ap review session 1450-1750
DESCRIPTION
AP REVIEW SESSION 1450-1750. Changes in Europe affect the whole world Note status of Europe pre-1450 1450: Europe in early stages of growth 1750: Europe dominating world trade, cause for population movements, governments, interactions w/ indigenous populations. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Changes in Europe affect the whole world
• Note status of Europe pre-1450• 1450: Europe in early stages of
growth• 1750: Europe dominating world trade,
cause for population movements, governments, interactions w/ indigenous populations
The Renaissance(ch. 14)
• Post Black Death: increase in population, trade, middle class• Medieval Europe: Church and afterlife; local concerns for well-being• Crusades: brought ancient texts back from Islamic/Byzantine regions• Humanism: celebration of human achievements; poetry, history,
language, moral philosophy• Northern Italy: trade city-states• Art: real human figures, 3-D, palaces/cathedrals (Sistine Chapel)• Michelangelo, Leo da Vinci,• Spread to North and Western Europe• Art/artists commissioned by Church and secular leaders• Printing Press: Johannes Gutenberg (tech from Song China); allowed
texts in native languages• New writing: Machiavelli, Thomas More, Erasmus, Shakespeare
Protestant and Counter-Reformations (ch. 16)
Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation:Role of printing press• 1517 Martin Luther/ 95 Theses• Lutherans, Calvinists• Henry VIII and Anglican
Church of England• Southern Europe: mostly
Catholic• Northern
Germany/Scandanavia: Lutheran
• Scotland (Calvinist), England (Anglican)
Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation• Win back souls• Clarify position, supreme
authority of pope• Role of Jesuits: example
and conversions• Council of Trent 1545-
1563: Church’s positions, trials of heretics, Latin
The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (ch. 16)
Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution• Role of Renaissance/Prot. Ref• 1543 Copernicus: Heliocentric
theory• 1632 Galileo: proved Helio
theory; question Church authority
• Works banned• Scientific method• Rift in society: Church vs.
Scientific findings
EnlightenmentEnlightenment• Reform society w/ rational laws
that governed society• Divine right vs. reason• Social ContractThe Dead Guys:Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679):
Leviathan; man evil, need good ruler
Locke(1632-1704): born free, inalienable rights
Rousseau (1712-1778): all men equal, majority rule
Voltaire; Montesquieu
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND
EMPIRES: 1450-1750• Spain/Portugal• England• France• Germany• Ottoman Empire
• Russia• India• China• Japan
Spain/Portugal (ch. 14, 15)
• 1469 King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella unite Spain
• Support of exploration; naval fleet• Charles V (Hapsburg, inherited empire), abdicated
in 1556. Phillip II took throne• Spanish Inquisition again, Dutch Netherlands
independent• Defeated by English in 1588• Gold from New World not enough to maintain
power
England (ch. 16)
• Henry VIII 1509-1547: Church of England• Elizabeth (Henry’s daughter): golden age• Elizabethan Age 1558-1603: commercial expansion,
exploration, colonization (joint-stock companies)• Religious battles- Puritans• English Civil War 1641: Oliver Cromwell• Establishment of English Commonwealth; Stuart
Restoration 1660-1688• Glorious Revolution 1688: bloodless, William & Mary of
Netherlands; English Bill of Rights 1689: monarchs Anglican and powers limited
France (ch. 16)
• 100 Year’s War: English out of France• 1598 Edict of Nantes: toleration b/t Catholics and
Hugenots (French Protestants)• Bourbon Kings until 1792• Cardinal Richelieu: advisor to Bourbons to strengthen Fr.
Crown; Cardinal Mazarin & Louis XIV• Louis XIV: “Sun King”; glorify France w/ arts; Versailles• Jean Baptist Colbert: mercantilist; warfare increase size of
Fr. Empire• Wars very costly, still center of the arts
German Regions (ch. 16)
• Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman Turks in 1500s
• 30 Yr’s War (1618-1648) weakened HR Emperors• 1700s, Prussia (northern German city-sts) gaining power• 1555 Peace of Augsburg: end C vs. P wars, but 30 Yr’s
War ended it• 30 Yr’s War: France benefit, most powerful ctry; Prussia
dominate German territories• 1648 Peace of Westphalia: small German c-s independent-
Prussia
Ottoman Empire (ch. 19)
• End of Mongols = start of Ottoman Empire• 1453 Turks take Constantinople, end Byz
Empire; Christianity out, Islam in• Growth of empire = Janissaries• Selim I 1512- Islamic center @ Istanbul• Suleiman the Magnificent: 1520, golden
age, push to Eastern Europe- Hungary, siege of Vienna
Russia (ch. 20)
• Center of Orthodox Christianity after fall of Byzantines• 1480 Ivan III: no more Mongols; Ivan IV (the Terrible)
estab absolute rule; Cossacks used to expand East• 1613 Michael Romanov (Dynasty to 1917)- consolidate
power expand empire• 1689: Russia to Pacific Ocean, border w/ Qing Empire• Peter the Great: 1682-1725: Westernization; use of serfs• Catherine the Great: 1762-1796: enlightened despot,
westernization; expansion to Poland and Black Sea; use of serfs
India (ch. 19)
• 1526: Babur defeated Delhi Sultanate• Mughal Empire: united India, previously not done• Akbar: 1556-1605 religious toleration for H & I;
no more head tax or sati; allowed for mixing• Golden Age of art, architecture: Taj Mahal• Post-Akbar India: no religious toleration and Euro
involvement• Pre-1750: Europeans not seen as threat to India;
trade allowed
China (ch. 20)
• 1368-1644: Ming Dynasty; Confucian, civil service exam
• Zheng He!!! Why did he go? Why did he come back?
