HANDBOOK TO APA REFERENCING

MARK SANDHAM

EDUCATION LIBRARIAN

WITS SCHOOL OF EDUCATION 2008

ii

First published in 2008 by the Wits School of Education, Education Campus, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg Private Bag X3, Wits 2050

Decorations from Orbis Sensualium Pictus of 1659 by John Amos Comenius.

All rights reserved.

Printed by The Central Printing Unit, University of the Witwatersrand

ISBN 978-0-620-40730-4

C O N T E N T S

INTRODUCTION Page 2

THE REFERENCE LIST 4

IN-TEXT REFERENCES 6

STAND-ALONE IN-TEXT REFERENCES 9

LESS COMMON SOURCES, FORMATS, ETC.

Compiler, Translator, etc. 10

Date and Edition 10

Subtitle; No Title 11

Place of Publication 12

Publisher 12

Encyclopedias 13

Yearbooks, Sets, Conference Proceedings 14

Non-English Books 15

Theses and Dissertations 15

Manuscripts 16

Government Publications 17

Scholarly Journals 18

Magazines and Newspapers 19

Digital Objects 20

Audio-Visual Materials 23

Posters 24

SOURCES NOT TO BE INCLUDED 25

REFERENCE LIST FOR THIS HANDBOOK 25

INDEX 26

1

INTRODUCTION

Reasons for Referencing In the academy referencing is a requirement that is non-negotiable. Referencing gives credit to authors who have been consulted, keeps the writer safe from charges of plagiarism, and allows readers to find sources with minimum difficulty for verification or to follow leads.

The APA Referencing Style The most widely used style in the social sciences is that of the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA’s rules for referencing are contained in its Publication manual (2001) and APA style guide to electrononic references (2007), and these should be the final recourse for researchers. The present Handbook aims to make the APA rules more accessible. Sometimes sources will crop up that are different from the examples below or in APA, and here the writer must improvise and describe them in a sensible way that is consistent with APA, clear to the reader, and will enable the reader to retrieve them. Correct referencing is not mere pedantry. Web crawlers use algorithms to recognize citations and then to index these. Eccentrically referenced items will therefore be missed by the crawlers.

Referencing Software EndNote has proved very popular at Wits, and in 2007 the University acquired the Australian online product RefWorks as well. These packages enable the writer to import references from data bases or to capture them manually by filling in a form. Both claim to have been programmed with the rules for all the different referencing conventions. Once the writer has stipulated all his in-text citations the software can generate a reference list in any style. In addition, once captured the references stay in these electronic ‘filing cabinets’ and may be re-used throughout a researcher’s career. In order to edit reference lists researchers still need to be familiar with referencing conventions. Further, the systems and databases may not always be able to generate references that are absolutely faithful to the various conventions.

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Reference List versus Bibliography It is best in this matter to give the APA’s policy in full:

The reference list at the end of a journal article documents the article and provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Authors should choose references judiciously and must include only the sources that were used in the research and preparation of the article. Note that a reference list cites works that specifically support a particular article. In contrast, a bibliography cites works for background or for further reading and may include descriptive notes . . .. APA journals require reference lists, not bibliographies. (APA, 2001, p. 215)

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THE REFERENCE LIST

The list must be arranged alphabetically. Second and subsequent lines must be indented. To achieve this in MS Word:

Eliminate ‘The’, ‘A’ and “ from the start of all entries | Highlight the list | click on Table | Sort | OK | Replace ‘The’, ‘A’ and “

Highlight the list | click on Format | Paragraph | Special | Hanging | OK

1. Book, one author, subtitle Roth, W-M. (2007). Doing teacher-research: A handbook

for perplexed practitioners. Rotterdam: Sense. Note all the full stops. The subtitle begins with a capital letter. First names are never spelt out. (Wolff-Michael in this case.) Second and subsequent lines are indented.

2. Book, two authors, third edition Biggs, J., & Tang, C. (2007). Teaching for quality

learning at university: What the student does. (3rd ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Use a comma, space and ampersand (&) between the two authors.

3. Book, three, four, five or six editors Cronjé, G. J. de J., Du Toit, G. S., Motlatla, M. D. C., &

Marais, A. de K. (Eds.) (2004). Introduction to business management. (6th ed.). Cape Town: O.U.P.

For seven or more authors, see example 6 below.

4. Chapter in an edited book, unusual place of publication Vajda, M. (2001). Cultural diversity. In E. Dau (Ed.), The

anti-bias approach in early childhood (2nd ed., pp. 29–44). Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia: Longman.

Note: E. Dau, not Dau, E. in this situation. The title of the parent publication is italicized, not that of the chapter.

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Note the comma after (Ed.), before the title of the book. Note also that ‘2nd.ed.’ and ‘pp. 29–44’ have been enclosed in one set of parentheses, not two. In some situations APA requires this.

5. Article in scholarly journal Lewis, T. (2007). Biopolitical utopianism in educational

theory. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 39(7), 683–702.

