Chapter

AP* Sixth Edition

World Civilizations The Global Experience

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

Classical Civilization:China and India

2

Chapter 2 - China and India

Corresponds to Chapters 2 and 3 in

Book and Key Concepts 3,4,5 in our

Reader

Shang China State Building

Monarch (God-like)

GovernmentWarriors Officials

Local Lords

Peasants/Farmers - Fight when needed!

Feed/Produce Goods

Protection/Order

Pledge Allegiance

This is a FEUDAL SYSTEM. Leaders provide order, everyone else provides food, finished goods, & fighting to preserve the balance!

Skilled/Perfectionists!Horse riding, metallurgy, pottery, silk weaponry

Massive environmental changes….trees cut, earth moved…probs to come!

Languages….Lots! United by symbolized writing….evolved picture writing….over

8000 known by smartest!

Bound by more secular… non-religious sets of beliefs….STRONG, just not god-centered. Live right, do right, make family and ancestors proud….MULAN!

Yellow River Civ. to Classical China

Big Picture

-Geo Isolation

-Harmony/Balance Yin and Yang

-Mandate of Heaven Support of Dynasty if harmony/Balance maintained.

-Perfectionists

Zhou Dynasty (1029-258 B.C.E.)

Characteristics -Cultural Unity Begins

-1 Common writing, many dialects

-Banned sacrifices of the Shang

-Mandate Est. - Creates dynastic rule.

-Long Dynasty, but weak authority overall

-Lots of warring groups for much of period.

Qin Dynasty (250BCE - 200BCE)

Qin - Small, Spartan-like warrior group - Zhou hired guns!

Shi Huangdi - 1st Emperor

Creates the 1st highly centralized Chinese Empire Regional Lords to capital - “Your lands are mine now!” Many killed. Only those loyal rule under his control.

Qin Contributions - Centralized Order - census for taxation, standardization, furthered ag and silk production, Great Wall

Qin Problems - Brutal, oppressive Legalism beliefs - High taxes

Han Dynasty (200BCE - 200CE)

After Huangde’s death the Han beat other groups to retain Mandate of Heaven.

How did the Han fall? HUNS! Nomads

Flooding Corruption

No dynasty…300+Years! Begins Chinese “Dark Ages”

Contributions - Expansion. Research. Justice. Less oppressive - more peaceful - Golden Age

Confucianism IN - promoted peace - Obedience!

Furthered Bureaucracy - Civil Service Exams!

Patterns in Classical China

Political and Social Characteristics - Page 46-47

The Centralized Chinese Government

Bureaucracy

+ efficiency! uniform weights/measures!

- Growing power - Could manipulate emperor

ConfucianismHans use as a political and social tool. Why?

Seek personal virtue. Do unto others as your status and theirs dictates.

Confucius said a great life with “perfect virtue” was about this: "Gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. If you are grave, you will not be treated with disrespect. If you are generous, you will win all. If you are sincere, people will repose trust in you. If you are earnest, you will accomplish much. If you are kind, this will enable you to employ the services of others."

Virtue in: Leadership Leaders need to be just, modest and without excess.

Family- “excel as a father, son, and brother.”

Obedience Han’s loved this. Keeps orderly society!

Code of ethics more than a religion.

Service - eager to learn and serve others

Legalism

– Ruling through force, fear, and making examples

– Belief that human nature was basically evil, requiring harsh treatment

Daoism

– Spiritual alternative to Confucianism

– Sense of equality, but disengagement from political activity. Gov’t didn’t like.

Chinese Social Structure

Mandarins - landowners/bureaucrats Create UNITY and CONTROL

Working Class - Peasants and Merchants Merchants - Very important - little respect

Mean People- unskilled people

ART, TRADE, TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA-Highly Detailed - 150 steps in bow making

FOCUS ON CRAFTSMANSHIP!! INNOVATION!!!-Ag - Plow-Metal advancement - Cast Iron & Steel-Silk and Porcelain making - State Secrets!-Paper

Gender and Family

“No wrongdoing parents”disciplined & obedient

HONOR THEM!(Confucius)

little female rights outside of home

boys favored over girls

Strict!Proper conduct at all times.

