apa style

Documenting

Research Papers and Reports

Using APA Style

For: All Undergraduate Students

Course Year: 2006 / 2007

K. Moed

Academy for European Studies and Communication Management

The Hague University - Haagse Hogeschool

The Hague, June 2006

Documenting Research Papers and Reports Using APA Style

Academy for European Studies and Communication Management - 2006 / 2007 1

CONTENTS

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Citing.............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing ..................................................................... 3 1.3 APA-style....................................................................................................................... 4

2 In-Text Citations...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Basics...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Some basic examples: one author .................................................................................. 6 2.3 Two authors ................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Sources with 3-5 authors................................................................................................ 7 2.5 Source with 6 or more authors ....................................................................................... 8 2.6 Group author .................................................................................................................. 8 2.7 Citations for works with unknown authors .................................................................... 9 2.8 Citing several different works by different authors ....................................................... 9 2.9 Secondary sources.......................................................................................................... 9 2.10 Citing translations ........................................................................................................ 10 2.11 Citations for interviews and personal communication................................................. 10 2.12 Internet sources ............................................................................................................ 10 2.13 Anonymous Internet sources........................................................................................ 11 2.14 Audiovisual media ....................................................................................................... 11

3 Reference List: Printed Sources ............................................................................................ 12 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 12 3.2 Books ........................................................................................................................... 12

3.2.1 General format ......................................................................................................... 12 3.2.2 Examples ................................................................................................................. 12 3.2.3 Other non-periodical documents.............................................................................. 14

3.3 Articles in periodicals .................................................................................................. 14 3.3.1 General format ......................................................................................................... 14 3.3.2 Articles in scholarly and professional journals........................................................ 14 3.3.3 Articles in (monthly, weekly) magazines ................................................................ 15 3.3.4 Articles in newspapers............................................................................................. 16

3.4 Articles in books .......................................................................................................... 16 3.4.1 Article (chapter) in an edited work.......................................................................... 16 3.4.2 Article (entry) in a reference work .......................................................................... 16

3.5 Other periodical articles ............................................................................................... 17 3.5.1 Reviews ................................................................................................................... 17 3.5.2 Letter to the editor ................................................................................................... 17 3.5.3 Published interview ................................................................................................. 17

4 Reference List: Electronic Sources........................................................................................ 18 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 18 4.2 Non-periodical documents on the Internet................................................................... 18

4.2.1 General format ......................................................................................................... 18 4.2.2 Documents ............................................................................................................... 19 4.2.3 Anonymous documents ........................................................................................... 19 4.2.4 Electronic books ...................................................................................................... 19 4.2.5 Documents with an organizational author: .............................................................. 20 4.2.6 Articles in a reference work..................................................................................... 20

4.3 Articles from periodicals on the Internet ..................................................................... 20 4.3.1 General format ......................................................................................................... 20



4.3.2 Articles from online journals ................................................................................... 21 4.3.3 Articles from online magazines ............................................................................... 21 4.3.4 Articles from online newspapers ............................................................................. 21 4.3.5 Articles from subscription databases ....................................................................... 22

4.4 Documents with Web-based formats ........................................................................... 23 4.4.1 Newsletters .............................................................................................................. 23 4.4.2 Online forum – discussion board............................................................................. 23 4.4.3 Weblogs ................................................................................................................... 23

5 Reference List: Audio-Visual Media..................................................................................... 24 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 24 5.2 Videocassette ............................................................................................................... 24 5.3 Audio Recording.......................................................................................................... 24 5.4 Motion Picture ............................................................................................................. 24 5.5 Television Broadcast.................................................................................................... 24 5.6 Television Series .......................................................................................................... 25 5.7 Music Recording.......................................................................................................... 25

6 Footnotes and Endnotes......................................................................................................... 26 7 Quick Reference Card: In-Text Citations.............................................................................. 27 8 Quick Reference Card: Reference List.................................................................................. 28 9 Example List of Works Cited ................................................................................................ 29 10 Appendix A: Signal Phrases............................................................................................. 30

10.1 Neutral Verbs ............................................................................................................... 30 10.2 Stronger Verbs ............................................................................................................. 30 10.3 Inference Verbs ............................................................................................................ 30 10.4 Expressing your own opinion ...................................................................................... 31