The title of the parent publication, including the comma and the volume number are italicized. There is no space between volume and issue number, and the style changes abruptly to roman. The ‘strong’ words in the journal title are capitalized. Place a full stop after the page range. Prior to 2007 the APA style did not require the issue number where a journal has continuous pagination. This rule has been changed for the sake of consistency. The issue number must now always be included. In cases where it is not known, as when found in an abstracting journal, for example, it may be omitted.

6. Article in scholarly journal, seven or more authors Hefferman, K. S., Baynard, T., Goulopoulou, S.,

Giannopoulou, I., Collier, S. R., Figueroa, A., et al. (2005). Baroflex sensitivity during static exercise in individuals with Down syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(12), 2026–2031.

Only the first six authors are given, followed by et al.

7. Article in online journal found in a database Delpit, L. D. (1991). Education in a multicultural society;

our future’s (greatest) challenge. Journal of Negro Education, 61(3), 237–249. Retrieved from JSTOR database.

JSTOR is a searchable database containing the full text of numerous journals. It is available only to subscribers. Hence it would be unhelpful to provide the URL (address). The contents of JSTOR is stable and hence no date of retrieval is necssary. For unstable sources a date is still required.

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IN-TEXT REFERENCES

How to acknowledge sources within the text The basic method of an author-date style of referencing such as APA is that brief pointers or flags are placed in the body of the text and that these refer the reader to the reference list at the end of the document. These pointers are known as in-text references or citations and are enclosed in parentheses (round brackets). In-text references must contain enough information to direct the reader to the source, and even to the specific page or paragraph within that source if necessary.

8. Quotation, citation at the end “Today the word ‘tyranny’ has pejorative connotations, but these bad associations date only from the fifth century BC” (Arnheim, 1977, p. 121).

Double quotation marks for the main passage, single for the quote within the quote. The full stop is placed after the citation. The reader can turn to the reference list at the end of the document, look under A for Arnheim, and find the full bibliographic description:

Arnheim, M. T. W. (1977). Aristocracy in Greek society. London: Thames and Hudson.

9. Long (block) quotations If you are quoting more than 40 words, start on a new line; don’t use quotation marks; indent the whole block 13 mm; and place the citation after the last punctuation mark; do not place a full stop after the citation. See the quotation from APA on page 3 above. When quoting poems, plays, etc., place the citation on the next line, to the right (see 32).

10. Split quotation “The description of Pericles as a democrat”, reads one such attempt, “was not a contemporary description” (Sealey, 1967, p. 61).

11. Paraphrase Arnheim (1977, p. 154) claims that Pericles, though an aristocrat himself, was subversive to the Athenian aristocracy.

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12. Citing an entire book Arnheim (1977) has shown that Greek history is incomprehensible unless one grasps the aristocratic ethos.

13. Work quoted within another work, marks of omission “ . . . or it could mean that the democratic leaders were criticised for their submission [to foreign powers]” (W. G. Forrest, as cited in Arnheim, 1977, p. 68).

The three dots indicate that the first part of the quotation has been omitted, and the square brackets that Forrest’s words have been replaced by a summary.

14. Two authors (Kotter & Schlesinger, 2000, p. 70) Kotter and Schlesinger (2000) argue . . .

15. Three, four or five authors. First citation (Azerbal, Hayes, Lewin, Hachmovitch & Cohen, 2004) Azerbal, Hayes, Lewin, Hachmovitch and Cohen (2004) demonstrated attenuated . . .

16. Three, four or five authors. Subsequent citation (Azerbal et al., 2004) Azerbal et al. (2004) also suggested . . .

‘Et al.’ is not italicized, nor is it preceded by a comma.

17. Six or more authors. First and subsequent citations Bleibtreu et al. (1971) discuss . . . (Bleibtreu et al., 1971, pp. 80–85)

If there are two Bleibtreu et al.’s in 1999, add a second name to distinguish them.

18. Two authors with the same surname L. Bernstein (1993) and L. S. Bernstein (1984)

19. Two works by one author in the same year “Nash discusses signatures on prints (2001b), the millenium project of the Oxford Guild of Printers (2001a) . . . ”

In the reference list the ‘a’ and ‘b’ must be included: Nash, P. W. (2001a). The Oxford Guild . . . Nash, P. W. (2001b). Pinxit, sculpsit, . . .

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20. Translation Voltaire’s Letters on England (1864/1894)

Date first published and date of translation. No spaces.

21. Book or article in press (Fleisch & Woolman, in press)

22. Corporate author, no abbreviation possible (Editors of Consumer Guide, 1996)

The name is written in full on each occasion that the work is cited.

23. Corporate author, abbreviation possible, first citation (Gauteng Department of Education [GDE], n.d., p. 5)

24. Corporate author, abbreviation possible, subsequent citation (GDE, n.d., p. 6)

25. No author, short title (monograph) (The lectures, 2007, p. 7)

The title is italicized.

