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AP Biology
Pumping water out Contractile vacuole in Paramecium
ATP
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AP Biology
Managing water balance Hypertonic
a cell in salt water low concentration of water
around cell problem: cell loses water &
can die example: shellfish solution: take up water or
pump out salt plant cells
plasmolysis = wilt can recover
saltwater
2
I willsurvive!
I’m shrinking,I’m shrinking!
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AP Biology
Managing water balance Isotonic
animal cell immersed in mild salt solution
no difference in concentration of water between cell & environment problem: none
no net movement of water flows across membrane equally, in
both directions
cell in equilibrium volume of cell is stable
example: blood cells in blood plasma slightly salty IV solution in hospital
balanced
3
I couldbe better…
That’sperfect!
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AP Biology
Aquaporins Water moves rapidly into & out of cells
evidence that there were water channels protein channels allowing flow of water
across cell membrane
1991 | 2003
Peter AgreJohn Hopkins
Roderick MacKinnonRockefeller
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AP Biology
Cell (compared to beaker) hypertonic or hypotonic
Beaker (compared to cell) hypertonic or hypotonic
Which way does the water flow? in or out of cell
.05 M .03 M
Do you understand Osmosis…
Plasmolysis of onion
cells video
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AP Biology
Any Questions??
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AP Biology
Review vids Crash Course Biology Another including transport