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APA Citation Style
APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be a full citation in the reference list and vice versa.
The examples of APA styles and formats listed on this page include many of the most common types of sources used in academic research. For additional examples and more detailed information about APA citation style, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.
Also, for automatic generation of citations in appropriate citation style, use a bibliographic citation management program such as Refworks or EndNote. You can find more information on this in our Citation Management page.
Reference Citations in TextIn APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.
Examples:
Works by a single author
The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.
from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)
If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing information in parentheses.
Simon (1945) posited that
Works by multiple authors
When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&).
as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)
In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."
as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated
When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found
In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.
Kahneman et al. (1991) found
Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.
The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)
When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.
(NIMH, 2007)
Works with no author
When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.
on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)
Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)
Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.
on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)
Specific parts of a source
To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.
(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)
De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem
to be reaching ... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218).
If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation "para." or the heading and following paragraph.
(Mönnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9)
Reference ListReferences cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.
Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.
Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.
Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are
also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books. Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent
lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent". Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of
books and journals.
Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.
Internet Address**: A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.
Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.
* The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on these publication standards, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.
** See the APA Style Guide to Electronic References for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line.
Examples:
Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapers
References to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.
Journal article, one author, accessed online
Ku, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in
escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 105(2), 221-232.
doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002
Journal article, two authors, accessed online
Sanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities
consultation and outreach strategies for university settings.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59(4), 286-
295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286
Journal article, more than two authors, accessed online
Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership,
followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American
Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182
Article from an Internet-only journal
Hirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright
restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status.
D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8). doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtle
Journal article from a subscription database (no DOI)
Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. Fortune,
158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO.
Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
Magazine article, in print
Kluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.
Newspaper article, no author, in print
As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008,
May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.
Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in print
Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5).
Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options.
The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.
Books
References to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of
publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.
No Author or editor, in print
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003).
Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.
One author, in print
Kidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little,
Brown & Company.
Two authors, in print
Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics
(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed online
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000
(No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.
Retrieved from
http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA2568710
006989... $File/13016_2000.pdf
Edited book
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color:
Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Dissertations
References for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date of publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.
Dissertation, accessed online
Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology:
Pathways to sustainable cities (Doctoral dissertation). Available
from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)
Essays or chapters in edited books
References to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.
One author
Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in
flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from
the Mediterranean (pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
Two editors
Hammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human
judgment. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.), Judgement and
decision making: An interdisciplinary reader (pp. 127-143).
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopedia
References for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.
Encyclopedia set or dictionary
Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary
of music and musicians (2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.
Article from an online encyclopedia
Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved
May 6, 2008, from http://search.eb.com
Encyclopedia article
Kinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt
Disney Company. In Encyclopedia of Leadership (Vol. 1, pp. 345-
349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Research reports and papers
References to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.
Government report, accessed online
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Medicaid
drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published
prices (OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240). Washington, DC:
Author. Retrieved from http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-
05-00240.pdf
Government reports, GPO publisher, accessed online
Congressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on
driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study (CBO Publication
No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Retrieved from http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14-
GasolinePrices.pdf
Technical and/or research reports, accessed online
Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood
(NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of
Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from
http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124
Document available on university program or department site
Victor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved
from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable
Development Web site:
http://pesd.stanford.edu/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_stra
in/
Audio-visual media
References to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.
Videocassette/DVD
Achbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J.
(Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). The corporation [DVD].
Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.
Audio recording
Nhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of
teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation [Cassette
Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.
Motion picture
Gilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director).
(1980). Nine to five [Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth
Century Fox.
Television broadcast
Anderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60
Minutes [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.
Television show from a series
Whedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush
[Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin,
S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers), Buffy the
Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..
Music recording
Jackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller [CD]. New York, NY: Sony
Music.
Undated Web site content, blogs, and data
For content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.
Blog entry
Arrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1
million in funding. Message posted to http://www.techcrunch.com
Professional Web site
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved
May 6, 2008, from http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html
Data set from a database
Bloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard
12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg
database.
Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008).
Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008
[statistics]. Available from CEIC Data database.
Entire Web siteWhen citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no Reference List entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.
Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full
text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraft and
demonology (http://www.witchcraft.psmedia.com/).
For more detailed information on APA citation style such as information on articles in press, journal special issues and supplements, translations, et cetera, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.
Other citation guides and useful Web sites:
American Psychological Association's Web sitePurdue University Online Writing Lab's APA Formatting and Style GuideDiana Hacker's Research and Documentation OnlineLandmark's Son of Citation Machine
APA Referencing guide Academic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of others. In most cases, this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or quotation.
This guide draws from the:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual
of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
University policy mandates the use of the APA Style defined by this referencing guide.
On this page:
List of references How to cite references within the text of an assignment (including citations from secondary
sources and Creative Commons) Additional help
List of ReferencesAt the end of your essay, place a list of the references you have cited in the text. Arrange this in alphabetical order of authors' surnames, and then chronologically (earliest publication date first) for each author where more than one work by that author is cited. The author's surname is placed first, followed by initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given. If the list contains more than one item published by the same author(s) in the same year, add lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them (e.g. 1983a). These are ordered alphabetically by title disregarding any initial articles (a, an or the).
The reference list includes only the sources you have used in any submission. APA Style requires reference lists, not bibliographies.
The reference list begins a new page with the centred heading - References Double-space all reference entries. Reference list entries should be indented half an inch (five to seven spaces) on the second
and subsequent lines of the reference list for every entry - a hanging indent is the preferred style. (i.e. entries should begin flush left, and the second and subsequent lines should be indented).
Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author as the letters appear (e.g. M, Mac, MacD, Mc).
If there is no author, the title moves to the author position (filed under the first significant word of the title). If the title in this instance begins with numerals, spell them out.
States and territories are abbreviated in the location section of the publication information. For U.S. states, use the official two-letter postal service abbreviation (e.g. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill). Spell out country names if outside Australia or the United States.
Reference list examples Books (print and online) Journal and newspaper articles Web documents and sites Other electronic media Audiovisual and other media Legislation and legal authorities Unpublished works Proceedings and technical reports USQ course materials
Books (print and online)
General forms (when DOIs are assigned, use them):
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved from xxxxxxxxxxxx database.
Include subtitles. All titles must be italicised.
Information about editions (if other than the first), series, volume numbers or chapter page ranges should be included in parentheses ( ) after the title - not in italics but before the full stop.
Other descriptive information may also follow the title and any parenthetical information in brackets [ ] also before the full stop.
Type Examples
Online books A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique name assigned by the International DOI Foundation that provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate the content.
Leaver, B. L., Ehrman, M., & Shekhtman, B. (2005). Achieving
success in second language acquisition. doi:10.1017/
CBO9780511610431
Schiraldi, G. R. (2000). The post-traumatic stress disorder
sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth
[Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393
722
When a DOI is not available, use the URL.
Burton, R. (1832). The anatomy of melancholy. Retrieved
from http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/
melancholy/
Database information may be given for books (monographs) of limited circulation (e.g. from the University's database subscriptions).
Nazareth, L. (2007). The leisure economy: How changing
demographics, economics, and generational attitudes
will reshape our lives and our industries [Monograph].
Retrieved from Books24x7 database.
Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself).
Tyler, G. W. (n.d.). Evolution in the systems age. Available
from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?
itemID=46&page=2
Books downloaded to mobile devices (without a DOI).
Ware, C. (2010). Cottage by the sea [Kindle version].
Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks Landmark.
Tzu, S. (2011). The art of war [Kobo version]. Berkeley,
CA: Shambhala.
Up to seven authors List all authors names.
Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for green IT: A pocket guide.
Cambridgeshire: IT Governance.
Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and
communication disorders in children (2nd ed.).
Columbus, OH: Merill.
Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive
behaviour therapy (Brief Therapies Series). London:
Sage.
More than seven authors
List the first six and then the last.
Midgley, C., Maehr, M. L., Hruda, L., Anderman, E. M.,
Freeman, K. E., Gheen, M., ... Urdan, T. (2000).
Manual for the patterns of adaptive learning scales
(PALS). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
In-text: (Midgley et al., 2000).
Edited books General form:
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Roy, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Novel approaches to the diagnosis and
treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (NATO Security
Through Science Series). Amsterdam: IOS.
Grubb, M., & Neuhoff, K. (Eds.). (2006). Emissions trading &
competitiveness: Allocations, incentives and industrial
competitiveness under the EU emissions trading scheme.
London: Earthscan.
Article or chapter in an edited book or an encyclopedia
General form:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter or entry.
In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book
(pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Treasure, D. C., Lemyre, P. N., Kuczka, K. K., &
Standage, M. (2007). Motivation in elite sport:
A self-determination perspective. In M. S. Hagger
& N. L. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation
and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp.
153-166). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bergmann, I. (1997). Attention deficit disorder. In
The new Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501-508). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Cormier, L. S. (1985). Action responses. In
Interview strategies for helpers (2nd ed., pp.
114-118, 121). Monterey, CA: Brooks.
Dadds, M. R., James, R. C., Barrett, P. M., & Verhulst,
F. C. (2004). Diagnostic issues. In T. H. Ollendick &
J. S. March (Eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in
children and adolescents: A clinician's guide to
effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions
(Part 1, pp. 3-33). Retrieved from ebrary database.
Individual chapters may have their own DOI.
Jacobs, G. M., & Hall, S. (2002). Implementing cooperative
learning. In J. C. Richards & W. A. Renandya (Eds.),
Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of
current practice (pp. 52-58). doi:10.1017/CBO978051
1667190.009
No authors or editors If there are no authors or editors, move the title to that position.
Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction:
A survey of the psychological side of so-called
"designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA:
Chelsea House.
In text, use a few words of the title (in italics), or the whole title if it is short, in place of an author name in the citation: (Psychological effects, 1999).
If a work is signed "Anonymous", begin the entry with the word Anonymous as if it were a true name.
Author as publisher American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic
and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
Group authors Full official names of group authors such as associations or government agencies should be used. Parent bodies precede subdivisions. File by the first significant word.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Measures of
Australia's progress (Catalogue No. 1370.0).
Canberra: Author.
Church of England. Archdeaconry of Maidstone. (1877).
