Guide to the APA Style

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What’s Included in APA Style?

• Basically everything in your paper:– How your pages are set up– How you cite sources– Your references– Even your language

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Where to learn APA style?

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition)

• Various websites:– Landmark Citation Machine– APA Style Tutorial

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The Reference Page

• A list of every source that you make reference to in your paper.

• Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your paper.

• Each retrievable source cited in the paper must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.

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The Reference Page …

• Authors are responsible for all information in their reference lists

• Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher

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The Reference Page (Cont.)

• Most citations should contain the following basic information:– Author’s name– Year of publication– Title of work– Publication information

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AbbreviationsAbbreviation Book or publication part

ed. Edition

Rev. ed. Revised edition

2nd ed. Second edition

Ed. (Eds.) Editors (Editors)

Trans. Translator(s)

n.d. no date

p. (pp.) page (pages)

Vol. Volume (as in Vols. 1-4)

No. Number

Pt. Part

Tech. Rep. Technical Report

Suppl. Supplement

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Order of references in the reference list

• Alphabetizing namese.g., Singh, Y., precedes Singh Sidhu, N.

Benjamin, A. S., precedes Ben Yaakov, D. Villafuerte, S. A., precedes Villa-Lobos,

J.

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Order of references in the reference list…

• One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first:

Upenieks, V. (2003).Upenieks, V. (2005).

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Order of references in the reference list…

• One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname (even it the multiple-author work was published earlier):

Alleyne, R. L. (2001).Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999).

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Order of references in the reference list…

• References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author:

Boockvar, K. S., & Burack, O. R. (2007).Boockvar, K. S., Carlson LaCorte, H.,

Giambenco, V., Friedman, B., & Siu, A. (2006).

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Single-authored book / Entire book, print version

Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency. London, England: Taylor & Francis.

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Electronic version of print book

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.Ebookstore.tandf ./co.uk/html/index.asp

Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036 /0071393722

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Electronic book

O’keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from http://www.online originals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135

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Reissued book

Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: The critical view (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

*Note: Capitals in the title of the book are restricted to the first letter of the first word of the title, the first letter of any proper names, and the first letter of the first word after a semicolon, period, or question mark.

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Dual-authored book

Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

*Note: when listing authors, use an ampersand (&) in the reference list, not “and.”

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Essay or chapter in an edited book

Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message effects in communication science (pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

*Note: You must include the page numbers if you’re just referencing one part of a book.

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Essay or chapter in an edited book…

Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message effects in communication science (pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

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Reference book

VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.) (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

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Non-English reference book, title translated into English

Real Academia Espanola. (2001). Diccionario de la lengua espanola [ Dictionary of the Spanish language] (22nd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Author.

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Corporate author, government report

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from http://www. Nhlb.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_ sch.pdf

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Symposium contribution

Muellbauer , J. (2007, September). Housing, credit, and consumer expenditure. In S. C. Ludvingson (Chair), housing and consumer behavior. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, WY.

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Conference paper abstract retrieved online

Liu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crisis with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/ iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htm

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Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis

• The template:

Author, A. A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location.

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Master’s thesis, from acommercial database

McNiel, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing growing up with an alcoholic mother (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1434728)

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Doctoral dissertation, from an institutional database

Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/

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Journal article with DOI

Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2007). Inside management teams: Developing a teamwork survey instrument. British Journal of Management, 18, 138-153. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00507.x

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Journal article without DOI

Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(10), 73-82.

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Journal article: One author

Williams, J. H. (2008). Employee engagement: Improving participation in safety. Professional Safety, 53(12), 40-45.

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Journal article: Two to seven authors

[List all authors]Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E.

(2007). Approaching the transition to adulthood: Distinctive profiles of adolescents aging out of the child welfare system. Social Services Review, 81, 453-484.

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Journal article: Eight or more authors

[List the first six authors, … and the last author]

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,...Griffin, W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856.

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Unpublished convention paper

Thomas, S., & Gitlin, T. (1993, May). Who says there’s a dominant ideology and what happens if that concept is falsified? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC.

Note: Conference papers are less highly regarded than published works

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Internet articles based on a print source

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

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Article in an internet-only journal

Koo, D. J., Chitwoode, D. D., & Sanchez, J. (2008). Violent victimization and the routine activities/lifestyle of active drug users. Journal of Drug Issues, 38, 1105-1137. Retrieved from http://www2.criminology .fsu.edu/~jdi/

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Online Report with No Author Identified and No Date

GVU's 10th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cc.gatech.edu /user_surveys/survey-1998-10/

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Website

• To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document within the site), it is sufficient to give the URL of the site in the text. No entry in the reference list is needed. Example:

Kidpsych is an excellent website for young children (http://www.kidpsych.org).

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Newspaper

• Newspaper articleRosli Mohammed. (1998, October 27). Master

teachers: Are we prepared? The Star, p. N7.• Article with no known authorCigarette sales fall 30% as tax rises. (1999, September

14). The New Straits Times, p. A17.• Online newspaper articleRosli Mohammed. (1998, October 27). Master

teachers: Are we prepared? The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my

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Citation: When do you cite your sources in your paper?

