APUSH History Review - Semester 1

Key Elections

1796 Washington refused to consider a 3rd term; Constitution in 1796 required presi-dential electors to place the names of 2 individuals on their ballots, and the can-didate with the highest vote count became the president and the runner up the vice president. - Generally agreed among leading Federalists that John Adams of Massachusetts would follow after Washington, but Hamilton sought to influence results and pre-ferred Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina. - Adams won (Federalist) followed by Jefferson as Vice President (Republican)

1800 Pre-election atmosphere was colored by the Alien and Sedition Acts controversy which created much ill feeling between the contending parties. - Jeffersonian Republicans triumphed with control of New York since 1796 by Aaron Burr’s political skill. - But, Jefferson and Burr got the same number of electoral votes, and the matter was to be resolved in the House of Representatives; Hamilton played a pivotal role by throwing his support to Jefferson (whom he disliked) rather than Burr (whom he saw as dangerous) - “Revolution of 1800” because it marked the transition from the Federalists, the only party to have held the presidency to that point to the Democratic-Republi-cans of Jefferson

1824 Showed that “Era of Good Feelings” had come to an end; all candidates were Democratic-Republicans, but personal and sectional interests prominent.- Candidates were: John Quincy Adams (North Easterners, a high protective tariff; leading contender), Henry Clay (Similar to Adams), Andrew Jackson (military hero, drew Western support from Clay), William H. Crawford (who hoped to con-tinue the “Virginia Dynasty; held to the old-line Republican view of limiting the role of federal government), John C. Calhoun (backed out to secure the vice pres-idency). - 12th Amendment provided that elections in which no candidate received a ma-jority should be decided by the House of Representatives from among the top 3 candidates.

- Jackson had garnered the most electoral votes, so Clay used his influ-ence to sway the vote to Adams, because Jackson was an opponent of the Bank of the U.S., a vital component of (Clay’s) American System.

- Adams president and appointed Clay as Secretary of State led to charges of a “corrupt bargain”

1828 Nominations by conventions and state legislatures; was first true mud-slinging contest. Election results were a clear victory for Jackson but highly sectional; the South, West, and the states of Pennsylvania and New York went for Jackson while New England voted for Adams.

1840 Background: Martin Van Buren (Democrat) up for reelection against William Henry Harrison (Whig). Harrison won, running on “log cabin” campaign; heavy on image, light on substance.- 2 economic visions: Whigs wanted to expand and stimulate economy; Dems fa-vored retrenchment, ending banks and aggressive corporations. - Triumph of a populist democratic style. (Anti-aristocracy)

Key Elections

1860 Pre-Civil War Election. Lincoln (Republican) Douglas (Democrat) Beckinridge (Southern Democrat) Bell (“Constitutional Union”— mostly Know-Nothing and Whigs).Other parties splintered, giving way to Lincoln’s minority (40%) victory. Popular vote confined to Northern states, but won decisive electoral vote.

1876 Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) impasse. Led to Compromise of 1877— ENDED RECONSTRUCTION. Democrats agreed to Hayes in exchange for removing troops from last 2 states (LA & SC). Sacrificed black freedmen, Jim Crow Laws enacted same year.

1896 Free Silver election. McKinley (Republican) represented interests of the wealthy. Bryan (Democrat) represented the Democrats, Populists, and Silver Republicans. Crucial issue was economic—free silver, gold standard, tariffs— that stemmed from class conflict. The widening gap between the rich bondholder and the poor plow-holder.

Parties

Anti-Federalist Opposed ratification of the Constitution. - Wanted to establish a weak central government and strong states governments like that created by the Articles of Confederation; were states’ rights devotees- Had the support of many small farmers, small landowners, and debtor elements who felt that strong state legislatures were more sympathetic to them

Democratic-Re-publican (1800-1824)

Jeffersonian Republicans placed their faith in the virtues of an agrarian democ-racy; believed that the greatest threat to liberty was posed by a tyrannical cen-tral government and that power in the hands of the common people was pre-ferred. - Favored France over Britain; Jefferson praised the French Revolution but criti-cized its bloody excesses. - Opposed the Hay’s Treaty in 1795 as excessively pro-British. - Following the War of 1812, an “Era of Good Feelings” emerged, and was high-lighted by the existence of only a single political party, the Jeffersonian Republi-can Party.- Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams

Federalist Party (1792-1816)

Advocates of a strong central government; pessimistic about human nature and believed that the government must resist passions of the general public; govern-ment’s prime function was to maintain order and faith was placed in the talents of a small governing elite. - Supported the ratification of the Constitution between 1787 and 1790, such as Jefferson (for a while) and Hamilton- Partisanship entered the Washington cabinet over the squabble over the cre-ation of the First Bank of the United States. - Many were large landowners, bankers and businessmen, favored the govern-ment’s efforts to encourage and protect American industry. - Strong in New England, large pockets of support in the Middle States. - Supported the British in foreign affairs and opposed the French during Revolu-tion.- John Adams’ admin marked the end of Federalist control, 1800. - Hartford Convention during War of 1812 discredited party; would end party power.

Parties

Free Soil (1848 - 1854)

Anti-slavery! (e.g: Supported Wilmot Proviso, banning slavery from territories ac-quired from Mexico.) “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” Concern for enslaved blacks stemmed more from concern for free white workers & tradi-tion of upward mobility. Absorbed by Republican Party (1854). Candidate was Martin Van Buren.

Know-Nothing (1845-60)

Wave of antiforeignism alarmed “nativists”— immigrants were coming from Ire-land and Germany, mostly Catholic. “Americans must rule America.” Nominated Millard Filmore. Supported by remnants of Whig party. - Eastern factory workers feared job losses to immigrants who were willing to work for very low wages; others feared the newcomers because they were differ-ent in looks, language, customs, and religion. - Nativism: the belief that only na-tive-born or long-established citizens should have a voice in public affairs. - Name came from members’ reluctance to talk about their organizations; effort was made to expand the movement through the formation of the American Party; split over the slavery issue.

People’s Party / Populists (1884 - 1908)

Party of 1890s. Garnered many votes in election of 1892, but faded afterward. Mostly oppressed farmers and urban workers, mostly in rural areas (West and South). Campaigned on “free silver” platform— attempt at artificial inflation through unlimited coining of silver. Also called for graduated income tax, gov’t ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone. In 1896, supported Democrat William Bryan.

Republican (1854 ~ )

Created from Kansas-Nebraska conflict as anti-slavery (for economic reasons) party. Included disgruntled Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, and other foes of K-N act. Sectional party; hated south of Mason-Dixon line. Led coun-try during Reconstruction (1865-1877). Republican presidents until Cleveland (1885).- Split during Gilded Age (1877-1890) into Stalwarts (Conklingites) who de-fended spoils system and Half-Breeds, supports of civil reform. - McKinley’s victory (1896) seen as resurgence of Republican dominance. Gave way to Progressive presidents. - Issues that brought the party together and won control of the House of Representatives: repeal of K-N Act, support for cen-tral route for transcontinental railroad, support for Homestead Act that would ease process for settlers to own western lands; support for high protective tariffs and liberal immigration laws.- The party of free working white men.- Sectional; didn’t attempt to run candidates in the slave states; wanted to gain complete political control in North to have sufficient electoral strength.

Socialist Party (1901-72)

Support from trade unionists, progressives, populists, and immigrants. In 1912 and 1920, candidate was Eugene V. Debs. Opposed involvement with World War I. Weakened by popularity of FDR’s New Deal.

Whigs (1833 - 1856)

A reaction to the authoritarian policies of Andrew Jackson, especially by his ac-tions regarding the Bank of the U.S, Native Americans, Supreme Court, and his use of presidential war powers. - Made up of Jackson critics, states’ rights advocates, and supporters of the American System were supporters; descendants of Federalist Party (supported strong federal action in dealing with national problems). - Led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.- Issue of slavery split the party; Whigs in the North (Conscience Whigs) favored abolition of slavery and halting spread, while Cotton Whigs pro-slavery.- Southerners moved to Democratic Party; Northerners to the Republican Party.- William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore

Parties

Democratic Party

Jacksonian Democracy flowed in the footsteps of Jeffersonian Democracy.- The era saw a great increase of respect and power for the common man, as the electorate expanded to include all white male adult citizens rather than only land owners. - Promoted the strength of the executive branch and the Presidency at the ex-pense of Congressional power, while also seeking to broaden the public’s partici-pation in government; reduce the power of elites and prevent aristocracies from emerging. - Demanded elected (not appointed) judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect their new values.- Favored geographical expansion (Manifest Destiny); battles over slavery should be avoided (consensus with the Whigs). - Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson, FDR, Harry Truman, JFK, LBJ, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, Obama

Supreme Court Cases

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Georgia had enacted laws that allowed them to evict the Cherokee from their lands. The Cherokee Nation appealed to SCOTUS that this was unconstitutional, and laws should be voided. Decision: Cherokee Nation was not a sovereign na-tion.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)

The Charles River Bridge was built 1785 to connect Boston and Charlestown. Charles River was collecting massive toll profits when suddenly a second bridge, Warren, was to be built very close by. Charles R. held that the second bridge would be a violation of their contract.- Significance: Contracts should be interpreted as narrowly as possible.

