ap chemistry summer assignment hello again…i feel like we were just talking to each other on that...

AP Chemistry Summer AssignmentHello again…I feel like we were just talking to each other on that half sheet of paper!Now we are about to start our summer work!Don’t be discouraged, if you happen to notice there are 100 pages here. Many of them are repetitious – I set up problems in a series of pages to show steps.There are 7 lessons here. Take your time and spread them out. Each lesson should take less than an hour. In 2014, I taught AP chemistry for the first time, and made many assumptions about what AP students would already know. I was wrong. Significant digits and chemical formulas are two ‘prerequisite’ topics, meaning you are supposed to know them from regular chemistry. They are very important. Most topics we learn this year have both embedded in the questions and count towards your grade.Do the best you can, complete the homework, email all 7 assignments or print them out.There will be a quiz the 12th day of school. The assignments are due the 13th day of school.

Ch1.1 Chemical Foundations

Scientific Method – a systematic approach to solving scientific problems

1. O2. H3. E4. R5. A6. C

Ch1.1 Chemical Foundations

Scientific Method – a systematic approach to solving scientific problems

1. Observation2. Hypothesis3. Experiment4. Results5. Analysis6. Conclusions

Please keep this in mind as you perform laboratory assignments this year.

Units of MeasurementWe deal in measurements, not numbers! All ‘numbers’ have a unit of measure that is as important as the number!


For example, if I asked you to mass a penny and you responded, “It’s 1.5.” I might be confused. If you meant 1.5 pounds, that would be an extremely heavy penny, especially if I have a piggy bank full of them! You respond, “the penny masses at 1.5 grams.” Now you can see how important units are to measurements.


What if I asked you to mass my piggy bank. It is an old plastic drinking bottle, that holds five gallons of water. If it was full of pennies it might be hard to lift. So you mass it, and the scale reads 50,000 grams. If you worked at the bank and massed ALL the pennies in the vault, they might mass at 1,000,000grams. All the pennies in Apple Valley might mass at 1,000,000,000grams! IDK, I’m just making this up…but you can see that maybe we need a different unit of measure. In the English system, you mass individual pennies in ounces, then piggy banks in pounds, then all the pennies in tons. What does the metric system do?

Units of MeasurementThe metric system uses a system of prefixes.

Giga . . Mega . . Kilo Hecta Deka Basic deci centi milli . . micro . . nano . . pico Units G . . M . . K H D U d c m . . μ . . n . . p

Basic units:

meters, liters, grams, kelvins, seconds, moles, etc

Ex1) 3.5 mL = ______ L



Look at the unit given. Ex1) 3.5 mL = ______ LFind the prefix on the chart.Count the movement to get to the desired unit.



I moved the arrow 3 places Ex1) 3.5 mL = ______ L to the left. So I will move the decimal 3 places to the left:

= 0.0035 L



If you need to move the decimal Ex2) 1 mg = ______ μgpast milli, don’t forget to countthe dots as well.



If you need to move the decimal Ex2) 1 mg = ______ μgpast milli, don’t forget to countthe dots as well. So I will move the decimal 3 places to the right:

= 1000 μg



Ex3) 1 pm = ______ m



Ex3) 1 pm = 0.0000000000001 m or1 x 10-12 m

Using density as a way to learn about uncertainty:

Density is the first chemistry method to discover an unknown substance.

ml

gorcmg

volume

massD 3 :Units

Ex4) The density of an unknown metal is to be found experimentally. One lab group masses a small cylinder of the unknown, using a digital scale, and measures it to be 48.95g. They measure the volume by water displacement in a 100mL graduated cylinder, and find it to be 6.27cm3. The members of this lab group, who must be really into chemistry, go to one student’s home and find a large iron cylinder in the garage. They mass it on a metric bathroom scale and it masses 5kg. They measure the diameter of the cylinder, using a tape measurer, to be 8cm, and length to be 10cm. Find the density for each experiment.

