ap government: chapter 5 - mr. waddell

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AP Government: Chapter 5 Civil Rights Is an increase in the scope of government to protect some people’s rights an unacceptable threat to the rights of others? Civil Rights =Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals

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Page 1: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

APGovernment:Chapter5

CivilRights

Isanincreaseinthescopeofgovernmenttoprotectsomepeople’srightsanunacceptablethreattotherightsof

others?

CivilRights=Policiesdesignedtoprotectpeopleagainstarbitraryordiscriminatorytreatmentbygovernment

officialsorindividuals

Page 2: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

CivilRightsandCivilLiberties

•  MostAmericansfavorequalityintheabstractyettheconcretestruggleforequalrightsundertheConstitutionhasbeenournation’smostbitterbattle

•  ThosepeoplewhoenjoyprivilegedpositionsinAmericansocietyhavebeenreluctanttogivethemup

Page 3: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

EqualityDebates

Discriminationbasedonrace,age,gender,disability,sexualorientation,andthedisenfranchised

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EqualityintheConstitution?

EqualityofopportunityisnotintheoriginalConstitutionortheBillofRights

•  14thAmendment(1868):forbidsstatesfromdenyingtoanyone“equalprotectionofthelaw”

Page 5: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

Theimportanceofthe14thAmendment

•  TheCourtdidn’tusetheamendmenttocreateequalityinsocietyuntilalmost100yearslaterto“unshackledisadvantagedgroups”

•  HasbecomethevehicleformoreexpansiveConstitutionalinterpretations

Page 6: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

TwocenturiesofStruggle

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14thAmendment:LevelsofScrutiny

Threelevelsofscrutiny:

1.  Reasonable—Beararationalrelationshiptosomelegitimategovernmentalpurposeareconstitutional(I.e.votingage)

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14thAmendment:LevelsofScrutiny

Page 9: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

14thAmendment:LevelsofScrutiny

Page 10: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

AfricanAmericans’StruggleforEqualityinAmerica

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1.TheEraofSlavery

•  1600’s–1865–  DredScottv.Sandford

(1857)•  Slaveshadnorights.•  InvalidatedMissouriCompromise

–  TheCivilWar–  TheThirteenth

Amendment•  RatifiedafterUnionwontheCivilWar

•  Outlawedslavery

Page 12: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

Race,theConstitution,andPublicPolicy

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2.TheEraofReconstructionandResegregation

–  JimCroworsegregationallaws•  RelegatedAfricanAmericanstoseparatefacilities

–  Plessyv.Ferguson(1896)•  Upheldtheconstitutionalityof“equalbutseparateaccommodations”

Page 14: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

3.TheEraofCivilRights

•  Brownv.BoardofEducation(1954)•  OverturnedPlessy•  Schoolsegregationinherently

unconstitutional•  Integrateschools“withall

deliberatespeed”LittleRock9(1957)

•  CivilRightsAct(1964)•  VotingRightsActof1965•  SchoolBusing(1971)

–  Busingofstudentssolutionfortwokindsofsegregation:•  dejure,“bylaw”•  defacto,“inreality”

Page 15: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

CivilRightsActof1964•  Maderacialdiscriminationillegalinhotels,motels,restaurants,andother

placesofpublicaccommodation•  Forbadediscriminationinemploymentonthebasisofrace,color,national

origin,religionorgender•  Createdthe(EEOC)EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissionto

monitorandenforceprotectionsagainstjobdiscrimination•  Providedforwithholdingfederalgrantsfromstateandlocalgovernments

andotherinstitutionsthatpracticedracialdiscrimination•  Strengthenedvotingrightslegislation•  AuthorizedtheUSJusticeDepartmenttoinitiatelawsuitstodesegregate

publicschoolsandfacilities

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VotingRightsActof1965

•  AlawdesignedtohelpendformalandinformalbarrierstoAfricanAmericansuffrage.

•  HundredsofthousandsofAfricanAmericanswereregistered,andthenumberofAfricanAmericanelectedofficialsincreaseddramatically.

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GettingandUsingtheRighttoVote

– Suffrage:thelegalrighttovote– FifteenthAmendment:extendedsuffragetoAfricanAmericans

– PollTaxes:smalltaxesleviedontherighttovote– WhitePrimary:Onlywhiteswereallowedtovoteinthepartyprimaries.