The Church in its divine constitution and office, and in
its relations with the civil power: A charge delivered to
the clergy of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the
ordinary visitation in may 1877; with notes (Talbot
Collection of British Pamphlets). Retrieved from
http://www.archive.org/details/churchin itsdivin00chur
National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia).
Health Care Committee. Expert Panel on Mental Health.
(1991). Homelessness and severe mental disorders:
Report of the Health Care Committee Expert Panel on
Mental Health (Monograph series (National Health and
Medical Research Council (Australia). Health Care
Committee) No. 2). Canberra: Australian Government
Publishing Service.
Queensland. Department of Corrective Services. Women's
Policy Unit. (2000). Profile of female offenders under
community and custodial supervision in Queensland.
Brisbane: Author.
United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon
General. (1988). The health consequences of smoking:
Nicotine addiction; a report of the Surgeon General
(DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406). Rockville, MD:
Office of Smoking and Health.
World Bank. (2008). Textbooks and school library provision
in secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa (World
Bank Working Paper No. 126. Africa Human Development
Series). Retrieved from EBL database.
Translators and illustrators
Levy-Leboyer, C. (1982). Psychology and environment
(D. Cantor and I. Griffiths, Trans.). Beverley Hills, CA:
Sage. (Original work published 1979)
The Publication manual does not include examples for including illustrators but the following format would be consistent.
Reesink, M. (1980). The princess who always ran away
(F. Tresy, Illus.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Journal and newspaper articles
General forms (when DOIs are assigned, use them):
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume number(issue number), page numbers. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume number(issue number), page numbers. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume number(issue number), page numbers.
The issue number of the journal is included if the journal is paginated by issue rather than if there is continuous pagination throughout the entire volume.
Type Examples
Journal articles with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique name assigned by the International DOI Foundation that provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet.
When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate the content.
Make every effort to locate the DOI - it may not be immediately obvious.
Radford, M. (2001). Aesthetic and religious awareness
among pupils: Similarities and differences. British
Journal of Music Education, 18(2), 151-159.
doi:10.1017/s0265051701000249
Rindermann, H., & Ceci, S. J. (2009). Educational policy
and country outcomes in international cognitive
competence studies. Perspectives on Psychological
Science, 4(6), 551-568. doi:10.111/j.1745-6924.
2009.01165.x
Online journal articles without a DOI (when a DOI is not available)
If no DOI is assigned, give the URL of the journal home page if the article is available there.
Even if you obtain your article from an online database or another source, try to locate the URL of the journal's home page that provides access to the article.
Russell-Bowie, D. (2010). Cross-national comparisons of
background and confidence in visual arts and music
education of pre-service primary teachers. Australian
Journal of Teacher Education, 35(4), 65-78. Retrieved
from http://ajte.education.ecu.edu.au/
Voogt, J. (2010). A blended in-service arrangement for
supporting science teachers in technology integration.
Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 18(1),
83-109. Retrieved from http://www.editlib.org/j/JTATE
If you are unable to locate the DOI or the journal's home page and the article was obtained from one of the University's limited circulation database subscriptions, use the URL for the journal's entry/search page within the database (or the database's overall search page if that is not available).
Powell, D. E. (1990). Home-based intervention of
preschoolers with emotional disturbances and
autism. Preventing School Failure, 34(4), 41-45.
Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.
usq.edu.au/ehost/detail?hid=22&sid=49a21459-73
a6-4898-a22f-571dafe2e955%40sessionmgr10&
vid=5&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%
3d#db=a9h&jid=PSF
Online newspaper articles. Give the URL of the home page.
McMahon, S. (2010, July 19). Fund new Victorian era.
Herald Sun. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/
Newspaper articles from a database (if the article is not available from the newspaper's home/search page). Give the URL of the database's entry/search page. Include page number(s) if available.
Susskind, A. (1986, September 2). Academic blast for English
class texts. Sydney Morning Herald, 1. Retrieved from
http://global.factiva.com/sb/default.aspx?|nep=hp
Newsletter articles. The exact URL of the article can be used.
Print articles without a DOI
Coltheart, M., & Prior, M. (2006). Learning to read in
Australia. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities,
11(4), 157-164.
If a magazine or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month, season or other designation with the year.
Beemster, M. (2008, December). Saving the Southern Bell
Frog. Australian Landcare, 27-29.
For daily or weekly newspapers, include the day and precede the page numbers with p. or pp.
Parker, K. (2008, December 3). Plea for languages.
Koori Mail, pp. 19-20.
Murray, E. (2001, May 9). Refugee crisis! [Letter to the
editor]. Weekend Australian, p. A13.
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, pp.
A12, A14, A16-A17.
For articles with no identified author, in text use a short title in double quotation marks (or the full title if it is short) for the parenthetical citation: ("New Drug", 1993, July 15). See the citing in text section of this guide for more detail.
Up to seven authors List all authors names.
Dyer, B., Pizzorno, C. C., Qu, K., Valach, L., Marshall,
S. K., & Young, R. A. (2010). Unconscious processes
in a career counselling case: An action-theoretical
perspective. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling,
38(3), 343-362. doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.483182
More than seven authors
List the first six and then the last.
Vaillancourt, T., Trinh, V., McDougall, P., Duku, E.,
Cunningham, L., Cunningham, C., ... Short, K.
(2010). Optimizing population screening of bullying
in school-aged children. Journal of School Violence,
9(3), 233-250. doi:10.1080/03069885.1010.482395
In-text: (Vaillancourt et al., 2010).
No authors If there is no author, move the article title to the author position.
In brief. (2010). Harvard Heart Letter, 20(12), 7. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/
ehost/detail?hid=22&sid=6544e16c-21a3-4092-87
ad-ac80b1cda933%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&bdata=
JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&jid=
HHR
In-text: ("In brief", 2010).
If a work is signed "Anonymous", begin the entry with the word Anonymous as if it were a true name.
Group authors Full official names of group authors such as associations or government agencies should be used. Parent bodies precede subdivisions. File by the first significant word.
Australia. Department of Family and Community
Services. (2003, Spring-Summer). The role of
families in an ageing Australia. Family Matters,
(66), 46-53. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.
au/institute/pubs/fammats.html
British Medical Association. (2007). British Medical
Association expert witness guidance. Clinical Risk,
13(4), 143-146. doi:10.1258/13562620778125112
University of Queensland. Department of Social Work.
(1998). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health:
Current policy issues. Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 26(1), 18-24.
Reviews, peer commentary and abstracts
Identify the type of medium being reviewed in [ ] brackets (including author names) as required.
If the details of the item being reviewed are clear from the title of the review, no additional explanatory material in brackets is needed.
If the review is untitled, use the bracketed information as the title.
Boyd, W. (2010). Man as an island. [Review of the
book William Golding, by John Carey]. Retrieved
from http://www.nytimes.com/
Morris, S. (2008). Henry Giroux - urgently necessary and
necessarily urgent: An essay review [Review of the
book Against the terror of neoliberalism: Politics beyond
the age of greed]. Education Review, 11(3). Retrieved
from http://edrev.info/index.html
Handler, L. (1996). John Exner and the book that started it all:
A review of "The Rorschach systems". Journal of Personality
Assessment, 66(3), 650-658. Retrieved from http://web.
ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/detail?hid=8&sid=
cb803886-39ae-441f-89fa-93befea3d30b%40sessionmgr13&
vid=1&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=
a9h&jid=4N3
Harrington, J. J. (2008). [Review of the book The blackboard
and the bottom line: Why schools can't be businesses,
by L. Cuban]. Retrieved from http://edrev.info/index.html
Barr, H. (2006). DVD review. [Review of the DVD Patient
voices, produced by Pilgrim Projects and the NHS Clinical
Governance Team, 2005]. Journal of Interprofessional Care,
20(2), 195. doi:10.1080/13561820600600782
Brooks, B. L., Sherman, M. S., & Strauss, E. (2010). Test review:
NEPSY-II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment,
second edition. [Review of the test NEPSY-II, by M. Korkman,
U. Kirk & S. Kemp]. Child Neuropsychology, 16(1), 80-101.
doi:10.1080/09297040903146966
Ackerman, J. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2010). The purpose-driven life:
Commentary on Kenrick et al. (2010). [Peer commentary on
the journal article "Rennovating the pyramid of needs:
Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations"].
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 323-326.
doi:10.1177/1745691610369472
Colliver, J. A. (2002). Commentary on Cicchetti's "Reliability
of peer review". Teaching and Learning in Medicine,
14(3),142-143. Retrieved from http://www.informaworld.
com/smpp/title~content=t775648180
Abstract as an original source.
Pedder, D., & Opfer, V. D. (2010). Planning and organisation
of teachers' Continuous Professional Development in
schools in England [Abstract]. Curriculum Journal, 21(4),
433. doi:10.1080/09585176.2010.529652
Lim, J. M. (2010). Commenting on research results in applied
linguistics and education: A comparative genre-based
investigation. Journal of English for Academic Purposes,
9(4), 280. Abstract retrieved from http://www.elsevier.com/
wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622440/description
#description
Web documents and sites
As with any published reference, the goals of a citation to online material are to credit the author and to enable the reader to find the material.
When citing Internet sources, observe the following guidelines:
Follow previous sections for format of author, date, and title elements. The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular
revision, the most recent update. Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible,
reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages. Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time. Provide addresses that work where possible.
When citing entire websites, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text only (e.g. Comprehensive information about the University can be found at http://www.usq.edu.au, or, the University of Southern Queensland website (http://www.usq.edu.au) gives comprehensive information). Specific information from a site, or parts of a site, need to be cited as follows:
Type Examples
Author and date known
General form (include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time):
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved month day,
year, from source.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011).
Australia's health 2004. Retrieved from http://www.aihw.
gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10014
Allen, D. (2004). Dealing with your meeting notes. Retrieved
from http://www.effectivemeetings.com/meetingbasics/
notes.asp
American Psychological Association. (2008). HIV Office on
Psychology Education (HOPE). Retrieved June 24, 2008,
from http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/hope.html
No author given General form:
Title of work. (year). Retrieved month day, year, from source.