26. No author, long title (magazine article) (“20 new rules,” 2003, p. 44)

The title and comma are within inverted commas to indicate that it is an article in a parent publication. Only the first few words of a long title need be given. Only the year is given in the in-text citation; day and month are unnecessary. See 77 below for the reference list entry.

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STAND-ALONE IN-TEXT REFERENCES

27. Classical works As references to classical works are not to be included in the reference list, the reader must be given a clue as to which version or translation has been used. This clue is given only in the first in-text citation; thereafter the minimum is sufficient. The reader can easily pursue such references in his library or online.

28. Plato, first citation “There were, before the world came into existence, being, space, and becoming, three distinct realities” (Plato, Timaeus, 53, trans. 1965).

29. Plato, subsequent citation (Timaeus, 45).

30. Bible, first citation (Lev. 7:32, Revised Standard Version)

31. Bible, second citation, several at once (e.g. Lev. 19:4; Ps. 106:19; Isa. 30:22; Hab. 2:18)

32. Koran, block quotation Have we not created you of a sorry germ, Which we laid up in a secure place, Till the term decreed for birth? Such is our power! and, how powerful are We! (Koran, 78: 20–24, trans. 1909)

The whole block must be indented 13 mm. No full stop after the citation.

33. Personal communication (I. Tattersall, personal communication, 10 November 2001)

This is not a true reference, as it is unrecoverable. Such an entry is rather to be seen as an explanation. E-mails must also be described as personal communications.

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LESS COMMON SOURCES, FORMATS, ETC.

COMPILER, TRANSLATOR, ETC.

34. Book, compiled by Beilenson, E. (Comp.). (1960). Simple Viennese cookery.

Mount Vernon: Peter Pauper Press.

35. Book, translated by Brillat-Savarin, J-A. (1970). The philosopher in the kitchen.

(A. Drayton, Trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin. (Original work published 1825)

Note that the translator’s initial is placed before her surname. The in-text citation would give both dates: (Brillat-Savarin, 1825/1970).

36. Book, no author The lectures. (2007). Johannesburg: Nelson Mandela

Foundation. For various reasons the author is often not given, or is simply unknown. In such cases the title is written first. Describe as anonymous only if the title page actually gives the author as ‘anonymous’.

37. Book, corporate author Editors of Consumer Guide. (1996). Medical book of health

hints & tips. Lincolnwood: Publications International.

DATE AND EDITION

Use standard abbreviations: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, etc. Revised edition, use Rev.ed. Record the latest edition. The APA uses Ed. for editors and ed. for edition. The date used is the copyright © date. Failing that, the date of publication (e.g., ‘First published 1996’). If the date is given in roman numerals, convert it to arabic. Impressions are reprints, and are ignored in favour of the copyright date. New editions, however, are updated versions of the book, and count as new books. See Example 45 for the placement of the edition statement where there is no author.

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38. Book, no date of publication, no city Delannoie, J. & Madywabe, L. (n.d.). The seven mthombothi

beads. Mthombothi.

39. Book, third edition Ergang, R. (1967). Europe, from the Renaissance to Waterloo.

(3rd ed.). Lexington: Heath.

40. Dictionary, edition not clear, 6th impression Title page: The South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary

of Current English Edited by William Banford Based on The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English EIGHTH EDITION Edited by Della Thompson Cape Town OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1994

Verso of title page: © 1987, 1992, 1994 First Edition 1924 Eighth Edition 1992 South African edition © 1987, 1994 First South African edition 1994 Sixth impression 1999

The South African pocket Oxford dictionary of current English. (1994). Cape Town: O.U.P.

There is no correct way to describe the edition of a book with such a complex publishing history. Nor will the inclusion of editors and editions improve retrievability. The brief description above is sufficient.

SUBTITLE; NO TITLE

41. Book, rebound minus title [Pretoria cook book]. (n.d.). Rebound, title page lost.

Where there is no title a description of the contents is made. It is not a true title, and is therefore not italicized. Brief explanatory notes may be added as above.

42. Book, no title Frost, R. (1955). [Poems]. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

The title page simply says ‘Robert Frost’. We therefore give a description of the contents in square brackets, not italicized.

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43. Book, subtitle Alderson, B. (2003). Edward Ardizzone: A bibliographic

commentary. Pinner: Private Libraries Association. Precede the subtitle with a colon, and begin it with a capital letter. Omit the subtitle if it is insignificant. Sometimes a sub-subtitle is worth including in the description. It too must be preceded by a colon, and begun with a capital letter.

PLACE OF PUBLICATION Even though the place of publication is not a crucial element of the description the APA style requires “ . . . city and state for U.S. publishers, city state or province if applicable, and country for publishers outside the United States” (APA, p. 217). If several cities or towns are given on the title page, choose the first. If the city already forms part of the title, corporate author or publisher, omit it. If no place of publication is given, omit this element (see 38 and 44).

PUBLISHER Use the briefest recognizable form. Use O.U.P. for Oxford University Press, and C.U.P. for Cambridge University Press, but spell out all other university presses. The publisher is usually the last element of the description: follow it with a full stop. If there is no publisher, leave it out. If the publisher is also the author, leave out this element. If the book has been published jointly by several firms, name the first one only – this is sufficient for retrievability (see 52).