Mass 1: _____ g Mass 2: _____ g Vol 1: _____ cm3 Vol 2: ______ cm3

Ex4) The density of an unknown metal is to be found experimentally. One lab group masses a small cylinder of the unknown, using a digital scale, and measures it to be 48.95g. They measure the volume by water displacement, and find it to be 6.3cm3. The members of this lab group, who must be really into chemistry, go to one student’s home and find a large iron cylinder in the garage. They mass it on a metric bathroom scale and it masses 5kg. They measure the diameter of the cylinder to be 8cm, and length to be 10cm. Find the density for each experiment.

Mass 1: 48.95 g Mass 2: 5000 g Vol 1: 6.3 cm3 Vol 2: (πr2h) = π(4cm)2(10cm) = 503 cm3

7.8733

33

947183943.9cm 503

5000

76984127.7cm 6.3

48.95

cmgg

D

cmgg

D

Mass 1: 48.95 g Mass 2: 5000 g Vol 1: 6.3 cm3 Vol 2: (πr2h) = π(4cm)2(10cm) = 503 cm3

It is obvious the bathroom scale lacks the precision of the digital scale.It is worth looking up water displacement for volume measurements. It is highly precise. Tape measurers are fairly accurate, but not that precise.So…what I’m getting at is how do we show the precision of measurements in our answers, and how do we measure and report error?

33

33

947183943.9cm 503

5000

76984127.7cm 6.3

48.95

cmgg

D

cmgg

D

‘We deal in measurements, not numbers! These measurements contain a certain amount of uncertainty.’Significant digits Look at the measurements, count the number of digits: Mass 1: 48.95 g (4 sig digs) Mass 2: 5000 g (1 sig dig)

Vol 1: 6.3 cm3 (2 sig digs) Vol 2: 503 cm3 (3 sig digs)

Round answers to the same number of sig digs as the measurement with the fewest sig digs:

You may wonder why 5000g has only 1 sig dig. Hey, that’s the rules you should have learned in regular chemistry…but I’ll be happy to explain them when we are finally together. Otherwise, you can always You Tube it!

3332

3331

10947183943.9cm 503

5000

8.7 76984127.7cm 6.3

48.95

cmg

cmgg

D

cmg

cmgg

D

‘We deal in measurements, not numbers! These measurements contain a certain amount of uncertainty.’

What about error reporting? The actual value for the density of iron is 7.87g/cm3.What is the percent error for each experiment?

%100# actual

|# alexperiment # actual| %

-error

‘We deal in measurements, not numbers! These measurements contain a certain amount of uncertainty.’

What about error reporting? The actual value for the density of iron is 7.87g/cm3.What is the percent error for each experiment?

Why isn’t the bottom answer (–)? Absolute value sign of course!Why did you round to 30%? One sig dig of course!

%30%27%1007.87g

|10g 7.87g|Exp2

%89.0%1007.87g

|7.8g 7.87g|Exp1

%100# actual

|# alexperiment # actual| %

-

-

-error

Temperature – measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance

Absolute zero – coldest temperature. No molecular motion = 0 Kelvin-273oC = ______ K 0oC = ______ K 20oC = ______ K 100oC = ______ K

Summer Assignment HW#1 p32+ 20, 25, 33, 53, 55, 73

oC + 273 = K

*Kelvin is always bigger

SA HW#1 p32+ 20, 25, 33, 53, 55, 7320. A student performed an analysis of a sample for the following calcium

content and got the following results:14.02% 14.91% 14.88% 14.91%The actual amount is 15.70%. what conclusions can you draw about

the accuracy and precision of these results?

20. A student performed an analysis of a sample for the following calcium

content and got the following results:14.02% 14.91% 14.88% 14.91%The actual amount is 15.70%. what conclusions can you draw about

the accuracy and precision of these results?

-very precise (all trials came out dead-on each other)- lacks accuracy (not close enough to the actual value)

maybe the Triple Beam Balance was off?

