9/1/2016

1

Pre-AP World History

What to expect from the first unit of this class…

1

Instructions:

2

What follows is the “daily objectives”.

They are to be dated and copied for each new set of

objectives.

There may or may not be new objectives for each day as

some days can carry over into the another.

Agenda 8/30/16

This Week Today’s Objectives

3

Mon - world map, will be

for a minor grade on

Thursday 9/1/16.

Tues/Wed – Discussion on

pre-history science.

Thurs – Map quiz,

discussion cont.

Fri – (Sub) Course work

will be due next week.

Introduction to World History studies.

Students will be able to define and explain several key terms and concepts introduced here that are used throughout the course.

Students will write the information they need to review and understand these concepts.

9/1/2016

2

Course Themes

4

Social Control Leadership Archetypes

Societal Criminal Standards

Societal Moral Standards (Religion/Ethics)

Modernity Simple to complex socially and

technologically

The state of being modern and humankinds motivations for perusing modernity.

Resource Control Hunting grounds

Arable Land

Fresh water

Open water access

Conflict Protection

Invasion

Revolt

Civil wars

Local conflict

Regional conflicts

Global conflicts

Units of Study

5

Pre History – A brief overview of the world before written records. Because of this, experts in the fields of archeology and anthropology are at the forefront of most major finds.

Ancient River Valley Civilizations:

Ancient Mesopotamia – The examination of the fertile crescent which was formed around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and its inhabitants. Includes: Akkadian, Babylonians, Assyrian, and Neo Babylonian Empires.

Ancient Egypt – The great Nile river; it’s dynasties, leaders, and inventions.

Ancient India – India's massive rivers, its lost civilizations and the coming of the Aryans who brought their social and religious structure. Much of which is still followed today.

Ancient China – China’s network of rivers, their culture including social/government service to China, and long periods of isolation.

Physical Geography of Earth

Stuff about the spatial distribution of land forms and how humans adapted to it.

6

9/1/2016

3

World History and World Geography

Relationship

7

The subjects are similar in some respects.

The study of physical and cultural geographies set the stage for the in-depth study of human interactions that characterizes a world history survey course that you would be exposed to in college.

It is important to keep some geographic ideas in mind while in this course:

Many natural geographic barriers blocked early human movement and interactions.

People of diverse cultures we not predisposed to get along due to their many cultural traditions and differences.

Culture – Religion, writing, language, art, music etc. which was unique among most early culture groups.

What is a resource?

8

Resource - Is a source or supply from which benefit is produced.

List of early global resources important to humankind:

Timber (Building material and fuel)

Fresh Water (nutrition, agriculture, transportation)

Arable Land (crops and controlled territory)

Grains (rice, wheat, sorghum, millet, barley = early serial crops)

Fibrous plants (cotton)

Activated crops (sugarcane)

Food

Clothing

Innovation

Civilization

From the time we begin to study humankind they will be in competition for these resources and this competition vigorously continues today.

The World

9

Physical and geographic features of your planet.

There will be a quiz over this tomorrow.

The copy of this is located on my website.

Find it and study it.

9/1/2016

4

10

Earth Physical Elevation Map

11

Global Arable Land

12

Where is the

majority of

cultivated

arable land?

Answer, the

Northern

Hemisphere.

9/1/2016

5

Earths Major Bodies of Water

13

Label the Earths Major Mountain Ranges

14

Ancient and Classical Regions…

15

Iberian Peninsula

Mediterranean

Sea

Fertile Crescent

Latium

Red Sea

Arabian Peninsula

Anatolia

Black Sea

Greece

9/1/2016

6

AP World History – Chapter One

Materials

These are notes about chapter one and stuff, you need them for quizzes and test…

16

Time CodesBC/AD vs. BCE/CE

Antiquated Terms B.C. = Before Christ

A.D. = “Anno Domini” or “Year of Our Lord” which refers to the approximate date in reference to the birth of Jesus Christ. (Who do you think devised these terms?)

