Vocabulary Lesson 1: New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C. -

A.D. 1768

Nation-state

• nation-state - The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. "No dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states...existed in North America...."

Matrilinear

• matrilinear - the form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female (mother’s) side. "...many North American native peoples, including the Iroquois. developed matrilinear cultures....“

• (also Matrilineal)

• Matriarchy (female rule)

Confederacy

• confederacy - An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. "The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organizational skills...."

Primeval

• primeval - Concerning the earliest origin of things. "...the whispering, primeval forests...."

Amazonian Indians Worshipping the Sun God Auguste François Biard

Saga

• saga - A lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heros. "...their discovery was forgotten, except in Scandinavian saga song."

Middlemen

• middlemen - In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. "Muslim middlemen exacted a heavy toll en route."

Caravel

• caravel - A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails.

Plantation

• plantation - A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor. "They build up their own systematic traffic in slaves to work the sugar plantations...."

Ecosystem

• ecosystem - A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment. "Two ecosystems...commingled and clashed when Columbus waded ashore."

Demographic

• demographic - Concerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on.

Conquistador

• conquistador - A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. "Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) fanned out across...American continents."

Hernán Cortés defeats Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro defeats Incans

Francisco Hernández de Córdoba begins conquest of Maya

A large contingent put ashore in the brigantine and the ships' boats to fill their water casks in a freshwater pool. They were approached by about fifty finely dressed and unarmed Indians while the water was being loaded into the boats; they questioned the Spaniards as to their purpose by means of signs. The Spanish party then accepted an invitation to enter the city. They were led amongst large buildings until they stood before a blood-soaked altar, where many of the city's inhabitants crowded around. The Indians piled reeds before the visitors; this act was followed by a procession of armed Maya warriors in full war paint, followed by ten Maya priests. The Maya set fire to the reeds and indicated that the Spanish would be killed if they were not gone by the time the reeds burned up. The Spanish party withdrew in defensive formation to the shore and rapidly boarded their boats to retreat to the safety of the ships.

Capitalism

• capitalism - An economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. "...the fuel that fed the growth of the economic system known as capitalism."

Encomienda

• encomienda - The Spanish labor

system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. "...the institution known as encomienda.“

• A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

Mestizo

• mestizo - A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. "He intermarried with the surviving Indians, creating a distinctive culture of mestizo...."

Province

• province - A medium sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. "The proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico...."