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Page 1: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Ap European studiesAp European studies

Page 2: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The “Second” The “Second” French RevolutionFrench Revolution

The National Convention:The National Convention:

Girondin Rule: 1792-1793Girondin Rule: 1792-1793

Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794[“Reign of Terror”][“Reign of Terror”]

Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-17951795

The Directory The Directory 1795-1799 1795-1799

Page 3: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

WarWarWarWar

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

Page 4: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

They held their meetings in the They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.monastery in Paris.

Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.

Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class.class.

Created a vast network of clubs.Created a vast network of clubs.

Page 5: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working

ClassClass Small Small

shopkeepers.shopkeepers.

Tradesmen.Tradesmen.

Artisans.Artisans.

They shared many of They shared many of the ideals of their the ideals of their

middle class middle class representatives in representatives in

government!government!

Page 6: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The The Sans-Sans-CulottesCulottes

Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

Page 7: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Storming of the The Storming of the Tuilieres:Tuilieres:

August 9-10, 1792August 9-10, 1792

This was triggered in part by the publication This was triggered in part by the publication in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto, in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto,

which confirmed popular suspicions which confirmed popular suspicions concerning the king’s treason.concerning the king’s treason.

Page 8: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The September The September Massacres, Massacres, 17921792

(The dark side of the (The dark side of the Revolution!)Revolution!)

Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.attacked from the front.

Buveurs de sangBuveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 over 1000 killed!killed!

It discredited the Revolution among its remaining It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.sympathizers abroad.

Page 9: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The National The National ConventionConvention

(September, 1792)(September, 1792) Its first act was the formal Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.September 22, 1792.

The The Year IYear I of the French Republic. of the French Republic.

The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity

it offered French assistance to any it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments.overthrow their governments.

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

Page 10: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

JacobinJacobinss

MontagnarMontagnardsds

(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)

GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe

nn(Royalists)(Royalists)

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(swing (swing votes)votes)

TODAY:TODAY:

Page 11: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Politics of the The Politics of the National Convention National Convention

(1792-1795)(1792-1795)MontagnardsMontagnards Girondist

sGirondist

s Power base in Paris.Power base in Paris.

Main support from the Main support from the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Would adopt extreme Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their measures to achieve their goals.goals.

Saw Paris as the center of Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.the Revolution.

More centralized [in Paris] More centralized [in Paris] approach to government.approach to government.

Power base in the Power base in the provinces.provinces.

Feared the influence Feared the influence of the of the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Feared the Feared the dominance of Paris dominance of Paris in national politics.in national politics.

Supported more Supported more national national government government centralization centralization [federalism].[federalism].

Page 12: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The “Purifying” Pot The “Purifying” Pot of the Jacobinof the Jacobin

Page 13: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Louis XVI as a Louis XVI as a PigPig

c For the Montagnards, the king was a For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor.traitor.

c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].execute the king [maybe exile him].

Page 14: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)c The trial of the king The trial of the king

was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache Tuilieres of a cache of documents.of documents.

c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.

c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.

Page 15: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Death of “Citizen” The Death of “Citizen” Louis CapetLouis Capet

Matter for Matter for reflectionreflection

for the crowned for the crowned jugglers.jugglers.

So impure bloodSo impure blooddoesn’t soil our land!doesn’t soil our land!

Page 16: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Marie Antoinette as a Marie Antoinette as a SerpentSerpent

The “Widow Capet”The “Widow Capet”

Page 17: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the

GuillotineGuillotine

Page 18: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

Page 19: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Attempts to Attempts to ControlControl

the Growing the Growing CrisisCrisis

1.1. Revolutionary Tribunal in ParisRevolutionary Tribunal in Paris try trysuspected counter-revolutionaries.suspected counter-revolutionaries.

A.A. Representatives-on-MissionRepresentatives-on-Mission sent to the provinces & to the army.sent to the provinces & to the army. had wide powers to overseehad wide powers to oversee

conscription.conscription.

B. B. Watch Committees [Watch Committees [comité de comité de surveillancesurveillance]] keep an eye on foreigners & keep an eye on foreigners &

suspects.suspects.C. Sanctioned the trial & execution of C. Sanctioned the trial & execution of rebels and émigrés, should they ever rebels and émigrés, should they ever return to France. return to France.

Page 20: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Attempts to Attempts to ControlControl

the Growing the Growing CrisisCrisis

2.2. The printing of more The printing of more assignatsassignats to to pay for the war.pay for the war.

3.3. Committee of Public Safety [CPS]Committee of Public Safety [CPS] to oversee and speed up the work of to oversee and speed up the work of

the government during this crisis.the government during this crisis.

