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American Psychological

AssociationLearn the Basics of APA Style Referencing

7/18/2013

Rebecca Merner, VHS


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Page 1

American Psychological Association

ContentsOverview ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Basics ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Title Page ............................................................................................................................................... 3

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 3

Thesis Statement................................................................................................................................... 3

Headings ................................................................................................................................................ 3

Paraphrasing ......................................................................................................................................... 3

Quotations ............................................................................................................................................ 3

Signal Phrases ....................................................................................................................................... 4

In-Text Citations .................................................................................................................................... 4

References ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Final Touches ........................................................................................................................................ 4

Style Elements ............................................................................................................................................... 4

Title Page ................................................................................................................................................... 4

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 5

Thesis Statement ...................................................................................................................................... 6

Headings.................................................................................................................................................... 7

Paraphrasing ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Quotations ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Short Quotations ................................................................................................................................... 9

Long Quotations .................................................................................................................................. 10

Ellipses ................................................................................................................................................. 11

Brackets ............................................................................................................................................... 11Punctuation before Quotations .......................................................................................................... 11

Signal Phrases ......................................................................................................................................... 12

In-Text Citations ...................................................................................................................................... 14

References .............................................................................................................................................. 18

References: Authors ............................................................................................................................ 19


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References: Book ................................................................................................................................ 19

References: Electronic ........................................................................................................................ 20

References: Periodical......................................................................................................................... 20

Final Touches .......................................................................................................................................... 20

Visuals ..................................................................................................................................................... 21

Sample Essay ........................................................................................................................................... 21

Checklist .................................................................................................................................................. 21

References .............................................................................................................................................. 22


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Overview

Basics

When you are doing an assignment that requires outside sources, you must use citations to

acknowledge the sources you are using. By using references, you are giving the authors credit for

using their work in your assignment. If you dont use citations for outside sources, you arecommitting plagiarism, and you could face serious academic consequences. Readers may also

consult these sources if they want to read the material further. Use this guide to learn the basics of

APA style referencing.

The American Psychological Association style is commonly used in social science disciplines.

Your APA assignment will include the following components:

Title Page

The title page is on the front of the assignment and consists of only a few lines of text. It should

always include the title and subtitle of your assignment, a header, page number, your name, your

class, your professor`s name, and the date.

Abstract

An abstract is a short summarization of the paper. It is placed on a separate page following the title

page.

Thesis Statement

A thesis statement in shorter assignments is a single sentence containing the main idea or argument

of your assignment. It is usually located in the beginning of your assignment (most often as the final

sentence in the introductory paragraph). This sentence gives the reader a clear idea about what you

will be discussing further.

Headings

Headings may be used to logically organize your paper and to help the reader identify the purpose

of each section.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing uses information from an outside source, but the passage is reworked into your own

words and style then smoothly integrated into your paper. Any writing that is paraphrased must be

properly cited using in-text citations matched by an entry in the list of references.

Quotations

Quotations are used when you have information from a source that you directly copy into your

assignment because it cannot be paraphrased or summarized. Quotations must be properly

formatted and cited using in-text citations matched by an entry in the list of references.


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Signal Phrases

Signal phrases introduce an author before text from an outside source that you used in your paper.

There are different ways to cite this source depending on whether you use a signal phrase.

In-Text Citations

In-text citations accompany text that you paraphrased or quoted from an outside source in yourassignment. The authors name, date published, and page numbers must be included. The in-text

citations match the full publication information of that source in the list of references.

References

The list of references is a separate page at the end of the assignment that includes the full

publication information for all the sources within your paper. All sources on this page must match

the in-text citations throughout your paper.

Final Touches

Stylistic characteristics that are specific to APA must be included in your final product, including

double-spacing the text and using a header on each page.

Just as a note: common knowledge does not have to be cited. However, if you are ever in doubt,

dont be afraid to cite! The instructions for all the above steps to cite are included in this resource.

Keep these points in mind when doing your citations, and you will successfully cite in APA!

This guide was created using The Bedford Handbook, 7thed.by Diana Hacker. This resource is

extremely helpful in carefully explaining important components of the American Psychological

Association style and is likely available at your local bookstore. It contains other style guides with

relevant examples and essays that demonstrate the various style requirements. Many of the

examples throughout this resource are from this text:

Hacker, D. (2006). The Bedford handbook, 7thed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.

