AP World HistoryChapter 33

Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence

• The Colonial Divisions of Africa and the Emergence of New Nations

• The Partition of South Asia:The Formation of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka

The Population Bomb• Population control difficult– cultural factors– high mortality rates

Parasitic Cities and Endangered Ecosystems

• Towns – Slums become permanent– towns parasitic

Women's Subordination and the Nature of Feminist Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

• Indira Gandhi– Indian politician who served as Prime Minister of India.

The World's second longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2012. She was the first woman to become prime minister in India.

• Corazon Aquino– The 11th President of the the Philippines and the first

women to hold that. She led the 1986 People Power Revolution, which toppled Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines. She was named "Woman of the Year" in 1986 by Time

• Benazir Bhutto– 11 Prime Minister of Pakistan and founder of the Pakistan

People’s Party.

Charismatic Populists and

One-Party Rule

Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana• Soviet support• Cocoa, cash crop• Deposed, 1966

Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions

Muslim Brotherhood• Hasan al-BannaFree Officers, 1930s• Nationalistic• Gamal Abdul Nasser

– Allied with Muslim BrotherhoodNasser• Land redistribution• Free education• Food staples regulated• Forced British from Canal zone• Israel

– Six-Day War, 1967Anwar Sadat• Negotiations with IsraelHosni Mubarak

The Indian Alternative: Development for Some of the People

Indian National Congress• Social reform• Economic development• Democracy• Civil rights

Jawaharlal Nehru• 1st Indian Prime Minister• Green Revolution

– Agrarian Reform• Private investment

Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West

Pahlavi shahs• Modernization• Alienates religious leaders• Overthrown by Khomeini, 1978

Ayatollah Khomeini• Similar to Mahdi• The Mahdi is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for seven, nine or

nineteen years before the Day of Judgment, the Day of Resurrection) and will rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice and tyranny.

Radical reform• Sharia law• Opposition suppressed• Women more restricted

War with Iraq• 1988, peace

South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise

Nationalist Party• Afrikaner• 1948 elections• Afrikaner rule

Independence, 1960

Apartheid• complete separation• African National Congress

outlawed• Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela,

Steve Biko

Opposition, 1960s

Economic, political pressure, 1980s

Mandela freed, 1990

Elections, 1994• Mandela president

Comparisons of Emerging Nations Patterns

• Some reflect traditions• Depends on continuity of native culture