ap chemistry day 16 - ms. flemingflemingapchem.weebly.com/.../ap_chem_week_7_ch_5_a_.pdf · 2020....
TRANSCRIPT
Friday,October13th,2017
APChemistryDay16
Do-Now:GroupDiscussion
1. Solve:Siliconnitride(Si3N4)ismadebycombiningsiliconandnitrogengasatahightemperature.Howmuchsiliconisneededtoreactwithanexcessofnitrogengastoprepare125gramsofsiliconnitrideifthepercentyieldofthereacDonis95.0%?
2. ReviewwithyourgroupàwewilltakeourCh.3QuizsoonJ
2
CW/HWAssignments
6. Ch.5NotesPartA10/13
7. Ch.5Packet10/13
PLANNER • LabCorrecLonsdueMonday(notTuesday)
• StudyCh.3&5forquizandunittest• BringFastTracktoa5books(oraclearpictureofthebarcode)onTuesday
EssenLalknowledgestandards• 2.A.2:ThegaseousstatecanbeeffecLvelymodeledwitha
mathemaLcalequaLonrelaLngvariousmacroscopicproperLes.A
gashasneitheradefinitevolumenoradefiniteshape;becausethe
effectsofa]racLveforcesareminimal,weusuallyassumethatthe
parLclesmoveindependently.
• 2.B.3.:Intermolecularforcesplayakeyroleindeterminingthe
properLesofsubstances,includingbiologicalstructuresand
interacLons.
• 3.A.2:QuanLtaLveinformaLoncanbederivedfromstoichiometric
calculaLonsthatuLlizethemoleraLosfromthebalancedchemical
equaLons.Theroleofstoichiometryinreal-worldapplicaLonsis
importanttonote,sothatitdoesnotseemtobesimplyanexercise
doneonlybychemists.
• 5.A.1:TemperatureisameasureoftheaveragekineLcenergyof
atomsandmolecules
FLT• Iwillbeableto:– UseKMTandconceptsofIMFstomakepredicLonsaboutthe
macroscopicproperLesofgases,includingbothidealand
nonidealbehaviors
– RefinemulLplerepresentaLonsofasampleofma]erinthegas
phasetoaccuratelyrepresenttheeffectofchangesin
macroscopicproperLesonthesample
– ApplymathemaLcalrelaLonshipsoresLmaLontodetermine
macroscopicvariablesforidealgases
– QualitaLvelyanalyzedataregardingrealgasestoidenLfydeviaLonsfromidealbehaviorandrelatethesetomolecular
interacLons
– RelatequanLLes(includingvolumesandpressuresofgases)to
idenLfystoichiometricrelaLonshipsforareacLon
• Bycomple1ngCh.5Notes
Ch.5:Gases
KineLcEnergy
Kinetic Energy • KineLcenergy:EnergyanobjecthasbecauseofitsmoLon
• Thinkaboutit:Toaccelerateanobject,wemust
applyaforce.Butonceapplied,energyhasbeen
transferredtothemovingobject.
• KineLcenergyissimplytheenergyanobjecthas
becauseofitsmoLon
KMT
KMT • Allma]erconsistsofLnyparLclesthatarein
constantmoLon.
KMT • ManyscienLstshavestudiedgasesandaidedwith
thedevelopmentofkineLctheory.Howcouldthey
describetheproperLesofsubstanceswithnofixed
shapeorvolume?
