AP Human Geography

Chapter Eleven - Industry

Seth Adler

Seth Adler

I. Where Is Industry Distributed?a. Originated in northern England and southern Scotland in the latter 18 th century .b. Diffused to Europe and North America in the 19th century.

A. Origin of Industrya. Industrial Revolution – Series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed

the process of manufacturing goods.(1) Resulted in new social, economic, and political inventions(2) Started in the UK in the late 1700s

b. Cottage Industry – Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory.(1) Before the Industrial Revolution

c. The most important invention was the steam engine.(1) James Watt(2) 1769(3) Scotland

Iron:a. The first industry to benefit from the steam engine.

(1) The engine provided heat for the ovensb. Henry Cort established an iron forge near Fareham, England.

(1) He shaped iron into useful things

Coal:a. The source of energy to operate the ovens and steam engines.b. Wood was becoming scarce.

(1) Used to be the most popular source of energy(2) Being used for ships, buildings, heat, and furniture

c. Abraham Darby produced high-quality iron smelted with purified carbon made from coal, called coke.(1) Coke is richer in carbon and more combustible than coal

Transportation:a. Critical for diffusing the Industrial Revolution.

(1) First canals then railroadsb. Europe’s political problems slowed down the diffusion of the railroad.

(1) Small states did not cooperate with each other

Textiles:a. Came from the cottage industry in the late 18th century.

(1) Before the Industrial Revolution, thread was spun at homei. People known as putters-out would drop off the wool at homes and then

buy the finished productb. Richard Arkwright invented machines to untangle cotton.

(1) 1768 in Preston England(2) They were placed in factories near the water because they were to large

i. The factories were known as mills

Chemicals:a. An industry created to bleach and dye cloth.b. John Roebuck and Samuel Garbett established a factory in 1746 to bleach cottons

with sulfuric acid.

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(1) When sulfuric acid is mixed with other metals, it creates and acid, known as vitriol, that makes different colorsi. Blue vitriol – mixed with copperii. Green vitriol – mixed with ironiii. White vitriol – mixed with zinc

Food Processing:a. Essential to feed factory workers not living on farms.b. Nicholas Appert sterilizes glass bottles for canned food.

(1) 1810(2) Sterilized bottles with boiling water

B. Industrial Regionsa. Concentrated in three main areas: Europe, North America, and East Asia.

(1) Oldest to newest(2) Other areas are Brazil and India

1. Europe’s Industrial Areas

United Kingdom:a. Dominated world production of steel and textiles in the 19th century.

(1) First country to enter the Industrial Revolution.b. No longer a world leader.

(1) Attracts high-tech industriesi. Japan has built factories here

Rhine-Ruhr Valley:a. Western Europe’s most important and centrally located industrial area.

(1) Dispersed areab. Iron and steel are concentrated here because of large coalfields.

(1) Stimulated other heavy metal industriesi. Railroadii. Machineryiii. Armaments

c. Rotterdam is the world’s largest port.

Mid-Rhine:a. Western Europe’s second most important area.

(1) The German portion lacks raw materialsi. Three largest cities: Frankfort (financial and commercial center),

Stuttgart (high value goods), and Mannheim (chemical industry)(2) The French portion contains iron-ore fields and produces steel

i. Two largest cities: Alsace and Lorraine

Po Basin:a. Southern Europe’s oldest and most important area.

(1) Italy does its manufacturing hereb. 2 key assets:

(1) Inexpensive hydroelectric poweri. Alps

(2) Large labor supply

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i. Italy’s poor south

Northeastern Spain:a. Western Europe’s fastest growing industrial area in the late 20th century.b. The leading industrial area is Catalonia in Barcelona.

(1) Textile industry(2) Motor-vehicle industry

Moscow:a. Russia’s oldest industrial area.b. Specializes in fabrics and products that require skilled labor.

St. Petersburg:a. Eastern Europe’s second largest city.b. Specializes in shipbuilding and other industries that support Russia’s navy and

ports.

Volga:a. Russia’s largest petroleum fields.b. Motor-vehicle – Togliattic. Oil – Kuybyshevd. Chemicals – Saratove. Metal – Volgogradf. Leather and fur – Kazan

Urals:a. Many types of minerals.

