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AP Chemistry

Aqueous Equilibria II:

Ksp & Solubility Products

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Table of Contents: Ksp & Solubility Products

· Introduction to Solubility Equilibria

· Calculating Ksp from the Solubility

· Calculating Solubility from Ksp

· Factors Affecting Solubility

· Precipitation Reactions and Separation of Ions

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Introduction to Solubility Equilibria

Return to the Table of Contents

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Many shells are made of relatively insoluble calcium carbonate, so the shells are not at huge risk of dissolving in the ocean.

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Introduction to Solubility EquilibriaIonic compounds dissociate into their ions to different degrees when placed in water and reach equilibrium with the non-dissociated solid

phase when the solution is saturated.

A saturated solution of CaCO3(s)

CaCO3(s)

Ca2+ Ca2+CO32- CO32-

Calcium carbonate is a relatively insoluble ionic salt. Would the picture look different for a soluble ionic salt such as Na2CO3?

Which solution would be the better electrolyte?

Ans

wer

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Consider the equilibrium that exists in a saturated solution of CaCO3 in water:

CaCO3(s) ↔ Ca2+ (aq) + CO32-(aq)

Unlike acid-base equilibria which are homogenous, solubility equilibria are heterogeneous, there is always a solid in the reaction.

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The equilibrium constant expression for this equilibrium is

Ksp = [Ca2+ ] [CO32− ]

where the equilibrium constant, Ksp , is called the solubility product.

There is never any denominator in Ksp expressions because pure solids are not included in any equilibrium expressions.

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The degree to which an ionic compound dissociates in water can be determined by measuring it's "Ksp" or solubility product equilibrium

constant.

Solubility Equilibrium

CaCO3(s) --> Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ksp @ 25 C = 5.0 x 10-9

MgCO3(s) --> Mg2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ksp @ 25 C = 6.8 x 10-6

In both cases above, the equilibrium lies far to the left, meaning relatively few aqueous ions would be present in solution.

Which saturated solution above would have the higher conductivity and why?

Ans

wer

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1 Which Ksp expression is correct for AgCl?

A [Ag+]/[Cl-]

B [Ag+][Cl-]

C [Ag2+]2[Cl2-]2

D [Ag+]2[Cl-]2

E None of the above.

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2 Given the reaction at equilibrium: Zn(OH)2 (s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)what is the expression for the solubility product constant, Ksp , for this reaction?

A Ksp= [Zn2+][OH-]2 / [Zn(OH)2]

B Ksp= [Zn(OH)2] / [Zn2+][2OH-]

C Ksp= [Zn2+][2OH-]

D Ksp = [Zn2+ ][OH-]2

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3 Which Ksp expression is correct for Fe3(PO4)2?

A [Fe2+]3[PO 43-]2

B [Fe2+]3/[PO43-]2

C [Fe3+]2[PO43-]2

D [Fe2+]2/[PO43-]2

E None of the above.

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4 When 30 grams of NaCl are mixed into 100 mL of distilled water all of the solid NaCl dissolves. The solution must be saturated and the Ksp for the NaCl must be very high.

True

False

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5 The conductivity of a saturated solution of Ag2CO3 would be expected to be less than the conductivity of a saturated solution of CaCO3. Justify your answer.

True

False

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The term solubility represents the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a certain volume before any precipitate is observed.

The solubility of a substance can be given in terms of

grams per liter g/L

or in terms of

moles per liter mol/L

The latter is sometimes referred to as molar solubility. For any slightly soluble salt the molar solubility always refers to the ion with the lower molar ratio.

Solubility

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Example #1Consider the slightly soluble compound barium oxalate, BaC2O4.

The solubility of BaC2O4 is 1.3 x 10-3 mol/L.

The ratio of cations to anions is 1:1.

This means that 1.3 x 10-3 moles of Ba2+ can dissolve in one liter.

Also, 1.3 x 10-3 moles of C2O42- can dissolve in one liter.

What is the maximum amount (in grams) of BaC2O4 that could dissolve in 2.5 L (before a solid precipitate or solid settlement occurs)?

Solubility

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Example #1What is the maximum amount (in grams) of BaC2O4 that could dissolve in 2.5 L (before a precipitate occurs)?

0.73g is the maximum amount of BaC2O4 that could dissolve in 2.5 L before a precipitate forms.