Style Elements

Title Page

The title page is on the front of the assignment and consists of only a few lines of text. Although

there arent any specific guidelines for APA title pages, a few key pieces of information should be

included. The title page should always include the title and subtitle of your assignment, a headerand page number, your name, your class, your professors name, and the date. Each piece of

information should be on a separate line, evenly spaced and justified to the centre of the page.

Normally the title is set apart from the rest of the information which is spaced well below the title.

The title page should be placed in the centre of the page.


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Before creating your title page, ask your instructor if he or she has a preference for the layout of the

title page. If your instructor doesnt, be sure to include this information. Refer to the sample essay

for an example of a title page.

Abstract

The intention of the abstract is to give the reader an overview of the paper before he or she beginsreading. The abstract includes the most important points of the paper but does not include statistics

or specifics. It should touch on the main idea, points of the paper and the implications of the

information in the field. It comes immediately after the title page and before your paper.

The text is usually between 100 and 120 words. Although this seems very short, the point of the

abstract is to be as concise and clear as possible. All the words you choose to include in the abstract

should be absolutely necessary to give the reader a summarized version of your paper.

The abstract page is simply organized. The word Abstract is centered as the title at the top of the

page under the header that appears on every page. The font of the title or text should not be

changed in any way. Do not bold, italicize, or change the colour or the font of any of the text.

Because the title is set apart from the rest of the text and centered, it is obvious that it is the title.

The text is double spaced underneath. It usually takes up a half page. The first line is not indented,

and all the information should appear in one paragraph. Do not include any other information on

this pageit is dedicated to the abstract. After this page, your paper will begin as page number 3.

Refer to the sample paper for an example of an abstract in a finished product of an APA paper.

Below is an example of an abstract from Troyka (2002, p. 513):

Saving the Amazon 2

Abstract

The impact of globalization on fragile ecosystems is a complex problem. In the Amazon River basin,

globalization has led to massive deforestation as multinational corporations exploit the rainforests

natural resources. In particular, large-scale industrial agriculture has caused significant damage to

the local environment. In an effort to resist the loss of this ecosystem, indigenous peoples in the

Amazon basin are reaching out to each other, to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and to

other interest groups to combat industrial agriculture and promote sustainable regional


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agriculture. Although these efforts have had mixed success, it is hoped that the native peoples of

this region can continue to live on their homelands without feeling intense pressure to acquiesce to

industrialisation or to relocate.

Thesis Statement

A thesis or main idea is usually required when writing a research paper. A thesis is usually one or

two sentences summarizing your argument or the position that you will be taking in the paper. The

rest of your paper will utilize evidence to support your thesis. Your thesis should be based on the

evidence you have collected throughout your research, and you should avoid any personal opinion.

It is likely you will rewrite your thesis multiple times as you construct and reconstruct your

argument and revise your drafts. By the time you reach a polished thesis, you will have a clear and

concise summarization of your position. The thesis is usually situated in the introduction for

research papers and will set up the rest of your paper for your reader.

When writing an APA style research paper, your thesis should answer a research question. For

example, a research question for your paper could be:

Ismedicationtherighttreatmentfortheescalatingproblemofchildhoodobesity?

For this research question, a possible thesis could be:

Understandingthelimitationsofmedicaltreatmentsforchildrenhighlightsthecomplexity

ofthechildhoodobesityproblemintheUnitedStatesandunderscorestheneedfor

physicians,advocacygroups,andpolicymakerstosearchforothersolutions.

Take a look at this link for examples of effective thesis statements. Compare your thesis statements

to the examples in this resource to create a stronger thesis statement:

http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/thesis_statement.shtml
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/thesis_statement.shtmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/thesis_statement.shtmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/thesis_statement.shtml


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Headings

Headers are used to logically organize the supporting evidence in an MLA style paper. Normally,

writers follow the model of Method, Results and Discussion. However, these headings may vary and

be more detailed depending on your subject. You are not required to use headings, but they can be

helpful in arranging your information. If in doubt, ask your instructor for his or her preference.

