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AP Human Geography

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What is Religion? Major Religions & Divisions Religious Landscapes Religious Conflict and Interaction

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A set of beliefs an explanation of the origins and purpose of humans and their role on earth existence of a higher power, spirits or god Which involves rituals, festivals, rites of passage and space (religious landscapes) ***Religion dominates the lives and behavior of billions of people worldwide. Because religion is tied to all aspects of human culture, studying religion can help us understand everything from population growth, international politics and the design, structure and location of cities. From a geographical perspective, we are not concerned with the beliefs themselves or their places of origin. We are more interested in a religions patterns and processes of diffusion and their influence on the landscape in a given area.

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Universalizing Religion: attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location Proselytize: to try to convert people to ones belief or opinion Missions is not the ultimate goal of the church. Worship is. Missions exists because worship doesn't. John Piper Soteriology-is the study of religious doctrines of salvation, which are a feature of various religions Syncretic: Traditions that borrow from both the past and the present

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Secularization - a process that is leading to increasingly large groups of people who claim no allegiance to any church or denomination. Some of these people are atheists. Others simply do not practice. Still others call themselves spiritual, but not religious. Common in Europe and the larger cities of the U.S. Common in former Soviet Union and China. A movement in American churchesto secularize church. Any thoughts?

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Key Terms Ethnic Religions: concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely based on physical characteristics of a particular location. -Tribal/traditional religions: specific religions distinguished by their small size, close ties to nature and their unique identity with localized culture. -Animism: belief than inanimate objects, such as rocks, trees, bodies of water, mountains all possess spirits and therefore should be revered as gods.

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Fundamentalism - a process that is leading to increasingly large groups of people who claim there is only one way to interpret worship. Fundamentalists generally envision a return to a more perfect religion and ethics they imagine existed in the past. Common in the U.S. and in some Islamic nations.

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Monotheism: existence of only one God. Polytheism: existence of many gods. Cosmogony: A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.

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Branch: A large and fundamental division within a religion. (Catholicism vs. Protestantism) Denomination: A division within a branch of a religion. (Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran-Protestant Denominations) Sect: A relatively small denominational group that has broken away from an established church. (Warren Jeffs- FLDS)

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Universalizing Religions Christianity Islam Buddhism Characteristics: Traced to actions and teaching of a man, diffused from specific hearths by followers / missionaries

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Major World Religions Ethnic Religions Hinduism Judaism all Animistic Religions Characteristics: No specific founder, limited diffusion / no missionaries

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http://www.religioustolerance.org/worldrel.htm

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Ethnic Religions

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Animism (Shamanism) - the belief that all objects, animals, and beings are animated or possess a spirit and a conscious life. Also called shamanism because of the prominence of a Shaman. Such beliefs are common among hunter-gatherers and folk cultures. 10% of Africans follow such traditional ethnic religions. These beliefs are losing ground to Christianity and Islam throughout Africa. Nigerian Shaman

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Hinduism Origin & Diffusion-unknown Hearth: Indus River Valley in present-day Pakistan 2200- 4000 BCE (oldest major religion) Collection of scriptures 1500BCE 500BC Vedas, Upanishads, Sutras, Bhagavad Gita Over 800 million followers Almost exclusive to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka Sacred Spaces Ganges River

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Hinduism Monistic: One god, many forms Brahman: Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer), Shakti (mother god) Main Beliefs 1.Karma- deeds have corresponding effects on the future 2.dharma - fulfill moral, social and religious duties 3.artha - attain financial and worldy success 4.kama - satisfy desires and drives in moderation 5.Reincarnation-a soul moves upward or downward based on an individuals behavior 6.moksha - attain freedom from reincarnation 7.The Caste System-untouchables (lowest) to Brahman (highest) *shrines/temples are built; bestows merit on the builder; cultural landscape inundated with shrines and temples

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Judaism Origin and Diffusion 2000 BCE Abraham formed covenant with God as patriarch of Israelites (second oldest religion) Moses led people out of Egypt Diaspora: In 70 A.D., Romans forced Jews to disperse throughout the world. Ghetto: During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews. Zionist: goal of all Jews to return to a homeland (Israel-1948)

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Judaism Sacred Places Synagogues (all have ark containing five books of Moses-Torah) Jerusalem Western Wall-edge of the temple mount Divisions Sephardim Ashkenazim 80% (Yiddish) Current Diffusion 13-14 million worldwide Israel, United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia

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Judaism Basic Precepts Belief in One God (foundation of both Christianity and Islam) Torah - original 5 chapters of Christian Bible (Old Testament) Coming of the Messiah still to come Atonement accomplished by sacrifices, penitence & good deeds Differing opinions on afterlife

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Ethnic Asian Religions Taoism The Path or Way Founder: Lao Tze 500 BCE 20 million followers, mainly in China Sacred Text: Tao Te Ching philosophy of harmony & balance: Tao Afterlife: change from being to non-being

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Ethnic Asian Religions Confucianism 6-5 th century BCE moral code taught by Confucius Humanity and striving for perfection 5-6 million adherents, most refer to themselves as having more than one faith Most influential in China

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Ethnic Asian Religions Shintoism Japanese traditional religion No founder or origin known 3-4 million followers Beliefs Worship and offerings to kami at shrines and at home Simple and harmonious life with nature and people Many practices tied with Buddhism

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Ethnic Asian Religions Jainism 550 BCE Founder: Mahavira Indian traditional religion 4 million followers Basic Principles: Reincarnation to attain perfection and liberation Non-violence-cause no harm to any being

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Universalizing Religions -Christianity -Islam -Buddhism

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Origin and Diffusion Palestine (modern Israel) Universalizing Religion What are the 3 branches? Branches Roman Catholic Protestant Eastern Orthodox http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/livin g/2011/07/29/language.of.christianity.cn n

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Origin and Diffusion Messiah: Jesus Universalizing Religion Spread by missionaries (Paul, Peter)

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Basic Precepts Belief in One God Father, Son & Holy Spirit Covenant (contract) with God New Testament - salvation to those who believe in Jesus Christ and his teachings Salvation is by grace or belief not works Believers to heaven with everlasting life Conversion of others (proselytize)

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Basic Precepts Founded in 30 CE (Jesus baptized by John the Baptist), Palestine Bible-Old and New Testament 2 billion followers largest faith Europe North and South America *Christians utilize more land for their dead than any other religion with the widespread use of ceremonies (funerals)

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Catholicism - largest branch Headed by the Pope Ceremonial - 7 sacraments ex: baptism, marriage, Eucharist Eastern Orthodoxy - 11th Century split-Great Schism Rivalry between Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul) Russian, Greek, Serbian Orthodox, etc. Protestantism - (1517) Reformation era (Luther-Germany, 95 Thesis/ Calvin, France-sovereignty of God) No Pope needed individual has direct link to God Grace through faith rather than sacraments Christianity

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Origin and Diffusion Mecca, Saudi Arabia 633 CE Founder-Muhammad 1.3 Billion followers Branches Sunni (majority)-Middle East and North Africa (believe in the effectiveness of family and community in solving lifes problems) Shiite (13%)-Iran, Iraq, Bahrain (imams, Muslim leaders, are the only sinless sources of true knowledge)

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Basic Precepts Submission to the will of God (Allah) Lineage - Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, & Mohammed (different lineage) Holy Book - Quran - built on Old Testament Worship done in mosques (most imposing and carefully maintained buildings). Exemplifies how religion and culture are one.

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5 Pillars of Faith Shahada: Creed There is no God but Allah Salat: Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca Zakat: Giving to the poor Sawm: Fasting during month of Ramadan Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca Islam

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Origin and Diffusion Founder: Siddhartha Gautama 520 BCE Hearth: present day Nepal 360 million followers Branches Theravada-(Orthodox) Burma, Sri Lanka, Laos Mahayana-(all living creatures could become a Buddha) China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan (Zen) Vajrayana/Tantra (Tibetan-Lamaism)

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His Holiness the 14th Dali Lama

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Basic Precepts Buddha - the enlightened one Nirvana - highest degree of consciousness 4 noble truths 1.All of life is marked by suffering. 2.Suffering is caused by desire and attachment. 3.Suffering can be eliminated. 4.Suffering is eliminated by following the Noble Eightfold Path.

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Basic Precepts 8 Fold Path 1. Right beliefs 2. Right aspirations 3. Right speech 4. Right conduct 5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right meditational attainment

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Buddhism Basic Precepts Individuals choose the Middle Path Buddhists believe: not in any God, blind faith, or savior what is created is impermanent True Permanent Absolute Reality uncreated, unborn, permanent bliss of Nirvana

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Religion, to many, especially Christianity, is mans attempt to be close to God, relate to God, understand God, but on mans own terms. Religion is mans creation.