Solubility

The solubility of BaC2O4 is 1.3 x 10-3 mol/L.

BaC2O4 (s) --> Ba2+ (aq) + C2O42-(aq)

1.3 x 10-3 mol BaC2O4 3.25 x 10 - 3 g 2.5L x -------------------- = BaC 2O4 1 liter 3.25 x 10- 3 g x 1 mole = 0.73g BaC2O4 BaC2O4 225.3 g

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Example #2

Consider the slightly soluble compound lead chloride, PbCl2.

The solubility of PbCl2 is 0.016 mol/L.


This means that 0.016 moles of Pb 2+ can dissolve in one liter.

Twice as much, or 2(0.016) = 0.032 moles of Cl - can dissolve in one liter.

Solubility

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Example #3

Consider the slightly soluble compound silver sulfate, Ag2SO4.

The solubility of Ag2SO4 is 0.015 mol/L.


This means that 0.015 moles of SO 42- can dissolve in one liter.

Twice as much, or 2(0.015) = 0.030 moles of Ag+ can dissolve in one liter.

Solubility

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Remember that molar solubility refers to the ion with the lower mole ratio. It does not always refer to the

cation, although in most cases it does.

Solubility

CompoundMolar Solubility of Compound

[Cation] [Anion]

BaC2O4 1.3 x 10-3 mol

1.3 x 10-3 mol

1.3 x 10-3 mol

PbCl2 0.016 mol/L 0.016 mol/L 0.032 mol/L

Ag2SO4 0.015 mol/L 0.030 mol/L 0.015 mol/L

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6 If the solubility of barium carbonate, BaCO3 is 7.1 x 10-5 M, this means that a maximum of _______barium ions, Ba2+ ions can be dissolved per liter of solution.

A 7.1 x 10-5 molesB half of that

C twice as much

D one-third as much

E one-fourth as much

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7If the solubility of barium carbonate, BaCO3 is 7.1 x 10-5 M, this means that a maximum of _______carbonate ions, CO32- ions can be dissolved per liter of solution.

A 7.1 x 10-5 moles

B half of that

C twice as much

D one-third as much

E one-fourth as much

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8If the solubility of Ag2CrO4 is 6.5 x 10-5 M, this means that a maximum of _______silver ions, Ag+, can be dissolved per liter of solution.

A 6.5 x 10-5 moles

B twice 6.5 x 10-5 moles

C half 6.5 x 10-5 moles

D one-fourth 6.5 x 10-5 moles

E four times 6.5 x 10-5 moles

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Calculating Ksp from the Solubility


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Sample ProblemThe molar solubility of lead (II) bromide, PbBr2 is 1.0 x 10-2 at 25oC. Calculate the solubility product, K sp , for this compound.

Calculating Ksp from the Solubility

The molar solubility always refers to the ion of the lower molar ratio, therefore [Pb2+] = 1.0 x 10-2 mol/L and

[Br-] = 2.0 x 10-2 mol/L

Substitute the molar concentrations into the K sp expression and solve.

Ksp = [Pb2+][Br-]2 = (1.0 x 10-2)(2.0 x 10-2)2 = 4.0 x 10-6

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9 For the slightly soluble salt, CoS, the molar solubility is 5 x 10-5 M. Calculate the Ksp for this compound.

A 5 x 10 -5

B 1.0 x 10 -4

C 2.5 x 10 -4

D 5 x 10 -10

E 2.5 x 10 -9

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10 For the slightly soluble salt, BaF 2, the molar solubility is 3 x 10-4 M. Calculate the solubility-product constant for this compound.

A 9 x 10 -4

B 9 x 10 -8

C 1.8 x 10 -7

D 3.6 x 10 -7

E 1.08 x 10 -10

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11 For the slightly soluble salt, La(IO3)3, the molar solubility is 1 x 10-4 M. Calculate Ksp.

A 3 x 10 -12

B 3 x 10 -16

C 2.7 x 10 -11

D 2.7 x 10 -15

E 1 x 10 -12

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12 For the slightly soluble compound, Ca3(PO4)2, the molar solubility is 3 x 10-8 moles per liter. Calculate the Ksp for this compound.