Modern Terms B.C.E. = Before Common Era

C.E. = Common Era

Both sets of time codes are identical in terms of historical dates (ex 2010 is both 2010 AD and 2010 CE) but the later sets of dates codes attempts to avoid religious references and other religious dogma. Circa = “about” where referring to a topic when the exact date cannot

be determined due to incomplete, missing, or a total lack of records.

Question – When then deciphers this historical facts and evidence?

17

Pre-History

18

Prehistory – The period before writing was developed. (Q) How is prehistory studied? Archeologists – Examine the material artifacts left behind by prior

peoples.

Anthropologists – Examine the fossil record of humanoid and animal species to determine variations.

Historians – Using physical evidence provided by the scientists above as well as combining cultural artifacts this group attempts to provide answers on the past actions and motivations of cultures.

9/1/2016

7

19

The raiders attacked just before dawn again today. Five were killed and four more injured.

We cannot sustain those kinds of losses each day while we continue to hold out. The scouts

warned us of the attack and the herdsman were able to bring the animals and some crops

behind the walls. We he have provisions for over sixty days. The well in town is old and has

dried to mud in the past. If it does not stay full, the food will not matter. We will organize a

group to sneak away this night and ride to our allies in the south. We must break the will of

the interlopers before they pillage and burn the town…

Clues

What are some items or clues that anthropologists look for?

Fossils – human or animal remains. Their distribution over the area

they were discovered is key.

Pottery – ancient containers. Shape, size, technology used, decoration

all gives and insight into the society that created them.

Tools – natural items like stone or wood that have been modified by

ancient people into tools for a more efficient existence.

Weapons – similar to tools in that it makes the stalking and

harvesting of wild animals for efficient.

Plant seeds – Gives a view of the environment in prior eras in terms

of food output and population sustainability.

Shelter –What people used to live in and how the shelter was

constructed.

Closer Examination

Carbon-14 (c-14) dating is a way of determining the age

of certain archeological artifacts of a biological origin up

to about 50,000 years old. It is used in dating things such

as bone, cloth, wood and plant fibers that were created in

the relatively recent past by human activities.

Thermoluminescence (TL) allows for a very accurate date

to about 200,000 years to date.

This mainly works with items, like pottery, that have been

“fired” or heated to be cured and their TL signature has been

“reset”.

9/1/2016

8

C13 Made Simple!

22

Thermolumonescence made simple! Sorta…

23

24

9/1/2016

9

Agenda 9/2/14

SWBAT explain the

different stages of human

cultural development and

early technological and

social advancement.

Students will formulate

their own lists of concrete

and complex behaviors in

small groups.

Students will write the

information they need to

have the basic information

for these discussions.

25

Unit 1.2

Bering land bridge and human migration.

Modernity

Behavioral types

Three age system

Stages of human development

Progression of Humankind

Stuff about the progression of human kind and stuff…

26

Ice Age – Circa 18,000 Years Ago

27

Massive amounts of

water a locked in the

glaciers expose

shallow sea floor.

Which allows for the

migration of people

from Asia.

9/1/2016

10

Modernity

28

“The state of being modern”

We will see people, states, and movements attempt to

attain modernity throughout history.

There are many different types of modernity:

technological, military, social, educational, infrastructural,

etc…

And so, lets look at some periods of modernity…

Three Age System

29

Stone Age

Lower Paleolithic - Homo, Homo erectus

Middle Paleolithic - Early Homo sapiens

Upper Paleolithic - Behavioral modernity

Neolithic – Early civilization

Bronze Age – India · Europe · China · Korea

A period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons.

Iron Age – India · Europe · China · Japan · Korea · Nigeria

A period marked by the prevalent use of iron.

Behavioral modernity is a term used in anthropology, archeology and sociology to refer to a set of traits that distinguish present day humans and their recent ancestors from both other living primates and other extinct hominid lineages. It is the point at which Homo sapiens began to demonstrate a reliance on symbolic thought and to express cultural creativity through abstract thought and language.