KMT • ThekineLcmoleculartheorydescribeshow
individualgasparLclesinteractwitheachother
KMT Assumptions 1. Gasesaremadeofmanyspherical
parDclesthatareinconstant,random
moDon
– theyhavekineDcenergy
2. GasparDclesexertneitheraPracDvenorrepulsiveforcesononeanother
3. GasparDcleshaveinsignificantvolume.
– ThereissomuchspacebetweenparDclesthatmostofthevolumeisemptyspace
4. CollisionsareperfectlyelasDc.– Whentheycollide,nokineDcenergyislost.
5. AverageKEisdependentonthetemperature.
– Highertemperatures=Greaterenergy
ProperLesofGases
ProperLesofGases• Gaseshaveanindefiniteshapeandvolume
• BecausetheyareinconstantmoLon,gasesexpandtofill
anycontaineruniformly
ProperLesofGases
• Gasesareeasilycompressed
ProperLesofGases• Gasesexertpressureontheirsurroundings
Pressure
Gas Pressure • Pressureisdefinedasforceperunitarea• Forexample,ahighheelshoeexertsagreater
pressurethananormalshoeduetothesmaller
areaofcontact
• Largershoesspreadouttheforceoveragreaterarea
Gas Pressure
Gas Pressure • GasparLclesexertpressurewhentheycollidewiththewallsoftheircontainer
• Individualgasmoleculesexertaminimalpressure
• Gaspressureiscausedbycollisionsofmany
parLclesagainstobjects
Air Pressure • Airisamixtureofgases
Air Pressure • BecauseairparLclesareinconstantmoLon,theyexert
pressure.
• Wecallthispressure
“atmosphericpressure”or
“airpressure”
Gas Pressure
Barometer • Barometer–measuresatmosphericpressure
UnitsofPressure
Converting Between Units of Pressure • UnitsofPressure:
– Pascal(Pa)–SIunit– Kilopascal(kPa)– Millimetersofmercury(mmHg)
– Atmospheres(atm)
– Torr– psi
Converting Between Units of Pressure • ConversionFactorsforPressure:• 1atm=760mmHg=760torr=101,325Pa
=101.325kPa
Ex:
• Pressureofagasismeasuredas49torr
– Representthispressureinbothatmospheresand
pascals
FactorsAffecLngGasPressure
Factors Affecting Gas Pressure FourVariablesforDescribingGases:
1. Pressure(P)(Pa,kPa,atm,etc)
2. Volume(V)(L,mL,etc)3. Temperature(T)inK4. NumberofMoles(n)inmol
• V,T,andnaffectthePressureofagas
Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Amount(n):
• More molecules means more collisions, and…
• Fewer molecules means fewer collisions.
• P increases directly with n (ex/ if you double the amount of molecules, you will double the pressure)
Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Volume(V):
• In a smaller container, the molecules have less room to move.
• The particles hit the sides of the container more often.
• P and V are INVERSELY related – As volume decreases, pressure
increases.
Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Temperature(T):
• Astemperatureincreases,molecules
movefaster
• Astemperaturedecreases,molecules
moveslower
• PandTaredirectlyrelated– Increasingtemperatureincreases
pressure
Pair-Share-Respond
1. DescribetheparDclesandmoDonofagas
2. IdenDfythemainideasoftheKineDcMolecularTheory
3. Whatcausesgaspressure?
4. IdenDfythreefactorsthataffectgaspressure
5. StateifthethreefactorsareDIRECTLYorINVERSELYrelatedtopressure
GasLaws
TheGasLaws
• Thegaslawstellushowgasesbehave
• TheamountofchangecanbecalculatedwithmathemaLcal
equaLons.
Boyle’sLaw
RobertBoyle
(1627-1691)
• Boylebecameinterested
inmedicineandthenew
scienceofGalileoand
studiedchemistry.
• AfounderandaninfluenLalfellowofthe
RoyalSocietyofLondon
• Wroteextensivelyon
science,philosophy,and
theology.
Boyle’sLaw
• WhenTisheldconstant,Pisinversely
proporLonaltoV
Boyle’sLaw
• EquaLons:• PV=k• P1V1=P2V2
• (Tmustbe
constant)
Boyle’sLaw
• WhatwouldthegraphlooklikeifitwasP
against1/V?
Boyle’s Law Ex/ • Sulfurdioxide,agasthatplaysacentralroleintheformaLonofacidrain,isfoundintheexhaustof
automobilesandpowerplants.
• Considera1.53-Lsampleofgaseoussulfurdioxideata
pressureof5.6x103Pa.Ifthepressureischangedto
1.5x104Paataconstanttemperature,whatwillbe
thenewvolumeofthegas?
Boyle’s Law Ex/ • Considera1.53-Lsampleofgaseoussulfurdioxideata
pressureof5.6x103Pa.Ifthepressureischangedto
1.5x104Paataconstanttemperature,whatwillbe
thenewvolumeofthegas?
