apa refferencing 6th edition

APA Referencing (6th Edition)

APA quick guide APA quick guide (2 page printable PDF)

Tutorials The Library's APA referencing tutorial timetable is available online (APA Referencing and APA for

Electronic Resources). Face-to-face and online self-paced workshops are also available from Student Learning. Tutorials can also be found on the American Psychological Association website.

What is APA style? The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used

referencing style at the University of Waikato. The latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) is now

available in the Library. Corrections to the first printing can be found on the APA website: Corrections to the first printing

(PDF) and Corrected sample paper (PDF). Changes to the 5th edition are highlighted with the word (NEW).

How to use the APA referencing style

1. In text citation 2. References list 3. Key points

How to reference / cite material

1. Books, 2. Journal articles (academic / scholarly) 3. Magazines (popular / trade) 4. Newspapers 5. Informally published work (webpages / online communities) 6. Audio visual 7. Others (Conference papers, reports, legal citations, personal communications, etc.) 8. Images / tables / figures

How to use the APA referencing style When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by

author name and year of publication. If quoting directly, a location reference such as the page number or paragraph number is also required.

1. In text citation (Quotes/Paraphrasing)

a. Direct quotation

Use quotation marks and include page numbers.

Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188). Alternatively: "Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188).

A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block of text without quotation marks. Note the location of the final full stop.

Weston (1948) argues that:

One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that would throw light on degeneration of the facial pattern that occurs so often in our modern civilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and the development of crooked teeth. (p. 174)

If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based document), use the paragraph number (para.) instead.

"Prevalence rates of antenatal major and minor depression have been estimated in community-based studies to range from 7% to 15% of all pregnancies" (Grote, Swartz, Geibel & Zuckoff, 2009, para. 2).

b. Indirect quotation/paraphrasing

Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).

N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces of text (Publication Manual, p. 171).

c. Citations from a secondary source

Arnett (as cited in Claiborne & Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage in the lifespan of humans, covering young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years.

N.B. List Claiborne & Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett.

2. References list

At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source cited in text.

Start the list of References on a new page at the end of your assignment - do not use footnotes (Publication Manual, p. 37)

References must be listed in alphabetical order by author. References should use the hanging indent format

a. Books / Reports / DVDs

Each reference should include four elements:

(1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title (4) Publication Information

e.g. King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.

N.B. If the book is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after (3) Title. Exclude (4) Publication Information. See example.

b. Periodicals

Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are known as serials or periodicals. Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead:

(1) Author(s) (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue and Page numbers

e.g. Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations. Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.

N.B. If the article is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after the page numbers. See example.

c. Webpages (unpublished and informally published work)

Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add a retrieval statement in its place.

(1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement

e.g. Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz

N.B. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (Publication Manual, p. 192). See example.

3. Key points

(1)Author(s):

Invert the author(s) name(s), and use initial(s) of first name(s). Use the ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names (also note the full stop and comma after

each author's name). Eight or more authors: List first six authors, then insert three elipses (...), followed by the last author

(NEW). Corporate / group author: i.e. an organisation, association or government department. If the author's first name is hyphenated, include the hyphen with a full stop after each initial.

One author Brown, W. P.Two authors Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E.Three to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S.Six or seven authors (NEW)

Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. See example

Eight or more authors (NEW)

Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P., Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M. See example

Corporate / group author Ministry of Education. See example

No author Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication. See example Book with no author / Article with no author

(2) Date:

The year of publication goes in parentheses ( ) after the author(s).

Books and academic journals (1993)Magazines and newspapers Monthly (1993, June) Daily, weekly (1993, June 12)No date (n.d.)In press (in press)

If an author has published more than one item in the same year, add alphabetical characters a, b etc. immediately after the year.

In text: As discussed by Lohan (2009b), it is ... Moreover, Lohan (2009a) concludes ...

In the References list:Lohan, L. (2009a). New management... Lohan, L. (2009b). Organizational culture...

(3) Title of the work:

Book titles are italicised, with the first letter of the first word of the main title and the subtitle in capital letters. Proper nouns also begin with a capital letter.

e.g. Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame

Journal titles (including magazines and newspapers) are italicised and all key words in the journal title begin with a capital letter.

e.g. Journal of Marketing Communications

Chapters in books and journal article titles are in lowercase except for the first letter of the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns (Publication Manual, pp. 102-103).

