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AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics

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Page 1: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

AP Biology

Chapter 54Ecosystem Dynamics

Page 2: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-2

Microorganismsand other

detritivores

Tertiaryconsumers

Secondaryconsumers

Detritus Primary consumers

Sun

Primary producers

Heat

Key

Chemical cycling

Energy flow

Page 3: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

10% Rule of Energy

Page 4: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-4

Open oceanContinental shelf

Upwelling zonesExtreme desert, rock, sand, ice

Swamp and marshLake and stream

Desert and semidesert scrubTropical rain forest

Temperate deciduous forestTemperate evergreen forest

Tropical seasonal forest

SavannaCultivated land

EstuaryAlgal beds and reefs

Boreal forest (taiga)Temperate grassland

Woodland and shrublandTundra

0.40.4

1.01.31.51.61.71.82.42.72.93.33.54.7

0.30.10.1

5.265.0

Freshwater (on continents)

Terrestrial

Marine

Key Percentage of Earth’ssurface area

Average net primaryproduction (g/m2/yr)

6050403020100 2,5002,0001,5001,0005000

Percentage of Earth’s netprimary production

2520151050

125

2,500

3601,500

5003.090

900600

800

2,200

600

250

1,6001,2001,300

2,000

700140

0.3

7.99.19.6

5.43.5

0.67.1

4.93.8

2.3

24.45.6

1.20.9

0.10.040.9

22

Page 5: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Fig: 54.5Productivity of the Earth

(Based on Chlorophyll Density)

Page 6: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-6

Atlantic Ocean

ShinnecockBay

Moriches Bay

Long Island

2

45

30

1115

19

21

Coast of Long Island, New York

Great South Bay

Phytoplankton

Inorganicphosphorus

GreatSouth Bay

MorichesBay

ShinnecockBay

Station number2119153011542

8

5

4

3

21

0

6

78

5

4

3

21

0

6

7

Phytoplankton biomass and phosphorus concentration

Ph

yto

pla

nk

ton

(mil

lio

ns

of

cel

ls/m

L)

Ino

rga

nic

ph

os

ph

oru

s(µ

m a

tom

s/L

)

Ammonium enriched

Station number2119153011542

30

Ph

yto

pla

nk

ton

(mil

lio

ns

of

cel

ls p

er m

L)

Startingalgal

density

Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment

24

18

12

6

0

Phosphate enrichedUnenriched control

Page 7: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Fig:54.7

Page 8: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Rachel Carson

Page 9: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-10

Growth (new biomass)

Cellularrespiration

Feces100 J

33 J

67 J

200 J

Plant materialeaten by caterpillar

Page 10: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Fig: 54.11Pyramids of Energy Production

Page 11: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Fig: 54.14 Pyramids of Numbers(Think about how much each consumer eats over its

lifetime.)

Page 12: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-12a

Trophic level Dry weight(g/m2)

Tertiary consumers

Secondary consumers

Primary consumers

Primary producers

1.5

11

37

809

Most biomass pyramids show a sharp decrease in biomass at successively higher trophic levels, as illustrated by data from a bog at Silver Springs, Florida.

Page 13: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-12b

Trophic level Dry weight(g/m2)

Primary consumers (zooplankton)

Primary producers (phytoplankton)

21

4

In some aquatic ecosystems, such as the English Channel, a small standing crop of primary producers (phytoplankton) supports a larger standing crop of primary consumers (zooplankton).

Page 14: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Fig: 54.13Pyramids of Numbers

Page 15: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-17a

Transportover land

Precipitationover landEvaporation

from oceanPrecipitationover ocean

Net movement ofwater vapor by wind

Solar energy

Evapotranspirationfrom land

Runoff andgroundwater

Percolationthroughsoil

Page 16: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-17b

Cellularrespiration

Burning offossil fuelsand wood

Carbon compoundsin water

Photosynthesis

Primaryconsumers

Higher-levelconsumers

Detritus

Decomposition

CO2 in atmosphere

Page 17: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-17c

Assimilation

N2 in atmosphere

DecomposersNitrifyingbacteria

Nitrifyingbacteria

Nitrogen-fixingsoil bacteria

Denitrifyingbacteria

NitrificationAmmonification

Nitrogen-fixingbacteria in rootnodules of legumes

NO3–

NO2–NH4

+NH3

Page 18: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-17d

Sedimentation

Plants

Rain

Runoff

Weatheringof rocks

Geologicuplift

SoilLeaching

Decomposition

Plant uptakeof PO4

3–

Consumption

Page 19: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Harvesting

Page 20: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Sources for Acid Precipitation

Page 21: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Fig: 54.22

Page 22: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Effects of Acid Precipitation

Page 23: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-23

Zooplankton0.123 ppm

Phytoplankton0.025 ppm

Lake trout4.83 ppm

Smelt1.04 ppm

Herringgull eggs124 ppm

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n o

f P

CB

s

Page 24: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Rachel Carson

Page 25: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Fig: 54.24Rising CO2 and rising temperature

Page 26: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-27

Chlorine atoms

O3Chlorine

Cl2O2

CIO

O2

O2

CIO

Chlorine from CFCs interacts with ozone (O3), forming chlorine monoxide (CIO) and oxygen (O2).

Sunlight causes Cl2O2 to break down into O2 and free chlorine atoms. The chlorine atoms can begin the cycle again.

Two CIO molecules react, forming chlorine peroxide (Cl2O2).

Sunlight

Page 27: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

Fig: 54.28Ozone hole over Antarctica in dark blue

Page 28: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

LE 54-28

October 1979 October 2000

Page 29: AP Biology Chapter 54 Ecosystem Dynamics. LE 54-2 Microorganisms and other detritivores Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers

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