4.4. Committee of General Security Committee of General Security [CGS][CGS]

responsible for the pursuit ofresponsible for the pursuit ofcounter-revolutionaries, thecounter-revolutionaries, thetreatment of suspects, & other treatment of suspects, & other internal security matters.internal security matters.

Page 21: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety

Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.

Page 22: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Maximillian Maximillian RobespierreRobespierre(1758 – 1794)(1758 – 1794)

Page 23: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Georges Jacques Georges Jacques DantonDanton

(1759 – 1794)(1759 – 1794)

Page 24: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Jean-Paul Jean-Paul MaratMarat

(1744 – 1793)(1744 – 1793)

Page 25: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David,by Jacques Louis David,

17931793

Page 26: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Assassination of The Assassination of MaratMarat

by Charlotte Corday, by Charlotte Corday, 17931793

Page 27: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Assassination of The Assassination of MaratMarat

by Charlotte by Charlotte CordayCorday

Paul JacquesPaul JacquesAimeeAimee

Baudry, 19Baudry, 19cc

[A Romantic[A RomanticView]View]

Page 28: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers

An army based on merit, not An army based on merit, not birth!birth!

Page 29: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Legislation Passed Legislation Passed by the by the

National National ConventionConvention

1.1. Law of General MaximumLaw of General Maximum September 5, 1793.September 5, 1793. Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3

above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790figures.figures.

Prices would be strictly enforced.Prices would be strictly enforced. Hoarders rooted out and punished.Hoarders rooted out and punished. Food supplies would be secured by the army!Food supplies would be secured by the army!

2.2. Law of SuspectsLaw of Suspects September 17, 1793.September 17, 1793. This law was so widely drawn that almost anyoneThis law was so widely drawn that almost anyone

not expressing enthusiastic support for the not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest!republic could be placed under arrest!

Page 30: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre

Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of

the day!the day!c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary

Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.

c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 20,000!was over 20,000!

Page 31: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Guillotine:The Guillotine:An “Enlightenment An “Enlightenment

Tool”Tool”??Oh, thou charming guillotine, Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens;You shorten kings and queens;

By your influence divine,By your influence divine,We have re-conquered our We have re-conquered our

rights.rights.Come to aid of the CountryCome to aid of the Country

And let your superb instrumentAnd let your superb instrumentBecome forever permanentBecome forever permanentTo destroy the impious sect.To destroy the impious sect.

Sharpen your razor for Pitt and Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agentshis agents

Fill your divine sack with heads Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants. of tyrants.

Page 32: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%

7%

Page 33: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!

Page 34: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

War of Resistance to the War of Resistance to the Revolution:Revolution:

The Vendee Revolt, 1793The Vendee Revolt, 1793

Page 35: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

VendeeVendee Revolt, Revolt, 17931793

Drowning the Traitors!Drowning the Traitors!

Vendee Vendee Symbol:Symbol:

For God & For God & the King!the King!

Page 36: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Why was there a Why was there a RevoltRevolt

in the in the VendeeVendee??1.1. The need for 300,000 French troopsThe need for 300,000 French troopsfor the war effort.for the war effort.

2.2. Rural peasantry still highly taxed.Rural peasantry still highly taxed.3.3. Resentment of the Civil Constitution Resentment of the Civil Constitution

the Clergy.the Clergy.4.4. Peasants had failed to benefit fromPeasants had failed to benefit from

the sale of church lands.the sale of church lands.

TARGETS:TARGETS:Local government Local government officialsofficialsNational GuardsmenNational GuardsmenJurying priestsJurying priests

Page 37: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Political PropagandaPolitical Propaganda

Page 38: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Contrast:The Contrast:“French Liberty / British “French Liberty / British

Slavery”Slavery”

Page 39: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization

(1793-1794)(1793-1794) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked withwithreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.

Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.

Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..

Therefore, religion had no place in Therefore, religion had no place in aarational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!

Page 40: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram

1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican CalendarCalendar::

abolished Sundays & religious holidays.abolished Sundays & religious holidays. months named after seasonal features.months named after seasonal features. 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day

decades.decades. the yearly calendar was dated fromthe yearly calendar was dated from

the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792][Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically divorced The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!the state from the Church!!