The book or journal title is italicised, not the chapter or article.

Additional information:

Information such as edition or report number goes in parentheses ( ) immediately after the title (Publication Manual, p. 186).

e.g. Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.)

A description of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. e.g. [DVD], [PowerPoint slides], [Poster], [Letter to the editor]

e.g. Christchurch Methodist Central Mission. (1984). Durham Street Church: 120 years anniversary brochure: 1864-1984 [Brochure]. Christchurch, New Zealand: Author.

(4) Publication Information

Place of publication: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

Give the location (city) of the publisher - give the first city listed only. All publishing cities now require the state or province, if applicable, and country (NEW). For the United States, use the city name, then the 2-letter postal code instead of the United States

(Publication Manual, p. 187).

American cities Thousand Oaks, CA

Non-American cities Hamilton, New ZealandLondon, England

Non-American cities with a state Sydney, NSW, Australia Publisher: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

Do not include words like Publishers, Co., or Inc. However, keep words like Books or Press. Use the first publisher listed if multiple publishers are given. When the author is the publisher of the work, use the word 'Author' in the publisher field.

See example.

N.B. Using a Digital Object Identifier ( DOI ) is the preferred method of identifying online material such as journal articles, books and reports. For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it (Publication Manual, p. 189). See example.

How to reference/cite material

Books

Book - one author

In Reference List In Text Citation

King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.

(King, 2000) or

King (2000) compares Frame with "..." (p. 34).

Book - two authors

In Reference List In Text CitationTrevino, L. K., & Nelson. K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

N.B. Use the ampersand (&) between the two authors' names, except when paraphrasing in text where and is used (Publication Manual, p. 175).

(Trevino & Nelson, 2007) or

Trevino and Nelson (2007) illustrate this ...

Book - three to five authors (NEW)


Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.

N.B. For six or seven authors, see example (Journal article with DOI or eight or more (Magazine - print version).

(Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) or

Krause, Bochner and Duchesne (2006) recommend "..." (p. 32).

In subsequent citations: According to Krause et al. (2006)

N.B: Cite all authors the first time, and in subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al.(short for et alii. - Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise et al.

Book or report by a corporate / group author


World Health Organization. (2008). WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher field. List in the References list by the first significant word of the organisation. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).

(World Health Organization [WHO], 2008)

In subsequent citations: WHO (2008) highlight the ...

N.B. Some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are readily recognisable.

Book - no author (Anonymous)

In Reference List In Text CitationAnonymous. (1999). Courage and grace: One woman’s journey of recovery from food addiction and obesity. Taupo, New Zealand: Avalon.

N.B. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use Anonymous in the author field. If no author is stated, see next example.

(Anonymous, 1999)

Book - no author

In Reference List In Text CitationJoint investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, In the book, Joint Investigations of Child Abuse, ...

DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

N.B. If no author is stated, the title takes the author position, but check to see whether it should be a corporate / group author as above. See dictionary / encyclopedia or newspaper for further examples.

N.B. The key words of the book title are capitalised when used in text, but not in the References list. See the Publication Manual, pp. 101-103, 176 about capitalisation protocols in the APA style.

Book - edited

In Reference List In Text CitationSamovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

N.B. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s). However, a number of authors may contribute to an edited book. See next example for referencing a chapter in an edited book.

See Book - Chapter in edited book.

Book - Chapter in edited book

In Reference List In Text CitationHelber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: Wiley.

N.B. The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s) and book title. Note the editor's initials come before the family name. The page numbers of the chapter are also required.

(Helber, 1995) or

Helber (1995) concludes by ...

Book - Electronic (NEW)


Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the age of Haydn and Beethoven [Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the Ebook's homepage (in this example, http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).

For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the URL).

(Will, 2002) or

Will (2002) attributes ...

Book - Translated


Sartre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological critique (F. Williams, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

(Sartre, 1962) or

Sartre (1962) is an example of ...

Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry

In Reference List In Text CitationHwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia (Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.

N.B. If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st edition) include this in parentheses after the title along with page number(s).

(Hwang, 2002) or

Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles North Korea ...

Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry with no author

In Reference List In Text CitationSocial constructionism. (2009.) In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium database.