Another effective method of organizing headings is to formulate questions in the introduction and

to utilize them throughout the paper. Each section could answer a specific question, and the

headings should be named as such. For example, the sample essay outlines four questions in the

introduction. This clearly defines how the paper would be organized and, if a reader were

interested in a specific section, where detailed information could be found. The four questions

follow:

1.

Whataretheimplicationsofchildhoodobesity?

2.

Ismedicationeffectiveintreatingchildhoodobesity?

3. Ismedicationsafeforchildren?

4.

Ismedicationthebestsolution?

These questions are a variation of the standard model. They still include the methods, results and

discussions in a way that was appropriate to the paper. Headings are normally centered and the

font remains unchanged.

Therefore, the headings for each section are as follow:

WhatAretheImplicationsofChildhoodObesity?

IsMedicationEffectiveatTreatingChildhoodObesity?

IsMedicationSafeforChildren?

IsMedicationtheBestSolution?

As a note, the introduction does not have a heading. Refer to the sample essay for an example of the

effective use of headings.

ParaphrasingParaphrasing can be tricky to do because you want to convey the authors meaning while writing in

your own words and in the context of your own paper. Be careful not to copy the work of the

original author, but use the credible information to strengthen your assignment. APA encourages

the use of paraphrasing in social science papers. Therefore, keep these important points in mind

when paraphrasing the work of another author:


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Ensure that you are utilizing the work of the author in context. Be cautious that you are not

changing the intent of the author to better fit your argument using paraphrasing.

Keep the same or approximate word count as the original source.

Avoid the use quotations when you paraphrase, but you will need a proper citation (refer to

the section on in-text citations).

Rewrite the text completely in your own words.

Avoid copying the sentence structure of the original source.

Avoid replacing a few words in the passage with synonyms. This doesnt count as

paraphrasing.

Avoid looking at the original source when paraphrasing. Read and understand the

information you want to paraphrase, then close it and write from memory. That will help

you to avoid producing a passage that is too close to the original source and will fit your

own style of writing.

Look at these examples of paraphrasing to see successful and unsuccessful examples of

paraphrasing:

Original source:

Inanefforttoseekthecausesofthisdisturbingtrend,expertshavepointedtoarangeof

importantpotentialcontributorstotheriseinchildhoodobesitythatareunrelatedto

media.

-Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation,

The Role of Media in Childhood Obesity (2004). p. 1

Plagiarised paraphrasing:AccordingtotheHenryJ.KaiserFamilyFoundation(2004),expertshaveindicatedarange

ofsignificantpotentialcontributorstotheriseinchildhoodobesitythatarenotlinkedto

media(p.1).

Too many words were borrowed from the original source in this attempt at paraphrasing. Also,

some of the words are only synonyms for the original wording. Therefore, this is not successful

paraphrasing and will be considered plagiarism!

Successful Paraphrasing:AreportbytheHenryJ.KaiserFamilyFoundation(2004)describedsourcesotherthan

mediaforthechildhoodobesitycrisis.

Quotations

Sometimes it is necessary to use direct quotations from an author. In some cases, paraphrasing or

summarizing may not properly convey the information from your source. You may not be able to


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change the wording because you could sacrifice accuracy. Or, the quotation may be valuable

because it is coming from a credible source. Therefore, you must properly format a quotation to

ensure that readers know this is a direct quotation from another author. Ensure that all text is

double-spaced throughout the assignment, including quotations!

It is important to choose the quotations you use wisely. They should be absolutely necessary andincrease the quality of your paper. The majority of your assignment should be in your own words

and ideas and the quotations should be used only to emphasize your points. You must also ensure

that you are properly citing the sources you are using. See the section on in-text citations and the

list of references for more information on how to properly cite these sources.

You dont always have to insert full quotations. If you feel that a certain term or a well-written

phrase would be beneficial in your paper, use only the portions you want. This avoids using too

many quotations if youre only looking to use one word!

Carmona(2004)advisedthesubcommitteethatthesituationconstitutesanepidemicandthattheskyrocketingstatisticsareastounding(para.3).

Asresearcherscontinuetofaceanumberofunknownsaboutobesity,itmaybehelpfulto

envisiontreatingthedisorder,asYanovskiandYanovski(2003)suggested,inthesame

mannerasanyotherchronicdisease(p.592).

There are two ways to outline quotations:

If you are quoting fewer than forty words, enclose the text in quotation marks.