Abstract Thought – Able to

ask the question “why” as a look back into their

experience and to predict.

(Ex - A good chess player can

use that strategy to be an effective general.)

Concrete Thought - (Ex - Only concerned with the “here and now”, no looking forward

or backward.)

Symbolic Thought - Involves the ability to identify and create representations of things. This

might be in terms of sounds (spoken language), signs (sign language), or art.

Stone Age Eras

30

Stone Age

Paleolithic – “Means old stone age”. Hunter – Gathering societies. (200k to 10,000 BCE), Stage I

Mesolithic – “Middle Stone Age”. Small flint tools, fishing tackle, canoes, and bows. (10, 000 to 5,000 BCE), Stage I

Neolithic – “New Stone Age”. Development of villages, agriculture, animal domestication, and advanced tools. (5,000 to 2,500 BCE), Stage II

Subsistence/simple/Low yield Farming – Begins with Sumerians in 9500 BC/BCE.

Chalcolithic – “Copper Age” - a transitional period where early copper metallurgy appeared alongside the widespread use of stone tools. Stage II

Written Records – Cuneiform appears and written records are kept.

Metallurgy – Transition to metal tools and weapons.

9/1/2016

11

31

So what did humankind look like through the ages, lets

look at some of the proposals….

Before we look lets face facts, some of these “people” are

among us right now, so we should…

Stages of Development

Brain Size Comparison

33

9/1/2016

12

An Example of Modern Day Caveman

Behavior…

34

Millions of Years Ago

35

The Three Ages of Archeology Expanded

Stage 1 – Stone Age

2.6 million years to 3,300 BCE. Not only refers to tools

but social organization, food sources exploited,

settlement, pottery, as well as religion.

Stage 2 – Bronze Age

3,300 to 1,200 BC/BCE. Separated into three sub-

categories: (Early B.A., Middle B.A., and Late B.A.) The

age of “alloys”. The ability to combine separate metals

into an amalgamation called an alloy. (Copper and tin

yield Bronze)

Stage 3 – Iron Age

1,200 BC/BCE to 500 AD/CE. Humans discover the

qualities of iron and its alloys. (Iron combined with

carbon yields steel)

36

9/1/2016

13

Life in a stone age (Upper Paleolithic)

European village, 40,000 years ago

37

Stages of Development

Development of Hominids Cont…

Homo Erectus

Larger brain capacity (1000 cc)

improved tool use

control of fire

Homo Sapiens, “wise man” Homo Sapiens

Sapiens, “very wise man” (most of us)

Largest brain, esp. frontal regions

most sophisticated tools

social organization

39

9/1/2016

14

Early Stages of Development

Australopithecines – also

know as “southern apes”

flourished in what is now

eastern and southern Africa.

They were the first hominids

which were creatures, human

or otherwise, that walked

upright about 3.5 million

years ago.

Very animalistic in nature and

behavior.

As you can see from the picture,

this group did use simple tools.

Kenyanthropus platyops

3.2-2.5 mya

Early Stages of Development Cont…

Homo Erectus – This species

emerged around 1.5 million

years ago.

They made use of larger and

more varied tools.

This was first group to leave

Africa and migrate into other

regions of the world like Asia.

Understood the benefits of

fire. Heat, light, protection,

and food preservation.

Early Stages of Development Cont…

Homo sapiens –This group is comprised of two main types: Cro-Magnon and Neanderthals both of which developed from homo sapiens.

Behavioral modernity is a term used in anthropology, archeology and sociology to refer to a set of traits that distinguish present day humans and their recent ancestors from both living primates and other extinct hominid lineages. Modernity – (1) usages,

"modernity" denoted the renunciation of the recent past, favoring a new beginning, and a re-interpretation of historical origin. (2) The state of being modern.