33. Perform each conversion. M . . K H D U d c m . . μ . . n a) 8.43 cm to millimeters =

b) 2.41x102 cm to meters

c) 294.5 nm to centimeters

d) 1.445x104 m to kilometers

e) 235.3 m to millimeters

f) 903.3 nm to micrometers

33. Perform each conversion. M . . K H D U d c m . . μ . . n a) 8.43 cm to millimeters = 84.3 mm

b) 2.41x102 cm to meters = 0.0241x102 m

c) 294.5 nm to centimeters = 0.00002945 cm

d) 1.445x104 m to kilometers = 1.445x101 km

e) 235.3 m to millimeters = 0.2353 mm

f) 903.3 nm to micrometers = 0.9033 μm

25. How many significant figures are in each of the following? a) 12 b) 1098 c) 2001

d) 2.001 x 103 e) 0.0000101 f) 1.01 x 10-5

g) 100. h) 22.04030

25. How many significant figures are in each of the following? a) 12 b) 1098 c) 2001

2 4 4 d) 2.001 x 103 e) 0.0000101 f) 1.01 x 10-5

4 3 3 g) 100. h) 22.04030

3? 7

53. The density of aluminum is 2.70 .Express this value in units of kilograms per cubic meter.

55. A star is estimated to have a mass of 2 x 1036 kg. Assuming a sphere of radius 7.0 x 105 km, calc the density in g/cm3.

3cmg

53. The density of aluminum is 2.70 .Express this value in units of kilograms per cubic meter.

2.70 g 1 kg 1,000,000 cm3 cm3 1000 g 1 m3

55. A star is estimated to have a mass of 2 x 1036 kg. Assuming a sphere of radius 7.0 x 105 km, calc the density in g/cm3.

2x1039 g 4/3.π.(7.0x1010cm)3

3cmg

= 2700 kg/m3

= 1,392,025.7 g/cm3

= 1,000,000 g/cm3

73. Convert the following Celsius temperatures to Kelvin.a. boiling temp of ethyl alcohol, 78.10C. = b. cold winter day, -250C. = c. lowest possible temp, -2730C.d. melting point of NaCl, 8010C.

73. Convert the following Celsius temperatures to Kelvin.a. boiling temp of ethyl alcohol, 78.10C. = 351Kb. cold winter day, -250C. = 248 250Kc. lowest possible temp, -2730C. = 0Kd. melting point of NaCl, 8010C. = 1074K

Ch2 Conservation of Mass, History of the Atom, and Chemical Formulas

Ex: AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl (s)

reactants products If you add up the # of each type of atom on both sides of the arrow, you’ll notice they are the same! Why is that?


reactants products

Law of Cons of Mass/EnergyMatter cannot be created or destroyed, it only changes form.

You may see these same compounds in other reactions, but they will always have the same chemical formula. Why is that?


reactants products

Law of Cons of Mass/EnergyMatter cannot be created or destroyed, it only changes form.

Law of Definite Proportion (Proust’s Law) – a compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass.

Some chemical formulas look the same but are slightly different. Why is that?


reactants products Law of Cons of Mass/Energy

Matter cannot be created or destroyed, it only changes form.

Law of Definite Proportion (Proust’s Law) – a compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass.

Law of Multiple Proportions – 2 elements form a series of compounds,the ratios of masses can be reduced to simple whole #’s.Ex: Experimentally, 1g of C combines w 1.33g O2,

but sometimes 1g of C combines w 2.66g O2.Leads us to believe if there is CO, there is also CO2.But always whole numbers! No fractions of an atom!

No C½O !

Here’s a table of subatomic particles:

Why is this important?

Subatomic particles

Particle Symbol Charge Mass in kg Mass in amu

Proton p+ +1 1.67x10-27 1

Electron e– –1 9.11x10-31 1/1840

Neutron no 0 1.67x10-27 1

Commit the charges to memory!Be aware of the masses. (So that when you see them, you will say, “Oh yeah, I knew that.”)Commit to memory that the mass of an electron is so small that we won’t include electrons in the mass of the atom…only the protons and neutrons.