Amistad (1841) Slave rebellion broke out on schooner Amistad after international slave trade had been abolished. Court ruled that transport of Africans across Atlantic was thus illegal, and the slaves onboard were free Africans & and their rebellion jus-tified. - Significance: Helped abolitionist movement.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Ruled that black slaves (and their free or enslaved descendants) not protected by Constitution and were not citizens. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. Slaves could not sue in court. - Significance: Kansas-Nebraska Act passed earlier allowed newly admitted states to decide to become slave or free state. Dred Scott meant loss of political power for the North, and actually strengthened Northern opposition to slavery and Republican Party.

Plessy v. Fergu-son (1896)

“Separate But Equal.” Upheld constitutionality of racial segregation, especially in railroads.

Marbury v. Madi-son (1803)

John Marshall is SCOTUS Justice. William Marbury sued for his appointment as judge in the last hours of Adams’ administration (midnight appointments); Jeffer-son wanted to rid judicial branch of Federalists & thwarted Marbury’s appoint-ment on technicality. Court established judicial review. Marbury’s petition is denied.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Marshall est. supremacy of federal law; wrote that Maryland’s effort to tax na-tional bank was in conflict with federal law and unconstitutional.

Supreme Court Cases

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

est. national supremacy in regulating interstate commerce; Aaron Ogden re-ceived exclusive rights to operate ferry between NY and NJ; Court ruled that mo-nopoly granted by state conflicted with federal law; exclusive right was null and void.

Dartmouth Col-lege v. Woodward

Strengthened contract clause (people are obligated to follow through with con-tracts). Attempt by New Hampshire legislature to change provision in Dartmouth College’s charter; placed Dartmouth under new board named by governor while original charter; Chief Justice John Marshall said the charter is valid contract in which legislature had unconstitutionally interfered.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

2nd supreme court decision; involved Cherokees & state of Georgia; court ruled that Cherokee were a sovereign nation and that laws passed by Georgia legisla-ture requiring them to leave Georgia had no bearing on Cherokee Nation; Jack-son reject Marshall’s ruling; Native Americans were forced by US army to move to Oklahoma by Andrew Jackson in spite of court’s decision.

Geography

36 30 line Southern boundary of Missouri; established during Missouri Compromise (1820) that all states of Louisiana Territory (except Missouri) would be free states.

54 40 line “54 40 or Fight” Oregon dispute between US and Britain. Line dividing present-day Washington and Canada. Oregon territory was vast area from Oregon to Alaska. Actual area of dispute was the small, north-west corner of the US, from Colombia River on S & E to 49 parallel on N and Pacific on W.

49th Parallel Forms US-Canadian border. (Involved in Oregon boundary dispute.)

Erie Canal Built 1825. Linked Great Lakes with Hudson River. Goods could be moved much faster than before. Attracted immigrants and farmers, made land valuable. Trans-formed the Northeast.

Rio Grande River

River that today borders Mexico and Texas. (Became boundary after Mexican-American War 1846-48.)

New Orleans Located at East border of Louisiana. Originally French territory, sold to the US in the Louisiana Purchase. Became a major trading port. Andrew Jackson led the final battle in the War of 1812 in New Orleans, the only clearcut victory between British and US

Appalachian Mts.

Vast system of mountains located in Eastern North America. Restricted white set-tlement beyond this point in the Proclamation of 1763.

Rocky Mts. Range of mountains located in Western North America. Became a factor during the Oregon dispute, fighting for the Oregon territory.

National Road Also called Cumberland Road. One of the first major highways built by the United States federal government. It connected Potomac to Ohio, allowing transport of goods and supplies to be faster and easier.

Original Colonies

Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Connecticut, Massa-chusetts, New Hampshire, Delaware, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New York, Penn-sylvania

Geography

Appalachians to the MIssissippi

Proclamation of 1763 forbade English colonists from living west of the Appalachi-ans. Any settlers currently west of the mountains had to move back east. All Eng-lish territory between the Appalachians and the Mississippi.

Louisiana Pur-chase

Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris, instructed to buy New Orleans and as much land east for maximum of $10 million; Napoleon suddenly decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of New World empire. Hoped that America, strengthened by Louisiana, would one day be a military and naval power that would thwart ambitions of Britain. Louisiana was ceded to U.S. for &15 million, more than doubled the size of the U.S. Yet there was no clause that the president was authorized to negotiate treaties incorporating a huge new expanse into the union in the Constitution. Removed virtually the last remnant of significant Euro-pean power from North American continent.

Florida state in southeastern US; organized as territory in 1822; admitted as state in 1845. Originally Spanish. Ceded to the US in exchange for renouncing claims on Texas it might have had from the Louisiana Purchase.

Texas Originally Spanish. Became part of Mexico when it gained its independence. The Texas Revolution made Texas briefly into independent nation. US immigrants came; eventually joined the US 1845.

Mexican Ces-sion (1848)

California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado [west of Texas], New Mexico[west of Rio Grande], Wyoming [west of Texans and south of 42nd parallel]); ceded to the US after Mexican-American War through Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

Gadsden Pur-chase (1853)

purchase of 30,000 square miles of South Arizona & SW New Mexico; paid $10 million to Mexico for territory to use as route for the transcontinental Pacific Rail-road; last territory added to contiguous 48 states; Controversial due to great cost & small area, as well as sectional issues related to slavery.

Oregon Country region in western North America that extended form the Pacific Coast to the Rocky Mountains from the northern border of California to Alaska; became Oregon territory in 1846

Mississippi river that flows from Minnesota down to Gulf of Mexico.

Scandals and Events

Whiskey Ring (1875) Scandal that occurred during Grant’s presidency in the Gilded Age (1865-1901), known for widespread graft and corruption. Millions in liquor-tax revenues were stolen from the Treasury.

Tweed Ring (1871) Scandal under Grant, during Gilded Age. Displayed lack of ethics typical of the time. “Boss” Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk NYC of $200 million. Exposed by NYT. Cartoonist Thomas Nast vi-ciously attacked him.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Bostonians destroyed lots of tea to protest the Tea Act. Aroused sympathy for Revolutionaries and led British Parliament to pass Intolerable Acs, lead-ing to the First Continental Congress and finally Lexington and Concord.

Popular Sovereignty The people decide whether to be a free or slave state. Devised 1848 by Lewis Cass.

Scandals and Events

Spoils System Born under Jackson. Rewarding political supporters with public office. Ac-companied by scandal and incompetents. Important in cementing party loyalty. Repealed by Chester Arthur in 1881 when Garfield was killed by a deranged office seeker.

Anne Hutchinson Revealed her support of the effectiveness of faith alone (the covenant of grace) as the key to salvation, as opposed to the standard Puritan empha-sis on good works (the covenant of works); also expressed her belief that God revealed himself to individuals without the aid for the clergy. - John Winthrop leery of her views and cautioned that women could do ir-reparable damage to their brains by pondering deep theological matters; he and John Cotton led opposition to Hutchinson and charged that she and her followers were guilt of heresy. Was expelled and died.

XYZ Affair 1797, President Adams tried to defuse growing tensions with France by sending two new diplomats to join Pinckney in Paris (John Marshall & El-bridge Gerry). – The French foreign minister kept American mission for weeks, then de-ployed agents to demand a $250,000 bribe for himself & a $12 million loan for France. Bribery had been standard diplomatic fare at the time, but the amount was deemed exorbitant. - Soured relations between the US and France.

Aaron Burr Aaron Burr: From 1801 to 1805 Burr served as vice president, creating the awkward situation of a sitting president from one party and the vice presi-dent from the rival party. Jefferson largely ignored Burr, who contented himself with serving ably as President of the Senate.- In 1804, Alexander Hamilton conspired to deny the former vice president the governorship of New York. Burr killed Hamilton in a duel. - In 1806, Burr became involved in another plot the details of which are still not clear. Acquitted from charges of treason. - Ran against Jefferson in election of 1800.

