ap biology ecology
TRANSCRIPT
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 1/40
AP BiologyP Biology
Ecologycology
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 2/40
Ecology…cology…
….the study of the interactions
between organisms and the
living and nonliving
components of their
environment.
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 3/40
Levels of EcologicalLevels of Ecological
OrganizationOrganization
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 4/40
A Key Theme In EcologyA Key Theme In Ecology
Interconnectedness or Interconnectedness or
Interdependence: AllInterdependence: All 5 5 levelslevels
of of Ecological OrganizationEcological Organization ,,
influence by biotic and abioticinfluence by biotic and abiotic
factors.factors.
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 5/40
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 6/40
Biotic and Abiotic FactorsBiotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic: all living thingsBiotic: all living things
Abiotic: temperature,Abiotic: temperature,humidity, pH, salinity, oxygenhumidity, pH, salinity, oxygen
concentration, sunlight,concentration, sunlight,
nitrogen, and precipitation.nitrogen, and precipitation.
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 7/40
Properties ofroperties of
Populationsopulations SizeSize
DensityDensity
DispersionDispersion
Can Be Described By:Can Be Described By:
Survivorship CurveSurvivorship Curve
Age Structure DiagramAge Structure Diagram
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 8/40
Properties ofroperties of
Populationsopulations Size: Total number of individuals in aSize: Total number of individuals in a
population.population.
Density: Number of individuals per unitDensity: Number of individuals per unitarea or volume. (Ex: number of antsarea or volume. (Ex: number of ants
living in an 1 acre of land)living in an 1 acre of land)
Sampling TechniquesSampling Techniques Mark and RecaptureMark and Recapture
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 9/40
Properties ofroperties of
Populations-Dispersionopulations-Dispersion Pattern of spacing individuals within thePattern of spacing individuals within the
area the population inhibitsarea the population inhibits
Uniform, Random, ClumpedUniform, Random, Clumped
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 10/40
Properties ofroperties of
Populations: Survivorshipopulations: Survivorship
or Mortality Curvesr Mortality Curves
Type 1 CurveType 1 Curve: Organisms with Low: Organisms with Low
Death Rates, in young and middle age,Death Rates, in young and middle age,high in old age. Example Humanshigh in old age. Example Humans
Type 2 CurveType 2 Curve: Constant Death Rate.: Constant Death Rate.
Examples: Reptiles & RodentsExamples: Reptiles & RodentsType 3Type 3: Curve:: Curve: High Death Rate inHigh Death Rate in
Young then constant rateYoung then constant rate
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 11/40
Example of Survivorship Curves
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 12/40
Properties ofroperties of
Populations- Ageopulations- Age
Structure Diagramstructure Diagrams
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 13/40
Age Structure Diagram-ge Structure Diagram-
Uganda vs. Japanganda vs. JapanWhat Problems do these
Countries Face?
What is Zero Population
Growth? Which Graph
Shows It?
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 14/40
Population Growthopulation Growth
Growth Rate: birth, death,Growth Rate: birth, death,
emigration, immigrationemigration, immigration
Demographers assumeDemographers assume
immigration and emigrationimmigration and emigration
are zero when calculatingare zero when calculatinggrowth rate.growth rate.
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 15/40
Population Growth:Population Growth:
The Exponential modelThe Exponential model
Populations can only growuntil they reach their biotic
potential. The rate that
populations could increase at
ideal conditions.
Exponential Growth meets
the following conditions: no
immigration or emigration,
unlimited resources, nopredation, parasitism, or
competition.
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 16/40
Population Growth:Population Growth:
The Logistic ModelThe Logistic Model
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 17/40
Population Growth:Population Growth:
Carrying Capacity (K)Carrying Capacity (K) The ultimate limit of individuals that canThe ultimate limit of individuals that can
occupy one area at a particular timeoccupy one area at a particular time
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 18/40
Population Growth:opulation Growth:
Limiting Factorsimiting Factors Factors that limit population growth.Factors that limit population growth.
2 categories2 categories
Density-Dependent FactorsDensity-Dependent Factors resource limitations and are triggered byresource limitations and are triggered by
increasing population density.increasing population density. increases.increases.Example: food, shelter, spaceExample: food, shelter, space
Density-Independent FactorsDensity-Independent Factors Factors that are independent of populationFactors that are independent of population
density. Example: earthquakes, stormes,density. Example: earthquakes, stormes,volcanic activity, etc..volcanic activity, etc..
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 19/40
Growth Patterns:rowth Patterns:K-Strategists vs. r-Strategists-Strategists vs. r-Strategists
r Unstable environment, density
independent
K
Stable environment, density dependentinteractions
small size of organism large size of organism
energy used to make each individual is low energy used to make each individual is high
many offspring are produced few offspring are produced
early maturitylate maturity, often after a prolonged period of
parental care
short life expectancy long life expectancy
each individual reproduces only onceindividuals can reproduce more than once in their
lifetime
type III survivorship patternin which most of the individuals die within
a short timebut a few live much longer
type I or II survivorship patternin which most individuals live to near the
maximum life span
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 20/40
Population Growth-Caseopulation Growth-Case
Study: Thetudy: The Hare and theare and the
Lynxynx
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 21/40
Species Interactionspecies Interactions
CompetitionCompetition
PredationPredation
MutualismMutualism
CommensalismCommensalism
ParasitismParasitism
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 22/40
CompetitionCompetition
…….Competitive Exclusion.Competitive Exclusion
2 Species coexist in a community if 2 Species coexist in a community if
they share a niche.they share a niche. Niche= resources usedNiche= resources used
These birds havedifferent niche
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 23/40
What will happen to specieshat will happen to species
in an environment ofn an environment ofcompetitive exclusion?ompetitive exclusion? (1) Extinction of one species (Ex. Paramecium)(1) Extinction of one species (Ex. Paramecium)
(2) Resource Partitioning: the(2) Resource Partitioning: the
evolution of one species toevolution of one species to
exploit different resources.exploit different resources.
(3) Character Displacement: A divergence in(3) Character Displacement: A divergence in
body structure. (i.e. the Galapagos Islandbody structure. (i.e. the Galapagos Island
Finch Beaks)Finch Beaks)
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 24/40
Predation: that which hasredation: that which has
been eaten.een eaten.
How not to be eaten:How not to be eaten:
Plants: evolve spines, thorns, and chemicalPlants: evolve spines, thorns, and chemical
poisons. (Plant poisons: strychnine,poisons. (Plant poisons: strychnine,morphine, nicotine)morphine, nicotine)
Animals: evolve Animals: evolve
Active defenses: hide, flee, defend (High energy) Active defenses: hide, flee, defend (High energy)
Passive defenses: camouflage, cryptic colorationPassive defenses: camouflage, cryptic coloration Aposematic coloration:Aposematic coloration: warning colorswarning colors
Batesian mimicry:Batesian mimicry: monarch deadly, viceroy harmlessmonarch deadly, viceroy harmless
Mullerian mimicry:Mullerian mimicry: two poisonous species look aliketwo poisonous species look alike
spines
thorns
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 25/40
The three symbiotic relationships:he three symbiotic relationships:
Mutualism, Commensalism, andutualism, Commensalism, and
Parasitismarasitism Mutualism:Mutualism: both benefit. You and the 1.5 lbsboth benefit. You and the 1.5 lbs
of bacteria living in your gut. The bird and theof bacteria living in your gut. The bird and the
Crock. The cleaner rass and their fish.Crock. The cleaner rass and their fish.
Commensalism:Commensalism: one benefits, the other isone benefits, the other is
unaffected. The cattle egret and the cow.unaffected. The cattle egret and the cow.
Parasitism:Parasitism: One benefits the other is harmed.One benefits the other is harmed.
You and your athlete’s foot. The leach and theYou and your athlete’s foot. The leach and the
fish or you.fish or you.
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 26/40
The food web:The food web: you can occupyyou can occupy
different tropic levels dependingifferent tropic levels depending
on what you eat!n what you eat!
Biological
Magnification: In this
food web, who has the
most DDT in their bodies?
Is there a problem with
being human?
Decomposers:
Bacteria and Fungi
Recycle nutrients into
the soil that plants later
use.
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 27/40
The food chain:he food chain: Who eatsho eats
whoho
10 % rule: only 10% of the
energy stored in any tropic level
is converted to organic matter.
1,000 g plant matter
100 g
10 g
1g
Producer : Plants, mostbiomass
Primary consumers:
herbivores
Secondary consumers:
Carnivores
Tertiary consumers:least biomass, top of
food chain,
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 28/40
Ecological Successioncological Succession
Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession
SuccessionSuccession
Climax Community:Climax Community: Destroyed by BlowoutDestroyed by Blowout
Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession
For More
Detail click
here
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 29/40
Biomesiomes Temperature and Rainfall DependentTemperature and Rainfall Dependent
Characterized by Vegetation andCharacterized by Vegetation and
Animals Animals
Largest Biome is Marine (3/4 of Earth)Largest Biome is Marine (3/4 of Earth) Most Stable due to water high heat capasityMost Stable due to water high heat capasity
Most of Earth’s Food and OxygenMost of Earth’s Food and Oxygen
Divided by distance from shore, water depth,Divided by distance from shore, water depth,
and sunlightand sunlight
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 30/40
Terrestrial EcosystemsTerrestrial Ecosystems
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 31/40
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 32/40
Biomes- Tropicaliomes- Tropical
Rainforest vs. Desertainforest vs. Desert
Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest High Rainfall, Humidity & Stable TemperaturesHigh Rainfall, Humidity & Stable Temperatures
4% of Land Surface, 20% of Carbon Fixation4% of Land Surface, 20% of Carbon Fixation Most Diverse Biome, Trees form CanopyMost Diverse Biome, Trees form Canopy
Epiphytes: Cling to Trees (i.e. Spanish Moss)Epiphytes: Cling to Trees (i.e. Spanish Moss)
DesertDesert Less than 10 in. of rain per year Less than 10 in. of rain per year
Highest Temperature Fluctuations (158Highest Temperature Fluctuations (158 °°F- 30F- 30°°F)F)
Drought Resistant Plants (CAM), Small Animals-Drought Resistant Plants (CAM), Small Animals-
NocturnalNocturnal
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 33/40
omes:mes:Temperate Grassland vs.emperate Grassland vs.
Temperature Deciduousemperature Deciduous
Forestorest Temperate GrasslandTemperate Grassland
Covers Large Areas (Great Plains)Covers Large Areas (Great Plains)
Seasonally Unevenly Low RainfallSeasonally Unevenly Low Rainfall C-4 Plants, Think: Bison, Prairie Dogs, andC-4 Plants, Think: Bison, Prairie Dogs, and
WildebeestWildebeest
Temperature Deciduous ForestTemperature Deciduous Forest Northern Climates: Trees drop leaves, Rich SoilNorthern Climates: Trees drop leaves, Rich Soil
Hibernating AnimalsHibernating Animals
Vertical Stratification: Species live on the ground,Vertical Stratification: Species live on the ground,
low branches, and tree topslow branches, and tree tops
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 34/40
Biomes: Conifer Forest-iomes: Conifer Forest-
Taiga vs. Tundraaiga vs. Tundra
Conifer Forest-TaigaConifer Forest-Taiga Northern Canada, Pine treesNorthern Canada, Pine trees
Largest Terrestrial Biome, Very Cold WintersLargest Terrestrial Biome, Very Cold Winters
Think: Moose, Bear, Lynx, Porcupine, Birds, andThink: Moose, Bear, Lynx, Porcupine, Birds, and
MosquitoesMosquitoes
TundraTundra Permafrost- Permanently Frozen GroundPermafrost- Permanently Frozen Ground Frozen Desert= Little RainFrozen Desert= Little Rain
Bugs and Birds, Reindeer,Caribou, & Polar Bear Bugs and Birds, Reindeer,Caribou, & Polar Bear
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 35/40
Chemical Cycles-hemical Cycles-
The Water Cyclehe Water Cycle
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 36/40
Chemical Cycles-hemical Cycles-
The Carbon Cyclehe Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis
Remove CO2 Adds O2
↕Respiration
Bacteria, Animals, &
Burning Fossil FuelsRemove O2 Adds CO2
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 37/40
Chemical Cycle:hemical Cycle:
The Nitrogen Cyclehe Nitrogen Cycle
Most N Fixed
By Bacteria
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 38/40
The Effects of Humans:he Effects of Humans:
The Bad and The Uglyhe Bad and The Ugly
Eutrophication: Runoff Eutrophication: Runoff
Acid Rain Acid Rain
Toxin: DDTToxin: DDT
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
Loss of OzoneLoss of Ozone
Introduction of New Species: KudzuIntroduction of New Species: Kudzu
Pesticide vs. Biological ControlPesticide vs. Biological Control
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 39/40
Sixth Mass ExtinctionSixth Mass Extinction
…….Loss of habitat, pollution, over .Loss of habitat, pollution, over hunting and fishing.hunting and fishing.
Oil Rig Disasters…oops!Oil Rig Disasters…oops!
7/28/2019 AP Biology Ecology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-biology-ecology 40/40
The Great Pacific
Garbage Patch