A 9.00 x 10 -16

B 1.08 x 10-38

C 8.20 x 10-32

D 1.35 x 10-13

E 3.0 x 10-20

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13 The concentration of hydroxide ions in a saturated solution of Al(OH)3 is 1.58x10-15. What is the Ksp of Al(OH)3?

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14 What is the Ksp of Fe(OH)3(s) if a saturated solution of it has a pH of 11.3?

A 2.0 x 10-12

B 1.6 x 10-15

C 2.1 x 10-46

D 1.4 x 10-8

E 5.4 x 10-16

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Calculating Solubility from the Ksp


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Calculating Solubility from the KspExample: What is the molar solubility of a saturated aqueous

solution of BaCO3? (Ksp @25 C = 5.0 x 10-9)

BaCO3(s) --> Ba2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)

Ksp = 5.0 x 10-9 = [Ba2+][CO32-]

Since neither ion concentration is known, we will substitute "x" for the [Ba2+] and "x" for the [CO32-].

5.0 x 10-9 = (x)(x) = x2

"x" = [Ba2+] = [CO32-] = 7.07 x 10-5 M

Since 1 Ba2+ or 1 CO32- are required for 1 BaCO3, the molar solubility of the BaCO3(s) = 7.07 x 10-5 M.

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Calculating Solubility from the KspExample: What is the molar solubility of a saturated aqueous

solution of PbI2? (Ksp @25 C = 1.39 x 10-8)

PbI2(s) --> Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq)

Ksp = 1.39 x 10-8 = [Pb2+][I-]2

Since neither ion concentration is known, we will substitute "x" for the [Pb2+] and "2x" for the [I-].

1.39 x 10-8 = (x)(2x)2 = 4x3

"x" = [Pb2+] = 1.51 x 10-3 M

Since 1 Pb2+ required 1 PbI2, the molar solubility of the PbI2(s) = 1.51 x 10-3 M.

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15 Calculate the concentration of silver ion when the solubility product constant of AgI is 1 x 10-16 .

A 0.5 (1 x 10-16)

B 2 (1 x 10-16)

C (1 x 10-16)2

D (1 x 10-16)

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16 Calculate the molar solubility of PbF2 that has a Ksp at 25℃ = 3.6 x 10-6.

Students type their answers here

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17 The Ksp of a compound of formula AB3 is 1.8 x 10 -18. What is the molar solubility of the compound?

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18 The Ksp of a compound of formula AB3 is 1.8 x 10 -18. The molar mass is 280g/mol. What is the solubility?

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19 Which of the following ionic salts would have the highest molar solubility?

A NiCO3(s) Ksp = 6.61 x 10-9

B MnCO3(s) Ksp = 1.82 x 10-11

C ZnCO3(s) Ksp = 1.45 x 10-11

D Ag2CrO4(s) Ksp = 9.00 x 10-12

E All have the same molar solubility

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Factors Affecting Solubility


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Common Ion Effect

Consider a saturate solution of barium sulfate:

If one of the ions in a solution equilibrium is already dissolved in the solution, the equilibrium will shift to the left and the solubility of the salt will decrease.

BaSO4(s) Ba2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)

So adding any soluble salt containing either Ba2+ or SO42- ions will decrease the solubility of barium sulfate.

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Common Ion Effect

Sample ProblemCalculate the solubility of CaF 2 in grams per liter in a) pure waterb) a 0.15 M KF solutionc) a 0.080 M Ca(NO 3)2 solution

The solubility product for calcium fluoride, CaF2 is 3.9 x 10-11

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Ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]2 = (x)(2x)2

Ksp = 3.9 x 10-11 = 4x3

So x = 2.13 x 10 -4 mol/L x (78 g/mol CaF2)

Solubility is 0.0167 g/L

Common Ion Effect

a) pure water

CaF2(s) Ca2+ (aq) + 2F - (aq)

If we assume x as the dissociation then, Ca2+ ions = x and [F-] = 2x

Not

e

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b) a 0.15 M KF solutionRemember KF, a strong electrolyte, is completely ionized and the major source of F- ions. [F-] =0.15M

The solubility product for calcium fluoride, CaF2 is 3.9 x 10-11

[ F-] = 0.15M

Ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]2 = (x)(0.15)2

Ksp = 3.9 x 10-11 = 0.0225x

So x = ______ mol/L

Solubility is = ______ x (78 g/mol CaF2) = ______ g/L

Common Ion EffectN

ote

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Common Ion EffectCalculate the solubility of CaF2 in grams per liter in c) a 0.080 M Ca(NO3)2 solution [Ca2+ ] = 0.08M