1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Citing

When you are writing a paper or a report based on research you will have to refer to the articles, books, and other sources that provide illustration and support for your argument. You must always give precise references (citations)1 that indicate what you have derived from each source - facts, opinions, ideas, graphs, tables - and where in the work you found the material. Why should you cite? • Your sources are vital “witnesses” upon which your argument is built and documenting them

properly is essential to establishing your essay’s credibility. Properly documented references enable your readers to locate the source and easily find the exact material that you have used, thus enabling them to verify your conclusions and arguments and to get further information on the subject of your paper. For many interested readers and researchers the list of cited references often is as valuable as the text of the paper itself.

• It strengthens the authority of your work by demonstrating that you have considered others’ opinions and ideas in forming your own.

• The custom of citing references is a form of professional honesty and integrity that is based on a regard for the work and creativity of other authors.

Note: When you use texts, ideas, opinions of others without proper references, you are guilty of plagiarism, which is considered to be fraud.

1.2 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

There are three ways of incorporating other writers’ work into your own writing: • By quoting; quotations are identical to the original source. Quote only words, phrases, lines,

and passages that are particularly interesting or unusual and keep all quotations as brief as possible. Changes must not be made in the spelling, capitalization, or punctuation of the quote. You must attribute all quotes to the original author. Avoid over quoting.

• By paraphrasing; this involves putting a passage – phrase by phrase – from your source into your own words. Your paraphrase should be of equal or shorter length than the original passage. Remember: a paraphrase is a complete rewriting, not just a rearrangement of the words.

• By summarizing; this involves putting the main idea(s) of a passage, section, chapter or study into your own words. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original because they are limited to only the main ideas. You must be careful not to change or distort the meaning of the original work.

You always have to indicate whether the text you derived from your source, is literally derived from it (quoted) or whether you present the ideas and opinions from your source in your own words (using a paraphrase or a summary). In the first case you have to use quotation marks or – for large quotations – a specific text lay out.

1 The terms citing (or citation) and referencing mean the same thing, and are often used interchangeably.



1.3 APA-style

During your studies at the Academy for European Studies and Communication Management you are expected to use the documentation style of the American Psychological Association (APA) These rules, known as APA style, are widely used in the social sciences and are followed by writers of studies and reports in many professional areas (government, business, industry and academia). APA style is not the only way to document sources; however, if you master APA style, you will probably have little difficulty in adapting to other styles. In APA style, there are two parts to completing the citation of a source. • You must cite the source in the text of the paper (using a so called “in-text citation”) • You must list all sources, alphabetically, on a references page at the end of your report, essay

or paper labelled “References”. A citation in APA style contains enough information to enable readers to find the source in the works-cited list and keeps the main text as readable and as free of disruptions as possible. The basic procedures and formats for APA style are spelled out below. They are derived from the fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001).



2 IN-TEXT CITATIONS 2.1 The Basics

APA uses an author / date style of in-text citation. To cite, you can use a signal phrase including the author's last name (or authors' last names) followed by the date in parentheses. Or, put the name(s) with the date at the end of the referenced material (parenthetical citation). Examples of signal phrases are: • According to X ………. • X points out, contends, writes, states, etc. that ……….1 Direct quotes require the page number(s) in the citation (preceded by "p." or “pp.”) and the use of quotation marks; summaries or paraphrases do not. Direct quotations longer than forty words require a “block quote” format: the entire quote is inset by two tab spaces (or one inch) on both the right and the left, and the entire quote is justified. No quotation marks are needed. Note: although APA guidelines do not strictly require you to provide the page number in summaries and paraphrases, your teachers and especially your thesis supervisor do: this information is simply necessary for any interested reader - especially your thesis supervisor – to locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text, such as a text book. Also note that, if there is no publication date, you have to cite the author’s last name followed by a comma and the abbreviation n.d. (for “no date”). Finally, note that, if your citation is at the end of a sentence, you have to put the full stop ending the sentence after the parentheses. However, with a long quotation the parenthetical note falls outside the final punctuation mark. The rules and conventions for in-text citations discussed below are applicable to all types of publications: • Books (printed or digitized: online and offline) • Articles from newspapers, journals and magazines (printed or digitized: online – Internet -

and offline – CD-Rom or DVD) • Websites In the following example of an APA style citation, a quotation from David Harvey’s The Condition of postmodernity is used in an essay on postmodernism:

There is no standard definition of the postmodern; in fact it is a critical commonplace that no one “exactly agrees as to what is meant by the term” (Harvey, 1990, p.7).

