ap test cellular respiration and photosynthesis cellular respiration how our body turns food and...
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AP Test Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
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Cellular Respiration How our body turns food and oxygen into
ENERGY called ATP
3 Steps:GlycolysisKreb’s CycleETC (Electron Transport Chain)
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Redox ReactionsChemistry review:Oxidation = losing an electronReduction = gaining an electronA redox reaction is a chemical reaction in
which one molecule gains electrons and one loses them
Example of cellular respiration: glucose is oxidized into carbon dioxide, oxygen is reduced to water
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GlycolysisGlycolysis is the first step of cellular
respirationIt means “splitting sugar”One molecule of glucose is split in half into
2 molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate)C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3
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GlycolysisInput: glucoseOutput: 2 molecules of
pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
NADH is a molecule that carries electrons from glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle to the ETS (it gains electrons = reduced)
Once there, it releases the electrons to make ATP (it is oxidized to NAD+)
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Kreb’s CycleStep 2 of Cellular Respiration is called the
Kreb’s Cycle, and is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle
It ONLY occurs in the presence of oxygenIt takes place in the mitochondrial matrix,
the space between the inner folded membranes of the mitochondria
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Kreb’s CycleAcetyl coA undergoes a series of redox
reactions in the Kreb’s cycle, rearranging its formula and transferring electrons
The net output for 2 TURNS of Kreb’s is: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (another electron carrier), and 2 ATP
A byproduct, carbon dioxide, is released
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Electron Transport ChainThe last step is called the electron
transport chain (ETC) or system (ETS), or oxidative phosphorylation (means losing electrons and adding a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP)
It occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria, on the membranes on the inside
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ETC As ADP is getting phosphorylized (called chemiosmosis), the electrons
have reached the bottom of the waterfall The electrons are attracted to a super electronegative atom, oxygen Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. It gains electrons (is reduced)
and joins with the H+ ions coming through ATP synthase to make water
We breathe out the water (along with the CO2 from Kreb’s)
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ETCAt the end of the ETC, approximately 34
ATP are generated through the processes of Oxidative Phosphorylation (the electrons moving down the waterfall) and chemiosmosis (the diffusion of H+ ions through ATP synthase)
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SummaryOxygen we breathe in becomes waterGlucose we eat is used to make ATP and
CO2 (waste)A total of approximately 38 ATP are made
per glucose molecule
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stroma
thylakoid
ATP
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I ’m green with envy!
It’s not easy being green!
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NADPADP
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CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2lightenergy + ++
SugarBuildingReactions
Energy BuildingReactions
Plants make both:energy
ATP & NADPH
sugars
sunlight
O2
H2O
sugars
CO2
ADP
ATP
NADPH
NADP
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photosynthesis
photorespiration
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