The solubility product for calcium fluoride,CaF2 is 3.9 x 10 -11

Ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]2 = (0.080)(x)2

Ksp = 3.9 x 10 -11 = 0.080x2

So x = 2.2 x 10-5 mol/L * (78 g/mol CaF2)/ 2

Solubility is 0.000858 g/L

CaF2 (s) Ca2+ (aq) + 2 F- (aq)

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Common Ion EffectRecall from the Common-Ion Effect that adding a strong electrolyte to a weakly soluble solution with a common ion will decrease the solubility of the weak electrolyte.

Compare the solubilities from the previous Sample ProblemCaF2 (s) Ca2+ (aq) + 2 F- (aq)

CaF2 dissolved with: Solubility of CaF2

pure water 0.016 g/L

0.015 M KF 1.35x10-7 g/L0.080 M Ca(NO3)2 0.0017 g/L

These results support Le Chatelier's Principle that increasing a product concentration will shift equilibrium to the left.

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20 What is the molar solubility of a saturated solution of Ag2CrO4? Ksp at 25℃ is = 1.2 x 10-12.

A 1.1 x 10-4

B 6.7 x 10-5

C 8.4 x 10-5

D 5.5 x 10-7

E 2.2 x 10-8

#

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21 What is the molar solubility of a saturated solution of Ag2CrO4 in 0.100M K2CrO4? Ksp at 25℃ is = 1.2 x 10-12.

A 3.0 x 10-12

B 6.3 x 10-5

C 5.1 x 10-8

D 3.5 x 10-7

E 1.7 x 10-6

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22 What is the molar solubility of a saturated solution of Ag2CrO4 in 0.200M AgCl? Ksp at 25℃ is = 1.2 x 10-12.

A 3.0 x 10 -12

B 6.3 x 10-5

C 3.11 x 10-11

D 3.5 x 10-7

E 6.7 x 10-6

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The solubility of almost any ionic compound is affected by changes in pH. Consider dissociation equation for magnesium hydroxide:

Mg(OH)(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

What do you expect will happen to the equilibrium if the pH of this system is lowered by adding a strong acid?

Will one of the substances in the equilibrium interact with the strong acid?

Would the Mg(OH)2 be more or less soluble?

(Think Le Châtelier’s Principle.)

Changes in pH

#

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Changes in pH

Changes in pH can also affect the solubility of salts that contain the conjugate base of a weak acid.

Consider the dissociation of the salt calcium fluoride:

CaF2 (s) Ca 2+(aq) + 2F -(aq)

What do you expect will happen to the equilibrium if the pH of this system is lowered by adding a strong acid?

Will one of the substances in the equilibrium interact with the strong acid?

Would the CaF 2 be more or less soluble?

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Changes in pH

Sample ProblemCalculate the molar solubility of Mn(OH) 2 in a) in a solution buffered at pH=9.5b) in a solution buffered at pH=8.0c) pure waterThe solubility product for Mn(OH)2 at 25℃ is 1.6 x 10-13.

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In a solution buffered at pH=9.5, the [H+] = 3.2 x 10-10, the [OH-] = 3.2x 10-5.

The solubility product for Mn(OH)2, is 1.6 x 10-13

[ OH-] = 3.2 x 10-5M

1.6 x 10 -13 = [Mn2+] [OH-]2 = (x)(3.2 x 10-5)2

x = 1.6 x 10-13 /(3.2 x 10-5)2 = 1.56 x 10-4 mol/L

Changes in pHSample ProblemCalculate the molar solubility of Mn(OH)2 in a) in a solution buffered at pH = 9.5

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In a solution buffered at pH=8.0, the [H+] = 1 x 10-8, the [OH-] = 1x 10-6.


[ OH-] = 1 x 10-6M

1.6 x 10 -13 = [Mn2+] [OH-]2 = (x)(1 x 10 -6)2

x = 1.6 x 10-13 / (1 x 10 -6)2 =

So x = 0.16 mol/L

Changes in pH

Not

e

Sample ProblemCalculate the molar solubility of Mn(OH)2 in b) in a solution buffered at pH = 8.0

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In pure water the pH=7.0, the [H+] = 1 x 10-7, the [OH-] = 1x 10-7.