If the text is forty words or longer, format the text by indenting it. Quotations are no longer

needed because it is clear that it is not your writing.

An effective way to cite quotations is to use signal phrases which introduce a quotation and allow

the passage to seamlessly fit into your own writing. See the section on signal phrases.

Short Quotations

When using quotation marks, ensure that you are still using a proper in-text citation. An

informative sentence should precede the quotation to explain to readers why the quotation is

relevant. The parentheses should be placed after the last quotation mark but before the period afterthe quoted text.

Original source:

Inanefforttoseekthecausesofthisdisturbingtrend,expertshavepointedtoarangeof

importantpotentialcontributorstotheriseinchildhoodobesitythatareunrelatedto


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media:areductioninthephysicaleducationclassesandafter-schoolathleticprograms,

anincreaseintheavailabilityofsodasandsnacksinpublicschools,thegrowthinthe

numberoffast-foodoutletsacrossthecountry,thetrendtowardsuper-sizingfood

portionsinrestaurants,andtheincreasingnumberofhighlyprocessedhigh-calorieand

high-fatgroceryproducts.

HenryJ.KaiserFamilyFoundation,

TheRoleofMediainChildhoodObesity(2004),p.1

Unsuccessful quotation:

AccordingtotheHenryJ.KaiserFamilyFoundation(2004),expertshavepointedtoa

rangeofimportantpotentialcontributorstotheriseinchildhoodobesitythatareunrelated

tomedia(p.1).

The passage does not have quotation marks which indicate that the text is a direct quotation from

another author. Even with a citation, this is still considered plagiarism.

Successful quotation:

AccordingtotheHenryJ.KaiserFamilyFoundation(2004),expertshavepointedtoa

rangeofimportantpotentialcontributorstotheriseinchildhoodobesitythatareunrelated

tomedia(p.1).

Long Quotations

A long quotation should be indented one inch in from the left margin while the right margin

remains unchanged. It should also begin with an informative sentence to introduce the quotation

and should use a signal phrase so the reader knows the source of the passage. Notice that the

punctuation for indented quotations is uniquethe reference should come after the period or other

punctuation.

Successful indenting:

YanovskiandYanovski(2002)havedescribedearliertreatmentsofobesitythatfocused

onbehaviourmodification:Withtheadventofbehaviouraltreatmentsforobesityinthe1960s,hopearosethat

modificationofmaladaptiveeatingandexercisehabitswouldleadtosustained

weightloss,andthattime-limitedprogramswouldproducepermanentchangedin

weight.Modificationsforthetreatmentofobesitywereproposedasshort-term

adjunctsforpatients,whowouldpresumablythenacquiretheskillsnecessaryto


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continuetoloseweight,reachidealbodyweight,andmaintainareducedweight

indefinitely.(p.592)

Ellipses

Ellipses may be used if you are omitting some words from a passage you are quoting. In most cases,

you dont want to have your text dominated by lengthy quotations. With the use of ellipses, you may

remove some unnecessary information. To do this, insert three periods separated by spaces in place

of the words you have removed. This lets the readers know there was more information in the

original source if they want to look into it further. If not, you have supplied the necessary

information for the purposes of your assignment. Never let the use of ellipses distort the meaning of

the author.

Example of successful ellipsis:

Roman(2003)reportedthatsocialfactorsarenearlyassignificantasindividual

metabolismintheformationof...dietaryhabitsofadolescents(p.345).

The words removed were both healthy and unhealthy. Even without those words, the sentence is

still grammatically correct and is clear to the reader for the purposes of the writer.

Do not use ellipses at the beginnings of passages you are introducing. Use ellipses within sentences

or at the ends.

Brackets

Brackets can be useful if you have a passage that is removed from context and may be difficult for

your reader to understand. Therefore, you may insert brackets to clarify this information. The

reader will know that it is not part of the original quotation.

Example of successful brackets:

Thecostoftreatingobesitycurrentlytotals$117billionperyearaprice,accordingtothe

surgeongeneral,secondonlytothecostof[treating]tobaccouse(Carmona,2004,para.

9).

Punctuation before Quotations

There are different ways to set up a quotation depending on your sentence structure. Refer to the

following examples that utilize signal phrases and how the quotation should be inserted in these

scenarios.