Peggy Eaton Affair Senator John Eaton, a close friend of Jackson, had married the widowed daughter of a Washington innkeeper, Margaret (Peggy) O’Neill; the local rumor mill ground out gossip that O’Neill and Eaton had had an affair prior to her husband’s death.- The Cabinet wives, led by Mrs. John C. Calhoun, were scandalized and re-fused to attend events when she was present.- Jackson was not pleased with this tempest, remembering how deeply his late wife had been hurt by scandal-mongering; resented Calhoun’s inabil-ity to control his wife and was disappointed when Martin Van Buren alone among the Cabinet officers defended the Eatons. - In 1831, Eaton and Van Buren resigned their offices, putting pressure on the other members to do likewise. These resignations gave Jackson the op-portunity to appoint Cabinet officers who were loyal to him rather than Calhoun.

Scandals and Events

Boston Massacre 1767 Townshend Acts, (duties on paper, lead, paint, and tea imported into the colonies). - A boycott engineered by the Americans angered the imperial authorities. Customs officials repeatedly asked for military backing, in the hope that a show of force would enable them to collect duties from colonists. - Bostonians resented the presence of "foreign" soldiers in their city, but many common workers shared an additional concern. The British soldiers were so poorly paid that many had to find part-time jobs in order to meet their basic needs. In so doing, the redcoats were taking jobs needed by the colonists.- The Boston Massacre was, of course, not a “massacre,” in the classic sense. Samuel Adams and other propagandists, however, immediately capitalized on this incident, using it to fan colonial passions. Paul Revere assisted the effort by issuing one of his most famous engravings.

Credit Mobilier Representative Oakes Ames of Massachusetts and Thomas C. Durant were prominent stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad. In 1867 the two co-operated in forming Crédit Mobilier, a dummy construction company fobbed off as responsible for completing the transcontinental railway's last 600 miles. - In the process, U.P. stockholders and the federal government were bilked out of millions of dollars. When it appeared that an investigation was going to be launched, Ames bribed influential congressmen and was able to head off scrutiny.- Nevertheless, the fraud was exposed in 1872. It was apparent that Vice president Schuyler Colfax had been bribed with stock. House Speaker James A. Garfield was linked to the dealings, but his participation was never proven.- Despite the loss of $20 million, no prosecutions ever occurred.- This notorious example of large-scale graft involved leading members of the Republican Party. Public confidence in business methods was shaken by the affair.

Scandals and Events

Impeachment of An-drew Johnson

Impeachment of Johnson: a. A series of bitter political quarrels between President Johnson and Radical Republicans in Congress over Reconstruc-tion policy in the South eventually led to his impeachment. Johnson was al-most impeached on the charge of illegally removing Edwin M. Stanton, War of Secretary, from office, but wasn't because of 1 vote.- Radical Republicans wanted to enact a sweeping transformation of south-ern social and economic life, permanently ending the old planter class sys-tem, and favored granting freed slaves full-fledged citizenship including voting rights. >> They saw an unrepentant South featuring new state governments full of ex-Confederates passing repressive labor laws & Black Codes targeting freedmen.- Radical Republican Congress enacted Civil Rights Act of 1866 in response to southern Black Codes. Granted new rights to native-born blacks, includ-ing the right to testify in court, to sue, and to buy property.- President Johnson vetoed it, but Congress overrode it by a single vote. Start of power struggle b/w President & Congress.- Moderate voters in the North began leaning toward the Radicals. Johnson made matters worse by attempting to join all moderates in a new political party (National Union). Failed.>> The Radicals swept the congressional elections of 1866, resulting in a two-thirds anti-Johnson majority in both the House and Senate. Able to pass the Military Reconstruction Act, Command of the Army Act, and the Tenure of Office Act against Johnson’s wishes.- Military Reconstruction Act divided the South into five military dis-tricts under federal control and imposed strict requirements on southern states in order for them to be re-admitted to the Union including ratifica-tion of the Fourteenth Amendment and new state constitutions in conform-ity with the U.S. Constitution. The Command of the Army Act required Johnson to issue all military or-ders through the General of the Army instead of dealing directly with mili-tary governors in the South.The Tenure of Office Act required the consent of the Senate for the Presi-dent to remove an officeholder whose appointment has already been con-firmed by the Senate.

Bloomers Bloomers were baggy underpants for women, but went out of style when skirt lengths became shorter at the end of the 1910s; seen as indecent.

Scandals and Events

Seneca Falls Conven-tion

Beginning of the women's movement in America.     In the interim between the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention and the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton composed the Dec-laration of Sentiments, a document declaring the rights of women mod-eled on the Declaration of Independence.    - Contained several resolutions including that a man should not withhold a woman's rights, take her property or refuse to allow her to vote. The convention was treated with scorn from all corners. The press and re-ligious leaders denounced the happenings at Seneca Falls. However, a positive report was printed at the office of The North Star, Frederick Dou-glass' newspaper.  Many leaders of the Women's Movement were also leaders in the Aboli-tionist Movement and vice-versa. However, the two movements while oc-curring at approximately the same time were in fact very different. While the abolitionist movement was fighting a tradition of tyranny against the African-American, the women's movement was fighting a tradition of pro-tection. Many men and women felt that each sex had its own place in the world. Women were to be protected from such things as voting and poli-tics. The difference between the two movements is emphasized by the fact that it took women 50 more years (1920) to achieve suffrage than it did for the abolition of slavery.

Panics of 1819, 1837, 1873

Depressions usually followed overspeculation in lands or inflated securi-ties. 1819: First major financial crisis in US. War of 1812 led to a demand for American products (resulting from scant supply of imports during the war). In 1819, the market is declining; as prices fall, money becomes difficult to come by, but the habit of borrowing, formed in the expansive years, can-not be shaken. Marks end of Era of Good Feelings. 1837: Cotton production increased in the South, agriculture expanded in the West, cities grew, and manufacturing replaced trade as the economic base in the North. These phenomena were accompanied by a rise in the sales of land, and also in the price paid for land. There was a need for in-ternal improvements, roads, canals, etc. and these had to be financed by states and private companies.  Led to overspeculation and inflation. Presi-dent Jackson wants to get rid of central Bank. Bad! Lack of control leads to financial anarchy and inflation.In response to the President's Specie Circular issued in 1836, local banks call in their loans. Lacking sufficient hard money, banks fail, enterprises go bankrupt, unemployment spreads. As depression deepens, President Van Buren continues to follow Jackson's policy, with the ill-advised plan to frag-ment the single treasury into a system of "sub-treasuries."1873: The economy is over-expanded, particularly in railroad construc-tion. Banking house Jay Cooke and Company declares itself bankrupt, and announces its failure on September 18, 1873. Precipitates the "Panic of 1873" and the ensuing three year depression.- The basic economic problems are overproduction, a declining market and deflation. Investors in Europe call in American loans. The New York Stock Exchange closes its doors for 10 days; other businesses fail; and railroad construction is curtailed. The hard times drove numbers of laboring people and those in humble circumstances to the West and other portions of the country.

Great Awakening 1730s. Period of religious revivalism sparked by George Whitefield. Lead-ers included Jonathan Edwards (“Sinners In The Hands of an Angry God”). Led to development of American governing principles— an egalitar-ian democracy.

Scandals and Events

Sons of Liberty During the Parliamentary debate over the Stamp Act (1765) the American opponents of the new tax were the "Sons of Liberty"; Secret radical groups in the colonies adopted this name and worked to oppose the stamp tax and other later parliamentary revenue programs.Membership in the Sons was largely middle class with more upper-class representation than lower. Relationships were often negotiated with street elements, which sometimes conducted violent actions — often without the Sons' approval. A streak of conservatism remained a hallmark of the Sons until the 1770s. Initially they saw their role as the organizers of protests against specific government policies and not as the disrupters of royal au-thority; One of first contributions was to enforce nonimportation agree-ments (greedy merchants who handled forbidden products were forced to make humiliating public confessions.) The Sons of Liberty's influence waned in most of the colonies following the repeal of the Stamp Act in early 1766. However, the movement was re-vived with the passage of the Townshend Acts in 1767, and would re-main a fixture of American resistance to the time of independence. It was then that they played a particularly prominent role in setting up the First Continental Congress (1774)

Albany Plan of Union Proposed by Benjamin Franklin at Albany Congress (1754) during French and Indian War. Attempt to unite colonies under one government. Re-jected; colonies too disunited and suspicious of each other.