Subatomic particles

Particle Symbol Charge Mass in kg Mass in amu

Proton p+ +1 1.67x10-27 1

Electron e– –1 9.11x10-31 1/1840

Neutron no 0 1.67x10-27 1

Writing SymbolsEx: What on earth do those numbers mean?!?

Na2311

Writing SymbolsEx: total mass (protons and neutrons)

total number of protons (and therefore electrons.)

To be electrically neutral, and atom has equal protons and electrons. electrons exist in energy level that surround the nucleusprotons and neutron exist is the nucleus

11p12n

This picture has MANY inaccuracies…can you name them?Don’t worry, soon you will!

Summer Assignment HW#2 p74+ 23,33,35,45,46,47,49

Na2311

Summer Assignment HW#2 p74+ 23,33,35,45,46,47,4923. When mixtures of gaseous H2 and gaseous Cl2 react, a product forms that has

the same properties regardless of the relative amounts of H2 and Cl2 used. a. How is this result interpreted in terms of the law of the definite proportion?b. When a volume of H2 reacts with an equal volume of Cl2 at the same

temperature and pressure, what volume of product having the formula

HCl is formed?

23. When mixtures of gaseous H2 and gaseous Cl2 react, a product forms that has the same properties regardless of the relative amounts of H2 and Cl2 used. a. How is this result interpreted in terms of the law of the definite proportion?b. When a volume of H2 reacts with an equal volume of Cl2 at the same

temperature and pressure, what volume of product having the formula

HCl is formed?

a. A compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass.One of the elements limits how much product will form:

b. H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)

33. What are the symbols of the following elements: gold, silver, mercury, potassium, iron, antimony, tungsten?

35. What are the symbols of the following nonmetals: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus?

45. An atom has 9 protons and 10 neutrons in the nucleus. What is its symbol?

33. What are the symbols of the following elements: gold, silver, mercury, potassium, iron, antimony, tungsten? Au Ag Hg K Fe Sb W

35. What are the symbols of the following nonmetals: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus? F2 Cl2 Br2 S O2 P

Why the 2’s? Our chemistry greeting – ‘HNOFClBrI to ya!’ (You’ll see.)

45. An atom has 9 protons and 10 neutrons in the nucleus. What is its symbol?

Fluorine

46. Write the atomic symbol (AZ X) for each of the isotopes described below.

a. Z = 8, number of neutrons = 9

b. the isotope of the chlorine in which A = 37

c. Z = 27, A = 60

d. number of protons = 26, number of neutrons = 31

e. the isotope of I with a mass number of 131

f. Z = 3, number of neutrons = 4

46. Write the atomic symbol (AZ X) for each of the isotopes described below.

a. Z = 8, number of neutrons = 9 178O

b. the isotope of the chlorine in which A = 37 3717Cl

c. Z = 27, A = 60 6027Co

d. number of protons = 26, number of neutrons = 31 5726Fe

e. the isotope of I with a mass number of 131 13153I

f. Z = 3, number of neutrons = 4 73Li

47. What is the symbol for an ion with 63 protons, 60 electrons, and 88 neutrons?

49. What is the symbol of an ion with 16 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18 electrons?

47. What is the symbol for an ion with 63 protons, 60 electrons, and 88 neutrons?

14963Eu+3

49. What is the symbol of an ion with 16 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18 electrons?

3416S2–

Ch2 Periodic Table and Naming CompoundsThe periodic table has many secrets, including oxidation numbers.

+1 0 +2 +3 +/-4 -3 -2 -1

( usually +2 )

Ch2 Periodic Table and Naming CompoundsThe periodic table has many secrets, including oxidation numbers. Each of these columns shares similar bonding characteristics, +1 so they are referred to as families, or groups. 0 +2 The rows are called periods. +3 +/-4 -3 -2 -1

( usually +2 )

Naming CompoundsBinary ionic compounds – cation (+) and anion (–)

Put cation 1st, end the anion with ‘ide.’Ex1) NaCl sodium is the cation, chloride is the anion → sodium chloride

CaS calcium is the cation, sulfide is the anion → calcium sulfideLi3N lithium is the cation, nitride is the anion → lithium nitride

CuCl copper is the cation, chloride is the anion → copper chlorideHow do we differentiate between the two?