(1) Encouraged Communists to look for iron and steel

Kuznetsk:a. Russia’s most important area east of the Ural Mountains.b. There is coal and iron.

Donetsk:a. Located in Eastern Ukraine.b. Rick in iron, coal, and natural gas.

Silesia:a. Includes Poland and the Czech Republic.b. Important steel producing center.

2. North America’s Industrial Areasa. Predominantly an agricultural society before independence.

(1) First textile mill opened in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1791

New England:a. Oldest industrial area in the northeast.b. Made cotton textiles.

Middle Atlantic:a. Largest US market.

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(1) Induces industries that need a lot of consumers and depend on foreign trade

Mohawk Valley:a. Industrial belt in New York.

(1) Used energy from Niagara Fallsb. Attracted steel, food, aluminum, and paper industries.

Pittsburgh-Lake Erie:a. Leading steel-producing area.

(1) Located near Appalachian coal and iron ore

Western Great Lakes:a. Centered in Chicago.b. Center of steel production and motor-vehicles.

Southern California:a. Leading area outside the Northeast.b. When the US entered WWII, the aircraft industry rose.

(1) Clear skies, light winds, and mild wintersc. More recently, it produces textiles and food-processing center.

Southeastern Ontario:a. Canada’s most important Industrial area.

(1) Steel – Hamilton, Ontario(2) Motor-vehicle - Toronto

3. East Asia’s Industrial Areasa. Because these areas were isolated, they took advantage of the amount of people.

Japan:a. Became an industrial power in the 1950s.

(1) Produced goods that could be sold cheaply to other countriesi. Workers received lower wages

(2) Leading manufacturer in cars, ships, cameras, stereos, and televisionsb. When Japan heard that South Korea and Taiwan were making cheaper industries,

they decided to train their workers.(1) “Made in Japan” is now good on electronics

i. Central region

China:a. Largest supply of low-cost labor.

(1) Makes household itemsb. Policy changed in the 1990s opened their market for transnational corporations.

(1) Foreign owned firms wanting low cost labor could open factories herec. Clustered in three areas: Hong Kong, the Yangtze River valley, and the Gulf of Bo

Hai.

II. Why Are Situation Factors Important?a. Situation Factors – Location factors related to the transportation to and from a factory.

A. Proximity to Inputs

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a. The farther something is transported, the higher the cost. Companies try to minimize the distance from a factory to both buyers and sellers.

o The optimum plant location is as close as possible to inputs if the cost of transporting raw materials exceeds the cost of shipping to customers.

o The optimum plant location is as close to the customers if the weight of the product is heavier than the raw materials.

b. Bulk-Reducing Industry – An industry in which the input weigh more than the final product.(1) Need to locate close to the source of inputs

1. Copper: A Bulk Reducing Industry

(1) Mining.a. The first step is mining the copper ore.b. Bulk-reducing because bulky ore is mostly waste called gangue.c. O.7% copper.

(2) Concentration.a. Concentration mills crush and grind the ore.b. 25% copper.c. Near the mines.

(3) Smelting.a. Smelting removes more impurities.

(1) Copper matte – 60%(2) Blister copper – 97%(3) Anode copper – 99%

(4) Refining.a. Produces copper cathodes (99.99% pure copper).b. Does not need to be close to mines.

2. Steel: Changing Importance of Inputsa. Steel is an alloy of iron that is made by removing impurities in iron, such as

silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen, then adding manganese and chromium.(1) The two main inputs are iron ore and coal

b. Steel was a luxury until Henry Bessemer patented an efficient process for casting steel in 1855.

c. Steel is now important to be close to the market.(1) Minimills

i. Main input is scrap metal

Mid-nineteenth century:a. The US steel industry concentrated around Pittsburgh because of the iron and

coal mines. There are no longer any steel mills, but there are research centers. Late nineteenth century:

a. Steel mills were built around Lake Erie because of the discovery of rich iron ore in the Mesabi Range.

b. Coal was brought from Appalachia by train. Early twentieth century:

a. New steel mills were built near the southern end of Lake Michigan because more iron than coal was needed. To minimize transportation costs, new mills were being built closer to the Mesabi Range.