Second Great Awaken-ing

a reprise of the of the early 18th century, was marked by an emphasis on personal piety over schooling and theology. In northern New England, so-cial activism took precedence; in western New York, the movement en-couraged the growth of new denominations. In the Appalachian region of Tennessee and Kentucky, the revival energized Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists, and gave rise to the popular camp meeting, a chance for iso-lated frontier folk to gather and enjoy the excitement of evangelistic fer-vor. - The revival's secular effects consisted of two main strains: The virtues and behavior of the expanding middle class—a strong work ethic, frugality and temperance—endorsed. Engendered a wide array of reform move-ments aimed at redressing injustice and alleviating suffering—a democra-tizing effect.Social activism spawned abolition groups, temperance, and suffrage so-cieties, and others committed to prison reform, care for the handicapped and mentally ill. Noted proponent: evangelist Charles G. Finney. Held that the Gospel saved people, but was also a means to reform society. Fer-vent abolitionist.  The movement spread through southern Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. Features of the Methodist and Baptist denominations became assets on the frontier. Among the Baptists, ordinary farmers frequently got the God call, pored over their Bibles, and then kindled congregations—which or-dained them. The Bible belt of the South and Border States was born on this grassroots format.The Second Great Awakening exerted a lasting impact on American soci-ety, more than any other revival. While its fervor abated, it left a legacy of many established churches, democratization and social reform

Scandals and Events

John Brown’s Raid Proclaiming himself the servant of the Lord, Brown led an attack in the spring of 1856, which resulted in the murders of five proslavery settlers. The incident became known as the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre. This event was part of widespread violence then occurring in Bleeding Kansas. - Brown’s uncompromising stand against slavery won him numerous sup-porters in the North, where many abolitionists were frustrated by their lack of progress. In particular, encouragement and financial support were ex-tended by the “Secret Six,” a group of influential New England aristocrats. With their help, Brown was able to establish a base in western Virginia where he hoped to spark a general slave rebellion in the South. His raid on Harper’s Ferry in 1859, was part of that plan; a major step toward the po-larization of North and South on the eve of the Civil War- Brown was arrested and charged with inciting a slave insurrection and treason. He conducted his own defense, and the event was widely re-ported in Northern newspapers as a selfless idealist. Nevertheless, he was convicted and hanged in December 1859.

Execution of John Brown

See above.

Peculiar Institution The following arguments were put forth in Southern books, pamphlets and newspapers to defend the institution of slavery:1. Slavery was good for the slaves; the slaveowners took on the burden of caring for the interests of inferior beings, seeing that they would be fed, clothed and given religious instruction.2. In a comparative sense, Southern slaves were better off than many of the immigrant workers in Northern factories who were confined in un-healthy workplaces for long hours.3. Slavery was the key to national prosperity—for both the North and the South; nearly 60 percent of U.S. exports of this era were cotton; the slav-ery advocates argued that if their economy were tampered with, the great industrial cities of the North would crumble; many Southerners viewed the North as a parasite, nourishing itself on slavery while at the same time criticizing it.4. Slavery was vital for the continuance of a superior Southern lifestyle which emphasized good manners and graciousness; they did not want to become like the fast-paced, money-grubbing North.

Wars - Rebellions - Crises

Bacon’s Rebellion Bacon's Rebellion was lead by Nathaniel Bacon, mainly composed by poor frontier farmers on protest of the friendly treatment of Indians - Defeated marching to Jamestown, but this got planters to look for a safer means of labor (African slaves)

Barbary Pirates Group of fighters who attacked American ships along the Barbary Coast of northern Africa at in the first few years of the 1800s; members of a handful of African states who signed treaties with the U.S. promising to stop attack-ing American ships- They broke those treaties, however, and the U.S. fought back with force; Both the Navy and the Marines won big victories, including one at Tripoli in 1805.

Bleeding Kansas John Brown attempted to invade the South and instigate a slave rebellion to establish a black free state. At Harpers Ferry, killed several innocent people, and he was executed. Made South more eager to secede.

Wars - Rebellions - Crises

Civil War 11 Southern states declared secession from the US and formed the Confed-erate States. Hostilities began when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, one of the few Southern forts that was still loyal to the Union. The men at Fort Sumter surrendered, uniting Northerners and spurring Union forces into action. The South had General Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. The Union had much more manpower and factories, but poor leaders (until Ulysses S Grant). The Confederacy was led by President Jefferson Davis; the Union was led by President Abraham Lincoln. The War had a drastic economic effect on the South. The cotton economy collapsed, and they went through hard times. Northern factories prospered.

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Also known as The War of Jenkin’s Ear or Seven Year’s War; There were al-ready small world wars fought by the European nations for land and money; continued for around 100 years.- At first, it was confined to the Caribbean Sea and to the buffered colony of Georgiathe small scuffle with Spain merged with the War of Austrian Succession in Europe -> King George's War in America.Peace Treaty of 1748 gave Louisburg back to French foe -> Americans out-raged- Ohio Valley became place of contention b/w French and British.fought to decide whether Britain or France would become the stronger power in America; both sides relied on its colonists and Indian allies to fight. France more interested in fur trade than in settling land and didn't appreci-ate the high prices paid by British to the Indians for animal furs.- Defeat of French in Quebec and signing of a treaty in Paris in 1763 -> end of war.British took over their land that stretched from east coast of North America to the Mississippi River. Everything west of the river belonged to Spain. Indi-ans still had control over most of western lands.- Colonists emerged from war with increased confidence in their military strength; myth of British invincibility was shattered; friction had developed during war b/w arrogant British officers and raw colonial "boors.” colonial unity had been achieved, British officials distressed by reluctance of colonists to support the common cause wholeheartedly.- Removal of French menace in Canada let colonies have a new spirit of in-dependence and deprived Indians of their ability to play off the rival Euro-peans powers against one another- Resulted in large debt that British Parliament decided would be repaid by a raise in taxes on the colonies since they were the ones who got the most benefits and had to be defended. - Taxes imposed on legal documents and tea; stamps affixed onto legal doc-uments and newspapers. Beginning 1765, protests at the situation began to mount in the colonies. Would lead to Revolution

Mexican War (1846-48)

Texas is in dispute & President Polk really wants to buy California, but is turned down. 1846, provokes war, which a patriotic Congress agrees to. Se-ries of battles lead to Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo (1848). Expanded size of US by 1/3; gains Texas, gains California and region east of it. Treaty opposed by two groups: people who want all of Mexico (Manifest Destiny) and people who want none of it (anti-slavery “Conscience Whigs”).

Wars - Rebellions - Crises

Nullification Crisis (1828-32)

Tariff of Abominations / 1828 passes; extremely high. Protective tariffs help manufacturers but raises prices for all. Discriminated against Old South. Northeast - prospers from manufacturing boom. West - High property values and multiplying population. Southwest - Cotton. Old South is back-wards.Deeper problems: Anxiety over federal interference with slavery. South Carolina Exposition (by John Calhoun) suggests North Carolina should nullify tariff. 1932: SC legislature made up of “Nullies” passes nullifi-cation bill and threatens secession.ANGRY! President Jackson vs. SC Nullies. He pressures nullies until Henry Clay makes compromise bill Tariff of 1832, gradually bringing down rate. Force Bill - Would allow President to use army/navy to collect on tariffs. Neither side truly won. Significance: Avoided North/South conflict this time.

Revolutionary War Began in 1775 when British soldiers and American patriots fought at Lexing-ton, Massachusetts and Concord; ended in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris. - Tension had been mounting between Great Britain and the American Colonies because the British government had passed a series of laws in an attempt to increase control over them. - The Colonies were largely unprepared for war, lacking a central govern-ment and having no organized army or navy; Washington was appointed commander in chief of the Continental Army.- 1776, July 4, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.

Shay’s Rebellion 1786, led by Captain Daniel Shay, veteran of Revolution, demanded state issue paper money, lighten taxes and suspend property takeover. - Revolutionary war veterans lost farms through mortgage foreclosures/ tax delinquencies - Authorities respond by raising small army - motivated congress to reassess the Articles - Showed the need for a stronger federal government to politicians

The Alamo (1836) “Remember the Alamo!” becomes American battle cry.Dictator Santa Anna butchers 400 Americans at the Alamo. Delays Mexican advance and galvanizes American opposition. Americans very angry!