CuCl2 copper is the cation, chloride is the anion → copper chloride

FeO

Fe2O3

Al2O3

Naming CompoundsBinary ionic compounds – cation (+) and anion (–)

Put cation 1st, end the anion with ‘ide.’Ex1) NaCl sodium is the cation, chloride is the anion → sodium chloride

CaS calcium is the cation, sulfide is the anion → calcium sulfideLi3N lithium is the cation, nitride is the anion → lithium nitride

CuCl copper is the cation, chloride is the anion → copper chlorideSince there are one of each, this copper must be (+1) since chloride is ALWAYS (–1). Write it as copper (I) chlorideCuCl2 copper is the cation, chloride is the anion → copper chlorideSince there is one of copper and 2 chlorides, this copper must be (+2) since chloride is ALWAYS (–1). Write it as copper (II) chlorideFeO iron (II) oxideFe2O3 iron (III) oxideAl2O3 aluminum oxide (no roman numerals Al is always +3)These are rules you should know from regular chemistry!If these rules don’t make sense, You Tube it!

Naming CompoundsCompounds containing polyatomic ions – must be memorized!

Most common contain oxygen – called oxyanionsCO3

2– carbonate ClO– hypochloriteHCO3

– bicarbonate ClO2– chlorite

NO2– nitrite ClO3

– chlorateNO3

– nitrate ClO4– perchlorate

SO32– sulfite CrO4

2– chromateSO4

2– sulfate Cr2O72– dichromate

PO43– phosphate O2

2– peroxideC2H3O2

– acetate C2O42– oxalate

OH – hydroxide

The blue oxyanions will be on a Ch2 Quiz the 3rd week of school!

Ex2)Name:Na2SO4 sodium sulfate

Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate

Naming CompoundsCovalent compounds (nonmetals)

– use prefixes (mono not needed on first element)– still end in ‘ide’

Ex3) N2Odinitrogen monoxideNO nitrogen monoxideNO2 nitrogen dioxideN2O3 dinitrogen trioxideN2O4 dinitrogen tetroxideN2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide

Naming CompoundsAcids

– use ‘hydro’ when no oxygen present, keep root of base– ‘ate ends in ‘ic’– ‘ite ends in ‘ous’

Ex4) HCl hydrochloric acidHClO hypochlorous acidHClO2 chlorous acidHClO3 chloric acidHClO4

perchloric acid

Summer Assignment HW#3 p76+ 55,59,61,69,77

Summer Assignment HW#3 p76+ 55,59,61,69,7755. Which of the following sets of elements are all in the same group

in the periodic table?

A. Fe, Ru, Os C. Sn, As, S

B. Rh, Pd, Ag D. Se, Te, Po

55. Which of the following sets of elements are all in the same group

in the periodic table?

A. Fe, Ru, Os

D. Se, Te, Po

59. Would you except each of the following atoms to gain or lose electrons when forming ions? What ion is the most likely in each case?

A. Na C. Ba E. Al

B. Sr D. I F. S

59. Would you except each of the following atoms to gain or lose electrons when forming ions? What ion is the most likely in each case?