44. Book published by the author himself, no date, no city Schwaneke, U. (n.d.). Lessons in ornithology.

Nowhere does it state that the author published the book, although this is in fact the case. There is no point in mentioning the printer, as the printer does not keep copies of the book and plays no part in its distribution.

45. Publisher same as author National Geographic atlas of the world. (7th ed.). (1999).

Washington, DC. Most atlases and encyclopedias have this format. There is usually no author named on the title page, nor is the writer expected to seek out an author elsewhere in the publication. The name of the publisher is included in the title, hence no need to repeat it later. The APA style discourages pointless repetition.

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ENCYCLOPEDIAS

46. Entire encyclopedia. 1 The World Book encyclopedia. (2001). Chicago.

World Book is the name of a company, hence the capital letters.

47. Entire encyclopedia. 2 The new Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2002). Chicago.

The EB has chosen to use edition to signify periodic radically different versions. Each year however, a new edition (in the regular sense of the word) appears. Hence there is no need to record the edition (15th in this case).

48. Article in World Book Lapp, D. M. (2001). Altimeter. In The World Book

encyclopedia. (Vol. 1, p. 390). Chicago. The title of the article is in roman, but the title of the parent work, the encyclopedia, is in italics (or underlined in handwritten work: see the next example).

49. Article in Britannica (Micropaedia), reference handwritten Brainwashing. (2002). In The new Encyclopaedia Britannica.

(Micropaedia, Vol. 2, p. 467). Chicago. Articles in the Micropaedia are not signed.

50. Article in Britannica (Macropaedia) Horses and horsemanship. (2002). In The new Encyclopaedia

Britannica. (Macropaedia, Vol. 20, pp. 646–655). Chicago. Articles in the Macropaedia are signed, but with initials only (in this case C.E.C.). This means that the publishers don’t really want the reader to know who the authors are, and the articles should accordingly be regarded as unauthored. Note how a range of pages is stated: write out the numbers in full. (To achieve a professional look insert an en dash which is longer than a hyphen. No spaces.)

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YEARBOOKS, SETS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

51. Article in a yearbook, edited, part of a series Blaszczynski, C. (2002). Citizenship, business ethics, and

technology. In R. M. Remp (Ed.), Technology, methodology, and business education (pp. 73–85). Reston: National Business Education Association. (NBEA Yearbook no. 40)

Yearbooks are periodical publications but are more akin to monographs than to journals. The NBEA yearbooks are annual collections of articles on particular themes. Note the series statement at the end. It may be tricky to hunt down these yearbooks in library catalogues, as they could be listed as books under issue-specific titles, or as a journal with the title “NBEA Yearbook”.

52. Yearbook, ambiguous date, multiple publishers Education yearbook 2002/2003. (2002). London: Financial

Times. The title gives the impression that the book was published in 2003. It is therefore important to state that the book was published in 2002. The book was co-published by the FT, Prentice-Hall and Pearson Education. We record the first only.

53. Article in World Book year book Lewis, D. C. (2002). Disasters. In The 2002 World Book

yearbook. (pp. 184–186). Chicago.

54. Book, named volume in set Gottschalk, L., MacKinney, L. C., & Pritchard, E. H. (1969).

The foundations of the modern world (Part Two). London: Allen and Unwin, for Unesco. (History of Mankind: Vol. IV)

The set is named History of Mankind.

55. Conference proceedings, whole Mathabatha, S., Zimba, K., Govender, R, & Masha, K. (Eds.).

(2006). African pride: Proceedings of the Twelfth National Congress of the Association for Mathematics Education in South Africa. Polokwane: AMESA.

The ‘strong’ words in the conference title are capitalized.

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56. Article in conference proceedings Tshabalala, D., & Pournara, C. (2006). Introducing financial

mathematics using spreadsheets. In S. Mathabatha, K. Zimba, R. Govender, & K. Masha (Eds.), African pride: Proceedings of the Twelfth National Congress of the Association for Mathematics Education in South Africa. Polokwane: AMESA.

Up to six editors: give all their names. Seven or more: give the first only, followed by et al. Some conference proceedings are published under the same title at regular intervals in numbered volumes. Treat these as journals. Unpublished conference papers should not be cited unless they are retrievable on the Web (see 93).

NON-ENGLISH BOOKS

57. Book in Southern Ndebele Ntuli, N. S. (1993). Ifa lethu lemangweni [Southern Ndebele

novel]. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. An explanatory note is added in square brackets.

58. Afrikaans essays Hough, B. (1995). Skimmelstreke [Afrikaans essays]. Cape

Town: Tafelberg.

59. Afrikaans non-fiction, translation, no author Wondere van die boukuns [The story of architecture]. (1971).

Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. (Original work published 1969)

Original English title in square brackets. Failing that, a translation should be given.