War of 1812(1812-1814)

Britain and French at war. (Napoleonic Wars)Origins: 1) Impressment of American soldiers. 2) Embargo against Britain (after Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 and Macon’s Bill No.2 fail). 3) British sup-port of American Indians who resisted US expansion. Supported by: War Hawks, Expansionists (Florida, controlled by Spain), South and West, Republicans in mid-states. Opposed by Federalists in North and South, and especially New England. Battle of New Orleans was dramatic victory over Britain. Fought 2 weeks after Treaty of Ghent signed, but unleashed a wave of na-tionalism and self-confidence. (Era of Good Feelings)Hartford Convention: 1814 - New England extremists hated War of 1812, proposed secession. Believed that Battle of New Orleans would be lost, demanded compensation, etc. New Orleans is won, and they are seen as traitors. Symbolized death of Federalist Party.

XYZ Affair See Scandals and Events

Battles

Vera Cruz (1847) During Mexican-American War, General Winfred Scott throttled the Mexi-can seaport Vera Cruz. He succeeded, and continued onward to Mexico City. Ac-companying Scott’s army was Nicholas P. Trist, who would negotiate the treaty (Guadelupe Hidalgo) that would end the war.

Mexico City Battle during Mexican-American War; US victorious. Last battle of war.

Bull Run First: (1861) Union Army under McDowell advanced across the Bull Run river. Confederate victory. Both sides realized war might be longer and bloodier than originally realized. Second (1862) Stonewall Jackson vs. John Pope. Confederate victory.

Antietam (1862) First major battle in Civil War to take place on Northern soil. Bloodiest single-day battle in American history. Though not a strong Union victory, Lincoln took advantage of it to announce Emancipation Proclamation.

Shiloh (1862) Bloody battle, Union victory by Grant.

Gettysburg (1863) Battle with most casualties in Civil War. Union victory. Turning point; ended Lee’s invasion of the North; from this point on, South fought defensively.

Vicksburg (1863) Union victory. Turning point (along with Gettysburg). Prevented supplies from Texas from passing east & split Confederacy.

Lexington and Concord

(1775) detachment of troop sent by British commander in Boston sent to Lexing-ton & Concord to seize stores of gunpowder and to bag "rebel" ringleaders Samuel Adams & John Hancock; "Minute Men" refused to disperse fast enough - 8 Americans killed & several wounded; Redcoats pushed on to Concord where they were forced to retreat to Boston by ready Americans; had 3000 casualties, including 70 killed.

Trenton-Prince-ton

Revolutionary war battle which Patriots drove British forces back and retook Vin-cennes. Both battles were American Victories.

Saratoga (1777) Support from French/Spain as they supply America by sending supplies. Turning point in Revolutionary War. Two battles; second battle was American victory, leading to Franco-American alliance that helps bolster the eventual American victory.

Yorktown last major battle of American Revolution; 1781; surrounded British troops in Yorktown with support from French naval and military;7000 troops surrendered under General Charles Cornwallis.

Tippecanoe (1811) Governor William Henry Harrison attacked Tecumseh’s capital (Prophet’s town); shawnees lost bloody battle; battle reinforced suspicions that British were inciting Native Americans;

Detroit one of a series of defeats stopping the American invasion of Canada during War of 1812.

Washington, D.C. British sent more troops to America to attack nation’s capital; broke through Madison’s defenses. War of 1812; White House destroyed in fire.

New Orleans fought after Treaty of Ghent had been signed in War or 1812. Major American victory; helped propel Andrew Jackson to the White House; prelude to Era of Good Feelings.

Foreign Policy

Macon’s Bill Number 2

(1810) Intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during Napoleonic Wars. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well. Failed, and soon entangled US in War of 1812.

Rush-Bagot Treaty Treaty between US and Britain (1817) severely limited naval armament on Great Lakes. Decades later, complete disarmament turned the lakes into a shared border between the US and Canada.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Settled border dispute between US and Spain along Texas. Ceded Florida to US. Established boundary of US through Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific Ocean.

1846 Treaty with Britain

Oregon Treaty. Oregon had been jointly occupied by Britain and US. Set US border at 49th parallel, which is today the US (Washington)-Canadian bor-der.

Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo

Ended Mexican-American War (1848). Mexico lost 55% of its pre-war terri-tory. Gained southwest US region— California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. (Gadsden Purchase would later com-plete region.)

Monroe Doctrine (1823) Efforts by European countries to colonize or interfere with countries in the Americas would be considered to be acts of aggression. Invoked by later presidents.

Manifest Destiny Belief that United States is destined to expand from Atlantic to Pacific coast.

Salutary Neglect New England merchants had made smuggling and bribing customs officials their way of life, resisted changes that would affect their income sources, especially with the Navigation Acts. - better to encourage commercial relations with colonies than meddle in their government affairs.

Treaty of Paris 1763 Ended the Seven Years’ War, allowing Britain to emerge as the world’s lead-ing colonial empire; France and Spain ceded much of their territory.

Treaty of Paris 1783 1783 officially ended the war of independence against Britain - provided that Britain would recognize US as independent Nation - Mississippi R. would be Western Boundary - Americans have fishing rights off coast of Canada (Newfoundland) - American would pay debts owed to British merchants - honor loyalists claims for property taken during

Washington’s Farewell Address

Warned against the growth of political parties, especially geographically based; acknowledged the need for temporary alliances, but warned against “permanent alliances;” urged the country to honor the payment of all finan-cial obligations.

Foreign Policy

Jay’s Treaty 1794, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay sent to England to seek solutions to tense relations with Britain (seizure from American cargo ships, impressments of American seamen, and continuing British occupation of western posts in U.S. borders) - Sought the withdrawal of the British soldiers from posts in the American West, a commission to be established to settle border issues between the U.S. and Canada, and a commission to be established to resolve American losses in British ship seizures and Loyalist losses during the Independence War

Pinckney Treaty Spain recognized U.S. borders at the Mississippi and the 31st parallel and granted Americans the right to deposit goods for transshipment at New Or-leans. - Granted these concessions to the U.S. not from fear of America’s military might, but from concern over the warming relationship between Britain and the U.S.; hoped to keep Britain off balance

Treaty of Ghent Called for the end of hostilities, required that conquered territory and pris-oners be returned, and appointed a commission to study lingering boundary issues between the United States and Canada. - Shows that U.S. was strong enough to defeat Britain in the 2nd American Revolution, but not powerful enough to force more favorable terms at the peace (like stopping impressments or protecting neutral rights)

Embargo Act Economic decision by U.S. to protect its own product shipping rights, intend-ing to eliminate Great Britain’s higher quality of product -> War of 1812

The Constitution

Amendments 11-15 11. Protects a state from lawsuits filed by citizens of other states. 12. Pro-vides procedure to which President and Vice President are elected. Electors must cast distinct votes for President and Vice-President, rather than 2 votes for President (and having the runner-up become Vice-President). 13. Abolishment of slavery. 14. Redefined citizenship to include former slaves. 15. Prohibited government from denying citizen’s right to vote based on race, color, or previous slave status.

Ratification Needed 9 states to ratify, but all 13 states did.

Checks and Balances Allows for one branch to limit the other, so none has too much power.

Executive Branch aka the President. Protects Constitution, executes laws, executes instruc-tions of Congress, veto power, executes spending, declares states of emer-gency, creates treaty, appoints judges, commander in chief.

Legislative Branch aka Congress. Makes laws, declares war, controls money, confirms heads of executive branch, confirms judicial appointments, ratifies treaties, power of impeachment, may override veto.

Judicial Branch Does not make or enforce law. Interprets law, determines whether law is un-constitutional, polices own members, etc.

Federalists Supported ratification of Constitution of United States. Include George Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton. Favored loose interpretation.

The Constitution

Anti-Federalists Opposed ratification of Constitution. Believed that it took too much power from the states. Included Patrick Henry.

English Bill of Rights (1689) Inspired United States Bill of Rights.

John Locke English Enlightenment philosopher. Associated with natural rights and the social contract. Influenced Constitution and Declaration of Rights. In a natu-ral state, all people are equal and dependent, and all have right to defend his “life, health, liberty, or possessions.”

Bill of Rights First 10 amendments: 1) Freedom of speech; 2) Freedom of arms; 3) Protec-tion from quartering of troops; 4) Protection from unreasonable search or seizure; 5) Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination. 6) Trial by jury, rights of accused; 7) Civil trial by jury. 8) Excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment; 9) Protection of rights not enumerated; 10) Power of States and people.

