a&p chapter 1 pp
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 1:Form, Function, and Life
Chapter 1:Form, Function, and Life
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Anatomy vs. PhysiologyAnatomy vs. Physiology
• Anatomy: form of things
– Goal: study how structure relates to function
• Physiology: function (activity) of things
– Goal: study how the body works
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Organisms: CharacteristicsOrganisms: Characteristics
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Form and FunctionForm and Function
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Building Blocks of LifeBuilding Blocks of Life
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Environment and LifeEnvironment and Life
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GradientsGradients
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
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Homeostasis and President ReaganHomeostasis and President Reagan
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Remember ThisRemember This
• Negative feedback keeps systems tightly regulated near their set point and thus promotes stability.
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Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback
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Directional TermsDirectional Terms
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Remember ThisRemember This
• You can remember the order of word parts by the mnemonic PRS:
• Prefix
• Root
• Suffix
• Example: pericarditis
• peri– = around (prefix)
• cardia = heart (root)
• –itis = meaning inflammation (suffix)
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Planes and SectionsPlanes and Sections
• Frontal plane: any plane that runs vertically (straight up and down) from superior (above) to inferior (and divides structures into anterior and posterior parts
• Also called coronal plane—cuts along this plane are called frontal or coronal sections
• Sagittal plane: vertical plane that divides structures into right and left parts. It runs from superior to inferior and is perpendicular to a frontal plane.
• Sagittal sections: cross-sections cut by this plane
• Mid-sagittal sections: cuts right down the middle
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Planes and Sections (cont’d)Planes and Sections (cont’d)
• Transverse plane: one parallel to the horizon that divides structures into superior and inferior parts. It runs from anterior (front) to posterior (rear) and is perpendicular to both frontal and sagittal planes.
• Also called horizontal plane—cuts along this plane are called transverse sections
• Oblique plane: any plane not perpendicular to a frontal, sagittal, or transverse (horizontal) plane
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Planes and Sections (cont’d)Planes and Sections (cont’d)
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Body RegionsBody Regions
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities
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Thoracic Membranes and CavitiesThoracic Membranes and Cavities
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Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal Quadrants
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Abdominal RegionsAbdominal Regions
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Language of DiseaseLanguage of Disease
• Disease: an unhealthful state of abnormal form and function due to the effects of injury
• Acute disease (e.g., ear infection)
– Arises quickly
– Lasts a short time
– Has specific symptoms
• Chronic disease (e.g., arthritis) starts slowly with nonspecific symptoms and may last a lifetime
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Language of Disease (cont’d)Language of Disease (cont’d)
• Signs are direct, measurable observations by an examiner (nurse, physician assistant, physician, etc.) such as body temperature and heart rate.
• Symptoms are complaints reported by the patient or by someone else on behalf of the patient and are a part of the medical history.
• A syndrome is a collection of clinical signs and symptoms.
– sunburn: skin that is red (sign), painful (symptom), and swollen (sign)
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Language of Disease (cont’d)Language of Disease (cont’d)
• Pathology: study of changes in bodily structure and function that occur as a result of disease
• Etiology: cause of the injury or disease
– Idiopathic: of unknown cause
– Iatrogenic: byproduct of medical diagnosis or treatment
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Language of Disease (cont’d)Language of Disease (cont’d)
• Pathogenesis: natural history and developmentof a disease
• Pathophysiology: abnormal manner in which the incorrect function is expressed
• Lesion: the structural (anatomic) abnormality produced by injury