If you are using a verb before you insert a direct quotation, use a comma before the quotation

marks. For example:

AsYanovskiandYanovskihavenoted,passage.

If you have a full sentence before a quotation, insert a colon before you apply the quotation. For

example:


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ResearchersMcDuffieetal.haveofferedanoddargumentforthisview:passage.

If you have a sentence that uses a word such as that, dont insert any punctuation. For example:

HoppinandTaveras,medicalresearchers,pointedoutthatpassage...

Signal Phrases

Signal phrases are used when introducing material that you are quoting or paraphrasing. These

phrases provide effective transitions between your writing and the writing of another author. The

phrase can establish the credibility of your source and show the reader why this information is

relevant to your argument. The signal phrase also alerts the reader that this information is not

your own ideas or writing. Without the signal phrase, readers may be confused as to what is being

cited and what is your writing. APA requires using the past tense or present perfect tense to

introduce a quotation: Davis noted thator Davis has noted that(not Davis notes that).

In APA style, refer to the author by his or her last name in a signal phrase, even on the first mention.

Normally, use only an initial if there are multiple authors with the same last name. If you are

inserting statistics or related types of facts, a signal phrase is not necessary. However, a signal

phrase could help integrate the text into your writing. Refer to the section Punctuation before

Quotations, along with the sample signal phrases below, for examples of the proper way to set up a

signal phrase depending on your sentence structure.

Sample Signal Phrases:

InthewordsofCarmona,passage.

passage,wroteDuenwald,...

passage,claimedCritser.

Examples of effective verbs that may be used with signal phrases:

Admitted,argued,asserted,claimed,denied,emphasized,noted,observed,rejected,

responded,suggested,wrote

Passage without a Signal Phrase:

Obesitywasonceconsideredinaverydifferentlight.Formanyyears,obesitywas

approachedasifitwereeitheramoralfailingorevidenceofunderlyingpsychopathology

(Yanovski&Yanovski,2002,p.592).

The error in the above is a called a dropped quotation; in other words, the passage has simply

been dropped into the text without any preparation. A signal phrase in this case would have

provided a writers name and given the context for the quotation. The whole passage reads more

clearly when the quotation is integrated into sentences as the following example illustrates.


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Successful signal phrase:

AsresearchersYanovskiandYanovski(2002)haveexplained,obesitywasonce

consideredeitheramoralfailingorevidenceofunderlyingpsychopathology(p.592).

Although signal phrases can be effective to clear up confusion about which text is paraphrased orsummarized, there are times when you are not required to use them. If you choose not to use a

signal phrase, the authors name must be included in the parenthetical reference.

No signal phrase

Atrendisunderwayamongparentswhoareseekingwaystokeeptheirchildrenfitas

schoolbudgetcrunchesforcecutsinphysicaleducationprograms.Theparentsofnine-

year-oldDanielShteremberg,forexample,enrolledtheboyinaSanDiegogymandhired

apersonaltrainerat$60anhour.AfterhavingattemptedunsuccessfullytoweanDaniel

fromTVandjunkfoodwithotherenticements,theyturnedtothepacificAthleticClub,signinghumupfortwoone-hoursessionseachweek(Saltzman,2004,p.D8).

Signal phrases are also effective for putting borrowed text in context in your paper. Therefore,

when inserting a quotation or paraphrase, use a signal phrase. If you have a long quotation, use two

of your own sentences before and after the quotation to relate it to your material and explain its

relevance in your argument.

Quotation with insufficient context:

AreportbytheHenryJ.KaiserFamilyFoundation(2004)outlinedtrendsthatmay

havecontributedtothechildhoodobesitycrisis,includingfoodadvertisingforchildrenas

wellas

areductioninphysicaleducationclasses...,anincreaseintheavailabilityof

sodasandsnacksinpublicschools,thegrowthinthenumberoffast-foodoutlets..

.,andtheincreasingnumberofhighlyprocessedhigh-calorieandhigh-fatgrocery

products.(p.1)

The information in this quotation is interesting and informative. However, the author does not give

information to the reader about why this is relevant in the paper and how relates to the main idea.

When quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing, it is important to give the reader context about the

text and how it fits in with the other information being presented. The next example includes

context which clearly outlines the quotation and its relevance to the rest of the text.