Psychological perspectives (n.d.). Retrieved June 2,
2001, from http://www.onl.org.jp/horo~3/htm
Other electronic media
Follow previous sections for format of author, date, and title elements. The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular
revision, the most recent update. After the title of the work, insert in brackets as part of the title element (i.e., before the
period) the type of medium for the material. A retrieval or availability statement replaces the location and name of the publisher typically
provided for text references. Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself).
Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. Wikis).
See also, the audiovisual section of this guide for some examples not included here.
Type Examples
Theses or dissertations Retrieved from a database.
Murray, B. P. (2008). Prior knowledge, two teaching
approaches for metacognition: Main idea and
summarization strategies in reading (Doctoral
dissertation, Fordham University, New York).
Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
(AAT 3302116)
Retrieved from an institutional or personal Web site.
McDonald, J. (2007). The role of online discussion forums
in supporting learning in higher education (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Southern Queensland).
Retrieved from http://eprints.usq.edu.au/3588/2/
McDonald_2007_whole.pdf
Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Give the home or index page URL for reference works.
Claiborn, C. D. (2008). Psychotherapy. In D. Hoiberg (Ed.),
Encyclopedia Britannica online (Academic ed.).
Retrieved from http://search.eb.com
Psychotherapy. (2008). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved June 17, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Main_Page
Psychotherapy. (2008). In AskOxford.com. Retrieved
from http://www.askoxford.com/?view=uk
Annual reports BHP Billiton. (2007). 2007 BHP Billiton annual report.
Retrieved from http://bhpbilliton.com/bbContent
Repository/20071114140799/bhbpannualreport07.pdf
Fact sheets, brochures and press releases
Florek, S. (2003). Megafauna extinction: Patterns of
extinction [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from
http://www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/megafauna.htm
Australian Museum. (2003). Concretions, thunder eggs and
geodes [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.austmus.
gov.au/factsheets/geodes.htm
Xerox Corporation. (2004). Looks small, acts big: The Xerox
Phaser 3150 personal laser printer for business [Brochure].
Retrieved from http://www.office.xerox.com/latest/315BR-01
Apple Inc. (2007). iPhone delivers up to eight hours of talk
time [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.apple.
com/pr/library/2007/06/18iphone.html
Presentation slides OWL at Purdue University. (2004). Conquering the comma
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://owl.english.
purdue.edu/workshops/pp/comma.PPT#256,1,Conquering
the Comma
Images When referring to information gained from images:
Human skeleton [Image]. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.
teachpe.com/images/anatomy/skeleton.jpg
Saudi Arabia [Topographic map]. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/
sa.htm
Tunbridge, D. I. (2003). Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire
Service lighting a back-burn on the Mount Franklin Road,
Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003
[Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/
nla.pic-an24954626
Try to be consistent when specifying the medium in brackets [ ], immediately after the title.
Message posted to newsgroups, online forums, discussion groups or electronic mailing lists
Moore, R. (2006, October 29). Survey of test subjects
[Newsgroup message]. Retrieved from
news://sci.psychology.consciousness
Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership
[Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from
the Politics and Government electronic mailing list:
http://www.polgov.org/mail-archive/rp/msg7.html
For personal email, refer to personal communication in the section on unpublished works.
Include the name of the list if the information is not part of the URL.
Wikis Self-study: Broadening the concepts of participation and program
support. (2007). Retrieved June 18, 2008, from the Adult
Literacy Education (ALE) Wiki: http://wiki.literacytent.org/index.
php/Self-Study:_Broadening_the_Concepts_of_Participation_
and_Program_Support
Audio podcasts Hutcheon, J. (2008, June 15). Jane Hutcheon reflects on life in
London [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.
au/correspondents/content/2008/s2274772.htm
Curtis, B., & Diez, M. (2008). Intermediate Spanish podcast
42: La Mafia [Audio podcast]. Available from http://www.
notesinspanish.com/category/intermediate-spanish-podcast/
Video podcasts Give the name and, in parentheses, the function of the originator or primary contributors (the director or the producer, or both).
National Geographic Society. (Producer). (2008, May 19).
Chimp memory beats humans' [Video podcast]. Retrieved
from http://www.podanza.com/podcast/national-geographic-
video-shorts/42ac4d6d3d12b6ad80303e9f6556d4a0/
Early Childhood Australia. (Producer). (2010). Intentional
teaching and the Early Years Learning Framework with
Judy Radich [Video podcast]. Available from http://www.
earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/eylfplp/play_based_
learning_and_the_eylf.php
Holland, A. (Producer), & Harris, H. (Director). (2008, June 12).
Bog man [Video podcast]. Retrieved from ABC: http://www.
abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2272392.htm
Streaming videos Sarra, C. (2010). Elders and community [Video].
Retrieved from http://mediasite.eq.edu.au/eq/
Viewer/?peid=bb3dbc846b2a4426ae2f1256
bca8cf7e
Cambridge Educational. (Producer). (2011). Alcohol
and the family: Breaking the chain [Video]. Retrieved
from http://digital. films.com.libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/
portal/Playlists.aspx?aid=7892&xtdi98765
William James: The psychology of possibility (Giants of
Psychology) [Video]. (2011). Available from http://ffh.
films.com/id/20410/William_James_The_Psychology_
of_Possibility.htm
Interviews Interviews that are not retrievable should be cited in text as a personal communication (including month, day, year) and not included in the reference list (see section on unpublished works).
Hughes, R. (Interviewer), & Cilento, D. (Interviewee). (2000,
June 20). Diane Cilento [Interview transcript]. Retrieved
from http://www.australianbiography.gov.au/subjects/
cilento/intertext1.html
Blog posts Bedford, T. (2008, June 12). Re: Got a problem using EndNote?
Let us know here [Web log comment]. Retrieved from
http://library.usq.edu.au/wordpress/?p=539
McGarry, A. (2008, June 13). China's pain fires Olympic dream
[Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blogs.abc.net.au/
olympics/
Video blog posts (e.g. Youtube)
BridgeTEFL. (2007, October 5). TEFL online tutorial:
Teaching grammar in context [Video file]. Video
posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
EXg3w_jbNrc
Westrom, M. (2009, June 18). Psychology - short and long
term memory [Video file]. Video posted to http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=TausqSK9p9k
Computer programs, software, or programming languages
Reference list entries are not necessary for standard off-the-shelf software and programming languages. Provide entries for specialized software or programs with limited distribution.
In text, give the name of the software, the version number and year.
Do not italicise the names of software, programs, or languages.
If an individual has proprietary rights to the software, name him or her as the author; otherwise, treat such references as unauthored works.
Immediately after the title and version, identify with a source type such as [Computer program], [Computer language], or [Computer software].
If no version number is available, include the retrieval date.
If the program can be downloaded or ordered from the web, give this information in the publisher position.
Schoonjans, F. (2008). MedCalc Statistical Software
(Version 9.5.2.0) [Computer software]. Retrieved from
3D2F.COM Software Directory: http://3d2f.com/programs
/13-638-medcalc-statistical-software-download.shtml
Accurate Personality Test [Computer software]. (2007).
Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www.
sharewareconnection.com/accurate-personality-
test.htm
Tools and applications.
CultureGPS lite (Version 1.13) [Computer software].
(2011). Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/
app/culturegps-lite/id297051765?mt=8
Pages (Version 1.5) [Computer software]. (2011).
Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/
pages/id361309726?mt=8&ls=1
Scott, C. (2011). Treasure hunt - the interactive
boardgame (Version 1.1) [Computer software].
Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/
treasure-hunt-the-interactive/id4425986640?
mt=8
Data sets twins.dta - twins study (life characteristics in midlife)
(UCLA Statistics Data Sets) [Data file]. 2003.
Retrieved from http://www.stat.ucla.edu/data/
Government of Southern Sudan. Ministry of Education,
Science and Technology. Directorate of Planning
and Budgeting. (2010). South Sudan 2010 secondary
data (2010 Annual School Census) [Data file].
Retrieved from http://southsudan.ed-assist.net/
Audiovisual and other media
Type Examples
Motion pictures
General form:
Producer, A A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director).
(year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture].
Country of Origin: Studio.
Grazer, B. (Producer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001).
A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. USA: Universal
Studios.
Television programs
Television program.
Campbell, C. (Executive producer). (2011, February 9).
The 7pm project [Television program]. Melbourne,
Vic: Network TEN.
Television series.
Gunton, M. (Executive producer). (2009). Life [Television
series]. United Kingdom: BBC Natural History Unit.
Television series edisode.
Fairfax, F. (Writer), Mulholland, T., & Rich, J. (Directors).
(2005). The curse of Tutankhamun [Television series
episode]. In P. Dolling [Executive producer], Egypt:
Rediscovering a lost world. United Kingdom: British
Broadcasting Corporation.
Videos and DVDs
Strang, G. (1992). The teaching of calculus: Careful
changes (Selected Lectures in Mathematics)
[Videocassette]. Providence, RI: American
Mathematical Society.
The self: Testing and intelligence (Discovering Psychology)
[DVD]. (2001). Boston, MA: WGBH Educational
Foundation.
Annunziata, J. (2007). Play therapy with a 6-year-old [DVD].
Available from http://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310799.
aspx
Music recordings
General form:
Writer, A. (copyright year). Title of the song or music
[Recorded by B. B. Artist if different from writer].
On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location:
Label. (date of recording if different from copyright
date)
Badnews, U. R. (1927). We only live twice
[Recorded by P. Murray]. On Resurrection [CD].
Sandgate, Qld: Ibis Records. (1999)
Williamson, J. (2003). The last of the pioneers. On
Home among the gum trees [CD]. Pyrmont, NSW:
EMI Australia.
In text, include the side, band or track numbers.
"The Last of the Pioneers" (Williamson, 2003, track 5) ...
Audio recordings
Bacon, T. (Writer). (1997). Amazing journeys (Literacy
Links Plus Fluent D) [Audiocassette]. Auckland, NZ:
Shortland.
Costa, P. T. (Speaker). (1998). Personality and
continuity (Audio Recording No. 207-433-88A-B)
[Audiocassette]. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Smith, D. (2001, August 16). Airline nightmare (Audio
Recording from Nightline series) [Audiocassette].
Brisbane, Qld: Australian Broadcasting Commission.
Australian poetry live: Classics from the Hazel de Berg
collection [Audiocassette]. (1996). Canberra, ACT:
National Library of Australia.