• SoluLon• First,writewhatyouknow:• P
1=
• V1=
• P1=
• P2=
Boyle’s Law Ex/ • Considera1.53-Lsampleofgaseoussulfurdioxideata
pressureof5.6x103Pa.Ifthepressureischangedto
1.5x104Paataconstanttemperature,whatwillbe
thenewvolumeofthegas?
• SoluLon• Second,writeyourequaLon:P
1V1=P
2V2
• P1=
• V1=
• P1=
• P2=
Boyle’s Law Ex/ • Considera1.53-Lsampleofgaseoussulfurdioxideata
pressureof5.6x103Pa.Ifthepressureischangedto
1.5x104Paataconstanttemperature,whatwillbe
thenewvolumeofthegas?
• SoluLon• Third,isolateandsolveP
1V1=P
2V2
• P1=
• V1=
• P1=
• P2=
TryThis:
• Anaerosolcancontails400.mLofcompressedgas
at5.20atm.Whenallofthegasissprayedintoa
largeplasLcbag,thebaginflatestoavolumeof
2.14L.WhatisthepressureofgasintheplasLc
bag?Assumeaconstanttemperature.
Note:
• Youmayberequiredtouseeitherformofthe
equaLonforBoyle’sLaw
• PV=k• P1V1=P2V2
CalculaLngk• Inastudytoseehowcloselygaseousammonia
obeysBoyle’slaw,severalvolumemeasurements
weremadeatvariouspressures,using1.0moleof
NH3gasatatemperatureof0°C
– Usingtheresultslistedbelow,calculatetheBoyle’slawconstantforNH
3atthevariouspressures
CalculaLngk• Usingtheresultslistedbelow,calculatetheBoyle’slawconstantforNH
3atthevariouspressures
• Approach:• Calculatethevalueofk(inL.atm)foreachtrial.
CalculaLngk• Usingtheresultslistedbelow,calculatetheBoyle’slawconstantforNH
3atthevariouspressures
• Approach:• Calculatethevalueofk(inL.atm)foreachtrial.
CalculaLngk• Note:AlthoughdeviaLonsfromtrueBoyle’slaw
behaviorarequitesmallattheselowpressures,the
valueofkchangesregularlyinonedirecLonasthepressureisincreased.
• Tocalculatetheidealvalueofk,youwouldplotPVversusP,andextrapolatebacktozeropressure
(wheregasesbehavemostideally).
CalculaLngk– Valueofkobtainedby
this
extrapolaLon
is22.41L·atm
Charles’sLaw
JacquesCharles(1746-1823)
• FrenchPhysicist• PartofascienLficballoonflightonDec.1,1783–was
oneofthreepassengersin
thesecondballoonascension
thatcarriedhumans
• Thisishowhisinterestingasesstarted
• Itwasahydrogenfilledballoon–goodthingthey
werecareful!
Figure5.8-PlotsofVversusT(°C)forSeveralGases
Charles’sLaw
• WhenPisheldconstant,Tisdirectly
proporLonaltoV
Charles Law • Gas law problems involving temperature will always require that the temperature be in Kelvin.
• Reason? There will never be a zero volume, since we have never reached absolute zero.
Kelvin = °C + 273 °C = Kelvin - 273 and
Charles’sLawEx1/
• Aballooninflatedinaroomat24°Chasavolumeof
4.00L.Theballoonisthenheatedtoatemperature
of58°C.Whatisthenewvolumeifthepressure
remainsconstant?
• SoluLon• First,listyourknownvalues.• T
1=
• T2=
• V1=
• V2=
Charles’sLawEx1/
• Aballooninflatedinaroomat24°Chasavolumeof
4.00L.Theballoonisthenheatedtoatemperature
of58°C.Whatisthenewvolumeifthepressure
remainsconstant?
• SoluLon• Second,writeyourequaLon.• T
1=
• T2=
• V1=
• V2=
Charles’sLawEx1/
• Aballooninflatedinaroomat24°Chasavolumeof
4.00L.Theballoonisthenheatedtoatemperature
of58°C.Whatisthenewvolumeifthepressure
remainsconstant?