[ OH-] = 1 x 10-7M

1.6 x 10 -13 = [Mn2+] [OH-]2 = (x)(1 x 10-7)2

x = 1.6 x 10-13 / (1 x 10-7)2 =

So x = 16 mol/liter

Changes in pH

Not

e

Sample ProblemCalculate the molar solubility of Mn(OH)2 in c) in pure water

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Changes in pH

If a substance has a basic anion, it will be more soluble in an acidic solution.

If a substance has an acidic cation, it will be more soluble in basic solutions.

We will discuss in a little while the affect of pH changes on substances that are amphoteric.Do you remember what it means when a substance is amphoteric?

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23 Given the system at equilibrium AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

When 0.01 M HCl is added to the sytem, the point of equilibrium will shift to the ________.

A right and the concentration of Ag+ will decrese

B right and the concentration of Ag+ will increase

C left and the concentration of Ag+ will decrease

D left and the concentration of Ag+ will increase

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24 Which of the following substances are more soluble in acidic solution than in basic solution? Select all that apply.

A PbCl2

B BaCO3

C AgI

D Fe(OH)3

E MgF2

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25 What is the solubility of Zn(OH)2 in a solution that is buffered at pH = 8.5? Ksp = 3.0 x 10-16


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26 Will the solubility of Zn(OH)2 in a solution that is buffered at pH = 11.0 be greater than in a solution buffered at 8.5? Explain.

A Yes

B No

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27 The molar solubility of NH4Cl increases as pH _________ .

A increases

B decreases

C is unaffected by changes in pH

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28 The molar solubility of Na2CO3 increases as pH _________ .

A increases

B decreases

C is unaffected by changes in pH

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Complex IonsMetal ions can act as Lewis acids and form complex ions with Lewis bases in the solvent. The formation of complex ions particularly with transitional metals can dramatically affect the solubility of a metal salt.

For example, the addition of excess ammonia to AgCl will cause the AgCl to dissolve. This process is the sum of two reactions resulting in:

AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

Added NH3 reacts with Ag+ forming

Ag(NH3)2+. Adding enough NH3

results in the complete dissolution

of AgCl.

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AmphoterismSome metal oxides and hydroxides are soluble in strongly acidic and in strongly basic solutions because they can act either as acids or bases. These substances are said to be amphotheric.

Examples of such these substances are oxides and hydroxides of Al3+ , Zn2+ , and Sn2+ .

They dissolve in acidic solutions because their anion is protonated by the added H + and is pulled from solution causing a shift in the equilibrium to the right. For example:

Al(OH)3(s) Al3+(aq) + 3 OH-(aq)

#

#

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AmphoterismHowever these oxides and hydroxides also dissolve in strongly basic solutions. This is because they form complex ions containing several typically four hydroxides bound to the metal ion.Aluminum hydroxide reacts with OH - to form a complex ion in the following reaction:

Al(OH)3(s) + OH - (aq) Al(OH)4- (aq) #

As a result of the formation of the complex ion, Al(OH)4- , aluminum hydroxide is more soluble.

Many metal hydroxides only react in strongly acidic solutions. Ca(OH)2, Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 are only more soluble in acidic solution they are not amphoteric.

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29 Which of the following factors affect solubility?

A pH

B Formation of Complex Ions

C Common-Ion Effect

D A and C

E A, B, and C

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Precipitation Reactions and Separation of Ions


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Do you remember the solubility rules?

They were useful before when we were trying to qualitatively determine if a given reaction would produce a precipitate. They will be useful now for the same reason however now we are going to add a quantitative component that we will discuss soon.

In general, soluble salts were:· Any salt made with a Group I metal is soluble.· All salts containing nitrate ion are soluble.· All salts containing ammonium ion are soluble.

Do you remember what metal cations tended to be insoluble?

Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg2+

Precipitation Reactions and Separation of Ions

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30 What is the name of the solid precipitate that is formed when a solution of sodium chloride is mixed with a solution of silver nitrate?

A sodium silver

B sodium nitrate

C chloride nitrate

D silver chloride

E Not enough information

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31 What is the name of the solid precipitate that is formed when a solution of potassium carbonate is mixed with a solution of calcium bromide?