Other non-book media
Specify the medium type or description of the form in brackets [ ], immediately after the title. Capitalize the first letter of the notation. Be consistent when specifying formats.
Media formats can include, but are not limited to, the following:
Motion picture, Television program, Television series, Television series episode, CD, Record, Cassette, Audiocassette, Audiorecord, Audiotape, DVD, Videotape, Videorecording, Videocassette, Computer software, Data file, Chart, Flashcard, Game, Picture, Transparency, Slide, Realia, Kit, Filmstrip, Print, Work of art, Microform, etc.
Fractions are as easy as pie: A game of common fractions
[Game]. (1985). Baltimore, MD: Media Materials.
Zupelz - orange: Stimulating logical thinking - one puzzle at a
time [Flashcard]. Narangba, Qld: Origo Education.
Shaping the future: Working with the under-threes [Kit].
(2000). Buckingham, United Kingdom: Open University
Press.
Nervous system [Picture]. (2006). Burleigh Heads: Network
Education Australia.
Measuring cylinders [Realia]. (n.d.). England: Gradplex.
Hill, M. (1985). Australia's first people (Social Studies
Wallcharts) [Chart]. Sydney, NSW: McGraw-Hill.
Leadership Research Institute. (1999). Creative
leadership [Brochure]. Toowoomba, Qld: Author.
Legislation and legal authorities
For more comprehensive information and other juridictions, see the Bluebook -
The bluebook: A uniform system of citation (19th ed.). (2010).
Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association.
Citations should be made to the print source unless an electronic source is designated the official version (then for Internet and online sources use Citation, URL. or if it is from a commercial electronic database, use Citation (Name of the Database).).
The following examples are for the Australian jurisdiction only.
Type Examples
Legislation (includes Acts and Bills)
General form for Acts:
<Short Title of the Act in italics> <year in italics>
(Jurisdiction abbreviation) <subdivision if relevant>
(Country abbreviation).
Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (Austl.).
Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (Austl.).
General form for Bills:
<Bill Name> <year> (Jurisdiction abbreviation) (Country
abbreviation).
Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.).
Legal authorities (cases)
General form for cases:
<Case Name in italics> (year) <volume number>
<reporter abbreviation> <first page> (Country
abbreviation).
Carey v. Price 2005 132 ALR 255 (Austl.).
Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).
Unpublished works
Type Examples
Personal communication
Personal communication may be unpublished lecture notes, letters, memos, personal interviews, telephone conversations, email or messages from non-archived discussion groups or bulletin boards, photographs, images, tables or data; all these sources are usually non-recoverable from the reader's perspective and are not to be included in the reference list, but should be cited in text as they are referred to.
Cite personal correspondence in text only.
Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible:
O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001)
(M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
Lecture notes are treated as personal communication if they are unpublished (i.e. not copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's
permission).
Doctoral dissertations and Master's theses (unpublished)
Swinton, M. A. (1984). Family stress in phenylketonuria
(Unpublished master's thesis). University of Auckland,
New Zealand.
Online articles not yet formally published
In preprint archives, articles are posted online ahead of print and are not yet indexed. Use the DOI or the exact URL.
Charles, S. J., & Hogan, N. (in press). Dynamics of wrist
rotation. Journal of Biomechanics. doi:10.1016/
j.biomech.2010.11.016
Vickers, P. (in press). Theory eliminativism as a
methodological tool. Philosophy of Science.
Retrieved from http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/8472/1/
Theory_Eliminativism.pdf
Advance online publications are generally peer reviewed but may not be copyedited or formatted for final production. If there is no DOI assigned, give the URL of the journal home page.
Diekelmann, S., Buchel, C., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2011).
Labile or stable: Opposing consequences for memory when
reactivated during waking and sleep. Nature Neuroscience.
Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nn.2744
Update your references and refer to final versions, if possible, before you submit your work.
Manuscripts General form.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript
[or "Manuscript submitted for publication", or "Manuscript in
preparation"].
Geisel, T. S. (n.d.). All sorts of sports. Unpublished manuscript.
Informally published or self-archived work.
Benchimol, G. (2007). Prospects for innovating organisations.
Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5701/1/PROSPECTS_
FOR_INNOVATING_ORGANIZATIONS.pdf
Proceedings and technical reports
When citing from a mongraph (book), use the same format as for a book or book chapter. Regularly published proceedings use the same format as journal or periodical articles.
Type Examples
Published proceedings in book form
Capitalise the names of symposia, conferences and meetings.
If there are more than two editors a comma is placed before the ampersand.
Hughes, H. (2002). Information literacy with an
international focus. In K. Appleton, C. Macpherson,
& D. Orr (Eds.), International Lifelong Learning
Conference: Refereed papers from the 2nd
International Lifelong Learning Conference (pp.
208-213). Rockhampton: Central Queensland
University Press.
Hirata, J. (2005). How Should happiness guide policy?
Why gross national happiness is not opposed to
democracy. In Rethinking development: Local
pathways to global wellbeing; the Second
International Conference on Gross National
Happiness. Antigonish, Nova Scotia: St. Francis
Xavier University. Retrieved from http://www.
gpiatlantic.org/conference/papers/hirata.pdf
Davelaar, E. J., & Usher, M. (2004). An extended buffer
model for active maintenance and selective updating.
In Bowman, H. & Labiouse, C. (Eds.), Connectionist
models of cognition and perception II: proceedings of
the Eighth Neural Computation and Psychology
Workshop (pp. 3-14). River Edge, NJ: World Scientific.
Retrieved from ebrary database.
Blascovich, J., & McCall, C. (2010). Attitudes in virtual
reality. In J. P. Forgas, J. Cooper, & W. D. Crano (Eds.),
The psychology of attitudes and attitude change (Sydney
Symposium in Social Psychology). London: Psychology
Press.
Proceedings published regularly
Treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals.
Kozkovski, O., & Van Strien, S. (2009). Local connectivity
and quasi-conformal rigidity of non-renormalizable
polynomials. Proceedings of the London Mathematical
Society, 99(2), 275-296. doi:10.1112/plms/pdn055
Conference papers and symposium contributions
For symposium contributions, papers and poster presentations, give the month with the year.
Gorman, B. (2009, March). A treatment plan: Some hopes
(pipe dreams?) and suggestions for effective statistical
education. In B. Gorman (Chair), The crisis in the
statistical education of psychologists. Symposium
conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the Society for
Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans,
LA.
Liu, C., Wu, D., Fan, J., & Nauta, M. M. (2008, November).
Does job complexity predict job strains? Paper presented
at the 8th Biannual Conference of the European Academy
of Occupational Health Psychology, Valencia, Spain.
Rosenshine, B. (1997). The case for explicit, teacher-led,
cognitive strategy instruction. Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research
Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from http://apaa.asu.
edu/barak/barak1.html
Abstract.
Dickens, A. (2003). Working with the community. Paper
presented at the 8th Australian Institute of Family Studies
Conference, Melbourne. Abstract retrieved from http://www.
aifs.gov.au/conferences/aifs8/dickens-ab.pdf
Technical and research reports
General form:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. xxx).
Location: Publisher.
This format can be used for issue briefs, working papers and other corporate documents. Include the appropriate document number where available.
For online reports, identify the publisher in the retrieval statement unless the publisher is also identified as the author.
Queensland School Curriculum Council. (2000).
Consistency of teacher judgement (Research Report).
Brisbane: Author.
Ford, M., Gurney, A., Heyhoe, E., & Gunasekera, D. (2007).
Energy security, clean technology development and
climate change: Addressing the future challenges in
APEC (ABARE Research Report 07.14). Retrieved
from Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource
Economics website: http://www.abare.gov.au/
publications_html/climate_07/apec_security.pdf
Australian Human Resources Institute. (2008). The parent
trap: The parental leave debate (Research Report).
Retrieved from http://www.ahri.com.au/MMSdocuments/
profdevelopment/research/research_papers/0809_
pulse_report_the _parent_trap.pdf
Aermark, L. (2011). Spectral and Hardy inequalities for
some sub-elliptical operators (Research Reports in
Mathematics Number 1, 2011). Retrieved from
Stockholm University, Department of Mathematics,
Research Reports in Mathematics website:
http://www2.math.su.se/reports/2011/1/2011-1.pdf
Database information may be given for monographs from the University's limited circulation database subscriptions.
Bramley, G. (2010). Analysis of youth offending team
inspection reports (LGA Research Report). Retrieved
from ERIC database.
Australian Furniture Research and Development Institute, &
Standards Australia. (1997). Office desks (Australian/
New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4442:1997). Retrieved
from Standards On-Line Premium database.
USQ Course materials
Type Examples
Introductory and EDC1400 Foundations of curriculum and
study books
pedagogy: Introductory book. (2011). Toowoomba:
University of Southern Queensland.
PSY2030 Developmental psychology: Study
book. (2011). Toowoomba: University of
Southern Queensland.
Lecture notes and handouts
These are treated like books if they are published, but like personal communication if they are your own notes or unpublished. Lecture notes are considered published if they have been copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's permission.
Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in
education: Course notes. Toowoomba:
University of Southern Queensland.
Customized publications and selected readings (print)
If you need to cite from a book of readings, use the date for that publication. If page numbers are required in text, use the book of readings page numbers, not the page numbers from the original source.
Mishkin, F. S., & Eakins, S. G. (2012). Overview of the
financial system. In D. Pensiero & G. Adkins (Comps.),
FIN8201 Finance for executives, (pp. 55-75). Sydney,
NSW: Pearson Australia. (Reprinted from Financial
markets and institutions, 7th ed., pp. 55-75, Harlow,
Essex: Pearson Education)
Thompson, W. R., & Grusec, J. (2010). Studies of early
experience. In R. Pauley (Comp.), Early experience
and cognitive development: Selected readings (2nd
ed., pp. 100-190). Toowoomba: University of Southern
Queensland. (Reprinted from Carmichael’s manual
of child psychology, 3rd ed., vol. 1, pp. 565-654, by
P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York: Wiley)
Online course materials
Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.
If the item has no obvious author, start with the title.
