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The Roaring 20s

An era of prosperity,

Republican power,

and conflict

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Republican Power President

Harding

Elected 1920 Legacy of

Scandals

Teapot Dome

Died in office

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President CoolidgeThe business of America is business.

Fordney-

McCumber Tariff

Smoot-HawleyTariff

No help for farmersForeign Policy

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RED RE

Woodrow Wilsonwas gravely illfollowing a stroke

Attorney General, A.Mitchell Palmer,wanted to take a shot at thepresidency - he used fears ofboth immigrants andcommunism to his advantage

Labor violence led to fears ofrevolution

Palmerhad J. EdgarHoover round upsuspected radicals,many of which weredeported (PalmerRaids)

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Red Scare 1919-1920

State legislatures passed laws outlawing the

advocacy of violence to secure social change

refused to seat 5 socialists in the NY legislature

Conservative businessmen used the hysteria to

ruin unions open shop v closed shop

Sacco & Vanzetti - Killed a paymaster and his

guardtied to the scene by circumstantialevidencereceived the death sentencemany

objectionsfinally executed

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For immigrantsthe point of originhad shifted to S & E Europe and newreligions appeared: Jewish,Orthodox, Catholic

N. European immigrants of early 19c.feared this shift and felt it wouldundermine Protestant values

this fear was known as NATIVISM

many wanted Congress to restrict

immigration, leading to a quota systemthat favoured N. areas of Europe

fear of immigrants (from SE Europe)led to a sentiment known as the RedScare (fear of communism, post-

Bolshevik Revolution) basic communism advocates a

international revolution by theproletariat/workers - fears that thisideology could find its way into theU.S.

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A Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant

National Origins Act Discrimination

Sacco-Vanzetti Trial

Italian immigrants

murdered a

paymaster & guard

Controversial trial

(judge was prejudiced

& circumstantialevidence)

Condemned to death

Executed over

protests from liberals

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The Ku Klux KlanGreat increase

In power

Anti-black

Anti-immigrant

Anti-womens suffrage

Anti-bootleggers

Anti-Semitic

Anti-Catholic

Fundamentalist religion

Anti-birth control

Anti-Pacifists

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National Origins Act 1921

1924 The 1921 Emergency Quota

Act: restricted immigration to

3% of foreign-born persons of

each nationality resident in the

United States in 1910.

There were three goals:

Nativists wanted to stop

immigration

To reduce the overall number of

unskilled immigrants.

To keep the status quo

distribution of ethnicity, by

allocating quotas in proportion

to the actual population.

National Origins Act of 1924:

limited the number of

immigrants from any country to

2% of the number of people

from that country who were

already living in the US in1890. It excluded Japanese. Thelaw was aimed at further restricting

the Southern and Eastern

Europeans (particularly Jewish

immigrants) who were immigrating

in large numbers starting in the

1890s. Northern Europeans

Superior to Southern & Eastern

Europeans

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Polish Immigration

2 million Polish immigrants, many forced

off farms for mechanized farming (1870-

end of WWI)

Polish immigrants learned about America

from

Agents for US Railroads & Steamship lines

Letters from friends and relatives we eat every

day, better than on Easter in Poland

Polish American businessmen

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Cultural pluralism

Cultural pluralism is a term used when smallergroups within a larger society maintain their unique

cultural identities, and whose values and practices are

accepted by the wider culture. The idea of cultural pluralism in America has its roots in the

transcendentalist movement and was developed by pragmatist

philosophers such as William James and John Dewey, and later

thinkers such as Horace Kallen and Randolph Bourne.

Immigrants should be able to retain their traditionalcultures rather than blend into a single melting pot.

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Prohibitionth Amendment Volstead Act

Gangsters

Al Capone

PROHIBITION f

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PROHIBITION - on manuf.and sale of alcohol

adopted in 1919 - 18thAMENDMENT

an outgrowth of the long-timetemperance movement in WWI, temperance became a

patriotic movement - drunkennesscaused low productivity &inefficiency, and alcohol was neededto treat the wounded

a difficult law to enforce...organized crime, speakeasies,bootleggers were on the rise

Al Capone virtually

controlled Chicago in thisperiod -

Prohibition finally ended in1933 w/ the 21st Amendment

forced organized crime to

pursue other interests

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Prohibition Experiment

Eighteenth AmendmentProhibition, could

not sell produce or transport alcohol

enforced by the

Volstead Act 1919to enforce prohibition

Popular in South & West

Not popular in urban areas ( eastern cities)Immigrants accustomed to alcohol, returning

soldiers from France, youth, bar hunts

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Prohibition the Noble Experiment

