ap world history chapter 28 the new power balance 1850-1900
TRANSCRIPT
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AP World History
Chapter 28
The New Power Balance
1850-1900
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The New Power Balance
Producing lots of steel at low cost.
New chemicals & synthetic dyes.
Alfred Nobel – dynamite for engineering & explosives
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The New Power Balance
Industrial chemistry -science and technology interacted daily.
German chemical & explosives industries most advanced by 1900.
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The New Power Balance
1870s - efficient generators for industry.
Alleviated pollution.
Huge demand for copper.
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The New Power Balance
Advances in shipbuilding
Developed shipping lines
Submarine telegraph lines
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The New Power Balance
Railroads expanded between 1850-1900 for industry, business and government. Used wood but opened new areas for agriculture, mining, etc.
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The New Power Balance
Between 1850-1913 world trade expanded tenfold as freight expense dropped.
Interdependence made them vulnerable to swings in business cycles.
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The New Power Balance
Between 1850-1914 – rapid population growth.
European ancestry now at 1/3 of world population.
Why?
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The New Power Balance
Drop in death rate
Improved crop yields
Farming newly opened lands in North America
Canning & refrigeration
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The New Power Balance
After 1850, cities grew @ tremendous rate . Technology changed quality of life. Cities were divided into zones.
Air quality worsened.
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The New Power Balance
Labor unions developed from the workers’ “friendly societies” & sought better wages, improved working conditions & insurance for workers.
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The New Power Balance
Socialism – questioned the sanctity of private ownership.
Karl Marx – International Working Man’s Association
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The New Power Balance
Victorian Age (r. 1837-1901)
Separate spheres
Education
Legal discrimination
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The New Power Balance
Language crucial for national unity.
Until 1860 – Nationalism = liberalism. National identity built on education, colonial conquests, & military.
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The New Power Balance
Prussia took the lead due to its industrial base & military.
Otto von Bismarck – Franco Prussian War victory led to German unity.
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The New Power Balance
Used press and education to build nationalism.“Natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” justified conquests of foreign & domesticate society.
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The New Power Balance
International relations revolved around a united Germany – loose alliances with Austria-Hungary and Russia. Bismarck fired.
Wilhelm II - wanted colonies.
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The New Power Balance
France – 2nd to Germany nationalism was hidden.
Britain – ignored Germany, busy with the Irish, Crimean War, Indian rebellion & Opium War in China
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The New Power Balance
Nationalism weakened A-H & Russia.
Ethnic diversity added to instability of Russia
1861 –Tsar Alexander II freed peasants from serfdom
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The New Power Balance
State industrialization
Middle class remained weak
Temporary constitution and the Duma ineffective as Nicholas II reverts to despotism of the past.
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The New Power Balance
U.S. emerges as world’s leading industrial power.
Growth came at expense of Amerindian, African-Americans, working women, & the environment.
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The New Power Balance
China denied western technologies –slowed intrusion. Japan adopted western technologies and progressed.
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The New Power Balance
Japanese gov’t encouraged industrialization. Developed a constitutional monarchy & expanded sphere’s of influence to include Korea, Manchuria, & parts of China.
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The New Power Balance
Japan defeated China in 1894
Japan defeated Russia in 1905
Japan annexed Korea in 1910.
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Conclusion
1850 -1914 “Golden Age” for Europe & North America. Made improvements in health, sanitation, advances in technology, & reforms that made life better for all.
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Conclusion
The framework for all these changes was the nation-state. Only a few countries exercised economic, political, & cultural dominance in the world.
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Conclusion
The success of the great powers rested on their ability to extract resources from nature & from other societies including Asia, Africa and Latin America.