The citation “(Harvey, 1990, p.7)” tells readers that the words between quotation marks came from page 7 of a work by an author named Harvey. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the reference list of works cited, where, under the name Harvey, they would find the following information (we will discuss the conventions for the reference list later in more detail).

Harvey, David (1990). The Condition of postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

1 For a list of signal phrases see Appendix A



2.2 Some basic examples: one author

Suppose, you are writing a paper about the problems students in Higher Education have in applying the APA style to their written work. And suppose, you have decided to use a study (printed version) by an expert, Sheila Jones, published in 2003 by Sage Publications in London, called: How to teach students APA style. Lessons from first year writing workshops. As we will explain later, in your list of works cited this study will be referred to as follows:

Jones, S. (2003). How to teach students APA style. Some lessons from first year writing workshops. London: Sage Publications.

The following examples illustrate the ways you can use and cite Jones’ study in your paper. • Short quotations with name of author in signal phrase. When a signal phrase is used, such as

“According to Author X,” the author's name is immediately followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The page number is then included at the end of the quotation in parentheses (preceded by "p.").

According to Jones (2003), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (2003) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

• Short quotations with name of author not mentioned in signal phrase. When a quotation is not

introduced by a signal phrase, the quotation is followed by the author's name, the year, and the page number in parentheses.

A recent study shows that "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 2003, p.199), but she does not offer an explanation as to why.

• Long quotations

In an interesting study Jones (2003) found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was

their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Recent research into the use of APA style by first year students found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was

their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (Jones, 2003, p. 199)



• Summary or paraphrase (with and without signal phrase). Again, the date of publication must immediately follow mention of the author, whether he or she is mentioned in the paraphrase or cited at the end of the quote. When you are summarizing or paraphrasing, citing a page number is required.

According to Jones (2003, p. 199), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 2003, p. 199).

2.3 Two authors

When your source is written by 2 authors, name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use "&" in the parentheses. The following 2 examples are from an essay about the Chrysler Corporation. The first is a direct quote, the second a paraphrase.

In Going for broke, Moritz and Seaman (2002) explain how bad the production situation could get: Sometimes the quality deteriorated to such an extent that the assembly

lines were stopped. One engineer made some spot checks. He discovered a Plymouth sitting at a Detroit railhead with no engine mountings, the engine just resting on the frame. (pp. 92-93)

A recent, critical study shows how bad the production situation got. One example refers to a Plymouth in which no engine mountings were installed (Moritz & Seaman, 2002, pp. 92-93).

Note that titles of any books and journals mentioned in your text must be in Italics. 2.4 Sources with 3-5 authors

When you cite a source with 3-5 authors, you have to use different conventions for a first reference and a later reference. Cite all the authors’ last names and the year the first time the reference occurs. For later references to the same source in the same paragraph, cite only the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” (“et al.” is Latin for “et alia” and means: and others). • First reference:

"Scientists are tying to find a cure for the common cold" (Juneston, Craig & Carter, 1993, p. 220).

• Same source, a later reference



"Most of these viruses are not treatable with current antibiotic medications" (Juneston, et al., 1993, p. 223).

2.5 Source with 6 or more authors

If a source has 6 or more authors, use the first author's name, et al., the date and page number (obligatory in the case of a direct quotation, optional when you paraphrase or summarize the text in your source). Note that the 2nd example contains the name of the authors in a signal phrase.

"U.S. Congressmen are obsessed with getting re-elected and not concerned enough with making a real difference for their constituents" (Harris, et al., 1997, p. 76).

Harris, et al. (1997) argue that the United State Congress is too focused on getting re-elected and not focused enough on meeting their constituents' needs (p. 76).