9/1/2016

15

Migrations of Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens

43

44

Hominid – Bipedal ape-like creatures

capable of using simple tools.

Homo Sapiens – Bipedal, grasping hands which could use tools, and of most

importance a larger brain that could better reason, process, and store information.

Neanderthal – Appearing about 100,000 years ago in Europe and Asia. Fished as well as

hunter-gatherers. Buried their dead with great care.

Cro-Magnon – On the scene about 40,000years ago this group wore jewelry, made paintings and drawing on their walls

and had elaborate religious rights.

Stone Age Eras

45

Stone Age

Paleolithic – “Means old stone age”. Hunter – Gathering societies. (200k to 10,000 BCE), Stage I

Mesolithic – “Middle Stone Age”. Small flint tools, fishing tackle, canoes, and bows. (10, 000 to 5,000 BCE), Stage I

Neolithic – “New Stone Age”. Development of villages, agriculture, animal domestication, and advanced tools. (5,000 to 2,500 BCE), Stage II

Subsistence/simple/Low yield Farming – Begins with Sumerians in 9500 BC/BCE.

Chalcolithic – “Copper Age”. - a transitional period where early copper metallurgy appeared alongside the widespread use of stone tools. Stage II

Written Records – Cuneiform appears and written records are kept.

Metallurgy – Transition to metal tools and weapons.

9/1/2016

16

G.O. of Societal Evolution

46

Stage I – Hunter-gatherer (foraging)

societies which were totally at the

whim of nature and the resources

it provided which kept population

growth stagnate and innovation

limited to resource gathering.

Stage II – Pastoral societies which

domesticated some mammals

and farmed at the subsistence

level which provided far more

stability and population growth

and modest innovation.

Stage III – Complex societies with large scale farming and herding as well as multiple occupations and classes which built sustainable

communities that relied on their renewable plant and animal

resources as well as conquest.

Hunting/Gathering Societies – Stage I Group size – small

Nomadic – Traveled from point to point as the climate and availably of plants and animals dictated.

Survivability – Because these group relied on nature for survival they were at the mercy of disease, climate/weather changes, famine, an natural disasters.

Growth Potential – Limited because it was based on the capacity of their surroundings. (Ex the amount of foragable food both plant and animal limited the societies population capacity. (Malthus)

Housing – Because they were nomadic they built light mobile structures or used natural features such as caves.

They built nothing long term. Paleolithic and Mesolithic tribal socieities.

47

Brief Departure From Pre-History

Malthusian Population Demographics

48

9/1/2016

17

Population Capacity

Malthusian Population Demographics:

In his book An Essay on the Principles of Population

Thomas Malthus argued the population was growing

faster the rate of food production.

He argued that people were growing geometrically and

food was growing at a arithmetical rate.

Thus the following relationship would develop between

food and people in the future and is applicable to the

ancient groups we are studying now as to why some

societies grow in terms of population and why some did

not. Most notably stage I.

49

Population Demographics According to

Malthus…

50

Today: 1 Person 1

25 YFN 2 Persons 2

50 YFN 4 Persons 3

75 YFN 8 Persons 4

100 YFN 16 Persons 5

Neo - Malthusians

Added two points to Malthus. Things they feel he could not have anticipated: MDCs (more developed countries) have exported their medical

technology and food surplus to LDCs (less developed countries) thereby increasing the CBR (crude birth rate) and decreasing the CDR (crude death rate) allowing for population growth they would not be capable of on their own.

Second, world populations are stripping the earth of resources which cannot be quickly replaced which at its extreme would send billions of people on a desperate search for energy and food.

This would thereby increase wars and civil violence over food and energy creating a dark future scenario.

FYI – Neo means new or a new version of an antiquated form.

51

9/1/2016

18

Back to the Past…

Stuff about the past and stuff…

52

Pastoral Societies – Stage II

In order to increase the rate of growth and primarily the

survivability rate ancient simple societies gravitated towards

the capture and production of animals and plants.

These societies were often in mountainous with insufficient

forms of rainfall to supports other forms of settlement.

Small scale agriculture was used to supplement the food needs

of the society which were mainly milk and eggs which were

much easier to produce that meat.

Because there was a stable supply of food year round

populations began to see a slow-steady increase in numbers.

53

Pastoral Society

Women still have few if any rights or major

responsibilities.

The authority in the society was based on the size of a

persons flock or heard.

As in foraging societies people still had few possessions.

Even though they were no longer foraging, they still were

mobile as they were now forced to follow/lead the

animals to new ranges for grazing.

As they began to domesticate more and more animals

they began to experiment with the cultivation and

selection of plants which leads to…

54

9/1/2016

19

Neolithic Revolution

Stuff about the Neolithic revolution and stuff…

55

56

Neolithic Revolution – What is it?

The Neolithic Revolution is the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement.

Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in six separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in India and the Middle East Circa 8,000 BC/BCE.

This age represents stage III societies.

This villages, permanent settlements, would eventually lead to the worlds first civilizations.

During this revolution it is estimated that a warming climate lead to longer growing seasons.

57

9/1/2016

20

Neolithic Advantage

58

Neolithic

Revolution

The more

food you can

grow

means…

The people

you can grow

and sustain,

which

means…

A reserve and

abundance food

will fuel the rising

intellectual

percentage of

your population…

Which will then

innovate and

make your society

more productive,

efficient, and give

themselves a

technological

advantage….

Which means you

can take more

land from less

well fed, healthy,

and

technologically

inferior

cultures…

Neolithic Advantage Cont…

59

With settlements come the discovery and sharing of personal talents and developments in:

Art

Religion

Specialization of Labor

Irrigation systems developed

Leadership styles: God-King, king, etc…

Negatives, which don’t come close to canceling the positive effects:

Close living conditions means disease spreads rapidly, settlements create a prime target for raiders, and natural disasters now could wipe out whole settlements and population.

Neolithic Particulars

8,000 BCE/BC to 3,000 BCE/BC

Transitioned from nomadic and pastoral communities into

town and city life.

A.K.A. the “Agricultural Revolution”.

This is not civilization on a grand scale yet, these are still

small as well as independent communities.

60

9/1/2016

21

Neolithic – How Did It Work

People figured out how to cultivate plants as long as

there was good soil and stable source of water.

This allowed for a stable food source and the ability to

stay in a place for a longer period of time.

Staying close to each other helped them build a strong

sense of community and cultural traditions.

It also is the beginning of being holding strong ties to a

piece of land.

61

Neolithic Sites

2

62

1 3

4

1- Tigris/Euphrates

2 – Nile

3 – Indus

4 – Huang He

Locations of Neolithic Revolutions

The earliest agricultural sites in the world have been

found in the Near East:

1. Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent – (3500 to 1600 BCE)

Settlement begins circa 4500 BCE.

Sumerians arrive about 3500 and begin irrigation.

Sumerian city states established about 3000 BCE.

Polytheistic, ziggurat operates as temples.

Advancements: Wooden wheel, plow, bronze alloy, and cuneiform.

Hammurabi 1792-1750 BCE established written uniform code of laws.

Hammurabi’s code.

Babylonian Empire ends circa 1500 BCE and other civilizations; Assyrians,

Phoenicians, and Hebrews.

63

9/1/2016

22

Locations of Neolithic Revolutions Cont…

64

2. Egypt – (3000 to 2000 BCE)

Settlement begins circa 5000 BCE

Irrigation and the predictable annual flooding lead to these periods to be known as the “Gift of the Nile”.

Pharaohs ruled as god-kings in a well structured theocracy.

Society was polytheistic, multiple gods.

Pyramids were built as tombs for the Pharaohs to continue their life after death.

Mummification of the royalty was common.