A potassium bromide

B calcium carbonate

C potassium calcium

D carbonate bromide

E Not enough information

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32 What is the name of the solid precipitate that is formed when a solution of lead (IV) nitrate is mixed with a solution of magnesium sulfate?

A PbSO4B Pb(SO4)2C Pb2SO4D Mg(NO3)2E Not enough information

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33 The Ksp for Zn(OH)2 is 5.0 x10 -17 . Will a precipitate form in a solution whose solubility is 8.0x10 -2 mol/L Zn(OH)2?

A yes, because Qsp < KspB yes, because Qsp > KspC no, because Qsp = KspD no, because Qsp < KspE no, because Qsp > Ksp

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34 The Ksp for zinc carbonate is 1 x 10-10 .If equivalent amounts 0.2M sodium carbonate and 0.1M zinc nitrate are mixed, what happens?

A A zinc carbonate precipitate forms, since Q>K.

B A zinc carbonate precipitate forms, since QK.

D No precipitate forms, since Q=K.

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Separation of Ions

When metals are found in natural they are usually found as metal ores. The metal contained in these ores are in the form of insoluble salts. To make extraction even more difficult the ores often contain several metal salts. In order to separate out the metals, one can use differences in solubilities of salts to separate ions in a mixture.

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Separation of Ions

Imagine, you have a test tube that contains Ag+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions and you want to selectively remove each ion and place them into separate test tubes.

What reagent could you add to the test tube that will form a precipitate with one or move of the cations and leave the others in solution? You can use your knowledge of the solubility rules or Ksp values for various metal salts to help you accomplish this goal.

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Separation of IonsYou should remember that Ag+ and Pb2+ readily form insoluble salts and that Cu2+ does not form insoluble salts as readily.

Looking at some solubility product values, you will find the following:

Salt Ksp

Ag2S 6 x 10-51

PbS 3 x 10-28

CuS 6 x 10-37

AgCl 1.8 x 10-10

PbCl2 1.7 x 10-5

You will notice that CuCl2 is not to be found. This means CuCl2 is a soluble salt!

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Separation of IonsAdding Cl- should precipitate the Ag+ and Pb2+ ions but not the Cu2+ ions. We can remove Ag+ and Pb2+ from the test tube. Now, how can we separate the Ag+ and Pb2+ ions?

Salt Ksp

Ag2S 6 x 10-51

PbS 3 x 10-28

CuS 6 x 10-37

AgCl 1.8 x 10-10

PbCl2 1.7 x 10-5

Do you notice the significant difference between the Ksp values for Ag2S and PbS?

Maybe we can precipitate one of the salts out before the other if we control the concentration of S2- added.

Which salt Ag2S and PbS should precipitate first when we begin to add S2-?

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Separation of IonsIf we have 0.100M concentrations of Ag+ and Pb2+ and we begin to add 0.200M K2S the Ag2S should precipitate first.

For Ag2S:

Ksp = 6 x 10 -51 = [Ag+]2[S2-] = (0.100)2(x)

x = [S2-] = 6 x 10-49M. If this concentration of S2- is added Ag2S will precipitate.

For PbS:

Ksp = 3 x 10 -28 = [Pb2+][S2-] = 0.100(x)

x = [S2-] = 3 x 10-27M. A greater amount of S2- is needed to precipitate the PbS.

Therefore, Ag2S will precipitate first.

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Most of the problems in this section ask you whether a precipitate will form after mixing certain solutions together.

General Problem-Solving StrategyStep 1 - Determine which of the products is the precipitate. Write the Ksp expression for this compound.

Step 2 - Calculate the cation concentration of this slightly soluble compound.

Step 3 - Calculate the anion concentration of this slightly soluble compound.

Step 4 - Substitute the values into the reaction quotient (Q) expression. Recall that this is the same expression as K.

Step 5 - Compare Q to K to determine whether a precipitate will form.

Separation of Ions Problems

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If Q = Ksp If Q > Ksp If Q < Ksp

then you have an exactly perfect saturated solution with not one speck of undissolved solid.

then YES you will observe a precipitate; the number of cations and anions exceeds the solubility

then NO precipitate will form; there are so few cations and anions that they all remain dissolved

Separation of Ions ProblemsIn order for a precipitate to form the equilibrium that exists between the solution and the insoluble salt must reside on the left. We can determine to which side the equilibrium will shift using Q, the Reaction Quotient.