Terry, P. C. (2011). Module 5 - group and team
dynamics. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from
http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/21967/
content/study-modules/m05.htm
Outline of inquiry. (2011). Retrieved November 15,
2011, from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/
course/view.php?id=21580
Hendry, L. (2011). Visual Pattern perception - shapes,
spatial frequency and Gestalt laws [PowerPoint
slides]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.
au/mod/resource/view.php?id=457749
Audio and video (including Breeze presentations).
Petersen, S. (2011). Classroom reading pedagogy:
Reading strategies [Video podcast]. Retrieved from
http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/files.php/21642/
Lecture_Reading_Strategies/index.htm
Zimbardo, P. (1989). The responsive brain (Discovering
Psychology) [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://
usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/resource/view.php?
inpopup+true&id=428028
BBC World Service. (2011). The family (Family, Sex &
Society) [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://bbc.
co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/essentialguide/
theme_fam.shtml
Series titles included in the above two examples.
Online course readings
For readings redirected to websites, pages or databases, follow the instructions outlined in the books, journal articles and web documents sections of this guide.
Otherwise, follow the following style for scanned or copied documents that indicate "usqdirect.usq.edu.au" or "usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au" in the URL.
Journal articles.
Arnold, T. (2001). Achieving playtime positives. Journal of
Early Childhood, 5(4), 117-121. Retrieved from
https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/d6s66b-678m-
bg7f-e098-0as8807g32a8/1/arnold_2001_117.pdf
Keeling, R. (2006). The Bologna Process and the Lisbon
Agenda: The European Commission's expanding role
in higher education discourse. European Journal of
Education, 41(2), 203-223. Retrieved from
https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/d6s67b-678m-
bg7f-e098-0as8707g32a5/1/keeling_2006_203.pdf
Book chapters.
Shore, R. (1997). What have we learned. In Rethinking the brain:
New insights into early development (pp. 15-52). Retrieved
from https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/a2s66b-678m-
bg7f-e098-0as9907d58/1/shore_1997_15.pdf
Tuczay, C. (2005). Trance, prophets and diviners in the Middle
Ages. In E. Pocs (Ed.), Communicating with the spirits:
Christian demonology and popular mythology (pp. 215-
233). Retrieved from https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/
d6s66b-511m-bg7f-e098-0as5507g32a3/1/Tuczay_2005_
215.pdf
If a DOI is evident, use that in place of the retrieval statement.
Dafni, A. (2007). The supernatural characters and powers of
sacred trees in the Holy Land. Journal of Ethnobiology &
Ethnomedicine, 3, 10-16. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-3-10
How to cite references within the text of an assignmentUse the author-date method of citation for quotations (exact words of another author) and paraphrasing (summarising the words and ideas of one or more authors).
Every line in the work should be double-spaced including the headings, footnotes, quotations, references and figure captions. Triple- or quadruple- spacing may be applied in special circumstances such as before and after displayed items. Single- or one-and-a-half line spacing is never used except inside tables or figures.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work or one or more authors.Please note: changing only a few words from another author does not constitute paraphrasing.
Type Examples
If you are referring to the general theme of a book or article
Brown (1991) investigated the effects of ...
An investigation into the effects of maternal age
(Brown, 1991) found that ...
When to include page numbers
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work, page or paragraph numbers are not required. But it can be helpful, for example when paraphrasing or referring to information or an idea that can be located on a particular page, quoting or referring to images, figures or data, or when a work is particularly long and page numbers might be useful for the reader.
Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little
water (Kozeny, 1988, pp. 223-224).
Kozeny (1988, p. 223) found soil layers below the well
tip contributed little.
When the authors of a source are not part of the formal sentence structure
Both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons.
Reviews of research on sport and reading have concluded
that at least some types of reading behaviours are related to
higher levels of physical health (Austin, 1990; McGovern &
Henderson, 2001; Wright & Morgan, 2001).
When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal sentence structure
The year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors.
Wright and Mander (2002) found that although there was a
reduction in literacy, the difference was not statistically significant.
Group authors and abbreviations
The names of groups are usually spelled out each time they appear in text.
(University of Southern Queensland, 2009)
University of Southern Queensland (2009)
Only abbreviate if the name is long, cumbersome and the abbreviation is familiar or easily understood.
First citation in text.
(Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees [UNHCR], 2008)
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR, 2008)
Subsequent citations.
(UNHCR, 2008)
UNHCR (2008)
One or two authors Cite the names every time the reference occurs:
Smythe and Jones (2001) found ... (first and subsequent
citations)
... as has been shown (Smythe & Jones, 2001).
More than two authors For three, four or five authors, cite all authors in the first instance, thereafter, only first author followed by "et al." (not underlined and with no stop after "et") and the year of publication.
Campbell, Brady, Bradley, and Smithson (1991)
found ... (first citation)
Campbell et al. (1991) found ... (subsequent citations)
For with six or more authors, cite only the first author followed by "et al." and the year. In the list of references give all names up to and including six authors.
"and" or "&"? In running text use "and" to join the names of multiple authors, but use an ampersand (&) inside parentheses.
Jones and Brady (1991) continued to find ...
The authors found the same result in the second and
third trials (Jones & Brady, 1991).
Citing multiple works by the same author at the same time
Arrange dates in order (oldest to newest). Use suffixes after the year when there are multiple publications from the same year. If the publication dates are same, the suffixes are assigned in the reference list where these kinds of references are ordered in alphabetical order by title (article, chapter or complete work).
Several studies (Jackson, 1999, 2001a, 2001b, 2005)
revealed a similar outcome.
Primary authors with the same surname
Include the first author's initials in all text citations even if the year of publication differs.
T.R. Smith (2006) and B. E. Smith (2007) found that ...
J. J. Jackson and Robertson (2000) and E. M. Jackson
and Johns (2005) reached the conclusion that ...
Secondary citations You must acknowledge both the primary and secondary source of information. To do this, include the primary source first and then insert the words "as cited in" before the secondary source.
Cumming's (1980) study (as cited in Pauley, 1991) ...
This belief has been confirmed (Cumming, 1980,
as cited in Pauley, 1991) ...
You do not need to source the primary or original work cited (e.g. Cumming, 1980) but the secondary source (e.g. Pauley, 1991) needs to be given in your list of references.
No author When a citing a source in text that has no identified author, use a shortened title (or the full title if it is short) and year for the parenthetical citation.
The in text citation for the online source "New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure" would be ("New Drug," 2001).
Use double quotation marks for article titles, chapter titles or web page titles.
Italicize (without quotation marks) book titles.
(Psychological effects, 1999)
For works designated as "Anonymous", cite in text as Anonymous followed by a comma and the date.
(Anonymous, 2007)
Legislation (includes Acts and Bills)
The Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic) prohibits ...
... the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) ...
... according to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ...
... Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) ...
Legal authorities (cases) Carey v. Price (2005)
Mabo v. Queensland (1992)
Quotes
Quotations or quotes are when you use the exact words of another author or your own previously published work. Quotations must always be referenced with page numbers.
Quotations of less than 40 words (approximately) should form part of the text and be designated with double quotation marks.
With quotations of 40 or more words, DO NOT use quotation marks; set the quotation in an indented (about a half inch) free standing block of text. Use double-line-spacing to separate the quote from the text of your work.
Type Examples
Direct quotation
Less than 40 words.
Always include the author, year, and page number(s) as part of the citation.
Students receiving "additional information literacy
training achieved higher grades than students who
did not attend any skills' sessions" (Capel, 2002,
p. 323).
40 or more words.
Although the groups contained different age groups, they
were not differentiated in the feasibility study:
The intensive ESL program was enthusiastically
supported by the administration and was popular
with the young learners and their parents. Although
the groups differed in age, measures of English and
French proficiency and language aptitude administered
at the outset of the experiment indicated that differences
between the fourth and fifth year classes were non-
significant (White, Horst, & Bell, October 2007); thus in
the research reported here, we do not distinguish
between the two groups. (Horst, White, & Bell, 2010,
p. 334)
Do not omit or alter citations embedded within the quote. These embedded citations are not included in your list of references unless used as a primary source elsewhere in your work. In the above example, the 2010 article (where the entire quote comes from) is included in the list of references but the 2007 work mentioned within the quote is not, unless it is used as a source elsewhere in the work.
For additional paragraphs within the quotation, insert a double-line-spacing and indent the first line of each an additional half inch (five to seven spaces).
Specific Always give page numbers for quotations (if available).
parts of a source
For sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if possible, preceded by the abbreviation 'para.'
(Zelow, 2001, para. 17)
(Broome & Davies, 1999, para. 5)
(Bray, 1999, chap. 3)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
Images from other sources
Type Examples
Reproducing or adapting copyrighted photographs, images, tables and figures.
Tables and figures (including photgraphs and other images) should be numbered above in the order in which they are first mentioned in text. The title follows the number:
Table 7. Confidence Intervals With Upper and Lower Limits
In the text, refer to tables and figures by their number:
As shown in Table 7, there is a larger variation than we
would expect.
For both print and electronic forms, acknowledge the author and copyright holder in the figure caption or in a note at the bottom of the reproduction.
Note. Reproduced from "Which methods are best
suited to the production of high-quality research in
geography education?" by G. Butt, 2010, International
Research in Geographical and Environmental
Education, 19(2), p. 105. Copyright 2009 by Perks
& Prestage.
Note. Adapted from Emissions trading &
competitiveness: Allocations, incentives and
industrial competitiveness under the EU
Emisions Trading Scheme (p. 60), by M. Grubb
and K. Neuhoff (Eds.), 2006, London: Earthscan.
Copyright 2006 by J. Sijm, K. Neufoff and Y. Chen.
If copyright permission footnotes are required, refer to the Publication manual.
Non-copyright or personal images or data sourced from others
For images, tables or data used with the permission of another party, treat as you would a personal communication. Cite in text only and do not include in the reference list.
Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible:
O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001)
(M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
Items with a Creative Commons Licence
For items with a Creative Commons Licence, see the USQ Creative Commons Website for more information.
Type Examples
Creative Commons
Information about the Creative Commons Licence is entered directly after the item is used, within your assignment.
... (Zawacki-Richter, Hanft & Backer, 2011, p. 2). Used under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
There is no need to include Creative Commons licensing information in your list of references at the end of the assignment. Reference the item as you would normally, according to its format. Information about Creative Commons Licences is to be included with your in-text citations only.