2.6 Group author

To cite a group author (e.g. association, organization, or government agency) you should spell out the full name for the first reference and give the abbreviation that you will use in brackets ([ ]). You may then use the abbreviation for later references, provided that the abbreviation is an official one and readily understandable. The following examples refer to the National Institute of Health, the federal focal point for medical research in the United States, which officially abbreviates its name as: NIH, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). • First references (2 direct quotations)

"Some people have adverse reactions to the flu shot, such as vomiting, fever, and rashes" (National Institute of Health [NIH], 1999).

"A fraction of the AIDS patients studied responded well to the first treatment" (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2002, p. 18).

• Same source, later references (1 direct quotation, 1 paraphrase)

"The flu shots can only protect people against last year's strand of flu viruses" (NIH, 1999).

The second set of trials had slightly better results (CDC, 2002). • However, in all text citations referring to, for example, the Universiteit van Leiden use

(University of Leiden) as a group author:

………………………………………………………….. (Universiteit van Leiden, 2005). since “UvL” is not an official / self-explanatory abbreviation.



2.7 Citations for works with unknown authors

If you use a work with no author named, cite the title or, if the title is very long, the first few words of the title. Italicize the title of a book, brochure, or report; use quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter. For example, in an essay discussing the choice of European Commission president a quotation from the printed version of The Economist (one of the most informative European economic newspapers, in which authors are anonymous) may appear in the text of your essay as follows:

Thus it is wrong to underestimate the critical importance for the EU of getting the right candidate as president. “For better or worse, its next president will still wield great power in the EU” (“Great selling plate”, 2004, p. 26).

The parenthetical reference “Great selling plate” is keyed to the following entry in the reference list:

The great selling plate. 2004, May 22. The Economist, 25-26. • Other examples:

"Students will hopefully be able to form a bond with their first year roommate, as this can be a friendship that lasts them through life" (College bound seniors, 1979, p. 47).

Many students become sick their first year of college, as they are introduced to entirely different germs ("Test results," 1982, p. 63).

2.8 Citing several different works by different authors

Citing several different works by different authors at one time.

Several studies (Burna, 1980; Geraldi, 1988; Kesser & Morals, 1990) indicate that the cure for the common cold is just around the corner.

2.9 Secondary sources

If you are reading one source, and it refers to something from another source, you need to reflect that in your in-text citations. For example, if you read a book by Greenwood, and Greenwood referred to a study by Breen (but you did not read Breen's study yourself), then you need to cite (paraphrase) Breen in your paper as follows:

Breen's study of early childhood language acquisition (as cited in Greenwood, 1998) shows that important language learning happens before the age of five.

Note: On your Works Cited page, you only need to reference the work that you actually read.



2.10 Citing translations

When you cite from a work that has been translated, cite the original publication date and the date of the translation:

According to the famous nineteenth-century French physician Laplace (1814 / 1951) …………………………………………………… (p.67).

2.11 Citations for interviews and personal communication

Personal interviews and personal communications (e-mail, group discussions, electronic bulletin boards, telephone conversations) are not mentioned at the end of the paper on the list of references. However, they are cited in-text throughout the paper. For personal communication, you should give the author's full name (first and middle initials followed by last name), the kind of communication, followed by the date of communication. See the following examples (the first one is a paraphrase, the other two are direct quotes).

Survivors of the accident gave credit to the team of firemen for their rescue (K.L. Myers, personal interview, April 18, 2006).

"Parents should always know what their child's homework assignments are" (G. Lord, personal e-mail, January 18, 2006).

2.12 Internet sources

As we stated before, the rules and conventions for in-text citations discussed above are also applicable to electronic sources. However, in a substantial number of cases online electronic sources (Websites) do not provide page numbers. For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the section number or paragraph number, if available, preceded, respectively, by the abbreviation chap. and the abbreviation para or the paragraph symbol (¶). If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material as accurately as possible. • For example: a student, writing a paper about illegal immigration in the UK and using as one

of her sources an article by Dominic Casciani What next for illegal migrants?, published on the Website of BBC News, may cite this article in her paper as follows:

According to new immigration minister Tony McNulty some 570,000 illegal immigrants have taken refuge in Britain. Were these 570,000 people spread evenly, “they would represent just less than 1% of the British population” (Casciani, 2005, “Size of a city” section, para. 2).