Page 41: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

A Republican A Republican CalendarCalendar

Page 42: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

Page 43: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

A New Republican A New Republican Calendar YearCalendar YearI 1792 – 1793

II 1793 – 1794

III 1794 – 1795

IV 1795 – 1796

V 1796 – 1797

VI 1797 – 1798

VII 1798 – 1799

VIII 1799 – 1800

IX 1800 – 1801

X 1801 – 1802

XI 1802 – 1803

XII 1803 – 1804

XIII 1804 – 1805

XIV 1805

The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

Page 44: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram2.2. The public exercise of religion wasThe public exercise of religion was

banned.banned.

3.3. The Paris Commune supported the:The Paris Commune supported the: destruction of religious & royal statues.destruction of religious & royal statues. ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress. encouragement of the clergy to give up encouragement of the clergy to give up

their vocations.their vocations.

4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”“Temple of Reason.”

5.5. The deportation of priests denounced byThe deportation of priests denounced bysix citizens.six citizens.

Page 45: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The “Temple of The “Temple of Reason”Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,

Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.

Page 46: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Festival of The Festival of Supreme BeingSupreme Being

A new secular holidayA new secular holiday

Page 47: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Backlash to theBacklash to theDe-Christianization De-Christianization

ProgramProgram It alienated most of the populationIt alienated most of the population(especially in the rural areas).(especially in the rural areas).

Robespierre never supported it.Robespierre never supported it. he persuaded the Convention tohe persuaded the Convention to

reaffirm the principle of religiousreaffirm the principle of religioustoleration.toleration.

Decree on the Decree on the “Liberty of Cults”“Liberty of Cults”was passedwas passed December 6, 1793.December 6, 1793. BUT, it had little practical effect!BUT, it had little practical effect!

Page 48: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The The Radical’s Radical’s

Arms:Arms:

No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!

No King!No King!No No

Constitution!Constitution!

Page 49: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Terror The Terror Intensified:Intensified:

March to July, March to July, 17941794

Law of 22 PrairialLaw of 22 Prairial [June 10, 1794]. [June 10, 1794]. Trials were now limited to deciding only on Trials were now limited to deciding only on

liberty OR death, with defendants having no liberty OR death, with defendants having no rights.rights.

Were you an Were you an “enemy of the people?”“enemy of the people?” (the law (the law was so broadly written that almost anyone was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition!)could fall within its definition!)

1,500 executed between June & July.1,500 executed between June & July.

Danton & the

“Indulgents”

Danton & the

“Indulgents”

Jacques Hébert & the

Hérbetists

Jacques Hébert & the

Hérbetists

Executed in April, 1794Executed in April, 1794Executed in March, 1794Executed in March, 1794

Page 50: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

French Victory at French Victory at FleurusFleurus

June 26, 1794.June 26, 1794. France defeated Austria.France defeated Austria. This opened the way to the This opened the way to the

reoccupation of Belgium!reoccupation of Belgium!

Page 51: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The “Thermidorean The “Thermidorean Reaction,” Reaction,” 17941794P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a

speech illustrating speech illustrating newnew plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies.

he alienated members of the CPS he alienated members of the CPS & CGS. & CGS.

many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications.implications.

P July 27 July 27 the Convention arrests the Convention arrests Robespierre. Robespierre.

P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!

Page 52: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Arrest of Robespierre

Page 53: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes

Its Own Children!Its Own Children!

Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, 1793Execution, 1793

Robespierre Lies WoundedRobespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, him to be guillotined,

1794.1794.

Page 54: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

The “Cultural The “Cultural Revolution”Brought Revolution”Brought

About by the ConventionAbout by the Convention It was premised upon Enlightenment It was premised upon Enlightenment principles of rationality.principles of rationality.

The metric system of weights and The metric system of weights and measuresmeasures

Was defined by the French Academy of Was defined by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.

It replaced weights and measures that had It replaced weights and measures that had their origins in the Middle Ages.their origins in the Middle Ages.

The abolition of slavery within France in The abolition of slavery within France in 1791 and throughout the French colonies 1791 and throughout the French colonies in 1794.in 1794.

The Convention legalized divorce and The Convention legalized divorce and enacted shared inheritance laws [even for enacted shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to eradicate inequalities.eradicate inequalities.

Page 55: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Read More About the Read More About the RevolutionRevolution

Page 56: Ap European studies The “Second” French Revolution  The National Convention:  Girondin Rule: 1792-1793  Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 [“Reign of Terror”]

Bibliographic ResourcesBibliographic Resources

““Hist210—Europe in the Age of Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”Revolutions.”http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/chron/rch5.htm

“ “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.”Exploring the French Revolution.” http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/

Matthews, Andrew. Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. . CambridgeCambridgeUniversity Press, 2001.University Press, 2001.

“ “The Napoleonic Guide.” The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm