ap counter reformation

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The Counter-reformation The Catholic Response to the Protestant Reformation

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Page 1: AP Counter Reformation

TheCounter-reformation

The Catholic Response to the Protestant Reformation

Page 2: AP Counter Reformation

Reformed Papacy

• Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

• Appointed reform-minded cardinals/bishops who:– Improved education for the clergy– Tried to enforce moral standards– Tried to correct most glaring abuses

Page 3: AP Counter Reformation

Pope Paul III

Reformed Papacy

• Papal Reforms of Paul III– Reform Commission

(1537) - determined Church’s problems = corrupt popes/policies

– Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (1542) – had jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition

– Council of Trent

Page 4: AP Counter Reformation

Reform Commission

• Est. new religious orders (preached to commoners)

• Ended selling of church offices & pluralism

• Opened seminaries (to train priests)

Page 5: AP Counter Reformation

Roman Inquisition

• Committee of 6 cardinals w/ judicial authority over all Catholics. Power to:– Arrest– Imprison– Execute

• Sought out heretics• Published the Index of

Prohibited Books (handout)

Cardinal Caraffa – Roman Inquisitor

Page 6: AP Counter Reformation

Roman Inquisition

• Accepted hearsay as evidence

• Not obliged to inform accused of charges against them

• Known to use torture

Page 7: AP Counter Reformation

Council of Trent

• 1545-1563 (off/on)• Group of various levels of clergy met • Goals:– Reform church– Reconcile w/ Protestants

• Faced many political obstacles

Page 8: AP Counter Reformation

Council of Trent

• Upheld traditional Catholic teachings• Faith & good works• Seven sacraments• Transubstantiation • Clerical celibacy • Purgatory

Page 9: AP Counter Reformation

Council of Trent

• Reform measures for clergy– Bishops required to reside in own

dioceses– Suppressed pluralism & simony– Forbade sale of indulgences– Clerics to give up concubines

Page 10: AP Counter Reformation

Council of Trent

• Changes for laypeople– Required – witnesses to marriage

• Did not achieve goal of reconciliation w/ Protestants

Page 11: AP Counter Reformation

New Religious Orders

• The Jesuits (aka Society of Jesus)– Ignatius of Loyola = founder– Religious order dedicated to

the pope– Used education to spread their

message– Restored Catholicism (Europe

& World)

Page 12: AP Counter Reformation

New Religious Orders

• The Ursulines– Order of nuns– Founder = Angela

Merici– Prestige for education

of women – – Could re-Christianize

society by training future wives/moms

Page 13: AP Counter Reformation

Reformation Society & Culture

Page 14: AP Counter Reformation

Protestantism & Marriage

• Clerical celibacy = unnatural & against God’s commandments

• Contract, not sacrament• Proper marriage upholds ideals of– Spiritual equality between men &

women– Hierarchy of husband as authority &

wife as submissive

Page 15: AP Counter Reformation

Protestantism & Women

• Opposed medieval misogyny• Respected women, esp. as

mothers/wives• Equal right to divorce• Encouraged education for women• Read handout: Women of the

Reformation

Page 16: AP Counter Reformation

Anti-Semitism

• Jews continued to be persecuted against during the Reformation

• Luther - expected Jews to convert (called for persecution when they did not)

• Catholic states - Jews segregated into ghettos

Page 17: AP Counter Reformation

The Jews & Their Lies

• Discuss with your partner the following:–Were you surprised by what you read?

Why or why not?–What were some of the traits Luther

states that Jews possess?– According to Luther how should Christians

handle the Jews? – How is Luther’s writing/attitude a

reflection of the 16th C.?

Page 18: AP Counter Reformation

Exam

• Potential essay topics: – Compare and contrast the Lutheran and

Catholic Reformations in the 16th C. regarding the reform of both religious doctrine and religious practices.

– Evaluate the influence of Renaissance humanism on the Protestant Reformation and Catholic reforms.