Quotation with Effective Context:


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AreportbytheHenryJ.KaiserFamilyFoundation(2004)outlinedtrendsthatmay

havecontributedtothechildhoodobesitycrisis,includingfoodadvertisingforchildrenas

wellas

areductioninphysicaleducationclasses...,anincreaseintheavailabilityof

sodasandsnacksinpublicschools,thegrowthinthenumberoffast-foodoutlets..

.,andtheincreasingnumberofhighlyprocessedhigh-calorieandhigh-fatgrocery

products.(p.1)

Addressingeachoftheseareasrequiresmorethanadoctorarmedwithaprescription

pad;itrequiresabroadmobilizationnotjustofdoctorsandconcernedparentsbutof

educators,foodindustryexecutives,advertisersandmediarepresentatives.

In-Text Citations

In-text citations give the author credit in your paper when you utilize information from outsidesources. It also allows the reader to follow up on the information in its original source. As in the

case of the reference page, there is a specific format for a variety of types of sources.

Your in-text citation will match up with the full citation that will be on the reference page. In this

way, readers can easily locate the full citation for the source. The in-text citations in APA format

normally include the name of the author or authors, year that the information was published; and

the page numbers that the information is located. Only the year of publication should be included in

the in-text citation. Do not include a month or a specific date.

Below is an example of how the in-text citation matches with the list of references:

In-text citation:

YanovskiandYanovski(2002)reportedthatthecurrentstateoftreatmentforobesityis

similartothestateofthetreatmentofhypertensionseveraldecadesago(p.600).

Citation in the List of References:

Yanovski,S.Z.,&Yanovski,J.A.(2002).Drugtherapy:Obesity[Electronicversion].The

NewEnglandJournalofMedicine,346,591-602.

Note: It is worth emphasizing the importance of punctuationin your citations. It is important to be

aware of the proper use of commas and periods which are demonstrated in the following examples.

Also, some types of sources are italicized while others are not. Titles are also capitalized on

appropriate words within the title, which should match the capitals on your original source. Be

aware of these details when constructing your references.


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Below is a list of the basic in-text citations that are most commonly used. There are multiple

variations depending on the source you have (since some sources arent listed here). If you require

a source format that isnt here, consult an outside source.

Basic format for a Quotation (One Author)

Normally, a signal phrase would be used to introduce a quotation to smoothly integrate the quotedpassage into the writing. The signal phrase should include the authors name and the year of

publication which are in parentheses. The page number is included in parentheses following the

quotation.

Critser(2003)notedthatdespitegrowingnumbersofoverweightAmericans,manyhealth

careprovidersstillremaineitherinignoranceoroutrightdenialaboutthehealthdanger

tothepoorandtheyoung(p.5).

If you do not name the author in the signal phrase, his or her name and the year are placed inparentheses after the quotation.

(Critser,2003,p.5)

Basic format for a Summary or a Paraphrase (One Author)

If a signal phrase is used to introduce the material, only the authors name and year of publication

in parentheses are required. APA formatting doesnt require the page numbers for paraphrasing or

summarization, but a paragraph number may be included if the information is from a long work.

AccordingtoCarmona(2004),thecostoftreatingobesityisexceededonlybythecostof

treatingillnessesfromtobaccouse(para.9).

Thecostoftreatingobesityisexceededonlybythecostoftreatingillnessesfromtobacco

use(Carmona,2004,para.9).

Multiple Authors

If there are two authors, use their names in a signal phrases or in parentheses. When using their

names in a signal phrase, separate their names by and, and in the parentheses separate theirname by &.

AccordingtoSothernandGordon(2003),Environmentalfactorsmaycontributeasmuch

as80%tothecausesofchildhoodobesity(p.104).


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Obesechildrenoftenengageinlessphysicalactivity(Sothern&Gordon,2003,p.104).

If the work has between three to five authors, use all of their names in the signal phrase or

parentheses the first time you refer to them. Afterwards, use only the first authors name followed

by et al.

In2003,Berkowitz,Wadden,Tershakovec,andCronquistconcluded,Sibutramine...

mustbecarefullymonitoredinadolescents,asinadults,tocontrolincreasesin[blood

pressure]andpulserate(p.1811).