• 1644: Qing Dynasty (Manchu from north); Kangxi 1662-1722, Qianlong 1735-1795
• Expansion of Chinese empire while closing off to outside world
• Canton System• McCartney Mission 1793
Japan (ch. 20)
• 1185 Kamakura -> 1500 Ashikaga ->• 1600-1868 Tokugawa Shogunate: capital to Edo
(Tokyo); seclusion from outside• Class system, decentralized• Industrial families• Closing of Japan to prevent spread of foreign
influence (Dutch allowed at Deshima)• Regional “outer” lords profited from illegal trade
EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONand
EXPANSION
Pre-1450: land travel; Indian Ocean & Med. Sea linked up w/ routes thru Persia, Arabia, N.Africa, C. Asia from Silk Road
Portuguese and Spanish Explorations (ch. 15)
Portugal• Geography• Royal family supported
exploration• Prince Henry the
Navigator, • 1488: Dias rounds
southern tip of Africa• 1497: Vasco da Gama,
rounds Cape of Good Hope; E. Africa, India
• Control of Brazil
Spain• United; F & I financed
explorations• 1492: Columbus thought
China/India located where Americas are- found Cuba and West Indies
• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas
• Spain controlled most of C & S. America;
Explorers and Technology(ch. 15)
God, Gold, GloryVespucciCabotPonce de LeonVasco de BalboaMagellanPizarro vs. AtahualpaCortes vs. MontezumaDrakeHudson
Technologies• Lateen sails• Astrolabe• Magnetic Compass• Three-Masted Caravels
Impact of Explorations: New World Empires
(ch. 15, 17)• 1519: Cortes to Mexico; Aztecs; no horses-Montezuma thought Cortes a god, sent gold-Cortes and men took capital, decimated empire1531: Pizarro meets Atahualpa (Incan emperor);
Incas destroyed, Pizarro in control of region by 1535
Patterns of Dominance: 1) Isolation = vulnerability2) Spanish military tech; steel, horses 3) established
practices of forced labor, conversion, empire building from Europe
Encomienda System(ch. 17)
• Viceroys ran Spanish empire “New Spain”• Natives divided among Peninsulares for labor• Discovery of silver in Peru and Mexico in 1540s
meant more demand• Mita system: Amerindians forced to work 6
months/yr (every 7 yrs) in mines, farms, textile factories
• African slave labor introduced as Amerindian population declined
African Slave Trade/Atlantic System (ch.
18)• Portuguese took slaves in early explorations
• Demand from New World plantations
• African rulers cooperated w/ slavers– why?
• Atlantic System: food, goods, weapons for people; Triangle Trade, etc.
• What motivated Euros? Africans?
Demographic ShiftsEnvironmental Changes
Columbian Exchange• Whole civilizations wiped out: Arawak,
Aztec, Inca• European emigration• Forced migrations• Growth of middle class in Europe; power of
colonial gov’ts growing• Massive changes from 1450!!!
The Columbian Exchange
• New foods, animals, resources to New World
Europe/Africa to Americas: horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, sugar cane
Americas to Europe/Africa: squash, beans, corn, potatoes, cacao
• Diseases, weapons, people transferred
A New Global Economy
• Age of Exploration b/c of financing, support by gov’t and rulers
• Banking; Church gave in to state interests• Joint-stock companies got royal charters for colonies• Colonies or monopolies on trade routes• British East India Co, Dutch East India Co.• Mercantilism- all about the mother country; raw
materials and markets • Resentment in colonies
Comparisons
• Compare European monarchies w/ land-based Asian Empires
• Compare labor systems: Atlantic slave trade; plantation vs. encomienda systems
• Compare the building of empires in Asia, Africa, Europe: how was power consolidated? Who had control? Who lost it?
• Compare Russia’s interaction w/ West and China or the Ottoman Empire
The Big Picture!
Questions to consider:1. Why did Europe become the dominant power
1450-1750? Why were some European nation-states develop vast empires?
2. How did the various non-European cultures interact w/ Europeans? Why? Consequences?
3. How did the global economy change from 1450-1750?
4. How were the world’s civilizations impacted?