N.B. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement takes the place of publisher location and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family name.

For undergraduate students, if using a library subscription database, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL).

("Social Constructionism," 2009)

N.B. Use capital letters for the first letter of key words and double quotation marks (Publication Manual, p. 176).

Thesis (except from the US) - print version (NEW)


Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.

N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation after the title or Unpublished master's thesis for Master's degree (Publication Manual, p. 207).

(Dewstow, 2006) or

Dewstow (2006) recommends ...

Thesis (except from the US) - electronic version (NEW)


Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

(Dewstow, 2006) or

Dewstow (2006) recommends ...

Thesis from US - electronic version (NEW)

In Reference List In Text CitationRose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd

N.B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual, pp.207-208.

(Rose, 2006) or

According to Rose (2006) ...

Journals (Academic Scholarly)

Journal article - print version

In Reference List In Text CitationSainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations.Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.

N.B. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in parentheses (not italicised).

If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the parentheses immediately after the volume number.

For researchers, the issue number is not required for journals with continuous pagination.

(Sainaghi, 2008) or

Sainaghi (2008) suggests "..." (p. 47).

Journal article - electronic versionwith a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

In Reference List In Text CitationShepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, (Shepherd et al., 2007) or

V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018

N.B. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet.

Shepherd et al. (2007) highlight the ...

N.B. If there are six or seven authors, list all authors in the reference list. From the first citation in text, use et al. after the first author (NEW). See magazine example for eight or more authors.

Journal article - electronic versionwith no DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

In Reference List In Text CitationHarrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database.

N.B. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).

(Harrison & Papa, 2005) or

In their research, Harrison and Papa (2005) established ...

Journal article - Internet only


Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka

N.B. (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in text.

(Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) or

Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..." (para. 3)

Magazines

Magazine - print version

In Reference List In Text Citationvon Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A., James, R., …Peters, G. (2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific [Australia/New Zealand editon], 174(14), 12-17.

N.B. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines.

If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses (…) and finish with the last author (NEW).

(von Drehle et al., 2009) or

Von Drehle et al. (2009) assert ...

N.B. If an author's name which usually begins with a lower case letter appears at the beginning of a sentence, it must be capitalised.

Magazine - electronic version

In Reference List In Text CitationRobison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262, 80-87. Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required to give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).

For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

(Robison, 2008) or

Robison (2008) considers ...

Newspaper

Print version

In Reference List In Text CitationCumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald, p. B4.

N.B. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for newspapers only, not magazines or journals. p = 1 page, pp. more than one page. If page numbers are discontinous, separate page numbers with a comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5.

(Cumming, 2003) or

Cumming (2003) reports ...

Electronic version

In Reference List In Text CitationCumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz

(Cumming, 2003) or

N.B. Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

Cumming (2003) reports ...

Newspaper article with no author

In Reference List In Text CitationDrivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1.

N.B. If there is no author, the article title comes first. In the in text citation, abbreviate the title, use double quotation marks and capital letters (Publication Manual, p. 176).

("Drivers Reject Fuel Prices," 2003)

N.B. Use capital letters and double quotation marks.

Audiovisual

Film - Motion Picture

In Reference List In Text CitationVasile, T. (Producer), Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United States: MGM Home Entertainment.

N.B.

1. In the Author field, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the director or producer or both) but not the presenters.

2. For publication information, give the motion picture's country of origin and the name of the motion picture studio

3. A description of the form of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. It is not italicised.

(Vasile & Fellini, 2001)

Music Recording - a song in an album (NEW)


The Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked [CD]. Hollywood, CA: Capital Records.

(The Beatles, 2003, track 10)

N.B. Include side and band or track numbers.

Television programme


Slater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series episode]. In 60 minutes. Auckland, New Zealand: TV3 Network Services.

N.B. Put television series episode or motion picture in [ ] after the title.

(Slater, 2002)

Audio podcast (NEW)


Noonan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle from the blunder: Part 5 [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz

N.B. Include as much information as possible, e.g. date, title and identifier

(Noonan, 2008)

Unpublished and Informally published works

Webpage (Informally published work)

In Reference List In Text CitationStatistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz

N.B. A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work (Publication Manual, p. 212). See also online report examples.