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

60. Undergraduate dissertation Janovsky, P. (2000). Calcium oxide as a soil stabilizer.

Unpublished undergraduate dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

If the dissertation is listed in the library catalogue there is no need to name the Faculty or School. If it is an Honours dissertation describe it as such: Unpublished honours dissertation . . .

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61. Master’s thesis Nourse, J. K. (1999), To facilitate or meditate: a critical

evaluation of facilitation in the Life Orientation area of Curriculum 2005. Unpublished master’s research report, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

This work is commonly called a thesis, but the title page calls it a research report, and this is the wording to be followed.

62. Doctoral thesis Randall, P. R. (1988). The role of history of education in

teacher education in South Africa, with particular reference to developments in Britain and the USA. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

MANUSCRIPTS

63. Manuscript, no date Hunter, F. W. (n.d.). Who was Pickhandle Mary? Unpublished

manuscript available at the African Studies Library, Johannesburg Public Library, Market Square, Johannesburg 2001.

For retrievability it is necessary to state where the document is housed, and even to provide contact details.

64. Manuscript, translated Hager, C. O. (1985). Autobiography of Carl Otto Hager. (N.

Sandham, Trans.). Unpublished manuscript in the collection of Mark Sandham. (Original manuscript written in the 1700s)

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GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

65. Named, unnumbered volume within research report Human Sciences Research Council. (1981). Legal matters.

Pretoria. (HSRC Investigation into Education)

66. Scheme of work, national, few details supplied, fragmented title Department of Education and Culture (n.d.). Scheme of work,

Standard 5, for mathematics, implementation date 1991. [Pretoria].

Commas, full stops, colons, semicolons, etc. may be inserted to improve the sense of titles. In this case three commas were introduced. Contrary to the rule the city has been supplied to assist retrieval.

67. Government gazette, national Department of Education. (1997, April 18). Draft White Paper

on Higher Education. Pretoria. (Government Gazette, Vol. 382, No. 17944)

Government gazettes have more in common with monographs than with periodicals, and are better treated as monographs. Legislation has more importance than ordinary titles, hence the ‘strong’ words should be capitalized.

68. Provincial gazette Gauteng Provincial Government. (1995, December 8). School

Education Act. Pretoria. (Provincial Gazette Extraordinary, Vol. 1, No. 113)

69. Provincial government monograph, no date, fragmented title Gauteng Department of Education. (n.d.). C2005: Revised

National Curriculum Statement. Grades 4–6 (schools). Intermediate Phase. Johannesburg.

One colon and three full stops were inserted to improve the sense of this title.

70. Monograph published by government department Department of Education. (2001, August 18). Manifesto on

values, education and democracy. Pretoria.

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SCHOLARLY JOURNALS

71. Article in press Fleisch, B, & Woolman, S. (in press). On the constitutionality

of single-medium public schools. South African Journal of Human Rights.

Note: no date, no volume, no page range for an article in press.

72. Article in journal, issue number only (no volume) Gamble, J. (2003). Retrieving the general from the particular:

the structure of craft knowledge. Journal of Education, (29), 73–92.

Full bibliographic details are: Number 29, 2003. In the APA style the range of pages is not preceded by ‘p.’ in descriptions of journal articles as it is for chapters in the books, or for unnumbered magazines. The journal title is italicized, not the title of the article, and (also unlike book chapters) it is not preceded by ‘in’. If the volume number is given in roman numerals it must be changed to arabic.

73. Special issue of a journal (entire issue described) May, S., & Aikman, S. (Eds.). (2003). Indigenous education:

New possibilities, ongoing constraints [Special issue]. Comparative Education, 39(2).

Often an entire issue of a journal is devoted to one theme, and the writer may wish to list it in its entirety. Then it becomes necessary to name the editors, to provide the collective title, and to supply the number of the issue, omitting the pages.

74. Article in special issue Sarangami, P. M. (2003). Indigenising curriculum: Questions

posed by Baiga Vidya. Comparative Education, 39(2), 199–209.

75. Abstract of published article Bridges, D. (2001). The ethics of outsider research. Journal of

Philosophy of Education, 35(3), 371–386. Abstract obtained from Sociology of education abstracts, 39(3), 169, Abstract No. 03S/296.

One may get information from an abstract without ever seeing the full article, and legitimately cite it.

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MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS

76. Article in popular magazine Belt, D. (2002, January). The world of Islam. National

Geographic, 201(1), 76–85. Full bibliographic details: Volume 201, Number 1, January, 2002. Popular magazines also tend to omit volume and number from the headers or footers on each page, preferring to give the date. Hence the month or even day must be included: (2002, January). The month is never abbreviated.

77. Article in popular magazine, unnumbered 20 new rules for a healthy life. (2003, July). Your Family, pp.

43–44. Issues of Your Family are not numbered, hence the page range needs clarification in the form of ‘pp.’. In the reference list this article will file before A, starting as it does with a numeral (20 new rules . . .).

78. Article in a weekly magazine, unnumbered About those election promises: California’s new governor.

(2003, October 25). The Economist, pp. 47–48.