Articles of Confedera-tion

document agreed to by the colonies after the American Revolution; pro-vided for loose organization of states; each state was to be autonomous.

Constitutional Con-vention

circumstances warranted reassessment of the Articles of Confederation; 1787; delegates persuaded by experience that an effective central govern-ment was needed.

New Jersey Plan proposal to create a unicameral government; equal representation, like the Senate; rejected at the constitutional Convention.

3/5 Compromise A black slave was counted as 3/5 of a person in population count. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more repre-sentatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all.

Impeachment constitution gave House of Representatives authority to impeach a presi-dent suspected of committing a crime or violating essential presidential du-ties.

Virginia Plan plan for government proposed at constitutional convention in which the na-tional government would have 3 branches- executive, judicial, and legisla-tive, representation in the legislature would be determined by state popula-tion

The Great Compro-mise

real division of Constitutional Convention; involved issue of representation; Roger Sherman suggested; gave more populous states representation in the house of Representatives based on population; representation in senate was to be equal.

Slave Trade The 13th amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Federalist Papers collection of essays authored and published in NY 1787 and 1788 under Publius; authors were Hamilton, Madison, and Jay; defended principle of sin-gle national government, reassure readers that there was nothing to fear regarding government takeovers or tyrannical behavior;

Legislative Acts

Navigation Acts (1600)

Loosely enforced and passed to regulate the mercantilist system- Navigation Law of 1650: aimed at rival Dutch shippers trying to elbow way into American carrying trade - stated that all commerce flowing to and from colonies could be transported only in British vessels.- Later laws required that European goods destined for America had to be landed in Britain where tariff duties to be collected and where British middle-men could take some of the profits.- Other laws specially demanded that American merchants must ship certain "enumerated" (listed) products, especially tobacco, exclusively to Britain, even though prices might be better elsewhere.- British crown also reserved the right to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if such laws worked mischief with the mercantilist system.

Proclamation Act (1763)

A royal decree that prohibited Americans from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, acknowledging that the Native Americans owned the lands that they were living on. - Wanted to avoid war with the Indians and to keep colonies on the coast where they could benefit the British mercantile system more.

Sugar Act (1764) Meant to help pay off the debt accumulated in the French and Indian War and caused economic hardship in New England and the Middle Colonies. A tax on trade, and indirect and external taxNo taxation without representation. Nonimportation boycott of British goods started

Stamp Act (1765) Funds accumulated were to be put aside for the support of British soldiers pro-tecting the American colonies Violators tried by vice admiralty courts and Americans were outraged because matters were heard by royally appointed judges, not by local juries.Led rise to the Stamp Act Congress and Stamp Act riots where shopkeepers agreed not to sell British manufactures and organizations like the Sons of Lib-erty watched to make sure they kept their promise.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Followed Parliament’s repeal of the Stamp Act, but affirmed England’s right to interfere in their colonies in all cases - Right to tax, enforcement of parliamentary laws, or crown rights over colony rights were subject to the British crown

Townshend Acts (1767)

Charles Townshend wanted to reduce the national debt by imposing taxes in the colonies; made sense because the French and Indian War had been fought for the colonies and was a major reason for the debt. - Realized that Americans objected to internal taxation so he set external tax- Included the Quartering Act, reorganization of the customs service, and new duties.

Intolerable Acts (Restraining Acts) [1774]

Introduced by Lord North, it included the Boston Port Act, Quartering Act, Ad-ministration of Justice Act, and Massachusetts Government Act. - Massachusetts received sympathy and and respect of neighbors and the harshness of the measures surprised many moderates, turning them to radical views. - Led to the summoning of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia

Judiciary Act of 1789

Created the Judicial Branch of the federal government- Provided for 6 members of the Supreme Court, 13 lower district courts- Stated that the Supreme Court can settle disputes between states and that its decision is final

Legislative Acts

Land Ordinance (1785)

A systematic means to prepare new areas for statehood in which a number of states ceded to the federal government their claims to the land west of the Ap-palachian MountainsEased worries of landless states, cooled tension between states with overlap-ping land claims, and relieved states of war debt.

Northwest Ordi-nance (1787)

Admission to Union available when the number of free inhabitants reached 60,000; civil rights and liberties were guaranteed, education was encouraged, and slavery and involuntary servitude was prohibited.Spurred the westward movement of American settlers, overturned the colonial idea that newly settled lands were lesser than established areas, and provided the first national limitation on slavery expansion.

Bank of the US (1791)

Alexander Hamilton; helped to establish the credit of the U.S. government and the economic independence of the country. - Congress granted a charter to a bank to become the Bank of the US. So that it could provide a warehouse for federal funds, issuing paper money, loan money to the government, and form a source of capital for investors.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Passed by Federalist-controlled Congress, designed to control the activities of foreigners in the US during time of impending war, tried to destroy Jeffersonian Republicanism. - Naturalization Act: extended residency period from 5-14 years for those seek-ing citizenship, especially the Irish and French- Alien Act: allowed expulsion of aliens thought of as dangerous during peace-time- Alien Enemies Act: allowed captivity or expulsion of aliens deemed dangerous during wartime- Sedition Act: provided for fines or imprisonment for those who criticized the government, Congress, or president in speech or print.

Virginia and Ken-tucky Resolution (1798)

Prepared by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson; stated that the states had the duty to nullify within their borders those laws that were unconstitutional.

Missouri Compro-mise (1820)

Missouri asked Congress to enter the union in 1819Tallmadge Amendment passed by House of Representatives in response, viewed by Southerners as a threat to sectional balance - No more slaves could be brought into Missouri - Gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. Concerned by fast increase in northern population and economy; and political balance in the House of Representatives. - Senate still balanced 11 free to 11 slave states; parity had to be maintained Future of the slave system intensely concerned southerners - Missouri first state entirely west of Mississippi made from Louisiana Territory. - Tallmadge Amendment might set a precedent for rest of the region to be free. - If Congress could abolish slavery in Missouri, it might try in southern states. - Small group of abolitionists in the North used the occasion to protest Henry Clay led the mediation of a compromise - Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state; Maine was admitted as a free state; and Future slavery prohibited north of 36º 30' line, the southern bor-der of Missouri. - North advantage from Spanish territory in southwest prevent southern expan-sion westward. - Southerners not too concerned about lands north of 36º 30' as the climate was not conducive to cash crop agriculture requiring slave labor.Henceforth, slavery became a dominant issue in American politics.

Legislative Acts

1828 Tariff of Abominations

New England textile manufacturers pressed Congress for higher protective measures because British woolens put into American markets at low prices; could only do so by including an increase on duties for importation of certain raw materials

1832 Tariff Moderate reform returned rates to 1824 levels, but South Carolina sparked the Nullification Crisis (See “Wars...”) during the Jackson Administration.

Force Bill (1833) See Nullification Crisis

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay’s attempt to settle slavery dispute - California admitted to Union as a free state, New Mexico and Utah territories would be decided by popular sovereignty- Slave trade in the District of Columbia was abolished and a new Fugitive Slave Act was passed (Northerners very enraged – no more compromises) - Held off Civil War for about 10 years

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Stephen Douglas’ bill that called for the Nebraska Territory to be divided into Kansas and Nebraska and to let the question of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty- Repealed the Missouri Compromise, enraged Northerners and led Southerners to want a formal amendment to repeal all the slavery provision of the compro-mise specifically. - Reopened the slavery question in territories leading to events like “Bleeding Kansas” - President’s hope for reelection were gone, Democrats lost influence in the North and became the regional proslavery party of the South- The Whig Party opposed the Act and died in the South and was weakened in the North- A new Republican Party emerged, drawing in anti-Nebraska Whigs and Democrats

Process of Recon-struction

Began with the Radical Republicans’ Reconstruction Plan. motivated by re-venge to punish the South for causing the war, concern for the freedmen, and wanting to keep the Republican Part in power in the North and South - Supported protective tariffs, pro-business national banking system, liberal land policies for settlers, and federal aid for railroad development. - Also supported the vote for blacks; afraid the Democrats would regain the South. - The Republicans also tried to impeach Andrew Johnson.

Spot Resolution (1847)

Demanded to know where American blood had been shed on American soil, Abraham Lincoln, during Mexican War. - Challenged the validity of the president’s words and represented the political power struggle between the Whigs and Democrats.

1882 (Chinese) Exclusion Act

Treaty arrangement re-negotiated by the Hayes Administration because of complaints from California. - Chinese workers were prohibited from entering the US for about 20 years and could not be granted citizenships. A departure from America’s traditional policy of open immigration and the first to single out a specific ethnic group for spe-cial treatment.