Speakeasies

RumrunnersCanada, West Indies

bathtub gin home made alcohol Less alcohol was consumedbut many

drank in defiance of the law

Only 2,500 enforcement agents had beenhired to enforce the law

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Gangster's

Chicago- violence rival gangs 500 killedAl Capone

Bootlegging, prostitution, gambling &

narcotics Forced merchants to pay protection

money

Controlled labor unions Ransom & murder of Charles Lindberghs

son 1932

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S M k T i l

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Scopes Monkey TrialEvolution vs. Creationism

Dayton, TennesseeFamous Lawyers

Science vs. Religion

John Scopes

High School Biology teacher

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Scopes Trial monkey trial

Dayton, Tennessee 1925

John T. Scopes charged for teaching evolution whichwas against the law in Tenn. (found guilty because he did)

Fundamentalists (bible to be taken literally) vs. Darwinists

(Modernists) Prosecution - William Jennings Bryan

DefenseClarence Darrowin his cross-examination ofBryan he forced Bryan to admit that not all things in the

bible could be taken literally Becomes symbolic of the conflict between progressive

urban residents and country fundamentalists

C E

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Consumer Economy

Advertising & Credit

purchases

A f P i

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Age of Prosperity Economic expansion

Rapid expansion of capital Mass Production

Assembly Line ( increased workerproductivity)

Age of the Automobile

Ailing Agriculture

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an agri. depression in early1920's contributed to thisurban migration

U.S. farmers lost agri. marketsin postwar Europe

at same time agri. efficiencyincreased so more foodproduced (more food = lower

prices) and fewer labourersneeded

Farming was no longer asprosperous, and bankers calledin their loans (farms

repossessed) American farmers enter the

Depression in advance of therest of society

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Bruce Barton

Bruce BartonWroteThe Man Nobody

Knows, and expressed

great admiration for

Jesus Christ, Barton focuseson Jesus' success as an executive

and his ability to not only pick

men, but to recognize the hidden

qualities in each of those men.

Jesus chose as his disciples; small-

town businessmen, a collection of

fishermen and one tax collector,

who was among the most hated

group in the community.

C l b i i

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CelebritiesBabe Ruth &Ty Cobb

Jack Dempsey

Charles Lindbergh

The Spirit of St. Louis

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Automobile Assembly-line & mass production

Detroit becomes the motorcar capital

Frederic W. Taylor (Taylorism) Father of

Scientific management (industrial

efficiency)

Henry FordModel T cost $260 - using

mass production & assembly-line

production (made it possible for the average

American to buy a car) you could only buy

in Black

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Gasoline Age

Auto created supporting industries Rubber, glass, fabrics - highway building

PetroleumCalifornia, Texas, Oklahoma oil rigs, gasstations, motels etc.

Hurt the RR industry /

Installment-plan buying

Markets for fresh fruits farm produce truck farming

Led to freedom and equalityvacations

Social change: Consolidation of schoolscommuters spread of suburbsdecline in population of less attractivestates

Morals of youth droppednecking in autos

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Flight

Orville and Wilbur Wright at Kitty Hawk, NorthCarolinaDecember 17, 1903:12 Second 120 foot

flight

Barnstorming at public gatherings became

popular

Airplane - Used in WWI

Charles A. Lindbergh first transcontinental flight

1927 in the Spirit of St. Louis immediate hero:wholesome youthfulness vs. cynicism of jazz age

Gives rise to another major industryaviation

C lt f th R i 20

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Culture of the Roaring 20sRadio

KDKA Pittsburgh

GE, Westinghouse,& RCAform NBC

Silent Movies

Charlie Chaplin

Talkies

IRST The azz SingerStarring Al Jolson

Mary PickfordAmericas Sweetheart

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Hollywood and the Movies

Edison credited with inventing the movieprojector

1903 First story sequence The Great Train

Robbery first narrative movie 12 minuteslong

People attended regularly at nickelodeons

1915 Birth of a NationDW Griffith Firstfull-length moveglorified the KKK &defamed blacks & Carpetbaggers

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Hollywood

Movie industry is launched in HollywoodCalifornia

Early pictures showcased nudity & vampires(vamps)

Early 1920s public outcries force Will H. Hays toclean up the movie industry

WWIanti-German propaganda hang theKaiser films

1927 The Jazz Singerfirst talkie Movies and radio lead to the standardization of the

American people

M G (J i b

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Marcus Garvey (Jamaican bornimmigrant) established theUniversal Negro ImprovementAssociation

believed in Black pride, self-confidence &self reliance (including black businesses)

advocated racial segregation b/c of Blacksuperiority

Garvey believed Blacks should return to

Africa he purchased a ship to start the

Black Star line

attracted many investments: gov'tcharged him with w/mail fraud &

put him in prison

he was found guilty and eventuallydeported to Jamaica, but hisorganization continued to exist