79. Time magazine Wallace, C. P. (2003, September 15). Euro’s big test. Time,

162(10), 46–47.

80. Map supplement Middle East: Crossroads of faith and conflict [Map]. (2003,

October). National Geographic, 202(4, map suppl.)

81. Pamphlet supplement with own title. 1 Kid-made Picasso faces. (2002, Summer). Instructor,

112(Suppl. Arts & Crafts), 42–43.

82. Pamphlet supplement with own title. 2 Fun curriculum : 17 project ideas. (2003, Winter). Instructor,

112(Suppl. Cutting Across the Curriculum), 19–31.

83. Newspaper article Monare, M. (2003, October 26). Education funding to favour

black students. Sunday Times, p. 4. Omit the volume and issue numbers. Include ‘p.’.

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84. Article in newspaper supplement Mofokeng, L. (2008, February 3). Star’s identity stolen online.

Sunday Times (Suppl. Metro [Gauteng ed.]), p. 11.

DIGITAL OBJECTS

General rules a) As far as possible the same information should be supplied for e-

journals as for print, and presented in the same order. In addition there must be a retrieval statement followed by a website name, a URL or a DOI. (URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, DOI for Digital Object Identifier.)

b) For electronic non-periodicals give, if possible, an author, a date and a title. Then a retrieval statement followed by a website name, a URL or a DOI. The place of publication may be omitted. The publisher may also be omitted. However, if the URL gives no clue as to the publisher, the latter should be smuggled into the retrieval statement (see 86).

c) For digital objects the last element of the description is always the URL, the DOI or the name of the website.

d) Do not end in a full stop – the reader may think it is part of the URL.

e) Do not break the URL with a hyphen. Deactivate the automatic hyphenator of your word processor. Break the string before any punctuation mark. If possible, the URL should be given its own line.

f) The APA has not set a limit to the length of URLs. In their examples none exceeds one and a half lines. Their advice for excessively long URLs is to give that of the previous page, or the menu page (APA, 2007, p. 11).

g) The entire URL must be given from the very beginning to the end. Reproduce uppercase, lowercase and punctuation meticulously. Use the copy and paste facility if possible. The reader is assumed to know how the Web works, and can improvise by truncating to the host name and following alternate paths.

h) Internet publications may be moved or even deleted at any time. URLs must therefore be tested just before submission. If a site can

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no longer be found it must be omitted. Otherwise “the credibility of your paper or assignment will suffer” (APA, 2001, p. 269).

i) To cope with the instability of the Web the concept of a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) has been developed by scholarly publishers. “A DOI is a unique alpha-numeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet” (APA, 2007, p. 3) The DOI takes precedence over the URL. If the DOI link dies one tracks it through CrossRef.org.

85. Article provided with a DOI Matthews, A. E. (2008). Children and obesity: A pan-

European project examining the role of food marketing. European Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 7–11. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckm015

In fact this DOI did not work at the time of writing. I had found the article in the ProQuest Psychology Journals database which gave its DOI. I went to http://www.crossref.org/ copied the DOI into the DOI Resolver box, and it found the article immediately. Note that DOI is not capitalized in the reference, possibly to distinguish it from the page range and the alpha-numeric string.

86. Pre-publication, or Pre-print article Van der Westhuizen, C. N., & Maree, J. G. (2006). Some

thoughts on the training of teachers of gifted learners. Manuscript submitted for publication. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from the University of Pretoria Institutional Repository: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/3255

The article was in fact published later in 2006 in Gifted Education International, vol. 21, no. 2/3, pp. 201–217.

87. Article in born-digital e-newsletter SLIS Breakfast Meeting, 4th September. (2003, 3rd quarter).

SLIS Newsletter, p. 3. Retrieved from http://www.slis.co.za/uploads

/10_slis%20Newsletter%203rd%20Quarter%202003.pdf ‘Retrieved from’ means it is freely accessible. ‘Available from’ means that it can be purchased at that address. It is no longer necessary to give the date of retrieval for items that have publishing dates and where the content will not be changed.

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88. Born-digital document, no date Referencing using the Harvard method. (n.d.). North East

Wales Institute of Higher Education. Retrieved November 6, 2003, from http://www.newi.ac.uk/library/guidelines/78.htm

Retrieval date is given here because it has no date of publication and the content can be changed. Indeed, the intention of the Institute would be to update this document when required.

89. Abstract found in ERIC, an aggregated database Valli, L. (1992). Beginning teacher problems: Areas for

teacher education improvement. Action in Teacher Education Improvement, 14(1), 18–25. Abstract retrieved from ERIC. (EJ450865)

The full article cost $14 and was not retrieved. The ERIC accession number at the end is very useful for retrieval. ‘Abstract’ is included in the retrieval staement, not given is square brackets as for print abstracts.

90. Online book, open access Voltaire. (1894). Letters on England. (H. Morley, Trans.

Original work published 1731). Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/4/2445/2445.txt

91. Online book, available for purchase American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide

to electronic references. Available from http://www.apa.org/books/

The exact URL of the book is not given, only the home page.