• When quoting any words that are not your own– Quoting means to repeat another source word for word,

using quotation marks• When summarizing facts and ideas from a source

– Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words

• When paraphrasing a source– Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source

but change the phrasing into your own words

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Paraphrasing

Scott (2002) identified…

Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory & Jacobs, 1985; Polk et al., 1980) reported…

Or at the end of a sentence It was argued that …. (Scott, 2002).

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Citing while paraphrasing

• List the last names of all authors the first time you cite them, unless there are more than 5.

• If there are more than five (5), or you are citing the paper of three (3) or more authors for a second or more time, list last name of first author, followed by “et al.,” and the date.

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One work by one author

• E.g.(1) Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples…(2) Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course

(Kessler, 2003).(3) Among epidemiological samples, Kessler (2003) found that

early onset social anxiety disorder results in a more potent and severe course. Kessler also found … . The study showed that there was a high rate of comorbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression Kessler, 2003).

(4) Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003). Kessler (2003) also found … .

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One work by multiple authors

• When two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text

• When three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”

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Examples

• E.g.:(1) Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007)

found …. [use as first citation in text.]

(2) Kisangau et al. (2007) found …[use as subsequent citation in text.]

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Examples…

• Precede the final name in a multiple-author citation in running text by the word “and”. In parenthetical material, in tables and captions, and in the reference list, join the names by an ampersand “&”

• E.g.:as Kurtines and Szapocznik (2003 demonstrated ….as has been shown (Joreskog & Sorbom, 2007)

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One work by multiple authors…

• When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”

e.g.:Wasserstein et al. (2005)

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Examples

Scott and Williamson (1990) reported that…(FIRST TIME and EVERY TIME)

6 or more authors, use “et al.,” first time and every time.

Scott, Williamson, and Schaffer (1990) reported that… (FIRST TIME)

Scott et al. (1990) reported that (EVERY TIME AFTER)

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Citation: No Known Author

• If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:Full Title: “Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”Citation: (“Cigarette Tax,” 2006)

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Citation: Additional Info.

Sometimes additional information is necessary.– More than one author with the same last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)– Specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

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Citing while quoting

• Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text– Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently

entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p. 11).

– A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

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Quotations: Electronic Sources

• Many electronic sources do not include page numbers. If paragraph numbers are given, use them in place of page numbers, preceded by the “p.” symbol or the abbreviation para.

• Example:– According to the Ministry of Health, “health care

workers at all levels of education and training will continue to be in demand” (2005, p. 52).

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Long Quotations

• Quotations of 40 or more words are formatted differently:– Start on a new line– Block Indent the full quote 5 spaces from left

margin – Omit quotation marks– Double-space

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Long Quotations (Cont.)According to Merrell, Viadero & Mosser (2006):

No matter how the jobs and their settings change, though, one thing

remains the same: each member of the school improvement team

brings a unique combination of skills, knowledge, and experience as

the group works together for a common goal--to improve the quality

of education. (p. 3)

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Personal Communication

• Personal communications include:– Letters– Memos– E-mails– Personal Interviews– Telephone Conversations

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Personal Communication (Cont.)

• Cite only within the text.• They are not included on the

references page. • Example:

(J. D. Smith, personal communication, May 1, 2006).J. D. Smith (personal communication, May 1, 2006).

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Citing secondary sources

• When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary source, give both the primary and the secondary sources. Example:

• Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided a glimpse into the world ….

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Citing secondary sources (Cont.)

• In the references page, you would cite the secondary source you read not the original study.

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributedprocessing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

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Table format

• Table titleGive every table a brief but clear and explanatory title. The basic content of the table should be easily inferred from the title

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Table format …• Too general:

Table 1Relation Between College Majors and Performance [It is unclear what data are presented in the table.]

• Too detailed:

Table 1Mean Performance Scores on Teat A, Test B, and Test C of Students With Psychology, Physics, English, and Engineering Majors [This duplicates information in the headings of the table.]

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Table format …• Good title:

Table 1Mean Performance Scores of Students With Different College Majors

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Table Format…

Table 1Frequency Distribution of Respondents by Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 171 48.2

Female 184 51.8

Total 355 100

Minimum type size: 8 pointMaximum type size: 14 point

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Types of Figures1. Graphs: typically display the relationship between two

quantitative indices or between a continuous quantitative variable (usually displayed as the y axis) and groups of subjects displayed along the x axis.

2. Charts: generally display nonquantitative information such as the flow of subjects through a process, for example, flow charts.

3. Maps: generally display spatial information.4. Drawings: show information pictorially.5. Photographs: contain direct visual representations

of information.

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• E.g.,1. Too brief:

Figure 3. Fixation duration.

2. Sufficiently descriptive:Figure 3. Fixation duration as a function of the delay between the beginning of eye fixation

and the onset of the stimulus in Experiment 1.

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Thank You