ap government unit 4 – defense & foreign policy. instruments of foreign policy military:...
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AP Government
Unit 4 – Defense & Foreign policy
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Instruments of foreign policy
• Military: oldest toolRelatively rarely used because of
significant consequences:• International scrutiny• High financial cost• High cost in lives
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Instruments of foreign policy
• Diplomatic: quietest toolNational leaders use occasional summitsIn continuous use by ambassadorsVery regimented & formal
• Diplomatic immunity• Persona non grata – diplomat expelled for any
reason – recalled to home country
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Instruments of foreign policy
• Economic: becoming most powerful toolConsulatesSanctions – “carrot & stick” motivation
• Incentives convince others to choose what you want them to choose
• Trade regulations, tariffs, embargoes
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International trade
• Balance of tradeExports – Imports US has largest trade deficit in the world
• US residents buy more foreign goods than we sell to foreign countries
• Trade deficit shrinks when US economy drops
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International organizations
• United Nations• Group of Eight• World Trade Organization• North American Free Trade Agreement• European Union• North Atlantic Treaty Organization• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
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United Nations (1945)
• Security Council – legislative group5 permanent members (“Big 5”)
• US, UK, France, Russia, China• Any of the 5 can veto any resolution
10 nonpermanent members elected regionally to 2-year terms
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Security Council vetoes
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Group of Eight
• Annual summit meeting of 8 major economic powersUS, UK, France, GermanyItaly, Japan, Canada, Russia
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General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)
• Series of meetings 1949-1993 to reduce trade barriers among willing nations
• Established Most Favored Nation statusAny trade concessions a country makes
with one member apply to all members
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World Trade Organization (1995)
• Formed after GATT 1993Membership had increased significantly
after fall of Communist Bloc
• Permanent org oversees internatl trade• Ensures countries follow agreements
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North American Free Trade Agreement
• Signed in 1992, went into effect in 1994
• Dropped most trade barriers among Canada, US & Mexico
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European Union
• Political semi-unification of EuropeNations still sovereign within bordersFree travel within EU
• More an economic unionCommon currency (€)Little to no trade restrictionsCommon destiny (bailouts if necessary)
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Formed in 1949• Mutual defense treaty
All signatory nations vow to help defend if any is invaded by external nation
• Original goal (Lord Ismay, 1st Sec Gen):“To keep the Russians out, the Americans
in, and the Germans down”
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Warsaw Pact was the Soviet response to NATO – Eastern Europe
• Several old Warsaw Pact nations have joined since fall of Communist Bloc
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Cartel of 12 major oil producer countriesLimits production to keep prices inflated
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
Algeria, Angola, Libya, Nigeria
Ecuador, Venezuela
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Other international actors
• Multinational corporations• Nongovernmental organizations
International Red CrossInternational Olympic CommitteeFIFAMédecins Sans Frontières
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US Foreign policymakers
• President• Secretary of State & ambassadors• National Security Council• Congress
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History of US Foreign Policy
• IsolationismWashington’s Farewell Address – plea for
neutrality / no permanent alliancesMonroe Doctrine – stay out of European
affairs, they stay out of AmericasWorld War I – effective permanent end to
US isolationism
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The Cold War
• Red ScareMcCarthyism – 1950s fear of communism
within US gov – Sen. Joseph McCarthyAlger Hiss / Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
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The Cold War
• Containment (Domino Theory)Main US foreign policy goal – keep Soviet
and Chinese communism from spreading
• Korean War – 1950-1953 (or 1950-present)• Vietnam War – 1955-1975
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The Cold War
• Arms raceBig in military spending – conventional
as well as nuclear weapons
• Mutually Assured DestructionBelief that massive # of nukes would deter
WW3 – end of mankind possible
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The Cold War
• Brink of war (1960s)Cuban Missile Crisis
• Détente (1970s)Shift from conflict to cooperationNegotiations between US & USSR
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The Cold War
• Reagan rearmament (1980s)Massive increase in defense budgetStrategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”)
• Use of various space weapons to interdict nuclear weapons on flight from USSR to US
USSR defense spending in response• Probably caused collapse of Soviet economy
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End of the Cold War
• Bush / Clinton (1990s)USSR collapsed, Germany reunitedRole of US changed – only superpower
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War on Terror
• Bush DoctrineUS can preemptively strike nations that
harbor terrorists & WMDs
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Nuclear proliferation
• Only a few countries have verified nuclear capability
• 5 perm UN Sec Council nations were only nuclear states for many years
• Fear of “rogue states” causes world pressure against nuclear deployment
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