• SoluLon• Third,isolateandsolve.• T
1=
• T2=
• V1=
• V2=
Gay-Lussac’sLaw
JosephLouisGay-Lussac(1778–1850)
• Frenchchemistand
physicist
• KnownforhisstudiesonthephysicalproperLesof
gases.
• In1804hemadeballoon
ascensionstostudy
magneLcforcesandto
observethecomposiLon
andtemperatureoftheair
atdifferentalLtudes.
Gay-Lussac’sLaw
• WhenVisheldconstant,Pisdirectly
proporLonaltoT
Gay-Lussac’sLawEx/
• Asampleofnitrogengashasapressureof
6.58kPaat539K.Ifthevolumedoesnot
change,whatwillthepressurebeat211K?
CombinedGasLaw
CombinedGasLaw
• Whenonlynisconstant,wecanrelateP,T,andV.
CombinedGasLawEx/
• Thevolumeofagas-filledballoonis30.0Lat
313Kand153kPapressure.Whatwouldthe
volumebeatstandardtemperatureand
pressure(STP)?
Avogadro’sLaw
Avogadro’sLaw
• GivenbyItalianchemistAvogadrowhopostulated
thatequalvolumesofgasesatthesame
temperatureandpressurecontainthesame
numberofparLcles
• Foragasatconstantpressureandtemperature,the
volumeisdirectlyproporLonaltothenumberof
molesofgas
– Obeyedcloselybygasesatlowpressures• StatedmathemaLcallyas
– V-Volumeofgas
– n-NumberofmolesofgasparLcles
– k-ProporLonalityconstant
Avogadro’sLaw
Avogadro’sLawEx/
• Supposewehavea12.2-Lsamplecontaining0.50
moleofoxygengas(O2)atapressureof1atmand
atemperatureof25°C
– IfallthisO2wereconvertedtoozone(O
3)atthesame
temperatureandpressure,whatwouldbethevolumeof
theozone?
Avogadro’sLawEx/
• Supposewehavea12.2-Lsamplecontaining0.50
moleofoxygengas(O2)atapressureof1atmand
atemperatureof25°C
– IfallthisO2wereconvertedtoozone(O
3)atthesame
temperatureandpressure,whatwouldbethevolumeof
theozone?
• n1=0.50molO
2
• n2=?molO
3
• V1=12.2LO
2
• V2=?LO
3
Avogadro’sLawEx/
• Supposewehavea12.2-Lsamplecontaining0.50
moleofoxygengas(O2)atapressureof1atmand
atemperatureof25°C
– IfallthisO2wereconvertedtoozone(O
3)atthesame
temperatureandpressure,whatwouldbethevolumeof
theozone?
• WeneedtoknowhowmanymolesofO3areproducedby0.50
molO2
• OurbalancedequaLonis3O2(g)à2O
3(g)
• UsethemoleraLotocalculatethemolesofO3formed
Avogadro’sLawEx/
• Supposewehavea12.2-Lsamplecontaining0.50
moleofoxygengas(O2)atapressureof1atmand
atemperatureof25°C
– IfallthisO2wereconvertedtoozone(O
3)atthesame
temperatureandpressure,whatwouldbethevolumeof
theozone?
• n1=0.50molO
2
• n2=0.33molO
3
• V1=12.2LO
2
• V2=?LO
3
SampleQuesLon• Eachoftheballoonsholds1.0Lofdifferentgases
– Allfourareat25°C,andeachcontainsthe
samenumberofmolecules
– Ofthefollowing,whichwouldalsohavetobethesame
foreachballoon(obviouslynottheircolor)?
a. TheirdensiLes
b. Theirmasses
c. Theirbuoyancies
d. Theirpressures
SampleQuesLon
• Acylinderisfi]edwithamovablepiston
– PressureinsidethecylinderisPi,andthevolumeisV
i
– Whatisthenewpressureinthesystemwhenthepiston
decreasesthevolumeofthecylinderbyhalf?
a. ¼Pi
b. ½Pi
c. 2Pi
d. 4Pi
e. Noneofthese
CW
1. Ch.5Packet
78