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Mid-twentieth century:a. Factories were located on the East and West Coast. They started importing iron

ore from other countries, like Canada and Venezuela. Late twentieth century:

a. Most steel mills are closed. The few left are in Lake Michigan along the East Coast.

B. Proximity to Markets

1. Bulk-Gaining Industriesa. Bulk-Gaining Industry – Industry that makes something gain volume or weight

during production.- Fabricated Metals

a. A fabricated-metal factory brings together metals such as steel and previously manufactured parts as inputs and makes a more complex item.

b. Fabricating shapes pieces of metal by bending, forging, stamping, and forming.(1) Separate parts are joined by welding, bonding, and bolts and rivets.

c. Steel fabricators are located near markets.d. The largest market is the motor vehicles.

o At a global scale: ¾ vehicles sold in the US are made in the US.o At a national scale: Most assembly plants are located in the interior of the US,

between Michigan and Alabama.i. Known as “auto alley”

- Beverage Productiona. Beverage bottling is an industry that adds bulk.

(1) Empty cans and bottles are brought in, filled with drink, then shipped to the consumer

b. Because water is located where consumers live, they build factories closer to where people live so they don’t have to ship water.

2. Single-Market Manufacturersa. Single-market manufacturers are manufacturers with only one or two customers.

(1) They are located close to themb. An example is a producer for car parts.

(1) They will sell directly to Ford or Toyotac. They need to be as close as possible to the customers.

(1) Seats and engines are too bulky to waste inventory space

3. Perishable Productsa. Bakers and milk bottlers must be located as close as possible to their customers.b. Processors of food into frozen or cans are located farther.c. The daily newspaper is also “perishable.”

(1) Difficulty with timely delivery is one of the factors in the decline of newspapers.

C. Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air?a. The farther something is transported, the lower is cost per kilometer

(1) This is because companies have to pay workers to load and unload weather the package going 10km or 1000km

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Trucks.a. Most often used for short deliveries.

(1) They can be loaded and unloaded easilyb. Better if the driver can reach the destination within a day, before having to stop

for a rest.

Trains.a. Often used to ship to destinations that are over a day away.

(1) East and West Coastb. They take longer to load and unload, but they do not have to stop for rests.

Ships.a. Good for very long distances because the cost per kilometer is very low.b. Slower, but it is used for transporting stuff that can’t be done by truck or train.

Air.a. Most expensive.b. Used for speedy deliver of small, high-value items.

b. Modes are often mixed.(1) Air freight companies pick up packages in the afternoon and transport them to

the nearest airport. They are packed at night and flown to an airport hub. They are then flown on another plane to a closer airport and unloaded onto a truck.

c. Containers may be packed into a rail car, transferred to a container ship and shipped over the ocean.(1) Some large ships are made for rectangular containers

d. Break-Of-Bulk Point – Location where transfer among transportation modes is possible.(1) Important points are airports and seaports.

III. Why Are Site Factors Important?a. Site Factors – Location factors relating to the costs of factors of production inside the plant.

(1) Land, labor, and capital

A. Labora. The most important factor at a global scale is lobor.b. Worldwide, about one-half billion people are engaged in industry.

(1) China – ¼(2) India – 1/5(3) Other MDCs – 1/5

1. Labor-Intensive Industriesa. Labor-Intensive Industry – An industry in which the wages paid to the workers

make up a high percentage of the overall expenses.(1) The US has an average of 11% of the overall manufacturing costs in the

US. A labor-intensive industry would have much higher. b. The average wage of a manufacturing worker in North America is over $20 an

hour.(1) In LDCs, they are less than $5

c. A labor-intensive industry is not the same as a high-wage industry.(1) “Labor-intensive” is measured as a percentage

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i. Motor-vehicle workers are paid much higher than textile workers are, but they do not use up a large amount of the expenses. More money is used buying the parts than for paying the workers. In the textile industry, more money is used to pay the workers than buying the supplies.