• In a paper about the protection of refugees you may cite information from the Web site of the UNHCR as follows:

The protection of 19.2 million uprooted people is the core mandate of UNHCR. The agency does this in several ways: Using the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention as its major tool, it ensures

the basic human rights of vulnerable persons and that refugees will not be returned involuntarily to a country where they face persecution. Longer term, the organization helps civilians repatriate to their homeland, integrate in countries of asylum or resettle in third countries. Using a world wide field network, it also seeks to provide at least a minimum of shelter, food, water and medical care in the immediate aftermath of any refugee exodus. (UNHCR, 2006, “Protecting the world's vulnerable people” section, ¶ 1)

2.13 Anonymous Internet sources

When you quote from an article with an unknown author, mention the title of the article, the sub-heading (if available) and, the paragraph number within that heading (using the abbreviation para. or the symbol ¶). If the paragraph number is not explicitly indicated, you have to determine it yourself by performing a simple count. • For example, an anonymous article in Wikipedia, must be cited as follows:

"Plagiarism is the use of another person’s work (this could be his or her words, products or ideas) for personal advantage, without proper acknowledgement of the original work" ("Plagiarism," 2006, "Definition”, para. 1).

Note: Never use a URL as an in-text reference!.

2.14 Audiovisual media

When you cite texts or ideas from a television broadcast, motion picture, documentary film or audio recording, you use the same conventions as you do for books: the name(s) of the originator(s) or primary contributors (director or producer or both) and the year). If possible, include a track number or episode number.

As Don Corleone said: "I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse" (Coppola, 1972).



3 REFERENCE LIST: PRINTED SOURCES 3.1 Introduction

According to APA guidelines, the alphabetical list of work cited is called "References." The list of references should begin on a new page at the end of the paper with "References" (without quotation marks). All entries are double-spaced. The first line of each entry is flush left; however, any additional lines are indented with five spaces (one tab, or half an inch). This format is called a hanging indent. APA style defines that a reference section may only include items which are cited within the body of an article, essay, paper or report. This is the distinction between a document having a Reference section and a Bibliography, which may incorporate sources which may have been read by the authors as background but are not referred to or included in the body of a document. Basic Rules • The list of references should be alphabetized by the last names of the authors or editors or by

the first word in the title (excluding The, A, or An) if no author is given. • Include all authors' names, i.e., do not use et al, in the order that they appear in publication.

Authors should always be listed with the last name first followed by a comma and then the initials of the first and middle names (for example: Thorton, B. B.).

• In titles of books, articles, films, and broadcasts capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns.

• In periodical titles capitalize all major words and all words of four letters or more. • Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. • Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal

articles or essays in edited collections • The date of publication should be placed in parentheses immediately following the last

author's name. • Note: "p." and "pp." should only be used in front of the page numbers of newspaper articles

and works in anthologies or book chapters. 3.2 Books

3.2.1 General format

Author, A. A., Author, B.B. (Year). Title of work. Subtitle. Location: Publisher

3.2.2 Examples

• Book with one author:

O’Driscoll, J. (1996). Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Smith, J. (1997). Growing up in the country. New York: Doubleday. • Two to six authors (cite the names of all authors):



Smith, J., Hanson, R., & Cooper, D. (1994). Living with pets. New York: McGraw Hill. • More than six authors (cite the surnames & initials of the first six authors then follow with the

abbreviation “et al” (followed by a full-stop):

Adams, F. L., Cantor, P., Hoctor, C., Johnson, P. A., Mulroy, S. A., Peters, M. T., et al. (2001). Raising large families in the 21st century. Burlington, VT: Pages Press.

• Corporate author (note that the author is the same as the publisher!):

Bank of New York. (1999). Banking for the millennium. New York: Author. • No author identified (start with title):

Newmark essential thesaurus. (1997). New York: Oxford University Press.

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

• Edited work:

Newman, H., & Davenport, J. (Eds.). (1998). The past and the future. New York: Scribner. • Edition other than the first:

Jones, H. B. (1990). The hunted (2nd ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. • Multi volume work:

Wagner, D. (1991). The home improvement series (Vols. 1-3). New York: Oxford University Press.

• Work in an edited anthology:

Newport, C. (1998). The holistic approach to teaching. In J. Smith (Ed.), Modern teaching strategies (pp. 132-144). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

• Encyclopedia or dictionary:

Sattle, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new west dictionary of domestic pets (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.