Th 20 i Th J A

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The 20s is The Jazz AgeThe Flappers

make upcigarettes

short skirts

MusiciansLouis Armstrong

Duke Ellington

WritersF. Scott Fitzgerald

Ernest Hemingway

Black Americans in

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Black Americans inthis period continuedto live in poverty

sharecropping keptBlacks in de factoslavery

1915 - boll weevilwiped out the cottoncrop

white landowners

went bankrupt &forced blacks off theirland

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Dynamic Decade

Margaret Sangerled birth-control movement (use ofcontraceptives)

National Womens Party 1923 led by Alice Paul - EqualRights Amendment

Religion - Fundamentalists lost ground to modernists Sexual allure used in advertising

Flappers young women of the age, symbolic ofrebelliousness

Dr. Sigmund Freudpsychologist- healthy to demand

sexual gratification if not, led to emotional problems Teenagers pioneered the sexual revolution of the 20s

kissing, necking & petting became commonplace

MusicJazzBlacks like - WC Handy, Jelly RollMorton, Joe King Oliver and Peter Whitemans all-white

band

1920' l b ht b t

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1920's also brought aboutgreat changes for women...

1920 - 19th Amendmentgave them the federal vote

after 1920, socialcircumstances changed tooas more women workedoutside the home

and more women went tocollege and clamoured to

join the professions

women didn't want tosacrifice wartime gains -

amounted to a social revolt characterized by the

FLAPPER/ "new woman"

(bobbed hair, short dresses,smoked in public...)

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Cultural Liberation

H. L. Menckenacidicwit editor of American

Mercury assailedmarriage, patriotism,democracy, prohibition,

Puritans, & middle-classAmericans

F. Scott Fitzgerald ThisSide of Paradisebiblefor flappers: The Great

Gatsby Theodore DreiserAn

American Tragedy

Ernest Hemingway TheSun Also Rises & A

Farwell to Arms

Sherwood Anderson smalltown US Winesburg, Ohio

Sinclair Lewis MainStreet & Babbittcritic ofAm. Commercial culturefor which he received the

Nobel Prize for literature

William Faulkner: SouthThe Sound and the Fury,

As I Lay Dying

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Cultural Liberation

Ezra PoundPoet

T. S. Eliot - poet The Waste Landwhich

chronicles the disillusion felt by the

expatriatesawarded the Nobel Prize

Eugene ONeill dramatist Strange

Interlude

ArchitectureFrank Lloyd Wright

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Cultural Liberation

lost generation of writers- disillusionedafter WWIMany move outside the US

Expatriates who lived in Paris Henry Miller,

Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald,TS Eliot, Ezra Pound, Edith Wharton,Gertrude Stein

Black expatriates were Josephine Baker(dancer & singer) Langston Hughes,Richard Wright

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Wall Streets Big Bull Market

Real estate speculationFloridadestroyed by ahurricane

Stock Market long boom

Buying on margin small down payment10%of total value of stocks

Consumer debt skyrocketed ($1billion$24billion)

Bureau of the Budget

Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon reduces thenational debt but places more of the tax burden onthe middle class

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Harlem Renaissance Harlem NY 100,000 blacksvibrant

creative culture writing, music, art incelebration of the lifestyle andsociety of Blacks

Langston Hughes (quote)

Zora Neale Hurston, 1937 Their EyesWere Watching God

Wallace Thurman, novel The Blackerand the Berry - discrimination

Claude McKay, Poet and novelistmember of Communist Party

Countee Cullen, poet

Alain Locke and others Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton

was an American ragtime and earlyjazz pianist, bandleader andcomposer.

The Negro Artist and the RacialMountain: Langston Hughes

The younger Negro artistswho create now intend toexpress

our individual dark-skinnedselves without fear or shame.

If white people are pleased weare glad. If they are not,

it doesn't matter. We know weare beautiful. And ugly, too.

The tom-tom cries, and thetom-tom laughs. If coloredpeople

are pleased we are glad. Ifthey are not, their displeasure

doesn't matter either. Webuild our temples fortomorrow,

strong as we know how, andwe stand on top of themountain

free within ourselves.

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20s

Blacks moved north to take

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20s Blacks moved north to takeadvantage of booming wartimeindustry (= Great Migration) - Blackghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem

within these ghettoes a distinct Blackculture flourished

But both blacks and whites wantedcultural interchange restricted

1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's" or the

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1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the

"Jazz Age"

in sum, a period of great change in American Society -

modern America is born at this time for first time the census ref lected an urban society-

people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard

of living