Morrill Land Grand (1862)

The federal government would distribute land proportionately to the states, which sold it; the proceeds of land sales supported colleges in instruction of agriculture and industries.

Legislative Acts

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

The first federal antitrust law; authorized federal action against the combina-tion of businesses in form of trusts or any conspiracies of restraining trade. - First meaningful challenge to the legislation came from the E.C. Knight Case (1895) - State governments in the West and South passed laws to regulate corporate behavior, but the trusts established themselves in friendly states like Delaware and New Jersey

People

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-96) Abolitionist who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Spread the abolitionist movement in the North, while provoking anger in the South.

The Grimké Sisters (1800s) Sarah and Angelina Grimké were Southern-born, Quaker abolitionists who lectured in the North about their experiences; also advocated for women’s rights.

Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) Former slave who became abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy. Rescued slaves via the Underground Railroad.

Lucretia Mott (1793-1880) American Quaker, abolitionist and advocate of women’s rights. First American “feminist”. Helped to organize Seneca Fall convention.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) Abolitionist and leader of woman’s movement. Wrote Declaration of Sentiments.

Brigham Young (1801-1877) Leader of Mormon Church (LDS: Latter-day Saints) and first gover-nor of Utah. Saved Mormon church when Joseph Smith died.

Joseph Smith Founded Mormon (LDS) church. Was murdered.

John Frémont Republican who opposed James Buchanan in 1856.

James Polk 11th President. (1845-49) Democrat. Led nation in Mexican-American War.

Santa Ana Mexican Prez/Dictator, presided during the Mexican-American War in 1846-48.

Zachary Taylor President after Polk; died 16 mo. into term and Presidency assumed by Fill-more.

Franklin Pierce President after Fillmore, before Buchanan. Democrat. Reopened question of slavery in the West by repeating Missouri Compromise with Kansas-Nebraska Act. One-term. (1833-1837)

Stephen Douglas Democratic nominee for President in 1860. Lost to Abraham Lincoln. Designed Kansas-Nebraska Act, which reopened slavery q. with popular sovereignty.

Roger Taney 5th US Chief Justice. Delivered majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

Abraham Lincoln Republican 16th President of the United States during the Civil War. Directed Union forces to victory, and was assassinated before his second term ended. (1861-65)

Jefferson Davis Confederate president during Civil War.

People

Charles Sumner Leader of Radical Republicans in Senate during Civil War and Reconstruction years (1861-77). Very anti-slavery. Was victim in Bleeding Kansas incident (1856) that escalated abolitionist-slaveholder tensions that led to war.

Alexander Stephens

Vice President of Confederates during Civil War.

John Slidell Sent to Mexico by Polk to negotiate Texas boundary prior to Mexican-American War. Also sent to barter for California. Both rejected.

Thaddeus Stevens Leader, along with Sumner, of the Radical Republicans in 1861-77. Very anti-slavery, and advocated harsh treatment of post-Civil War South.

George McClellan Union general in Civil War. Raised well-trained army, but was too cautious in battle. Lincoln: “If General McClellan does not want to use the army, I would like to borrow it for a time.” Led Battle of Antietam, bloodiest single-day battle in US history.

Ambrose Burnside Union Army general in Civil War. Took control after McClellan was removed. Led humiliating defeat in Battle of Fredericksburg.

William Sherman Union General in Civil War. Raised well-trained army, but was too cautious in battle. Lincoln: “If General McClellan does not want to use the army, I would like to borrow it for a time.” Led Battle of Antietam, bloodiest single-day battle in US history.

Mathew Brady Union general under Grant that implemented “total war” tactics against Con-federates. However, his tactics were successful.

Robert E. Lee Brilliant Confederate general. Victories in Second Battle of Bull Run, Freder-icksburg. Failure in Antietam and Gettysburg.

Andrew Johnson Lincoln’s veep; assumed presidency after Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Treatment of South was too lightweight, and he became first U.S. President to be impeached. Terrible president. Considered Democrat.

Anne Hutchinson Puritan woman who held Bible meetings for women and men. Was exiled be-cause she offended colonial religious leaders.

John Quincy Adams President succeeding Monroe, and preceding Andrew Jackson. One term (1825-29). Shaped foreign policy. Designed Monroe Doctrine as Secretary.

Cinque West African man who led the Amistad revolt, leading to SCOTUS case.

John Brown Fanatic abolitionist who led revolt on Harper’s Ferry. Advocated slave insurrec-tion. His actions helped escalate tensions leading to the Civil War.

Bartolome de las Casas

16th century Spanish Dominican Priest. Opposed mistreatment of Native Americans by Spanish colonists.

Nathaniel Bacon Led Bacon’s Rebellion (1674), an anti-Native American rebellion by landless freemen that blindly attacked several tribes who had done nothing wrong. De-manded suffrage.

Nat Turner Led most successful slave rebellion, leading to 56 deaths of whites in southern US. Led to violent backlash and new laws targeting blacks.

People

Jonathan Edwards Preached during First Great Awakening. Famous sermon titled “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”.

Onate Founded various settlements in Southwest United States.

Crispus Attucks Of African and Indian American heritage. First person killed during Boston Mas-sacre of American Revolution.

Lowell (Mill) Girls Name for female textile workers in Lowell, which had factories with large fe-male workforce. Active in labor movements.

Preston Brooks Proslavery; Severely beat Charles Sumner, leader of the Radical Republicans. Was made a villain in the North, and incident helped escalate North/South ten-sion.

Andrew Carnegie Became very rich during Gilded Age (1865-1901), earning much of his fortune in steel. Gave much of his money away, and espoused the Gospel of Wealth.

JD Rockefeller Founder of Standard Oil Company. Monopolized petroleum. Richest person in history. Became philanthropist.

JP Morgan Gilded Age. Banker; one of the wealthiest men in the world.

Alexander Graham Invented telephone.

Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution.

Frederick Jackson 20th century historian who wrote The Significance of the Frontier in American History. Success of the US is tied to westward expansion.

Mark Twain American author during Gilded Age; well-connected, and wrote “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” (1835-1910)

Teddy Roosevelt First Progressive President (1901-1909). Republican Party, and later Bull Moose Party. Known as “trustbuster” and described his domestic agenda as “Square Deal”. Slogan: “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

Helen Hunt Jackson Write Ramona, a novel about mistreatment of Native Americans.

Eugene Debs Founded Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Famous socialist. Involved in Pullman Strike.

Mary Jones “Mother Jones.” Co-founded Industrial Workers of the World. Involved in the plight of coal workers.

Ida Tarbell Leading muchraker of the progressive era. Exposed Rockefeller’s tactics in the oil industry. Developed investigative reporting tactics.

Samuel Gompers Founded American Federation of Labor (AF of L). Unlike the IWW, sought to im-prove situations of workers rather than completely change them.

Thomas Edison Invented first practical electric light bulb, plus a bunch of other stuff.

Sears Founded Sears company. Original sold watches. Promotional genius.

Aaron Montgomery Ward

Businessman that invented mail order.

People

JC Penney Founded J.C. Penney stores.

Transcontinental Railroad

First one built 1869 by Central Pacific and Union Pacific. Was vital link for trade, commerce, and travel.

Adam Smith Father of modern economics.

philanthropy Effort to increase well-being of humankind by charity or donations.

Laissez-faire French for “let it be”— capitalist economic principle. Industry should be free of state intervention, allowing monopolies, etc.

Social Darwinism Using ideas in biology to create political change that reduces fertility of certain races or people. (abusing Darwin’s ‘survival of the fittest’ concepts.)

Survival of the Fittest

Originally used in biology to describe how species adapt and reproduce based on the traits most likely to help with their survival. Abused and used out of context by social darwinists.

New York City Industrial city; site of Harlem Renaissance, Tweed Ring, immigration, factories, etc.

Chicago Industrial city in Illinois.

John Smith appointed to manage Jamestown; strict disciplinarian; bargained with native Americans and explored the Chesapeake area; returned to England in 1609 af-ter suffering a gunpowder burn

John Rolfe experimented with growing varieties of tobacco; married Pocahontas in part to divert crisis after capture in 1612

Pocahontas A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powhatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman, paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Powhatan Pocahontas’s father; Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, & the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas & John Rolfe were wed. There was a time of peace between the Indians & English until Powhatan's death.