“Class” based society; Royalty, merchants and craftsman, peasants and farmers, and finally later slave labor.

Hieroglyphs and papyrus.

Achievements: written numbers, geometry, stone columns, calendar for annual flooding cycle, and advanced medicine.

Locations of Neolithic Revolutions Cont…

65

3. Indus River Valley – (2500 to 1700 BCE)

First major cities include Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa that were

developed on a grid system and sophisticated irrigation and sewage

systems.

These cities decline circa 1750 BCE possibly due a change in the course

of the Indus river system or invasion.

Indo-European tribes known as the Aryans settle in the valley circa 1500

BCE.

Aryans bring the Vedas, Upanishads, the caste system, and the idea of

reincarnation.

Locations of Neolithic Revolutions Cont…

66

4. Chinese River Valley Civilizations – (3950 to 1000 BCE)

Huang He (Yellow River)

Shang Dynasty; 2000 BCE introduces division of classes, importance of

family.

Chinese written, symbol based system, introduced.

Advancements: Silk and bronze alloy.

9/1/2016

23

Important Consequences of a Food Surplus

Pastoral Societies – There was enough food for the village, not much to space. Neolithic Revolution (NR) one person could produce enough food 10 people allowing the other to feed people to: Dig irrigation ditches

Build structures

Fences

Tools

Jewelry

Religious leaders (contemplate the great unknown)

So, the end consequence was the improvement of the infrastructure, trade skills, and spiritual health of the people.

New positions like war chief (organizer of the common defense, village elder (dude that knows it all), blacksmith (dude that builds stuff) emerge from the ample amount of food.

Trade networks spring up to supply the needs of these developing cities; items such as tin, iron, copper, lumber, etc. are brought to these cities for sale or trade.

67

Environmental Impact of the NR

People began to modify their surroundings to meet their

needs.

Diverting water

Clearing land to plant crops

Creating farmland when none existed (terrace farming)

Stones unearthed to be cut into forms to be used in structures

such as buildings and monuments

Animals were used not only for food and clothing, but also

began to be used as sources of labor. (EX – pulling plows and

transporting heavy item for trade or construction.

68

NR Technologies

Hard stone – cut, shaped, and sharpened into farming

tools and weapons.

Pottery – invented to help with cooking and storage.

Weaving – baskets, nets, and more efficient and

comfortable clothing.

Wheels

Sails for boats

69

9/1/2016

24

Metallurgy

The ability to use and form metal may have been the

most significant technology to emerge in the NR.

Tools and weapons were significantly improved, efficiency

and work increased, artisans became more important

than ever.

When people figured out how to combine copper with

tin to make a harder metal (Bronze) civilization was on its

way.

This development was so significant that historians call

the later part of the NR the “Bronze Age”.

70

Graphic Organizer – Age System

71

Stone Age2.9 mya to 3,000 BCE

Bronze Age3,300 BCE to 300 BCE

Iron Age1,200 BCE to 500 CE

Paleolithic Age (200k – 10k)

Emergence of Homo Sapiens

Technology – Stone and fire

75k – Neanderthals in Europe and

Asia

40k – Cro-Magnons replace

Neanderthals

Early Bronze Age (3,600 BCE)

Lead and tin can be melted on an

open camp fire.

They are to soft to be used for

most applications.

Anatolia (1,200 BCE)

Iron first used in small trinkets

later to form more complex

pieces.

The combination of

Mesolithic Age (10k – 5k)

Technologies – Fishing, bow and

arrow, dug-out canoe

Middle Bronze Age (5,500 BCE)

Copper is first smelted in what is

now modern day Serbia, most likely

in a kiln.

China (600 BCE)

Korea & Nigeria (400 BCE)

Neolithic Age (5k – 3k)

Technologies – Wide scale farming,

domestication of plants and

animals, building types (granaries,

houses, etc…) and pottery

Late Bronze Age (4,200 BCE)

Bronze is discovered allowing for an “alloy” which was much stronger than

anything discovered to this date. This level of technology had a significant

advantage over less metal ages.