92. Online thesis Alexander, C. H. (2005). An investigation of instructional

leadership in a Namibian teacher training college. (Master’s thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.) Retrieved from http://eprints.ru.ac.za/540/01/Alexander-MEd-2005.pdf

The entry differs slightly from that of a print thesis: the word ‘unpublished’ is omitted; and the statement is enclosed in parentheses (see 60–62 to compare).

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93. Unpublished conference paper Mulderrig, J. (2007). Changing strategies of persuasion in

political rhetoric: A corpus-based critical analysis of UK government discourse 1972 to 2005. British Association of Applied Linguistics Conference, Edinburgh. Unpublished paper retrieved from http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/801/

94. Article from Wikipedia Sex education. (2008). Retrieved March 7, 2008, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_education While students are forbidden to use or cite Wikipedia, researchers may need to do so. The APA manual (2007, p. 16) includes an example from The Psychology Wiki! The examples in this Handbook do not sanction use.

95. Article from Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Green, L. (1998). Authority. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge

encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from the online Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The online version is available on subscription only, but the print version is freely available.

AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS

96. Track on jazz CD, no city Dankworth, J. (1986). You spotted snakes [Recorded by Cleo

Laine]. On Wordsongs [CD]. Polygram. (Recorded 1978). Dankworth is the composer, Cleo Laine the singer. 1986 is the copyright date ©, while 1978 is the recording date (P).

97. CD, no title, pop group as author Emerson, Lake & Palmer (Pop group) [CD]. (1996). [Songs].

Castle Records. (Recorded 1971)

98. Track on classical CD, no collective title Rubbra, E. (2000). Advent cantata [conducted by Richard

Hickox]. On Inscape; Four mediaeval Latin lyrics; Song of the soul; Advent cantata; Veni, creator Spiritus [CD]. Colchester: Chandos.

© and (P) are the same in this case.

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99. DVD of motion picture, no place of publication Stone, O. (Director). (1994). Natural born killers: Director’s

cut [DVD]. Warner Bros.

100. DVD, no publisher or distributor given Blank, M. (2007). Testing hope: Grade 12 in the new South

Africa [DVD].

101. DVD, no author, part of a set Mentoring teachers to mastery: Series Two, Disc 1.

Developing the strongest possible foundation for instruction and learning [DVD]. (2004). Manhattan, Kansas: The Master Teacher.

102. Video cassette with corporate author Australian Coaching Council. (1993). Fit for sport: How to

coach for fitness [Video cassette]. Australian Sports Commission.

103. Multimedia kits Gultig, J. (Ed.). (2001). Using media in teaching. [CD-ROM,

video cassette, sound cassette and book (Learning guide)]. Cape Town: SAIDE.

104. CD-ROM, no author’s initials, no city Larson, et al. (2002). Calculus learning tools. [CD-ROM].

Houghton Mifflin.

105. CD-ROM, full details Macklin, A., et al. (1997). William Kentridge. [CD-ROM].

Johannesburg: David Krut.

POSTERS

106. Published poster Hallett, G. (Photographer). (1981). Mongo Bethi [Poster].

London: Heinemann. (Poster for African Writers series)

107. Poster supplement to magazine Wild weather [Poster]. (2008, January). Junior Education,

32(1, picture suppl.)

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SOURCES NOT TO BE INCLUDED

108. Classical works Works such as the Bible, the Koran, The Odyssey and Hamlet are exceedingly well known and are divided into numbered chunks that are internationally accepted and understood. There is accordingly no need to include them in the reference list. They need slightly special treatment when being cited in the body of the text (see 27–32).

109. University course packs Each reading in a course pack first appeared in another publication, and it is this original publication that must be cited.

110. Unrecoverable sources Phone calls, conversations, letters, e-mails, lectures, lecture notes, etc. cannot be retrieved by the reader, and should therefore be cited in the body of the text (see 33) but not included in the reference list. An article that relies heavily on lightweight sources such as these is frustrating to the reader and weakens the credibility of the writer.

FINIS

25

REFERENCE LIST FOR THIS HANDBOOK

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual. (5th ed.). Washington, DC.

American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide to electronic references. Available from http://www.apa.org/books/

Comenius, J. A. (1968). Orbis pictus [Facsimile reprint]. London: O.U.P. (Original work published 1659)

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I N D E X

NOTE. Plain numbers refer to Examples

Abbreviations, 22–24, 76, and p. 10 Abstracts, 75, 89 Afrikaans works, 58, 59 Aggregated databases, 7, 89 Alphabetization, 4, 77 Ampersand (&), 2, 3, 14, 15 Anonymous works, 36 Atlases, 45 Audio-visual works, 96–105 Author also publisher, 44, 45, 91, and p. 12 Author citations, 14–19, 22–24 Author, none, 25, 26, 36, 94, 107 Author, one, 1 Authors, corporate, 22–24, 37, 97, 102;

two authors, 2, 14; three to six, 3; seven or more, 6

Availability statement, 87, 91

Bible, 30, 31, 108 Bibliography: not required by APA, p. 3 Block quotations, 9, 32 Book chapters, 4, 48, 51, 53, 56, 95