A. Na C. Ba E. Al Na+ Ba+2 Al+3

B. Sr D. I F. SSr+2 I1- S2-

61. Name each of the following compounds:

A. NaCl C. CaS

B. Rb2O D. AlI3


A. NaCl C. CaS

sodium chloride calcium sulfide

B. Rb2O D. AlI3

rubidium oxide aluminum iodide


A. CuI F. S4N4

B. CuI2 G. SF6

C. CoI2 H. NaOCl

D. Na2CO3 I. BaCrO4

E. NaHCO3 J. NH4NO3


A. CuI F. S4N4

copper(I) iodide tetrasulfur tetranitride

B. CuI2 G. SF6

copper(II)iodide sulfur hexafluoride

C. CoI2 H. NaOCl (NaClO) cobalt(II)iodide sodium hypochlite

D. Na2CO3 I. BaCrO4

sodium carbonate barium chromate

E. NaHCO3 J. NH4NO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate (good) ammonium nitrate sodium bicarbonate (better)

77. The formulas and common names for several substances are given below. Give the systematic names for these substances.

a. sugar of lead, Pb(C2H3O2)2

b. blue vitrol, CuSO4

c. quicklime, CaO

d. Epsom salts, MgSO4

e. milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2

f. gypsum, CaSO4

g. laughing gas, N2O

77. The formulas and common names for several substances are given below. Give the systematic names for these substances.

a. sugar of lead, Pb(C2H3O2)2 lead (II) acetate

b. blue vitrol, CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate

c. quicklime, CaO calcium oxide

d. Epsom salts, MgSO4 magnesium sulfate

e. milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

f. gypsum, CaSO4 calcium sulfate

g. laughing gas, N2O dinitrogen monoxide

Ch2B – Writing FormulasYou should already be familiar with this! This is on your ch2 quiz!

Ex1) sodium nitrideFind sodium on the periodic table, column 1 = (+1) Na+1

Find nitrogen on the PT, column 15 = (-3) N-3

crisscross the oxidation numbers: Na+1 N-3 : Na3N

sodium nitrate Na+1 NO3

-1 : NaNO3

sodium nitrite Na+1 NO2

-1 : NaNO2

Ex2) vanadium (V) fluoride: V+5 F-1 : VF5

dioxygen difuoride: O2F2

rubidium peroxide: Rb+1 O2-2 : Rb2O2

gallium oxide: Ga+3 O-2 : Ga2O3

There will be a short review when school starts up, then a Ch2 quiz,along with NUMEROUS questions on future chapter tests!PLEASE, learn how to write chemical formulas!

Summer Assignment HW#4 p76 71 – 74

Summer Assignment HW#4 p76 71 – 74

Ch2 Rev WS on Formulas and Naming – extra practice if you need it.You can ask ?’s on this on Ch2 Review Day

Ch3 – The Mole- defined as the # of C atoms in 12 grams of pure 12C.

= 6.02214 x 1023 atoms

- called Avogadro’s number

Why such a strange number?!? Why not round it to 1 x 1010? This seems a lot more friendly.Avogadro’s number cancels out the incredibly small mass of a single atom.You won’t have any problems to solve like this, but it adds to a very completeunderstanding of chemistry. We’ll use carbon as an example:12 g C = 1 mol C = 6.02 x 1023 atoms C

nucleons are all the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Molar Mass

molg

- xx.0.12

C mol 1 C atom 1 nucleon 1

atoms10022.6 nucleons 12 g10671 2324

Molar Mass – mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance‘Round all masses to the nearest 0.01g.’

Ex1) Find the molar mass of juglone, C10H6O3.

Use your periodic table to find the mass of each atomYou should see carbon = 12.0g, hydrogen = 1.0g, oxygen =

16.0g

10 C @ 12.0 each = 120.0g6 H @ 1.0 each = 6.0g3 O @ 16.0 each = 48.0g

Total = 174.0 g/mol

Ex2) What is the mass of 4.86 mol of calcite, CaCO3. 1 Ca @ 40.1 = 40.1g1 C @ 12.0 = 12.0g3 O @ 16.0 = 48.0g Total = 100.1 g/mol

3 sig digs in question, 3 in answer: 468 g CaCO3

g468.468CaCO mol 1

CaCO g 100.1 CaCO mol68.4

3

33

Ex3) How many atoms of Si are on a tiny 5.68mg computer chip?

= 1.07 x 1020 atoms

3 sig digs in question, 3 in answer.And don’t forget the units!

