AP Chapter 21AP Chapter 21The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era

The Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement

Many were angry over the problems of Many were angry over the problems of Industrialization Industrialization

They wanted to improve American society They wanted to improve American society for all peoplefor all people

Felt intervention from the govt. was Felt intervention from the govt. was important for a better societyimportant for a better society

Social ReformersSocial Reformers

Jacob Riis- wrote Jacob Riis- wrote ““How the Other Half How the Other Half LivesLives””

Looks at how poor immigrants lived their Looks at how poor immigrants lived their liveslives

Riis photographs exposed all of the Riis photographs exposed all of the problems that most people were unaware problems that most people were unaware ofof

Settlement House- place where poor Settlement House- place where poor immigrants went for help immigrants went for help

Jane Addams Jane Addams

Hull House- settlement house in Chicago Hull House- settlement house in Chicago for poor immigrantsfor poor immigrants

Offered classes in English, art, and basic Offered classes in English, art, and basic living skillsliving skills

Addams and other women played a key Addams and other women played a key rolerole

Jane AddamsJane Addams

Urban MachineUrban Machine

Many cities were run by Many cities were run by ““Political Political MachinesMachines”” that stole millions from that stole millions from taxpayerstaxpayers

Business men routinely bribed officials for Business men routinely bribed officials for favors favors

George Washington Plunkett of Tammany George Washington Plunkett of Tammany Hall called it “Honest Graft” Hall called it “Honest Graft”

Early welfare aid gained votesEarly welfare aid gained votes

Progressivism and ReformsProgressivism and Reforms

Wisconsin Robert La Follette (R) pushed Wisconsin Robert La Follette (R) pushed many progressive reforms in his state and many progressive reforms in his state and later the federal govt.later the federal govt.

Direct Primary- people vote in a primary Direct Primary- people vote in a primary election for a candidate to represent a election for a candidate to represent a partyparty

Initiative- petitions circulated so law Initiative- petitions circulated so law makers may consider a lawmakers may consider a law

Referendum- proposed law where the Referendum- proposed law where the people vote on election daypeople vote on election day

Recall- people can call for a special Recall- people can call for a special election to remove a politician from officeelection to remove a politician from office

Secret ballot became popularSecret ballot became popular Southerners failed to following in many of Southerners failed to following in many of

these reformsthese reforms

MuckrakingMuckraking New forms of journalism exposed the New forms of journalism exposed the

corruption in American societycorruption in American society McClure’s McClure’s magazine spread many of the agazine spread many of the

muckrakers writingsmuckrakers writings Lincoln Steffens- Lincoln Steffens- Shame of the Cities Shame of the Cities

exposed the graft in the citiesexposed the graft in the cities Ida Tarbell- Ida Tarbell- History of the Standard Oil History of the Standard Oil

attacked Rockefeller’s unfair business attacked Rockefeller’s unfair business practicespractices

Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair

Most famous muckraker who wrote Most famous muckraker who wrote The The JungleJungle

His book looked at the horrible conditions His book looked at the horrible conditions in the meat processing factoriesin the meat processing factories

Eventually led to the Meat Inspection Act Eventually led to the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)(1906)

Temperance/ProhibitionTemperance/Prohibition

Many felt crime, poverty and murder were Many felt crime, poverty and murder were a result of alcohol and urged its bana result of alcohol and urged its ban

WCTU- was the leading organization and WCTU- was the leading organization and temperance showed deep divides within temperance showed deep divides within the countrythe country

Gradually alcohol was banned throughout Gradually alcohol was banned throughout the states and eventually nationally with the states and eventually nationally with the Volstead Actthe Volstead Act

Prohibitions EnforcementProhibitions Enforcement

Redemption of LeisureRedemption of Leisure

Some forms of entertainment were Some forms of entertainment were censoredcensored

Education was expanded and most Education was expanded and most cities/towns funded public educationcities/towns funded public education

Children were required to attend school at Children were required to attend school at a younger agea younger age

Legal ChallengesLegal Challenges

Progressives began to challenge many Progressives began to challenge many conservative lawsconservative laws

Lochner v. NY 1905- struck down a law Lochner v. NY 1905- struck down a law limiting bakers to 10 hr. workdayslimiting bakers to 10 hr. workdays

Muller v. Oregon (1908) court upheld a law Muller v. Oregon (1908) court upheld a law that limited the hours a women could workthat limited the hours a women could work

Louis Brandis used statistics, sociological Louis Brandis used statistics, sociological and economic data for the case “Brandeis and economic data for the case “Brandeis Brief” changed legal argumentsBrief” changed legal arguments

ImmigrationImmigration

Immigration drastically rose after the Civil Immigration drastically rose after the Civil War and peaked before WWIWar and peaked before WWI

Most came for economic reasons and Most came for economic reasons and settled in urban centerssettled in urban centers

Life was difficult for immigrants as they Life was difficult for immigrants as they tried to assimilate into American societytried to assimilate into American society

ImmigrationImmigration

Old ImmigrantsOld Immigrants Before 1880 and Before 1880 and

came from NW came from NW EuropeEurope

English, Irish, English, Irish, German, Swedes etc.German, Swedes etc.