William Bradford leader of Pilgrims and Governor of Plymouth; kept tight rein on settlement, al-lowing little latitude toward colonists

Squanto Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag; taught the English how to plant and find food, hunt, few who spoke English.

William Penn A Quaker; received rights in 1681 to a tract stretching from Delaware River westward; encouraged settlement of area by writing glowing descriptions and offering religious liberty and aid to immigrants; learned language of Delaware Native Americans; settlers live among tribe peacefully for over fifty years

People

William Berkeley He was a British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. He showed that he had favorites in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 ,which he ruthlessly suppressed. He had poor frontier defense.

John Winthrop John Winthrop emigrated from the Mass. Bay Colony in the 1630's to become the first governor and to led a religious experiment. He once said, "we shall be a city on a hill."

Cotton Mather American Puritan leader. His writings may have caused the Salem Witch Trials.

Pontiac Ottawa Chief that attempted to drive out European settlers by going against British frontiers

George III king of Great Britain during Colonial Resistance.

William Pitt William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the Lon-don government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him.

George Grenville 1st lord of treasury; took for granted the need for soldiers in colonies to defend frontier; argued that Americans were obligated to share costs of own defense because he needed to find new sources of revenue to support troops

Patrick Henry Patrick Henry was a fiery lawyer during revolutionary War times. Supporting a break from Great Britain, he is famous for the words, "give me liberty, or give me death!" which concluded a speech given to the Virginia Assembly in 1775. This quote is a symbol of American patriotism still today. After the American Revolution, Henry served two terms as governor of Virginia and was also in-strumental in the development of the Bill of Rights.

Thomas Jefferson 3rd president of US; envisioned country as an agrarian based society; prompt expansion of IS through Louisiana Purchase and his change in stance concern-ing the interpretation of Constitution from that of strict interpretation to a looser position; retained support of Republicans by supporting limited central government; reduced size of military; eliminated federal jobs; repealed excise tax and lowered national debt. Democratic-Republican.

George Washing-ton

1st president of US; future presidents would follow his advice regarding al-liances, one consequence of his presidency was the 2 term practice. Believed US should be neutral.

Benjamin Franklin civic leader in Philadelphia; serve as voice of reason and caution during de-bates at Continental Congress.

John Adams 2nd president; won presidency by 3 electoral votes; XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedi-tion Acts, impact of Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Abigail Adams wife of John Adam; devoted patriot and prolific letter writer; served as hus-band’s confidante

Samuel Adams convinced that parliament had no right to legislate for colonies; organized Sons of Liberty and orchestrated the Boston Tea Party.

People

Thomas Gage commander in chief of British forces in North America (1764-75) and the last royal governor of Massachusetts (1774-75; Gage was charged with enforcing the Intolerable Acts; When he sent troops to seize military stores at Concord and to apprehend John Hancock and Samuel Adams (April 19, 1775), the fight-ing that broke out marked the start of the Revolutionary War

John Burgoyne served in the 7 year’s war; elected to the British House of Commons in 1761; began a campaign to join British forces from the north, south, and west to iso-late the rebellious New England colonies

Charles Cornwallis British Commander at final confrontation of Revolution; surrendered after bat-tle of Saratoga

Benedict Arnold American commander; made plans to allow British to take West Point.

Nathan Hale captain in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Nathan Hale fa-mously announced "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my coun-try.”

Thomas Paine Quaker background; author of common sense (attacked allegiance to monar-chy and refocused anger of colonists, Americans should look out for their own interests, abandon the king and declare independence)

John Locke British political philosopher; believed governments derived authority from peo-ple; argued that humans are created equal and had certain inalienable rights, including life, health, liberty, and possessions; influenced Jefferson and Decla-ration of Independence.

Alexander Hamil-ton

author of the Federalist Papers; served as aide to Washington during Revolu-tion; 1st Secretary of Treasury; conceived monetary policy of US; proposed to pay off the national debt at face value; have federal government assume war debts of states; wanted to protect new industries through high tariffs, and cre-ate national bank for depositing government funds and printing paper money; organized National Bank; wanted country with a strong central government that actively encouraged Capitalism

James Madison central figure at Constitutional Convention; knew most about historic forms of government; assumed role of major author of constitution. President during War of 1812.

John Jay 1st chief Justice of the Supreme Court; served as Continental Congress Presi-dent, ambassador to England, minister to Spain; served with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin in negotiating Peace of Paris in 1783; supporter of Constitu-tion

Edmund Genet was a French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution; His actions endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain

John Marshall appointed by Adams as Chief Justice; 34 years in Court; saw decisions affirm-ing judicial review; the right to take appeals from state courts; checking power of states in terms of contracts; building power of central government

Robert Livingston A representative (1709-11, 1716-25) in the New York provincial assembly, he was elected (1718) speaker and supported the legislative body in opposition to the royal control of the governor.

People

Meriwether Lewis explorer along with William Clark,

William Clark Explorer along with Meriwether Lewis sent out to explore the recently pur-chased Louisiana Territory. He served as the artist and cartographer. Their ex-ploring lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bol-stered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration

Robert Fulton The man who made steamships successful- transportation revolution.

Sacajawea The Indian woman who accompanied Lewis & Clark; Shoshone Indian; slave wife of the expedition's French-Canadian guide, Touissaint Charbonneau

Aaron Burr vice president who tied with Jefferson in 1800 in Electoral College and lost; at-tempt to orchestrate secession of Louisiana and a spate republic; betrayed and tried for treason; Jefferson refused a subpoena requiring him to appear in court with certain papers

Tecumseh Shawnee leader who tried to form a confederation of tribes to defend their lands as they believed they held their lands in common; died in Battle of Thames in 1813

Francis Scott Key Poet that wrote "The Star Spangled Banner" in 1814 during the War of 1812. Written while watching Americans defend Fort McHenry. The poem has be-come an important part of American identity.

Thoreau author of Walden and “Civil Disobedience”; determined to practice plain living; He was a poet, a mystic, a transcendentalist, a nonconformist, and a close friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson who lived from 1817-1862. Anti-slavery.

Emerson Transcendentalist. believed that there had to be intuitive ways of thinking as a means of discovering one’s inner self and finding the spirit of God in nature; attacked materialism in American society by suggesting that artistic expres-sions were more important than having or seeking wealth

Whitman Influential American poet.

Edgar Allen Poe literary genius, considered fear to be the most powerful emotion, wrote “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “ The Pit and the Pendulum”

Oliver Perry hero of the Battle of Lake Erie; U.S. ships under Perry's command defeated British forces, a turning point in the War of 1812

William Harrison president in 1840; nominated by the whigs; victor at battle of Tippecanoe against Shawnee in 1811, former governor of Indiana Territory, congressmen and senator from Ohio, and Minister to Columbia;

Andrew Jackson did not agree with Bank- thought money were in hands of rich; forced the Cherokee to move west;

John Quincy Adams 6th president of US; envisioned country as an agrarian based society; vision prompted his expansion of IS through Louisiana Purchase; retained support fo Republicans by supporting a limited central government; reduced size of mili-tary, eliminated federal jobs, repealed the excise tax, and lowered national debt

People

Daniel Webster orator and lawyer; senator from Massachusetts; defended federal government and said that a state could neither nullify a federal law nor secede from union

John Calhoun South Carolina’s senator; Jackson’s 1st vice president

Henry Clay Jackson’s chief political opponent; favored national bank and “American Sys-tem”; tried a bank re-chartering bill

Martin Van Buren Jackson’s secretary of state; rivaled Calhoun for position of successor to Presi-dent Jackson; skilled politician; advised Jackson through political crises such as use of federal funds for local projects and nullification; president after Jackson

Nat Turner Black priest; led a revolt in Virginia 1831, killed 60 people(mostly women and children). This scared the Southerners because it was the first really violent ac-tion of the slaves. As a result slave codes were made stricter.

Dorothea Dix began 2 year investigation of jails and poor houses in Massachusetts and pub-lished report; by 1860 20 states made improvement; press charges in prisons and asylums across country

Horace Mann He was an idealistic graduate of Brown University, secretary of the Massachu-setts board of education. He was involved in the reformation of public educa-tion (1825-1850). He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a ref-ormation of the public schools, many of the teachers were untrained for that position.

William Lloyd Gar-rison

Radical abolitionist; believed in immediate emancipation, as opposed to gradu-alism. Also a proponent for other causes, like women’s suffrage.

Frederick Douglas Former slave who spoke of brutality of slavery from firsthand experience and became most well known African American man in America.