Capitalization, 5, 43, 55, 67, 85 CD-ROMS, 104, 105 CDs, 96–98 Chapters in collections, 4, 48, 51, 53,

56, 95 Citations, pp. 6–9 Classical works, 27–33, 108 Collective title 73; 98 Compilers, 34 Conference papers, 56, 93 Conference proceedings, 55, 56 Copyright date, p. 10 Corporate authors, 22–24, 37, 97, 102 Course packs: not to be cited or listed,

109

Databases (aggregated), 7, 89

Date of publication: ambiguous, 40, 52; general rule, p. 10; none available, 38, 41, 63, 66, 69, 88; to be omitted, 71

Date of recording or production (P), 96 Date of retrieval, 7, 86–88, 94 Date of translation, 20, 35, 59, 64, 90 Dictionaries, 40 Digital objects, pp. 20–23 Directors (motion pictures), 99 Dissertations, 60–62; online, 92 Doctoral theses, 62 DOIs, pp. 20–21 DVDs, 99–101

e-Journals, 7, 85,86, 89, and p. 20 e-Mails, 33, 110 e-Newsletters, 87 Edition: confusing, 40, 47; general rule,

39 and p. 10 Editors, 3, 4, 51, 55, 56, 95, 103; of

special issues of journals, 73; omitted, 40

Electronic publications, pp. 20–23 Ellipsis points, 13–17 Encyclopedias, 46–50; online, 94, 95 Et al., 6, 16, 17, 56 First names, 1

Foreign languages, 57–59 Formatting in MS Word, p. 4

Government publications, 65–70 Groups as authors, 22–24, 37, 97, 102

Handwritten work, 49 Honours dissertations, 60 Hyphenated names, 1, 35

Impressions, new, 40, and p. 10 In press, 21, 71 In-text referencing, pp. 6–9 Indents, 1, 9, 32, and p. 4 Initial articles ‘A’ and ‘The’, p. 4

Initials, 1; none, 90, 104 Institutional repositories, 86, 93 Issue numbers, 5, 72 Italicization, 4, 5, 72

Journals, scholarly, 5–7, 71–75; abstracts, 75, 89; in press, 71; no volume number, 72; online, 7, 85, 89; prepubs, 86; special issues, 73, 74

Koran, 32, 108

Languages, non-English, 57–59

Magazines, 26, 76–82 Manuscripts, 63, 64, 86, 93 Map supplements, 80 Marks of omission, 13–17 Master’s theses, 61, 92 Months, never abbreviated, 76 Multimedia kits, 103 Multivolume works, 46–50, 54, 65, 101

Names, 1 Newsletters, electronic, 87 Newspaper articles, 83, 84 Non-English works, 57–59

Online publications, pp. 20–23

Paraphrase, citation, 11 Parentheses, merged, 4 Periodicals, see Journals; Magazines;

Newspapers Personal communications, 33, 110 Pictures, 106, 107 Place of publication: general rules, p.

12; none, 38, 41, 44, 96, 97; not needed for digital objects, p. 20; obscure, 4; supplied, 66

Plagiarism, p. 2 Popular magazines, 26, 76–82 Posters, 106, 107 Prepubs and preprints, 86 Printing companies: never recorded, 44 Publishers: general rule, p. 12; included

in title, 45; multiple, 52; none, 44, 100; same as author, 45; of digital objects, p. 20

Punctuation, supplied, 66, 69

Quotations, 8–10, 13, 32

Reference list: computer-generated, p. 2; definition, p. 3; for this Handbook, p. 25; format, p. 4; what to exclude, p. 9 and p. 25

Referencing: basic method, p. 6; in-text, pp. 6–9; software, p. 2; underlying values, p. 2

Reprints, 40, and p. 10 Research reports, 61, 65 Retrieval date, 7, 86–88, 94 Retrieval statement, 7, 86–95, and p. 20 Revised edition, p. 10 Roman numerals, 54, 72, and p. 10

Series statement, 51, 67, 68, 107 Sets, 54, 101 Sources not to be listed, 108–110 Special issues of journals, 73, 74 Split quotation, 10 Subtitle and sub-subtitle, 43 Supplements, 80–82, 84, 107

Theses, 60–62; online, 92 Title: fragmented, 66, 69 ; none, 41, 42,

97 Translations, 20, 35, 59, 64, 90

Undergraduate dissertations, 60 Underlining, 49 University course packs: not to be cited

or listed, 109 Unrecoverable sources, 33, 110 URLs, 86–88, 90–94; general rules, p.

20; not required for certain databases, 7, 89, 95

Verso of title page, 40 Video cassettes, 102 Volume (journal), none allocated, 72 Volumes (books), multiple, 46–50, 54,

65, 101

Web crawlers, p. 2 Wikis, 94 Work within another work, citation, 13

Yearbooks, 51–53

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