AP PSYCH FINAL

COLLAB PROJECT

LESSON 1.04: THE CORRELATIONAL TECHNIQUE• Correlation: measure of the relationship of two or more variables.

• Example: The two variables are the number of invited people going to a party and the likeliness of whether someone who is invited is attending.

• Positive correlation: two variables increase or decrease in the same direction. • Example: If the number of people attending increases then the likeliness

of another person going also increases and vice versa. • Negative correlation: one variable increases while the other decreases.

• Example: The more time I spend exercising, the less time I will be able to study.

• Correlation coefficient: number for each variable that indicates its strength and direction after their correlation is measured. It’s always between +1.00 and -1.00: the closer it is to 1.00 the stronger the correlation it doesn’t matter whether it’s positive or negative. • Example: The correlation coefficient for the number of freckles compared

to my weight is close to zero because the freckles on my body and my weight aren’t related.

LESSON 2.02: THE EFFECTS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Neurotransmitters act to either enhance or inhibit action potentials. Agonists enhance or mimic the actions of neurotransmitters while antagonists inhibit or block actions of neurotransmitters.

• Example: My grandmother has Alzheimer's disease, which is linked to really low levels of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine can be excitatory or inhibitory, and it has to do with motor control over large muscle movement because it stimulates skeletal muscle to contract; in the hippocampus, it's involved with forming memories.

• Example: My aunt suffers from multiple sclerosis, which is associated with too much glutamate. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved with learning, memory formation, and nervous system development.

• Place theory: The hair cells along the basilar membrane act as separately from each other and send individual messages to the auditory cortex. So the pitch a person hears depends on which hair cell is stimulated by the vibration but it only vibrates unevenly when the frequency of sound is above 1000Hz. • Example: If I hear a piercing scream the hair cells near my oval window will be

stimulated but if I hear someone talking in the distance the hair cells far from the organ of corti will be stimulated.

• Frequency Theory: Rutherford said that this theory has to do with how fast the basilar membrane vibrates. So high pitch= fast vibration and low pitch= slow vibration. But all the neurons need to fire at the same time which happens up to 100Hz. • Example: If I hear something high pitched under 100 Hz than the basilar

membrane vibrates faster than if I heard rustling leaves. • Volley Principle: What happens in between 100 and 1000 Hz; when frequencies

are above 100 Hz the neurons take turn firing in a process called volleying. • Example: if I hear something of 300 Hz then three groups of neurons took

turns sending the message to the brain and each covered 100 Hz.

LESSON 3.02: PITCH THEORIES

LESSON 3.05: NON-REM SLEEP STAGES• Stage 1: Light sleep; if people wake up during this stage, they'll claim

that they weren't actually asleep and possibly remember seeing vivid pictures and events that were like dreams, or wake up with a big jerk • Example: When I want to stay up to watch tv at my grandma's house,

I'll start falling asleep, then in a dream where I'm about to fall, i'll wake up with a jerk, but then I'll tell myself that I wasn't asleep when my grandma makes me go to bed.

• Stage 2: Sleep spindles (brief bursts of activity) happen, and when awoken, you'll know you were asleep • Example: When I fall asleep in the car, I'll wake up, but even though it

was light, I'll recognize that I was asleep. • Stages 3/4: Deep sleep; dominated by delta waves, very hard to wake

up, and children are harder to wake up than adults in this stage • When it's time to wake up for school, my parents are immediately

awoken from their deep sleep by alarms, but us kids don't wake up until they go to our rooms and physically wake us up.

LESSON 9.10: TYPES OF PERSONALITIES• Type A: workaholic; determined, impatient, easily irritated, determined,

competitive • Example: My dad takes his laptop with him on vacation and is always

talking to his coworkers in the car • Type B: relaxed, patient, easygoing, calm, peaceful

• Example: My grandma is never in a sense of panic or hurry, she loves relaxing in her recliner, and she's always calm when dealing with her grandchildren misbehaving

• Type C: introverted, to themselves, reserved, lonely • Example: When my Spanish teacher passed away in sixth grade, I

wouldn't show that I was sad in front of people, but when I was alone, I'd cry hysterically.

• The Hardy Personality: Three C's: commitment, control, challenge • Example: Donald Trump is committed to his sense of identity, he

believes he's in control of himself, and he accepts challenges when things go wrong for him, which is why he's so successful and rich today,