Publication dates
Type Examples
Using the year For journals, books and audiovisual media, use the year.
Within the text - (Smith, 2007) or Smith (2007)
List of References - (2007)
Including the month, season or other designation
If a journal or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month, season or other designation with the year.
Within the text - (Jones, 2007, December) or Jones (2007, December)
List of References - (2007, December)
Including the day For dailies and weeklies, include the day.
Within the text - (Brown, 2007, December 12) or Brown (2007, December 12)
List of References - (2007, December 12)
Works accepted for publication but not yet published.
Within the text - (Mills, in press) or Mills (in press)
List of References - (in press)
No date available. Within the text - (Boon, n.d.) or Boon (n.d.)
List of References - (n.d.)
Additional Help
More information and additional guides
This guide draws from the:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual
of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
The aim of this guide is to provide basic referencing information. For more detailed information about how to write, structure and publish to APA standards, refer to the Publication manual.
This guide varies from the Publication manual in the treatment of journal articles held only in the University's database subsciptions (without DOIs), the online course readings repository and Creative Commons items.
Some other guides to APA referencing
USQ APA toolkit USQ APA quiz University of Queensland APA citation guide Curtin University APA referencing guide Burton, L. (2010). An interactive approach to writing essays and research reports in
psychology (3rd ed.). Milton, Qld: Wiley. (Call number 808.06615 Bur) American Psychological Association. (2010). Mastering APA style: Student's workbook and
training guide (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. (Call number 808.06615 Mas)
Please note: Whilst these referencing guides are offered to assist you to learn how to reference, University policy mandates the use of the APA style defined by this referencing guide. It is possible that you may access some online products that have the functionality to render citations in various styles. Please exercise care and ensure that your referencing complies with this USQ Library guide.
Need additional help applying this guide?
APA Reference Style GuideExamples reflect standards published in the 6th edition (2010)
of the Publication ManualDeveloped and maintained by Prof. Mike Strahan
Updated 04/14/2013Please always refresh page (F5) to reflect changes since your last visit.Note: Enforcement of APA style is up to course instructor or publication editor.
Jump to Online Articles ExamplesJump to Menu
Nursing examples are incorporated throughout this guide
*NEW for 2013*Inserting illustrations into presentation slides?
Examples of how to Caption, Cite in-text, & Reference illustrations retrieved from the web
Examples of how to caption & cite in-texttables and figures from another source (online web page, book, etc.)
To cite works in-text (parenthetical citations), see Social Sciences: Documenting Sources - APA in-text citations by Diana
Hacker & Barbara Fister
Flash videos explaining how to create APA reference entriesAPA-developed Tutorials
Additional ResourcesAnnotated bibliographies: see How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography from the Olin & Uris Libraries of Cornell University. Note: Print copies of the Manual are available in Olson Library, call number: BF 76.7 .P83 2010at the following locations: Reference (library use only), Reserves (3-day checkout), NMU Books LRC 3rd floor (5-week check-out).
Notes:Since 2007, referencing online articles and other online materials has emphasized using an assigned DOI (digital object identifier). The 6th edition also emphasizes providing the DOI for print articles.
Please also see a Flash video explaining where to locate DOI & how to create a reference entry
Date of retrieval is no longer included for material that is the "version of record" / final version. As of July 1, 2009, APA no longer uses database names as the source of holding online
Home
HelpGuides Library
ServicesAbout the Library
articles. Page numbers in bolded notes refer to the Publication Manual, 6th edition, 2010. Spacing notes as discussed in the Manual, p. 87 & p. 180:
For references, insert only one space following all punctuation (except for abbreviations, which do not have spaces after a period). However, when providing DOI, do not place a space following DOI: All references are double-spaced within and between references. Therefore, do not add extra blank lines between entries. Use "hanging indent" format; that is, the first line is flush along the left margin, and subsequent lines for an entry are indented one-half inch (word processing software default). Depending on individual web browsers, on this guide, indents may not appear as a true one-half inch. URLs/web addresses are not underlined (even though software will automatically underline). However, they should remain as active links. On this guide, active links appear in blue or purple. To remove the underlining in word processing software, highlight the URL, hold down the Ctrl key, then type the letter U twice.
Online Articles in Periodicals
Other Online Materials
Print & Misc. non-online
Article is assigned a DOI
ERIC Document(PDF full-text)(including papers presented at conferences & available as an ED)
Article in Professional /Scholarly Journal: With & without DOI assigned
Article is not assigned a DOI: Provide Journal/Magazine/Newspaper (periodical) home page URL
Web Site/Page
Article in Popular Magazine
Article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or journal web page does not exist, and is ONLY available in an electronic database:
Illustrations (photographs, drawings, etc.) copied or adapted from a web page
Newspaper Article
Provide holding database source URL
Advance Online Publication/Preprint (not final permanent format) version of article
YouTube (Video Weblog), Video Webcast, and Audio Podcast
ERIC Document(including papers presented at conferences & available as an ED)
Newsletter article
Online Technical/Research Report/Document, Electronic/e-Book, e-Book Chapter
Book, Technical/Research Report, Book Chapter, & Encyclopedia
Online Government Publication, Legal Materials, Bills (not yet passed), & Laws
Unpublished Master's Thesis; Doctoral DissertationIndexed in Dissertation Abstracts International (published)
Online Master's Thesis or Dissertation
Government Publication, Legal Materials, Bills (not yet passed), & Laws
Online Reference Material (encyclopedia, dictionary, etc.)
Proceedings of Meetings & Symposia;Poster(if provided as an ERIC document, use ERIC examples, not these)
Meetings & Symposia(if provided as an ERIC document, use ERIC examples, not these)
Film / Movie / Motion Picture [DVD]
Graphic representation of data generated from a data set / data bank
Personal & Other Communications (letters, memos, etc.)
Abstract of a Work from either publisher site or database
Message Posted to Blog, or to an Electronic Mailing List (Archived)
Personal & Other Electronic Communications (e-mail, memos, etc.)
Online/Electronic Articles in Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters)
Since July 2007, APA has emphasized using the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) when referencing articles. Unlike URLs which may change over time, the DOI is unique to an individual work. Not all publishers participate in the DOI initiative; as a result, an article may or may not have a DOI assigned. In the 6th edition of the Manual, APA presents a simple approach for referencing online articles:
Article is assigned a DOIOR
Article is not assigned a DOIUsually only journals (primarily scholarly/research), and some online books—are assigned a DOI. Magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and most online documents/reports do not have a DOI. Use the following sequence to determine how to format your article reference. Tools & examples appear below.
When an article is assigned a DOI, the APA standard is that researchers (including students) will always locate the DOI, and use the reference format which includes the DOI. This is not an “either-or” situation where the researcher may choose to ignore a DOI.
When there is no DOI assigned, provide the periodical home page web address (URL). When an article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or the
periodical web web page does not exist, and online content is ONLY available in an electronic database such as CINAHL or JSTOR, provide the entry page URL of the database which holds the article. Although this type of reference is rare for articles, it may occur especially when the journal is discontinued.
Note: It is unacceptable to substitute an assigned DOI with the journal URL or database URL.
Article is Assigned a DOI
Finding assigned DOIs: RECOMMENDED STEP FOR LIST OF REFERENCES
How to find the assigned DOI for one article. Do steps in order:
After creating references list:
Click here to quickly create an account (one time)
Next, click here, enter your e-mail address, then copy & paste entire list into Simple Text Query box(takes a few minutes)
1. Check first page of article (usually in smaller print near journal logo, copyright, or near author email address).
2. If not on article, check database record/abstract (sometimes labeled as DOI). CINAHL began adding DOI's in 2009.
3. If DOI does not appear on either article or in database: Click here to search Cross/Ref DOI Lookup using article author/title
DOI may be verified/searched by entering number in: Cross/Ref DOI Resolver
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume):
Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:
A model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20,
580-588. doi:10.1177/0269881105058776
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume), more than seven authors:
Caselli, D., Carraro, F., Castagnola, E., Ziino, O., Frenos, S., Milano, G. M., . . . Aric, M. (2010).
Morbidity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood &
Cancer, 55, 226-228. doi:10.1002/pbc.22619
Journal Article (paginated by issue):
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting
Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.
doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
Cochrane Database Report retrieved from Cochrane Library, using DOI
Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological interventions for
overweight or obesity. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2).
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2
Please also see a Flash video explaining where to locate DOI & how to create a reference entry
No DOI assigned and Retrieved online?Must provide journal home page web address (URL)
Note: Do not provide the complete/exact URL for the article. This is to avoid nonworking URLs. (see APA Manual, pp. 198 & 201)
Do steps in order:
1. Look for web address on the article.2. Type complete journal title in web browser address bar.3. Check database record.4. Click here to learn about other tools to locate journal home page web address
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume):
Arakji, R. Y., & Lang, K. R. (2008). Avatar business value analysis: A method for the evaluation
of business value creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce
Research, 9, 207-218. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.edu/journals/jecr/
Journal Article (paginated by issue):
Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32. Retrieved from
http://www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm
Journal Article (paginated by issue), more than seven authors:
Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., Al Otaiba, S., Thompson, A., Yen, L., McMaster, K. N., . . . Yang, N. J.
(2001). K-PALS: Helping kindergartners with reading readiness: Teachers and
researchers in partnerships. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33(4), 76-80. Retrieved
from http://www.cec.sped.org/content/navigationmenu/publications2
/teachingexceptionalchildren/
Magazine Article:
Bower, B. (2008, Feb. 9). Dawn of the city: Excavations prompt a revolution in thinking about
the earliest cities. Science News, 173(6), 90-92. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencenewsmagazine.org/
Newspaper Article:
Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News. Retrieved from
http://www.detnews.com
Notes:
1. Avoid providing URLs of sites such as Questia, FindArticles, Ingentaconnect, InfoQuest, Infotrieve, HighBeam, etc. They are vendors who index and sell articles—they are not journal publishers.
2. Use caution when locating articles that appear on personal web pages—even on the author’s web site—because the article you see may not be the final published version.