2. Textiles: Labor-Intensivea. Textiles – Woven fabrics.b. 3 steps:o Spinning of fibers to make yarn from natural materialso Weaving or knitting yarn to make fabricso Cutting and assembling fabrics to make the clothing or products

- Textile And Apparel Spinninga. Fibers can be spun from natural or synthetic elements.

(1) The principle fiber is cottonb. Before the Industrial Revolution, the spinning of cotton was for unmarried

women, called a spinster.(1) Children performed carding, which is the untangling of fibers and

putting them onto rolls, called cardsc. Because it is still labor intensive, it is done in low-wage countries.

(1) China produces 2/3 of the world’s cotton threadd. The first commercially successful regenerating synthetic fiber was rayon,

made by processing the cellulose in wood pulp.e. The first true synthetic fiber was nylon, produced from petroleum in 1937.f. Polyester is the leading synthetic.

- Textile And Apparel Weavinga. For thousands of years, thread was woven with a loom.

(1) One set of threads, warp, is strung lengthwise and the other, weft, is inserted over and under and over and under

(2) This was for men because it was physically hardb. For mechanized weaving, labor is a high percentage of the cost.

(1) 93% is done in LDCsi. China – 60%ii. India – 30%

- Textile And Apparel Assemblya. Sewing is the oldest activity.b. The first sewing machine was invented by Barthelemy Thimonnier in 1830.

(1) He installed 80 machines to sew uniforms for the French army. Fearing that he would put them out of business, Parisian tailors stormed the factory.

c. The first successful sewing machine in the US was invented by Isaac Singer during the 1850s.(1) He was convicted of infringing a patent filed by Elias Howe in 1846

d. Four main types of textiles:(1) Garments(2) Carpets(3) Home products (bed linen, curtains)(4) Industrial items (headliners inside cars)

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e. MDCs play a larger role in assembly.

B. Land

1. Rural Sitesa. A city offers an attractive situation.

(1) Close to a local market and convenient means of shipping to a national market by train

b. A city offers an attractive site.(1) Close to a large supply of labor as well as people to sell it to(2) There is not a lot of land, though

i. Early factories were multistory.(1) Raw materials were hoisted up to become smaller, then they

were sent down through a chute(2) Water was stored in tanks on the roof

c. New factories are more efficient as one story.(1) Raw materials are sent in at one end and move through the factory on

conveyors or forklifts.d. In the past, the railway would come by the factory. Now they don’t rely on

trains.

2. Environmental Factorsa. Not all locations are the same.

(1) Factories are built depending on the climate, topography, cultural reasons, sports franchises, and cost of living

b. Factories used to be built near forests and rivers because water and wood were the most important sources for energy.(1) Now, they are concentrated near coalfields

c. A factory also chooses its location based on the cost of electricity.d. The aluminum industry requires a lot of electricity to separate bauxite ore.

(1) They will locate near dams to use hydroelectric power(2) The oldest aluminum factory in the US is at Massena, New York est. 1902

by the Pittsburgh Power Co. (now Alcoa, inc.) near a dam on the St. Laurence River

C. Capitala. The US motor-vehicle industry is located in Michigan because banks up there

were more willing to give them money.(1) The banks in California’s Silicon Valley also provides money for new software

companies.b. Because LDCs do not have money from banks, they are forced to borrow money

from MDCs.(1) Some MDCs will not lend money to a country that has an unstable economy,

high debt levels, or bad economic policies.

IV. Why Are Location Factors Changing?a. Changing site factors have been important in stimulating industrial growth in new regions.

A. Attraction of New Industrial Regionsa. Labor is the most dramatic change.

(1) Companies want cheaper labor in LDCs

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1. Changing Industrial Distribution Within MDCs

2. Interregional Shift in the United Statesa. Industrialization during the late 19th century largely bypassed the South because

they were recovering from the Civil War.- Right-To-Work Laws

a. Right-To-Work Laws – A law that prevents a union and company from forcing the worker to join the union.(1) By enacting these laws, Southern states made it more difficult for

companies to organize factory workers, collect dues, and bargain with employers from a power of strength