Page 20: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

GettingandUsingtheRighttoVote

–  Smithv.Allwright(1944):endedwhiteprimaries–  Twenty-fourthAmendment:eliminatedpolltaxesforfederalelections

–  Harperv.VirginiaStateBoardofElections(1966):nopolltaxesatall

–  VotingRightsActof1965:helpedendformalandinformalbarrierstovoting

Page 21: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

CivilRightsAmendments

LISTANDANALYZE:•  13th:•  14th:•  15th:•  19th:•  24th:

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MajorMinoritiesintheUnitedStates

•  Caucasians=69%•  HispanicAmericans=13%•  AfricanAmericans=12%•  AsianAmericans=4%•  NativeAmericans=1%•  TheUnitedStatesisheading

toaMinorityMajority=therewillbemoreminoritiesthanCaucasiansinyourlifetime

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WomenandtheConstitution

19thAmendment(1920)•  EqualRightsAmendment

(ERA)Congresspassedin1972butitwasthreestatesshortbytheexpirationin1982

•  ReedV.Reed(1971)Anyarbitrarygenderbasedclassificationviolatedthe14thAmend

•  Firsttimedeclaredanylawunconstitutionalonbasisofgenderdiscrimination

•  CraigV.Boren(1976)“mediumscrutiny”standardestablished

•  Genderdiscriminationneithervalidnorinvalid

•  Courtsaidtheremustbean“exceedinglypersuasivejustification”foranygovernmenttoclassifypeoplebygender

•  CivilRightsAct(1964)bannedgenderdiscriminationinemployment

Page 25: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

•  WomenintheWorkplace–  TheCivilRightsActof1964bannedgenderdiscriminationin

employment.

•  WageDiscriminationandComparableWorth–  TheSupremeCourthasnotruledonthisissue.

•  WomenintheMilitary–  Onlymenmaybedraftedorserveingroundcombat.

•  SexualHarassment–  ProhibitedbyTitleVIIofCivilRightsActof1964

Page 26: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

Women’sLaws•  TitleIXoftheEducation

Actof1972•  PregnancyDiscrimination

Actof1978:forbidsgenderdiscriminationinfederallysubsidizededucationprograms

•  1996SupremeCourtdecidedthatsinglegenderschoolingviolateswomen’srighttoequalprotectionofthelaw

Page 27: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

WomenintheMilitary

•  Womenarenowpartoftheregularservicesince1975

•  Makeup15%intheArmedforces

•  Discrepancies:1.Onlymenmustregisterforthedraft2.Prohibitswomenfromservingincombat(today=nogroundcombatinArmyandMarines)

Page 28: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

NewlyActiveGroupsunderCivilRights

•  GrayLiberationMovement

•  PeoplewithDisabilities

•  GayandLesbianRightsGroups

Howhascivilrightshelpedthesegroups?

Page 29: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

GayandLesbianRights– Bowersv.Hardwick(1986)– Lawrencev.Texas(2003)

•  OverturnedBowers•  PrivatehomosexualactsareprotectedbytheConstitution

– Gaymarriage•  Manystateconstitutionsamendedtoprohibitpractice

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AffirmativeAction…

APolicydesignedtogivespecialattentiontoorcompensatorytreatmentformembersofsomepreviouslydisadvantagedgroup

•  AccordingtotheSupremeCourt,isaffirmativeactionconstitutional?

•  Ineducation–  RegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniav.Bakke(1978)

•  Racialsetasidesunconstitutional•  Racecouldbeconsideredinadmissions

–  Grutterv.Bollinger(2003)•  Racecouldbeconsidereda“plus”inadmissions

Page 31: AP Government: Chapter 5 - Mr. Waddell

AffirmativeAction…•  Inemployment–  UnitedSteelworksv.Weber(1979)

•  Quotastoremedypastdiscriminationareconstitutional.

–  AdarandConstructorsv.Pena(1995)•  Tobeconstitutional,affirmativeactionmustbe“narrowlytailored”tomeeta“compellinggovernmentalinterest.”

•  Didnotbanaffirmativeaction,butseverelylimiteditsreach