1. Less isolated than China-Khyber Pass - Nomadic Aryan invaders come to

India about 1500BCE. Culture changes….

India Geography/Climate

Khyber Pass

2. Very Unpredictable ClimateMonsoons - winds hot/dry

or hot/wet2 great rivers - Indus/Ganges

Aryans from C Asia

Vedic and Epic Ages 1500-600BCE

1. Aryan language - Sandskrit

2. Vedas (knowledge) - Stories connecting Indian/Aryan culture - religion/ethics.

3. Caste System - originally system dividing Indians and Aryans. -Create long standing class divisions.

Caste System - Develops in India

Warrior & Educated Governing Class

Priestly Brahman Class - dominate HIGH class

Trader and Farming Class - Labor Management

Common Labor Class - Workers

Untouchables - bottom feeders - worst jobs

INDIA RELIGION-Polytheistic

Indian + Aryan influences transform this belief set into what would become Buddhism and Hinduism

Closeness/connections between animals and humans.

Regional flavors of different Hindu Gods. Adaptable Religion

Cultural/Social regions…..influence state building as regional….less centralized as well!

Mauryan Empire

Chandragupta - soliderwho unites India then gives up throne.

Ashoka - Grandson, expands empire, then renounces violences & converts to Buddhism

Invaders from NW destroy Mauryans

Impact - 1st great Wealthy India

Empire

TRADE!!! - cotton and spices,

everything nices! Middle East and Roman Empire

desires!

$$ allows for great military might!

Guptan City-States - 220 CE

Decentralized local control - More city-state

like

Impact - Why care?

- Guptas = Hinduism dominates

-caste system expands - subcastes

-Smaller than Mauryan.

Hinduism

Religion + Social System

Little caste movement in single lifetimes

Rebirth shows what you did in previous life

Fluid evolving religion over time

Religion in IndiaMore than politics or empires - Religion is India!

+++Dharma = Good Life

& Social status

---Dharma = Bad Life& Dog!

Buddhism

THE BUDDHA! 500BCE

4 Noble Truths1 - All life is suffering2- suffering caused by desires3 - free yourself4 - follow Eightfold Path - non-violence, prayer, meditation…etc.

Goal - Path leads to Nirvana - divine essence may take several lifetimes.

No caste system!….Spread along Silk Routes and Monastic (Monastery) Communities

Religion in IndiaMore than politics or empires - Religion is India!

Arts and Sciences in India

Art - world influence - human and animal basis.

Medicine - vaccinations, sterilizationsno dissections hampered understanding

-Math - pi, decimal system!

Nalanda - One of world’s first universities for learning

Economy and Society

Society

DifferenceIndia - emotional, imaginativeChina - restraint, practicality

SimilarFocus on family and collective good, NOT of individual - Anti-West belief set?

Indian Economy

-World #1 in trade - Steel, cotton, spices

Silk RoutesNetwork of land and sea routes connecting Classical Civs in trade goods, culture, ideas, and disease!

More than silk products…all sorts of products & IDEAS flowing.

Caravans took segments no one went entire journey.Great connector of markets, culture, and ideas.

Cultural diffusion….movement of Buddhism along Silk Road to China from India

Compare/Contrast

Religion

Social Structure

Isolation/Trade

Bureaucracy/Gov’t

Math/Science

Agriculture

Family

India China

Hinduism/Buddhism Buddhism

Confucian OrderCaste SystemBoth created Inequality!Less Isolated

Traders ImportantMore IsolatedTrade Important, traders NOT

More regional/local Centralized

Creative discoveries Practical uses

Hugely important! Hugely important!

Male Dominant Male Dominant