(2) Also attracted companies that did not want unionsi. Did not want workers striking for safer conditions and higher

wagesb. The Gulf Coast has become an important industrial area because of its

access to oil and natural gas.- Textile Production

a. Heavily concentrated in the Northeast and diffused to the South and West.b. New York’s Garment District at 7th Avenue and 33rd Street once housed a

large percentage of the nation’s textile manufacturers.(1) Large supply of European immigrants

c. During the mid-nineteenth century, most textile production moved to the Southeast.(1) North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama

i. 99% of US sock production.- Interregional Shifts In Europe

a. European government encourage the industrial relocation. Convergence Regions: Eastern and Southern Europe, where income

lags behind Europe’s average. Competitive and Employment Regions: Western Europe’s traditional

core industrial areas, which are experiencing job losses.b. The country in Western Europe with the most improvement is Spain.

(1) Administered to the EU in 1986(2) Before that, it was geographically and politically isolated(3) Second leading car manufacturer behind Germany

c. Poland, Hungary, and Czech Republic consider themselves Central Europe.(1) It is close to labor and market proximity.

3. International Shifts in Industrya. In the 1970s, Europe had ½ of the world’s industry and North America had 1/3. Now

they only have ¼ each.

East Asia.a. Rapid industrial growth in China means an increasing share of the world’s

industry.b. In addition to China and Japan, there is also South Korea.

(1) World’s leading producer of large container ships, helpful for international trade.

South Asia.

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a. Led by India, which is one of the fastest growing economies.(1) Textiles are the dominant industry, but they also produce motor-vehicles(2) GDP is supposed to equal the US by 2050

Latin America.a. Maquiladora plants are located in Northern Mexico.b. Brazil is the leading industrial center in Latin America.

(1) Also clustered in Sao Paulo and Rio De Janeiro

- Changing Distributionsa. MDCs have been losing the steel and textile industries to LDCs.

(1) In 1980, 80% of the world’s steel was produced in MDCs. By 2008, MDCs only produced 40% of the world’s steel.i. Europe – 50% to 23%ii. North America – 20% to 8%iii. China – 38%

(2) Between 1990 and 2009, most apparel sold in the US switched from domestic-made to foreign-madei. US mills pay workers $10-$15ii. European mills pay workers $30iii. LDC mills pay workers $1

- Outsourcinga. Transnational corporations are aggressive when using LDC workers.b. New International Division Of Labor – The transfer of jobs from more

developed to less developed countries.(1) Typically low-paid and less skilled workers

c. Outsourcing – Turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.(1) Contrary to vertical integration, in which a company controls all phases(2) For example, carmakers have outsourced the production of seats to

foreign countries and then installed in the US.

B. Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regionsa. Companies stay in their original locations for skilled labor and speedy delivery.

1. Proximity to Skilled Labora. Henry Ford once said that he can take people off the street and get them to work in

a factory. This has now changed since many want skilled workers.b. Computer Manufacturing requires skilled labor.

(1) Near the Bay Area of California and the University of Texasc. Fordist Production – Workers performing one specific task to perform repeatedly.

(1) Ford Motor Company was one of the first to organize its production this way in the early twentieth century

d. Post-Fordest Production – Workers follow a lean or flexible production approach.(1) Teams.

a. Workers are placed in teams and told to figure things out for themselves.(2) Problem solving.

a. A problem is addressed within themselves, rather than writing a complaint to the head office.

(3) Leveling.a. Factory workers are treated the same as managers and veterans.

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2. Just-in-Time Deliverya. Because of the rise in just-in-time deliveries, proximity to the market is very

important.b. Important for the delivery of inputs.

(1) Arrive at factories daily or hourly(2) Suppliers are told a few days notice.

i. Sometimes, only a few hours noticec. Reduces the money that would have been spent on inventory.

(1) Reducing the size of the factoryd. Wal-Mart has little inventory, but its suppliers have a lot, just in case a sudden surge

is needed.e. The only problem with this are 2 disruptions: Labor unrest.

a. A strike at a plant or truck union can shut down production. “Acts of God.”

a. Includes weather-related events.(1) Blizzards or floods that close highways

b. 9/11 stopped all air traffic in the United States.