AsBerkowitzetal.(2003)advised,Untilmoreextensivesafetyandefficacydataare

available,...weight-lossmedicationsshouldbeusedonlyonanexperimentalbasisfor

adolescents(p.1811).

If your source has more than five authors, use the first authors name followed by et al. in either

the signal phrase or parentheses.

McDuffieetal.(2002)tested20adolescentsaged12-16overathree-monthperiodand

foundthatorlistat,combinedwithbehaviouraltherapy,producedanaverageweightloss

of4.4kg,or9.7pounds(p.646).

Unknown Author

If you dont have the name of the author, use the works title in the signal phrase or a short form

name in the parenthetical reference. Titles of articles of short works are placed in quotation marks,

while longer works such as titles of books are italicized.

Childrenstrugglingtocontroltheirweightmustalsostrugglewiththepressuresof

televisionadvertisingthat,ontheonehand,encouragestheconsumptionofjunkfood

and,ontheother,celebratesthincelebrities(Television,2002).

Government or Organization

Use the name of the government or organization in place of the author in a signal phrase or

parenthetical reference.

Obesityputschildrenatriskforanumberofmedicalcomplications,includingtype2

diabetes,hypertension,sleepapnea,andorthopedicproblems(HenryJ.KaiserFamily

Foundation,2004,p.1).


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If the organization has a recognizable abbreviation, use it after the first mention of the source.

(NationalInstituteofMentalHealth[NIMH],2001)

(NIMH,2001)

Personal Communication

If you received your information through personal communication, including through an interview,

letter, e-mail, or lecture, identify this in your in-text citation. Personal communication citations do

not need to be included in the list of references.

OneofAtkinsonscolleagues,whohasstudiedtheeffectofthemediaonchildrenseating

habits,hascontendedthatadvertisersforsnackfoodswillneedtodesignadsresponsibly

fortheiryoungerviewers(F.Johnson,personalcommunication,October20,2004).

Electronic Sources

When citing electronic sources, cite them as if they were a print source, using the name of the

author and the date of publication.

Atkinson(2001)foundthatchildrenwhospentatleastfourhoursadaywatchingTVwere

lesslikelytoengageinadequatephysicalactivityduringtheweek.

Since it may be difficult to find the author in an electronic source, use the title of the document in

your in-text reference.

Thebodysbasalmetabolicrate,orBMR,isameasureofitsat-restenergyrequirement

(Exercise,2003).

If you are unable to locate a date, indicate this by using n.d. which stands for no date.

Attemptstoestablishadefinitivelinkbetweentelevisionprogrammingandchildrens

eatinghabitshavebeenproblematic(Magnus,n.d.).

Although some electronic sources do not have stable page numbers, you still want to includeinformation that allows the reader to find the text you are citing. If the material has numbered

paragraphs, use para. followed by the paragraph number in parenthetical reference:

(Hall,2001,para.5)


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If the text uses headings rather than page or paragraph numbers, use them in the parenthetical

reference.

HoppinandTaveras(2004)pointedoutthatseveralothermedicationswereclassifiedby

theDrugEnforcementAdministrationashavingthepotentialforabuse(Weight-Loss

Drugssection,para.6).

References

The list of references is located at the end of the paper on a separate page. This page includes the

full citation of all sources used throughout the in-text citations. They will correlate with your in-text

citations so the reader can easily locate specific sources. Most commonly you will use the authors

name(s) in the in-text citations which will also be used at the beginning of the full citation on this

page.

There are some important stylistic characteristics to keep in mind when creating your list of

references:

The title References is centered at the top of the page. The text is not changed (no

underlining, bolding, enlarging, etc.)

The sources are listed in alphabetical order by the first letter that you have at the beginning

of the source (the authors last name, the organization or title of the source).

Dont alphabetize words like a, an or the in the list.

Entries should use a hanging indent. The first line of the citation is flush with the left

margin, while the other lines are indented.

The names of the author(s) should be formatted as last name, comma first name. APA uses

initials rather than first names.

Only the first letter of a title is capitalized and the first letter of a subtitle while all others

(other than proper nouns) are lowercase. Proper nouns include Queen Elizabeth and

Toronto, Ontario.

Titles of books are italicized.