Most were protestantsMost were protestants Lived in cities then Lived in cities then

migrated westwardmigrated westward

New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants After 1880 and came After 1880 and came

from SE Europefrom SE Europe Italian, Poles, Greeks, Italian, Poles, Greeks,

Asians, and RussiansAsians, and Russians Most were CatholicsMost were Catholics Lived in cities and Lived in cities and

faced the worst faced the worst nativists attitudesnativists attitudes

Life of ImmigrantsLife of Immigrants

Immigrants lived in ethnic ghettos and Immigrants lived in ethnic ghettos and gradually assimilated into American gradually assimilated into American societysociety

Cultural Pluralism or Melting Pot Theory Cultural Pluralism or Melting Pot Theory varied based on who you askedvaried based on who you asked

Nativists resented the immigrants b/c they Nativists resented the immigrants b/c they were taking their jobs or lowering wageswere taking their jobs or lowering wages

Melting Pot vs. Cultural PluralismMelting Pot vs. Cultural Pluralism

International Ladies Garment International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)Workers Union (ILGWU)

Formed to raise wages for the thousands of Formed to raise wages for the thousands of female garment workers in NYCfemale garment workers in NYC

Went on strike in 1909 but were unable to Went on strike in 1909 but were unable to gain complete recognitiongain complete recognition

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911- 146 people Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911- 146 people (mostly women) were killed in the fire(mostly women) were killed in the fire

Florence Kelly and Francis Perkins pushed Florence Kelly and Francis Perkins pushed for hearings which led to improvements in for hearings which led to improvements in safetysafety

Company TownsCompany Towns

Many companies created company towns Many companies created company towns for there workers to live in for there workers to live in

Company owned everything and paid with Company owned everything and paid with company currencycompany currency

Immigrants often settled their and were left Immigrants often settled their and were left broke at the end of every weekbroke at the end of every week

United Miners StrikeUnited Miners Strike

Sept. 1913 went on strike in Colorado and Sept. 1913 went on strike in Colorado and called for improved working conditionscalled for improved working conditions

Strike nearly bankrupted the state and Strike nearly bankrupted the state and strike breakers were sent instrike breakers were sent in

Shots rang out around a tent city in Ludlow Shots rang out around a tent city in Ludlow and fighting eruptedand fighting erupted

Pres. Wilson sent in troops and stopped Pres. Wilson sent in troops and stopped the Ludlow Massacrethe Ludlow Massacre

Industrial Workers of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)World (IWW)

Big Bill Haywood was an outspoken leader Big Bill Haywood was an outspoken leader of the IWWof the IWW

IWW was more radical than the AFLIWW was more radical than the AFL Wobblies- named given to the IWWWobblies- named given to the IWW Goal was to help miners, lumberjacks, Goal was to help miners, lumberjacks,

sailors and other causal workerssailors and other causal workers

Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement

Women were entering the workforce in Women were entering the workforce in large numberslarge numbers

Margaret Sanger pushed for birth control Margaret Sanger pushed for birth control in 1913in 1913

She was charged with obscenity and fled She was charged with obscenity and fled the countrythe country

She later defied the law and returned and She later defied the law and returned and opened up a birth control clinic in NYCopened up a birth control clinic in NYC

Suffrage MovementSuffrage Movement Suffrage Movement wanted to give women the Suffrage Movement wanted to give women the

right to voteright to vote Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady

StantonStanton Western states 1Western states 1stst to give women the right to to give women the right to

votevote Many felt the women’s place was in the home Many felt the women’s place was in the home

not D.C.not D.C. 1920- 19th Amend. women get the right to 1920- 19th Amend. women get the right to

votevote

Reform for African AmericansReform for African Americans

NAACP pushed for more rights for African NAACP pushed for more rights for African AmericansAmericans

Racism was still a major issue in the Racism was still a major issue in the countrycountry

Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois emerged as the leading activist for blacksemerged as the leading activist for blacks

Washington vs. Du BoisWashington vs. Du Bois

Former slave who Former slave who founded the founded the Tuskegee Inst.Tuskegee Inst.