3. Do not provide an entire URL that leads directly to article, but rather just the journal web page address.
4. URLs are not underlined (to remove, highlight URL then do Ctrl-U twice).
Article is not assigned a DOI, is published in a discontinued periodical and/or periodical web page does not exist,
and online content is ONLY available in an electronic database
Provide holding database home or entry page URL
Database NameDatabase Home Page URL
(copy & paste into reference)
ABI/INFORM Global http://proquest.umi.com
Access World News http://infoweb.newsbank.com
CINAHL Plus with Full Text http://search.ebscohost.com
ERIC http://www.eric.ed.gov/
GALE/CENGAGE databases http://find.galegroup.com
JSTOR http://www.jstor.org
WilsonWeb http://www.hwwilson.com/
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume):
Billson, C. J. (1892). The Easter hare. Folklore, 3, 441-466. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org
Langdon, S. W., & Preble, W. (2008). The relationship between levels of perceived respect
and bullying in 5th through 12th graders. Adolescence, 43, 485-503. Retrieved from
http://find.galegroup.com
Back to Menu
Advance online article (published online before print; may or may not include pagination; indicate initial page number or range if available).Jung, T. I., Hoffmann, F., Glaeske, G., & Felsenberg, D. (2009). Disease-specific risk for an osteonecrosis
of the jaw under bisphosphonate therapy. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s00432-009-0662-9
Newsletter article, no DOI assigned, retrieved from publisher web siteUnless newsletter article is paginated, exclude pages numbers. Dowd, N., O'Donnell, P., & Snoek-Brown, J. (2007, Winter). WeLead and academic libraries: A
bright future. Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians WAAL Newsletter, 24(1).Retrieved from http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/newsletter/241.html#welead
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Other Online MaterialsOnline ERIC Documents(Note that examples are categorized by formally or informally published works, then sub-arranged by ERIC Publication Type field.)----------------------------------------Formally Published Works (Book or monograph [limited circulation], Dissertation, Speech/Meeting paper published in conferenceproceedings [book, not journal])---------------------------------------- Publication Type: Book - Limited-circulation book or monograph, from electronic database [ERIC] (Manual, p. 204) [Note: ISBN usually provided] Hipp, E. (2000). Understanding the human volcano: What teens can do about violence [Monograph].
Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Doctoral Dissertations, from an electronic database [ERIC](Manual, pp. 207-208)Simon, C. E. (1995). Information retrieval techniques: The differences in cognitive strategies and search
behaviors among graduate students in an academic library (Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings, limited circulation, retrieved from ERIC database (Manual, p. 192 & p. 207) Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk.
Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE Summer Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
--------------------------------------------------------------Informally Published or Self-Archived Works (ERIC Digest, Master's thesis, Report, Unpublished conference presentation) ------------------------------------------------------------- Publication Type: ERIC Digest - Informally published or self-archived work, from ERIC (Manual, p. 212) Schuetz, P. (2000). Successful collaborations between high schools and community colleges. ERIC Digest.
Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED451856)
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Master's Theses - Unpublished, from an electronic database [ERIC] (Manual, pp. 207-208) Lopez, J. (2005). Characteristics of selected multilingual education programs from around the
world: A review of the literature (Unpublished master's thesis). Dominican University of California, Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED491402)
Publication Type: Report - from ERIC (Manual, p. 212) Brewster, C., & Railsback, J. (2002). Full-day kindergarten: Exploring an option for extended learning.
Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED472733)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation retrieved from ERIC (Manual, p. 206) Shaw, C. L. M. (1997, November). Customer satisfaction: Communication training and the help-desk
hot-line. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED416553)
Web Site/Page - Informally Published or Self-archived Work (Manual, p. 212) When discussing an entire web site (as opposed to a specific page on the web site), an entry does not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:
The International Council of Museums web site provides many links to museums, codes of ethics, and the museum profession (http://www.icom.org/).
Individual web pageSince web pages and documents are similar to print, references to them include the same elements
such as author, date, title, etc. Note that proper names and acronyms are capitalized. Date of retrieval is included because "the source material may change over time" (Manual, p. 192, and apastyle.org).
IMPORTANT NOTE: the web page title is not italicized because APA considers web pages informal publications. If the web page is also available as an online document/report (for example in PDF), please download that report, cite in-text appropriately, and use the online report format instead (click here to jump to those examples). Persons as authors
Lewis, O., & Redish, L. (2011). Native American tribes of Wisconsin. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from the
Native Languages of the Americas website: http://www.native-languages.org/wisconsin.htm
Organization as author Milwaukee Public Museum. (n.d.). Stockbridge-Munsee history. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from
http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-158.html
Illustrations (photographs, drawings, etc.) Copied or Adapted from a Web PageNotes: APA Manual (p. 192) states: "Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time." Since web page content often changes, provide the date of retrieval. Also, if you must split the URL between two lines, do so before a slash.
Following illustration title, insert type of medium in square brackets. Illustration types include diagram, photograph, painting, drawing, bronze sculpture, etc.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2012). Dermal absorption [Diagram]. Retrieved March 11,
2013, from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/ If illustration does not have a name/title, insert description including type of medium in square brackets following year.
Florida Hospital. (n.d.). [Untitled photograph of a woman.] Retrieved March 11, 2013, from
http://www.changeyourlifechallenge.org/news
/hospital-enhances-rehab-program-with-new-experia-equipment-for-vitalstim-therapy/
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Online Video & AudioYouTube-type Video Blog Post
(Note that titles are not italicized)Goyen, A. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY
University of Chicago. (2007, December 12). European cartographers and the Ottoman world,
1500--1750 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xax5d4IKqrQ
Video Webcast from Television Series Single EpisodeABC News (Producer). (2007, September 21). Dying professor's lecture of a lifetime [Video webcast]
[Television series episode]. In Good Morning America. Person of the Week. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PersonOfWeek/Story?id=3633945&page=1
Audio PodcastCharney, T. (Producer). (2007). Ashes to hope: Overcoming the Detroit riots. U.P. Family Still Struggles to
Deal With Pressure of '67 Riot [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.michiganradio.org/
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Online Technical/Research Report, Electronic/e-book, e-book ChapterIf you need to continue a web address/URL onto another line, make sure to turn off automatic hyphenation in word processing software, and break before most punctuation, (e.g., a forward slash / ) not after (see example below) [Manual, p. 192]. Report/Document available on the web, authored by individual(s)--not agency, has publication date & report numberRusso, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004
(Statistical Brief No. 17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality website: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports /statbriefs/sb17.jsp
Report/Document available on the web, no author identified, no publication date (provide title first)Elementary school math instruction questionnaire results. Most significantly improved schools. (n.d.).
Retrieved from http://www.sharingsuccess.org/code/highperf/2002-03/es_math/msi/index.htm
Report/Document available on the web, authored by a nongovernmental organization, no publication date
Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration. (n.d.). Handbook of
accreditation. Retrieved from http://www.acpha-cahm.org/forms/acpha/acphahandbook04.pdf
Report/Document from institutional archive or university department web site
Trapp, Y. U. (2005). Multiple intelligences: The learning process in our students. Retrieved from Yale
University, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute website: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2001/6/01.06.10.x.html
Electronic version of print book, retrieved from STAT!Ref
Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2008). Foundations of nursing research (5th ed.) [STAT!Ref version]. Retrieved from
http://online.statref.com
Electronic version of print book, retrieved from EBSCO eBook Collection
Vogel, C. G. (1999). Legends of landforms: Native American lore and the geology of the land [EBSCO Reader
version]. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
Electronic book - direct link unavailable or URL leads to information on how to obtain the item. Note use of "Available from" instead of "Retrieved from"Gonzalez-Mena, J. (2007). Diversity in early care and education: Honoring differences. Available
from http://mhprofessional.com/product.php?isbn=007722289X
Electronic version of book chapter from an edited book Symonds, P. M. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human
motivation (pp. 11-22). doi:10.1037/11305-002
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Online Government Documents & Legal SourcesU.S. Government executive document, authored by agency, with report number. Note that the agency publication number may appear on the web document or in the library catalog.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1999). Smog-Who does it hurt? What you need to know about ozone and your health (EPA Publication No. EPA-452/K-99-001). Retrieved fromhttp://www.epa.gov/airnow/health/smog.pdf
Government Report/Document available on the web, authored by individual(s)--not agency, has publication date & report number.Werner, C. A. (2011). The older population: 2010 (2010 Census Briefs, No. C2010BR-09). Retrieved from
U.S. Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-09.pdf
Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief No. 17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality website: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports /statbriefs/sb17.jsp
Note on legal materials: APA uses The bluebook: A uniform system of citation formats for both referencing & in-text citing.
Unenacted bills - Federal - retrieved through Thomas.govUnless you wish to provide parallel traditional and Internet references, it is not necessary to indicate where you retrieved bill text.For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, and date. Josh Miller HEARTS Act, S. 1197, 111th Cong. (2009).
Unenacted bills - State - retrieved through mi.gov H.B. 4379, 95th Leg,, Reg. Sess. (Mi. 2010).
Court Decision with record number identifier (Note source abbreviations - WestLaw: WL & Lexis-Nexis: LEXIS)Note: If screen numbers are assigned, precede with an asterisk. Hornback v. U.S., No. 03-5099, 2004 WL 68510, at *1 (C. A. Fed. Jan. 13, 2004).
Theses & Dissertations (Manual, pp. 207-208) Master's thesis from a commercial database Saarivirta-Kolpack, M. (2006). A history of early teacher training practices at
Northern (Michigan University), 1899-1953 (Master's thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 1439820)
Doctoral Dissertation from a commercial databaseJackson, S. L. (2007). Program effectiveness of job readiness training: An analysis
and evaluation of selected programs in St. Louis, Missouri (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ABI/INFORM database. (UMI No. 3241781)
Doctoral Dissertation from an institutional database (sometimes referred to as a Commons)Harper, E. B. (2007). The role of terrestrial habitat in the population dynamics and conservation of
pond-breeding amphibians (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://edt.missouri.edu/
Doctoral Dissertation from the webBartel, T. M. C. (2005). Factors associated with attachment in international adoption (Doctoral
dissertation, Kansas State University). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2097/131
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Online Reference MaterialsOnline Encyclopedia, no entry author Boss brass. (2009). In H. Kallmann & G. Potvin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of music in Canada. Retrieved from
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000367
Online Encyclopedia, no entry author, retrieved from STAT!RefVernix caseosa. (2009). In D. Venes (Ed.), Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary
(21st ed.) [STAT!Ref version]. Retrieved from http://online.statref.com
Online Encyclopedia, entry author, multi-volume, electronic version of print book,direct link unavailable, retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library
Hanegraaff, W. (2005). New Age movement. In L. Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of religion (2nd ed., Vol. 10, pp. 6495-6500). Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/
Online DictionaryTerrorism. (2009). In DOD dictionary of military and associated terms. Retrieved from
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/t/7591.html
Meetings and SymposiaPaper in proceedings published regularly onlineRissman, J., Greely, H. T., & Wagner, A. D. (2010). Detecting individual memories through
the neural decoding of memory states and past experience. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 9849-9854. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001028107
Paper in proceedings published regularly online; more than seven authors Brem, S., Bach, S., Kucian, K., Guttorm, T. K., Martin, E., Lyytinen, H., ...Richardson, U. (2010).
Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter–speech sound correspondences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 7939-7944. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904402107
Conference presentation slidesClumpner, K. E. (2007, April). Interdisciplinary blog for liaisons [PowerPoint slides]. Paper presented at
the annual conference of the Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians, Wisconsin Dells, WI.
Retrieved from http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/conferences/2007/postconference/clumpner.pdf
Conference panel abstract retrieved onlineFreier, M., Bennett, T., & Riley, A. C. (2009, March). Gender, generation, and toxicity: The implications for
academic libraries of gender and generational attitudes toward competition and workplace behavior. Panel presented at the ACRL 14th National Conference, Seattle, WA. Abstract retrieved from http://www.eshow2000.com/acrl/2009/e_pop_profiles.cfm?session=1&session_id=112539&class_id=113811
Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank When a figure (graph, map, chart, etc.) or table is generated/created from a data set/data bank available online, use the following to reference the data set. Since data sets/banks are frequently updated, provide the URL of the initial web page used to generate the graphic. Note to also properly caption & cite the resulting graphic or table. See examples of how to caption & cite tables & figures from another source.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2007).
Behavioral Risk Facto Surveillance System. Trends Data [Data file]. Retrieved from
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/Abstract of a workAlthough referencing the full-text of an article is preferred, abstracts may be used as sources (Manual, p. 202). Abstract found in database - Abstract as secondary source:
Johnson, P.D. (1998). Rural stroke caregivers: A qualitative study of the positive and negativeresponse to the caregiver role. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 5(3), 51-68. Abstract retrieved from CINAHL database. (Accession No. 1999045958)
Abstract found on publisher web site - Abstract as original source:Wang, J. L., Lesage, A., Schmitz, N., & Drapeau, A. (2008). The relationship between work
stress and mental disorders in men and women: Findings from a population-based study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 42-47. Abstract retrieved fromhttp://jech.bmj.com/
Message posted to a BlogJacobson, J. (2009, November 8). Historic health reform bill passes but at a price: Women's groups have
mixed reaction [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2009/11/08/historic-health-reform-bill-passes-but-at-a-price-womens-groups-have-mixed-reaction
Message posted to an electronic mailing list (archived)SaFeddern, T. (2004, May 10). Summary: EBN (nursing) resources [Electronic mailing list message].
Retrieved from Nursing & Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association (NAHRS), http://listserv.kent.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?LIST=NAHRS
Personal & Other CommunicationsThe APA Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 179) indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows:
D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007).(L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).
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PRINT SOURCES (NON-ELECTRONIC)Articles in Professional/Scholarly Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Note: APA (6th edition) now recommends that when an assigned DOI is available (print or online), it should be included on the reference (Manual, p. 189, & p. 198). If an article was not assigned a DOI, then end the reference with page numbers.
Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume) - DOI assigned Limb, G. E., & Hodge, D. R. (2008). Developing spiritual competency with Native Americans: Promoting
wellness through balance and harmony. Families in society, 89, 615-622. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.3816
Article in a journal (paginated by issue) - DOI assigned Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology
Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume) - No DOI assigned Organista, K. C. (2009). New practice model for Latinos in need of social work services.
Social Work, 54, 297-305.
Article in a Popular MagazineCaloyianis, N. (1998, September). Greenland sharks. National Geographic, 194(3), 60-71.
Article in a Newspaper (Discontinuous pages)Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A21. Back to Menu
ERIC Documents (available in microfiche)(Note that examples are categorized by formally or informally published works, then sub-arranged by ERIC Publication Type field.)----------------------------------------Formally Published Works (Book or monograph [limited circulation], Dissertation, Speech/Meeting paper published in conferenceproceedings [book, not journal])---------------------------------------- Publication Type: Book - [Note: ISBN usually provided] Barker, C. L., & Searchwell, C. J. (2000). Writing year-end teacher improvement plans--right now!!
The principal's time-saving reference guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. (ED450448)
Publication Type: Doctoral dissertation available from ERIC Clark, J. L. (1983). Values and academic achievement among rural Indian high school students in North
Dakota. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota. (ED242469)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings, limited circulation (Manual, pp. 206-207) Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk.
In Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE Summer Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). (ED425722)
--------------------------------------------------------------Informally Published or Self-Archived Works (Master's thesis, Report, Unpublished conference presentation) ------------------------------------------------------------- Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Master's Theses - UnpublishedBastolla, R. (1994). Whole language and Basal readers. Master's thesis, Kean College. (ED366923)
Publication Type: Report - available from ERIC (microfiche-only, but without report number) Morgan, D. R. (1982). Desegregating public schools: A handbook for local officials.
Norman, OK: Bureau of Government Research, University of Oklahoma. (ED215005)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation (microfiche-only) Kondrick, L. C., & Franklin, K. K. (2003). A conceptual model for a task analysis of methods in action
research design. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, Biloxi, MS. (ED482468)
Book, Technical/Research Report, & Book ChapterBook, no author or editorPlace title in the author’s position; alphabetize by the first significant word in the title; cite in text using a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short, in place of the author’s name.Professional guide to diseases. (1982). Springhouse, PA: Intermed Communications.
Book, one authorMcKibben, B. (1992). The age of missing information. New York, NY: Random House.
Book, multiple authorsLarson, G. W., Ellis, D. C., & Rivers, P. C. (1984). Essentials of chemical dependency counseling.
New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Edited book (editor in place of author)Inness, S. A. (Ed.). (1998). Delinquents and debutantes: Twentieth-century American girls’ cultures.
New York, NY: New York University Press.
Edited book, multiple authors (editor in place of authors)Moriarty, L. J., & Carter, D. L. (Eds.). (1998). Criminal justice technology in the 21st century.
Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Book, subsequent edition (2nd, 3rd, etc.)Lemay, L. (1997). Teach yourself web publishing with HTML 4 in a week (4th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Sams.net.
Report from a private organization (author & publisher same)National League for Nursing. (1990). Self-study report for community health organizations
(Pub. No. 21-2329). New York, NY: Author.
Article or chapter in an edited bookHartley, J. T., Harker J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult
development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Entry in an encyclopediaThis includes both general and specialized encyclopedias. If an entry does not have a byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date.Moore, C. (1991). Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.)
(Vol. 15, pp. 1071-1094). New York, NY: Wiley.
Entry in Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) Title of the review and authorship appears in italics at the beginning of the review narrative (example provided below). Also note that many entries published in MMY contain more than one review.
Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments by NANCY L. ALLEN, Research Scientist, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ:
Allen, N. L. (1992). Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments. In J. J. Kramer & J. C. Conoley (Eds.), The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute, University of Nebraska Press.
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Master's Theses & Dissertations (Manual, pp. 207-208) Unpublished master’s thesis (not indexed in Dissertation Express or Dissertation Abstracts/Master's Abstracts) Paulosky, K. A. (1997). Knowledge and attitudes of pain and activities of nurse administrators (Unpublished
master’s thesis). Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI.
Note: According to Anne Gasque (Manual senior editor), since Dissertation Abstracts International is unavailable through NMU, researchers may substitute Dissertation Express information for DAIentry information. (Published) Master's thesis indexed in Dissertation Express
McNiel, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing growing up with an
alcoholic mother (Master's thesis). Available from Dissertation Express database. (UMI No. 1434728)
(Published) Doctoral dissertation indexed in Dissertation ExpressMet, L. (1976). A study of the development and validation of a high school leadership training program:
Evaluation of the student leadership program (Doctoral dissertation). Available from Dissertation Express database. (UMI No. 7703303)
(Published) Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI). Gould, J. B. (1999). Symbolic speech: Legal mobilization and the rise of collegiate hate speech
codes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(02), 533A.
Government Publications & Law Note: For government documents which do not have a personal author, the Manual 6th ed. indicates providing the parent agency, followed by the sub-agency/-agencies. U.S. Government executive document Note that the agency publication number may appear on the document or in the online catalog. Lindeman, D. A. (1984). Alzheimer's disease handbook (DHHS Publication No. OHDS 84-20813).
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. (2004). Pictured rocks national lakeshore, Michigan final general management plan, wilderness study, environmental impact statement. Washington, DC: Author.
Michigan Government executive document Michigan Department of Community Health. (2003). Michigan dementia plan summary: Reducing the burden
of dementia in Michigan. Lansing, MI: Author.
Important Note: For legislative and legal materials, APA uses the conventional legal citation format found in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Guidelines and additional examples appear in the Manual on pp. 216-224.
U.S. Government Congressional documentFor legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, and date. Charter schools: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families of the
Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives, 105th Cong. 1 (1998).
Court decision (note that no part of entry is italicized) United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974).
Proceedings of Meetings & SymposiaPublished Proceedings Capitalize the name of the symposium. Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion. In R.
Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic, and Fear (pp. 251-328). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Proceedings published regularly (format similar to periodicals) Wassenaar, L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (1998). Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering
colonies in Mexico: New isotopic evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95, 15436-15439.
Poster presented at conference Raspe, P. D. (1991, April). Relationship among given names in the Scilly Isles. Poster session presented
at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Milwaukee, WI.
Film / Movie / Motion Picture Chrisman, S. (Producer & Director). (2003). Lumberjack life U.P. days of yore [DVD]. Available from
http://wnmutv.nmu.edu/video_sales.php
Personal & Other CommunicationsThe APA Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 179) indicates that personal communications include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows:
D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007).(L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).