If you have a newspaper article or article in a book, use the abbreviation p. for page and

pp. for pages.

For an example of how your list of references should look, check the sample essay link. More

formatting characteristics will be included based on the type of source you are using. There are also

multiple variations depending on what source you have; therefore, you may need to consult other

sources to find the proper format.

Note: It is worth emphasizing the importance of punctuationin your citations. It is important to be

aware of the proper use of commas and periods as demonstrated in the following examples. Also,

some types of sources are italicized while others are not. Titles are also capitalized on appropriate


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words within the title, which should match the capitals on your original source. Be aware of these

details when constructing your references.

References: Authors

One AuthorThe entry will begin with the last name of the author, comma, his or her first initial, period. The

year will be directly after in parentheses, followed by a period.

Perez,E.(2001).

Multiple Authors

List the names of up to six authors by their last names, comma, and their first initial. Separate all

authors names by commas and use an ampersand before the name of the last author. If there are

more than 6 authors, use et al. after the first 6 authors.

DuNann,D.W.,&Koger,S.M.(2004).

Sloan,F.A.,Stout,E.M.,Whetten-Goldstein,K.,&Liang,L.(2000).

Government or Organization

If the source has an organization as its author, use that name where you would place the name of

the author.

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(2003).

Unknown Author

If you cannot locate the name of the author, use the title of the work as the first section of the

author. Titles of books are italicized, but titles of articles are not italicized or put in quotation

marks. Remember, only the first letter of a title and subtitle is capitalized other than proper nouns.

Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001).

Omega-3fattyacids.(2004,November23).

References: Book

To cite a book or print source, you will need the following information. Be careful to properly insert

punctuation and capitals. This information can usually be found in the first few pages of the book.

Refer to the variations included in this resource or outside resources if you do not have some of this

information.


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Headers will be placed in the top right hand corner of every page after the title page and

abstract. They will include a shortened title of the paper, 5 spaces, then the page number (1,

2, 3, etc.).

Double space all the text in the paper except for any footnotes. Each paragraph begins with

an indent.

Major headings should be centered.

Visuals

Visuals such as tables, graphs and drawings may be included in your paper. Depending on your

instructors preference, visuals may be placed within the text relative to information about it or in

an appendix. Visuals can be used to present information in a different way and to provide the

reader with a format to understand a concept.

When inserting a visual, keep these APA rules in mind:

Label the tables (Table 1, Table 2, etc.) in order as they appear in the paper. Include a title for each visual directly under the label of the visual (Table, Chart, etc.).

The source should be located below the visual.

If placing visuals in a text, make sure they are located near the related text so the reader can

easily look at both. Discuss only important parts of the visual.

A label and caption should be included below the visual as well.

To see an example of a properly formatted visual, look at the sample essay included in this

resource. Ensure consistency when labelling and referring to visuals to allow the reader to clearly

read and understand the information that is presented.

Sample Essay

This sample essay has been taken from the Hacker text. It provides excellent examples of how to

use the proper APA citing guidelines. Notice that many of the examples in this resource are from

this text. Use these examples, and note how they are integrated into the final product.

http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf

Checklist

Before handing in your assignment, look at this quick checklist to ensure that you have completed

all the requirements to properly cite in APA:

Make sure you have a title page at the beginning of the assignment.

If required, include the abstract after the title page. You have collected all the possible information you could to include in the citations (which

can be especially difficult to find in electronic sources).

You have used the correct citing format for each source.

All text is double spaced, including the entries in the References section.

You have followed the correct format for stylistic aspects of the assignment (headers, titles,

etc.).
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf


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You have a list of references at the end of the paper.

References

Hacker, D. (2006). The Bedford handbook, 7thed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.

Hacker, D. APA Research Paper (Mirano). In The Bedford Handbook, 7thed. Retrieved 18 Jun. 2013

from http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf

Maimon, E. P., Peritz, J. H., Yancey, K. B., Flynn, D. E. (2010). The McGraw-Hill handbook: Canadian

edition . China: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.

Rademaekers, J. K. (n.d.) Citation Style Chart. In Purdue Online Writing Lab. Retrieved 18 Jun. 2013

from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/

Troyka, L. Q. (2002). Simon & Schruster handbook for writers, 6thed. New Jersey: Pearson Education.
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf

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