Did the conversion table make sense? We will go over conversion tables at start up.

Summer Assignment HW#5 p122+ 33,37a,39b,47

Si mol 1 Si 1.32

10022.6 Si mol 1 Si 00568.0 23

g

atomsxg

33.Aluminum metal is produced by passing an electric current through a solution of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). Calculate the molar masses of Al2O3 and Na3AlF6.

33.Aluminum metal is produced by passing an electric current through a solution of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). Calculate the molar masses of Al2O3 and Na3AlF6.

2 Al @ 27.0 = 54.0 3 Na @ 23.0 = 69.03 O @ 16.0 = 48.0 1 Al @ 27.0 = 27.0

102.0g/mol 6 F @ 19.0 = 114.0

210.0g/mol

37. How many moles of compound are present in 1.00g of NH3?

39. How many grams of compound are present in 5.00 mol of N2H4?

37. How many moles of compound are present in 1.00g of NH3?

39. How many grams of compound are present in 5.00 mol of N2H4?

molNHg

NHmoleNHg0585.0

0.17

1 00.1

3

33

4242

4242 0.160 1

0.32 00.5HNg

HNmole

HNgHNmol

47. Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C (C6H8O6), is an essential vitamin. It cannot be stored by the body and must be present in the diet. What is the molar mass of the ascorbic acid? Vitamin C tablets are taken as a dietary supplement. If a typical tablet contains 500.0 mg of vitamin C, how many moles and how many molecules of vitamin C does it contain?

47. Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C (C6H8O6), is an essential vitamin. It cannot be stored by the body and must be present in the diet. What is the molar mass of the ascorbic acid? Vitamin C tablets are taken as a dietary supplement. If a typical tablet contains 500.0 mg of vitamin C, how many moles and how many molecules of vitamin C does it contain?

molHg

HmolHg0028.0

OC 0.176

OC 1 OC 50.0

686

686686

moleculesx

Hmol

Hmoleculesx.Hmol

20

686

68623

686

1071.1

OC 1

OC 10026 OC 0028.0

Ch3.2 Chemical Equations

Ex1) CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Hopefully this is familiar to you as well, if not… You Tube it!

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Ex2) C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)



81. Balance the following equation: a. Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq) Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

b. Zn(s) + HCI(aq) ZnCI2(aq) + H2(g)

c. Au2S3(s) + H2 Au(s) + H2S(g)

82. Balance the following equations:a. Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq) → H2O(l) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)

b. Al(OH)3(s) + HCl(aq) → AlCl3(aq) + H2O(l)

c. AgNO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Ag2SO4(s) + HNO3(aq)

83. Balance the following equations representing combustion reactions: a. C12H22O11 (s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

b. C6H6(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

c. Fe(s) + O2(g) Fe2O3(s)

d. C4H10(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

e. FeO(s) + O2(g) Fe2O3(s)

85. Silicon is produced for the chemical and electronics industries by the following reactions. Give the balanced equation for each reaction. a. SiO(s) + C(s) → Si(s) + CO(g)

b. Silicon tetrachloride is reacted with a very pure magnesium, producing silicon and magnesium chloride.

c. Na2SiF6(s) + Na(s) → Si(s) + NaF(s)

88. The electrolysis of concentrated brine solutions is an important source of NaOH, H2, and Cl2 for the chemical industry. The reaction is

NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ELECTRICITY Cl2(g) + H2(g) + NaOH(aq)

Balance this equation.

Ch3.3 StoichiometryEx1) What mass of oxygen will react with 96.1g propane, C3H8? - start with a balanced equation: C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O

How did I know to write oxygen as O2? HNOFClBrI to ya!How did I know that carbon dioxide and water were the products…of combustion? (Don’t worry, you will too!)