Japan (100 BCE)

Questions to consider:

What are the characteristic plants and animals exploited

by the early regional civilizations [the Near East, South

Asia, the Far East, sub-Sahara Africa, North and South

America]?

How did Old World agriculturists remedy the

inadequacies of a diet based on barley, wheat, or millet?

Why is Old World agriculture, unlike New World [ancient

American] agriculture, always associated with

domesticated animals?

72

9/1/2016

25

Sedentary/Stationary Agriculture What are some of the problems that peoples adapting to a

sedentary agricultural life have to overcome? For example,

1. Why do agriculturists tend to have larger families than hunter-gatherers?

2. Why are agricultural villages more vulnerable--and inviting--to attack than villages of hunter-gatherers?

3. How did early agriculturists deal with the problem of security?

4. How did they protect the fruits of their labor?5. Why were early agriculturists particularly vulnerable to

disease?6. Why were some of the earliest agricultural sites eventually

abandoned by their inhabitants?7. To what extent have these problems been solved?

73

74

Rubenstein's Development of Countries…

MDCs – More developed countries. This includes places like North America, Europe, and Japan. (First

World Nations)

LDCs – Less developed countries. This includes area places like sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East,

East Asia, South America, and Latin America. (Second, Third, Fourth World Nations)

Material wealth is higher in MDCs that LDCs because people engage in different means of wealth acquisition than poorer countries. MDCs use methods such as manufacturing or service industry

jobs.

LDCs use methods such as farming, animal handling, and gathering.

75

MDCs and LDCs

9/1/2016

26

76

Political Institutions…

Geographers are also interested in political institutions.

The political models are designed to protect material artifacts as

well as cultural values.

As a function of these political models, the earth is divided up

into various countries and states and is controlled by various

governments put in place through various representative and

unrepresentative means.

A major element of a group’s cultural identity is its citizenship,

inhabitants, taxes, votes, and participation in administration of

space and resources.

77

Distribution… Distribution – The arrangement of a feature in a space is known as

distribution. There are three properties to distribution: Density – The frequency with which something occurs in space is its density.

There are three sub-sections to density.

Arithmetic Density –The total number of objects in an area. This is commonly used to compare populations in countries.

Physiological Density –The number of people per unit of land suitable for growing food.

Agricultural Density –The number of farmers per unit of farmland.

Concentration – The extent of a feature’s spread over land is its concentration.

If objects are close together they are said to be “clustered”.

If they are relatively far apart they are said to be “dispersed”.

Pattern – The geometric arrangement of objects in space.

Objects are frequently arranged in a square or rectangle pattern such as cities. This in part is due to the Land Ordinance of 1785 and its grid system.

78

Connections Between Places…

Geographers think about the connections between places and regions.

The term “space-time compression” is used to explain the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place.

Because of technological innovation like the cell phone and internet, distant places now seem accessible to us.

Space-time compression promotes rapid change as the culture and economy of other places reach out to foreign areas more quickly every day.

9/1/2016

27

79

Spatial Interaction…

In the past, most form of interaction required the physical

movement of people such settlers, explorers, armies, etc.

As recently as 1800 AD people traveled at the same speed

around the world.

Sail, walk, ride animal were all limitations placed on spatial interaction

and diffusion.

Today travel by car, train, plane, and even the discontinued

Concord have increased the physical speed by which we travel.

80

Spatial Interaction Cont…

Interaction takes place through a series of “networks”. These are chains of communications that connect places.

Phone, fax, cell phone, internet, teleconferencing, etc.

Transportation also form networks that connect places to each other.

Airlines in the United States and for example have adopted networks known as “hub-and-spoke” systems.

Interaction among groups can be retarded by physical barriers such as oceans or deserts as well as culture such as language and traditions.

Contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears. This is known as “distance decay”.

The End

81