In a solution,If Q = Ksp, the system is at equilibrium and the solution is saturated.If Q > Ksp, the salt will precipitate until Q = Ksp.If Q < Ksp, more solid can dissolve until Q = Ksp.

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Step 1 - Determine which of the products is the precipitate. Write the Ksp expression for this compound.

BaSO4 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)

Step 2 - Calculate the cation concentration of this slightly soluble compound. M1V1 =M2V2 M2 = (M1V1) / V2 M2= (0.20M*50.0mL) / 100 mL M2 = 0.10 M BaCl2 [Ba2+] = 0.10 M

Will a precipitate form if you mix 50.0 mL of 0.20 M barium chloride, BaCl2, and 50.0 mL of 0.30 M sodium sulfate, Na2SO4?

Separation of Ions ProblemsSample Problem

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Sample Problem - Answers (con't)Will a precipitate form if you mix 50.0 mL of 0.20 M barium chloride, BaCl2, and 50.0 mL of 0.30 M sodium sulfate, Na2SO4?

Step 3 - Calculate the anion concentration of this slightly soluble compound. M1V1 =M2V2 M2 = (M1V1) / V2 M2= (0.30M*50.0mL) / 100 mL M2 = 0.15 M Na2SO4 [SO42-] = 0.15 M

Step 4 - Substitute the values into the reaction quotient (Q) expression. Recall that this is the same expression as K.Q = [Ba2+] [SO42-] = (0.10) (0.15) = 0.015


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Step 5 - Compare Q to K to determine whether a precipitate will form.

The Ksp for barium sulfate is 1 x 10-10.Therefore, since Q > K, there will be a precipitate formed when you mix equal amounts of 0.20 M BaCl2, and 0.30 M Na2SO4.

Separation of Ions ProblemsSample Problem - Answers (con't)Will a precipitate form if you mix 50.0 mL of 0.20 M barium chloride, BaCl2, and 50.0 mL of 0.30 M sodium sulfate, Na2SO4?

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In summary, to selectively precipitate metal ions from a solution that contains a number of metal ions you should use the solubility rules and Ksp values to determine an experimental strategy. The solubility rules may lead you to the identity of an anion that will result in separation of certain metal ions however, at other times the quantity of the added anion will be instrumental in the separation given that metal salts have different degrees of solubility as seen in their Ksp values.

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35 A solution contains 2.0 x 10-5 M barium ions and 1.8 x 10-4 M lead (II) ions. If Na2CrO4 is added, which will precipitate first from solution? The Ksp for BaCrO4 is 2.1 x 10 -10 and the Ksp for PbCrO4 is 2.8 x 10-13.

A BaCrO4

B PbCrO4

C They will precipitate at the same time.

D It's impossible to determine with the information provided.

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D It is impossible to determine with the information provided.

C They will precipitate at the same time.

36 A solution contains 2.0 x 10-4 M Ag+ and 2.0 x 10-4 M Pb2+. If NaCl is added, will AgCl (Ksp = 1.8 x 10 -10) or PbCI2 (Ksp = 1.7 x 10-5) precipitate first?

A AgCl

B PbCl2

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37 A solution contains 2.0 x 10-4 M Ag+ and 1.7 x 10-3 M Pb2+. If NaCl is added. What concentration of Cl- is needed to begin precipitation. AgCl (Ksp = 1.8 x 10 -10) and PbCI2 (Ksp = 1.7 x 10-5)


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38 A solution contains 2.0 x 10-4 M Ag+ and 1.7 x 10-3 M Pb2+. If NaCl is added. What will be the concentration of the first ion to precipitate when the second ion begins to precipitate? AgCl (Ksp = 1.8 x 10 -10) and PbCI2 (Ksp = 1.7 x 10-5)


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39 Will Co(OH)2 precipitate from solution if the pH of a 0.002M solution of Co(NO3)2 is adjusted to 8.4? Ksp for Co(OH)2 is 2.5 x 10 -14.

A Yes

B No

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40 Will a precipitate form if you mix 25.0 mL of 0.250 M calcium chloride, and 50.0 mL of 0.155 M lithium chromate? The Ksp for calcium chromate is 4.5 x 10-9.


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