Ex1) What mass of oxygen will react with 96.1g propane, C3H8? - start with a balanced equation: 1 C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

- start the conversion table with the given:

- now get outta grams and into moles…

HC 96.1g 83


- start the conversion table with the given:- now get outta grams and into moles…

- now use the balanced chemical equation to switch from moles of givento moles of what you wanna switch to…

HC 44.0g

HC mol 1 HC 96.1g

83

8383


- start the conversion table with the given:- now get outta grams and into moles…- now use the balanced chemical equation to switch from moles of given

to moles of what you wanna switch to…

- now use the molar mass of oxygen to get into grams of oxygen…

HC mol 1 HC 44.0g

O mol 1 HC mol 1 HC 96.1g

8383

28383


- start the conversion table with the given:- now get outta grams and into moles…- now use the balanced chemical equation to switch from moles of given

to moles of what you wanna switch to…

- now use the molar mass of oxygen to get into grams of oxygen…

Summer Assignment HW#7 p126 91,92,96a

228383

228383 O g 9.69O mol 1 HC mol 1 HC 44.0g

O g 32.0 O mol 1 HC mol 1 HC 96.1g

Summer Assignment HW#7 p126 91,92,96a 91. The reusable booster rockets of the U.S. space shuttle employ a mixture of

aluminum and ammonia perchlorate for fuel. A possible equation for this rxn is

3Al(s) + 3NH4ClO4(s) Al2O3(s) + AlCl3(s) + 3NO(g) +6H2O(g)

What mass of NH4ClO4 should be used in the fuel mixture for 1000g of Al?

91. The reusable booster rockets of the U.S. space shuttle employ a mixture of

aluminum and ammonia perchlorate for fuel. A possible equation for this rxn is

3Al(s) + 3NH4ClO4(s) Al2O3(s) + AlCl3(s) + 3NO(g) +6H2O(g)

What mass of NH4ClO4 should be used in the fuel mixture for 1000g of Al?

g4350ClONH 1mol Al 3mol Al 27.0g

ClONH 117.5g NH 3mol Al 1mol Al 1000g

44

444

92. One of relatively few reactions that takes place directly between two solids at room temperature is

Ba(OH)2 8H2O(s) + NH4SCN(s) Ba(SCN)2(s) + H2O(l) + NH3(g)

In this equation, the 8H2O in Ba(OH)2 8H2O indicates the presence of eight water molecules. This compound is called barium hyroxide octahydrate. a. Balance the equation.

b. What mass of ammonia thiocyanate (NH4SCN) must be used if it is to react completely with 6.5 g barium hydroxide octahydrate ?

92. One of relatively few reactions that takes place directly between two solids at room temperature is

Ba(OH)2 8H2O(s)+ 2NH4SCN(s) Ba(SCN)2(s)+10H2O(l) +2NH3(g)

In this equation, the 8H2O in Ba(OH)2 8H2O indicates the presence of eight water molecules. This compound is called barium hyroxide octahydrate. a. Balance the equation. b. What mass of ammonia thiocyanate (NH4SCN) must be used if it is to react completely with 6.5 g barium hydroxide octahydrate ?

g1.3

SCNNH 1mol Ba(OH) 1mol Ba(OH) 315.3g

SCNNH 76.1g SCNNH 2mol Ba(OH) 1mol O8HBa(OH) 6.5g

422

44222

96. Aspirin (C9H8O4) is synthesized by reacting salicylic acid (C7H6O3)

with acetic anhydride (C4H6O3). The balanced equation is

C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + HC2H3O2

a. What mass of acetic anhydride is needed to completely consume 1.00x102 g salicylic acid?

96. Aspirin (C9H8O4) is synthesized by reacting salicylic acid (C7H6O3)

with acetic anhydride (C4H6O3). The balanced equation is

1C7H6O3 + 1C4H6O3 1 C9H8O4 + 1HC2H3O2

a. What mass of acetic anhydride is needed to completely consume 1.00x102 g salicylic acid?

g9.73(aa) 1mol (sa) 1mol (sa) 138.0g

(aa) 102.0g (aa) 1mol (sa) 1mol (sa) g1.00x102

ap chemistry summer assignment hello again…i feel like we were just talking to each other on that...

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