It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g. Wiki).(NEW)

(Statistics New Zealand, 2007)

N.B. Do not write URLs in the text

Wiki

In Reference List In Text CitationUniversity of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works. Include the date of retrieval since the contents of a wiki are likely to change over time. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).

(University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d.)

Online discussion (NEW)


Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

(Chalmers, 2000)

Blog post (NEW)


Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be scuttled [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/


(Wadard, 2009)

Video blog post (NEW)


Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY


(Leelefever, 2007)

Others (Course handouts / Legal Material / Conference / report / Personal Communications)

Course handout / Lecture notes - print version (Unpublished work)


Brown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-04B [Lecture notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Marketing.

N.B. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group "unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or personal collections" (Publication Manual, p. 213). In the publication information field, list the organisation's name (e.g. university, department), city, and country. Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture notes].

(Brown, 2004)

Course handout / Lecture notes - electronic version


Brown, P. (2004). Lecture 3: MKTG200-04B [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from...

N.B. Put the format in square brackets after the title, and add retrieval statement (URL or MyWeb or Moodle or EdLink etc.).

(Brown, 2004)

Legal Material

APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed. 2005) for referencing legal material - see NZ section at p. 297


Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. 121.

(Children's Commissioner Act 2003) or

It is regulated by the Children's Commissioner Act 2003

N.B. Italicise the name of legal material when it is cited in text (Publication Manual, p. 177).

Personal Communications (Letters, Telephone conversations, Emails, Personal Interviews, Lecture notes etc.)


N.B. No information is required in the reference list as the data is not retrievable.

(H. Clarke, personal communication, March 19, 2004) or

Professor Clarke (personal communication, March 19, 2004) commented that...

Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings

In Reference List In Text CitationShobhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). Possession phenomena: As a coping behaviour. In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying Psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania (pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Australia: Australian Psychological Society.

N.B. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as for a book or book chapter (Publication Manual, p. 206). To cite proceedings published regularly use the same format as a periodical.

(Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa, 1994) or

Shobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994) published their ...

Contribution to Conference or Symposium not formally published - electronic version


Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt;

N.B. A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name. Give the month of the conference (NEW) (Publication Manual, pp. 206-208).

(Bochner, 1996) or

Bochner (1996) addressed this ...

Report - print version

In Reference List In Text CitationUniversity of Waikato. (1967). First hall of residence (Information series No. 3). Hamilton, New Zealand: Author.

N.B. If the report has a number, give the number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it is an annual report, reference it as a book.

(University of Waikato, 1967)

Annual Report - electronic version


Telecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect, communicate: Annual report 2007. Retrieved from http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annual-report-2007.pdf

(Telecom New Zealand, 2007)

Report - electronic version


Caygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to 2006. Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website: http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIMSS-06_Science2.pdf

N.B. If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval statement if it has not been identified as the author (Publication Manual, p. 205). See next example.

(Caygill, 2009) or

Caygill (2009) concludes ...

Report - technical or research

In Reference List In Text CitationHolmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of ethnic Chinese students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications for education providers (Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Management Communication.

N.B. If there is a report number, give this in parentheses after the title. If the name of the state, province, or country is included in the name of the university, this does not need to be repeated in the publisher location.

Give the name of the university first, followed by the department that produced the document (Publication Manual, p. 206).

(Holmes, 2000) or

Holmes (2000) highlights the importance ...

Images, tables and figures

Illustrations, maps and photographs, etc (excluding tables) are referred to as figures. If it is not your own work, the source must be acknowledged in full below the figure or table as a figure caption or table note. The full citation also goes in the References list.

Figures

The caption goes beneath the image with the source credited at the end of the caption (Publication Manual, pp. 158-167).

Example:From a journal:Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx.

From a book:Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Tables

The caption goes above the table, with the source included as a note below the table beginning with the word Note (Publication Manual, pp. 138-141).

Note. From [Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. XX.

Note. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Note. For PhD candidates (and students submitting a four-paper master's thesis), permission to reproduce copyright material must be obtained. If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, you must provide a note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information and a permissions statement.

Copyright permissions are done as a footnote with the information as above, concluding with: Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.

e.g. Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright 2001 by Publisher. Reprinted with permission.

If you photograph a person, a signed release from that person is required giving permission for the photo to be used (Publication Manual, p. 166).

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