Lived in the SouthLived in the South Pushed for vocational Pushed for vocational

training as the main training as the main method towards method towards equalityequality

Harvard graduate and Harvard graduate and lived in the Northlived in the North

Pushed for voting Pushed for voting rights and equalityrights and equality

Founded the Niagara Founded the Niagara Movement that Movement that opposed segregationopposed segregation

Washington vs. DuBoisWashington vs. DuBois

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Became president in 1901 after the Became president in 1901 after the assassination of Pres. McKinleyassassination of Pres. McKinley

Preached the virtues of a “strenuous life”Preached the virtues of a “strenuous life” Changed the role of the presidency and Changed the role of the presidency and

was very vocalwas very vocal

T. Roosevelt- felt that as president he T. Roosevelt- felt that as president he needed to protect both industry and the needed to protect both industry and the common laborerscommon laborers

Roosevelt was known as the Roosevelt was known as the ““Trust BusteTrust Busterr”” b/c he was the first president to attack b/c he was the first president to attack big businessesbig businesses

He enforced the Sherman Anti-Trust Act He enforced the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by attacking the Northern Securities Co.by attacking the Northern Securities Co.

Hepburn Act- strengthened the ICC and Hepburn Act- strengthened the ICC and set maximum rates on the RRsset maximum rates on the RRs

Roosevelt believed that their were both Roosevelt believed that their were both good and bad trustgood and bad trust

Good Trust- those that helped the public Good Trust- those that helped the public and provided necessary services but they and provided necessary services but they needed to be restrainedneeded to be restrained

Bad Trust- those that drove out Bad Trust- those that drove out competition and abused the workers and competition and abused the workers and they should be eliminatedthey should be eliminated

TR the ConservationistTR the Conservationist

Roosevelt loved the environment and felt Roosevelt loved the environment and felt that he needed to preserve it for future that he needed to preserve it for future generationsgenerations

He helped establish the National Parks He helped establish the National Parks Service and U.S Forest Service led by Service and U.S Forest Service led by Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot

John Muir was the first president of the John Muir was the first president of the Sierra Club Sierra Club

Election of 1908Election of 1908

Roosevelt could have easily won another Roosevelt could have easily won another term but chose William Howard Taft (R) as term but chose William Howard Taft (R) as his successorhis successor

Taft broke up more trusts but eventually Taft broke up more trusts but eventually alienated Roosevelt and the other alienated Roosevelt and the other RepublicansRepublicans

Led to a major battle in 1912Led to a major battle in 1912

1912 Election1912 Election

Democrats- Woodrow WilsonDemocrats- Woodrow Wilson Republicans- Party was split between Taft Republicans- Party was split between Taft

and Roosevelt but nominated Taftand Roosevelt but nominated Taft Progressives- Roosevelt was nominated Progressives- Roosevelt was nominated

after failing to win the Republican after failing to win the Republican nominationnomination

Wilson won easilyWilson won easily Debs- represented the Socialist PartyDebs- represented the Socialist Party

Wilson PresidencyWilson Presidency

New Freedom- wanted to restore ideas of New Freedom- wanted to restore ideas of free competition and economic opportunityfree competition and economic opportunity

Underwood Simmons Act- lowered tariff rates Underwood Simmons Act- lowered tariff rates and levied the first income taxesand levied the first income taxes

Clayton Antitrust Act replaced the Sherman Clayton Antitrust Act replaced the Sherman Antitrust Act and was more effectiveAntitrust Act and was more effective

Federal Trade Commission Act investigates Federal Trade Commission Act investigates questionable business practicesquestionable business practices

Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System

Banks often failed b/c they didn'tBanks often failed b/c they didn't’’t have t have enough money in the vaultenough money in the vault

Fed. Reserve- regulates the money that is Fed. Reserve- regulates the money that is in circulation and controls interest ratesin circulation and controls interest rates

Country is divided into 12 districts and Country is divided into 12 districts and headed by the Federal Reserve Chairmanheaded by the Federal Reserve Chairman

Progressive AmendmentsProgressive Amendments

1616thth- Income Tax- Income Tax 1717thth- People now directly elect their - People now directly elect their

national senatorsnational senators 1818thth- Prohibition of alcohol- Prohibition of alcohol 1919thth- Women get the right to vote- Women get the right to vote

ConclusionConclusion

Progressive Era brought in unprecedented Progressive Era brought in unprecedented reforms to American societyreforms to American society

Power and size the federal govt. increased Power and size the federal govt. increased drasticallydrastically

Presidents Roosevelt and Wilson were Presidents Roosevelt and Wilson were more influential than prior presidentsmore influential than prior presidents