• Translations: after the title, name the translator, followed by the abbreviation “Trans.,” in

parentheses. Add the original date of the work’s publication in parentheses at the end of the entry.

Steinberg, M. D. (2003). Voices of revolution. (M. Schwartz, Trans.). New Haven, CT:

Yale University Press. (Original work published 2001)



• Two or more works by the same author: reference the works alphabetically by author and earliest year first.

3.2.3 Other non-periodical documents

Reference other non-periodical documents, such as reports, fact sheets, published and unpublished (conference) papers, brochures as you would a book. Add additional information - type of document, series name and number - in parentheses after the title, if it is available. • Examples:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1992). Pressure ulcers in adults: Prediction and prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD: Author.

Shrout, P. E. (Chair), Hunter, J. E., Harris, R. J., Wilkinson, L., Strouss, M. E., Applebaum,

M. I., et al. (1996, August). Significance test. Should they be banned from APA journals? (Paper presented at the 104th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.)

Seventeen frequently asked questions about United Nations Special Rapporteurs. (2001)

(Human Rights Fact Sheet No. 27). Geneva: Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.

3.3 Articles in periodicals


As we explained before, periodicals include items published on a regular basis: journals, magazines, newspapers, scholarly newsletters, and so on. • General format

Author, A. A. & Author, B.B. (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, issue number, page numbers.

3.3.2 Articles in scholarly and professional journals

Scholarly journals are published for an audience of scholars and researchers. They publish reports of original (applied or scientific) research and in-depth analyses of topics. They use technical vocabulary and their standard format contains sections such as: research methods, results, conclusion, references, etc. Professional journals are written for practitioners in applied fields, such as nurses, marketers, communication managers, policy advisors, psychologists, English teachers, and other professionals. They are often published by professional organizations as a means to communicate with their members. They contain book reviews, reports on current trends, announcements for conferences, and so on.



Article in a journal paginated by volume, i.e., pagination continues from one issue to another, e.g., Jan. issue, pp. 1-92; Feb. issue, pp. 93-206. Italicize the volume number: • Examples:

McFergison, H. (1997). The socio-cultural impact of television on children. Psychology Monthly, 23, 437-449.

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The

hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

Article in a journal paginated by issue, i.e., pagination begins anew for each issue, e.g., Jan. issue, pp. 1-92; Feb. issue, pp. 1-102. Italicize the volume number; follow it immediately with issue number in parentheses. Do not italicize issue number: • Examples:

Hanson, D., & Williams, G. (1991). The weight loss obsession. British Psychologist, 21(2), 5-32.

Two or more works by the same author in the same year For two or more works by the same author in the same year reference the works normally by author and year and arrange them alphabetically by title. Assign lowercase letters "a," "b," and so on to the respective years of each applicable entry, such as 1979a for the first entry, 1979b for the second entry. • Examples:

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child

Development, 52, 636-643. 3.3.3 Articles in (monthly, weekly) magazines

Magazines are published for a broad general audience. Magazine writers don't assume that their readers have specialized training or knowledge. Examples are: Scientific American, Times Literary Supplement, Guardian Weekly, National Geographic, Business Week, Der Spiegel, L’Espresso, Vrij Nederland. • Examples

Gilmore, H. (1997, May 23). Golf and relationships. Golf, 7, 121-134.

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.



Olivier Oullier, O. (2005, December). Neurosciences sans conscience? Cerveau, mensonge et antiterrorisme. Le Monde Diplomatique, p. 4

Lavelle, M. (1999, November 10). Behind the teen birth decline. U.S. News & World

Report, 50, 63-65. 3.3.4 Articles in newspapers

• Example

Newhart, B. B. (1997, January 3). Finding oneself. The Washington Post, pp. A2, A12. 3.4 Articles in books

3.4.1 Article (chapter) in an edited work

• Specific format

Author, A. A. & Author, B.B.. (year of publication). Title of chapter or article. In Editor, A.A. & Editor B.B. (Eds.), Title of book (page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.

• Examples

Tollifson, J. (1997). Imperfection is a beautiful thing: On disability and mediation. In K. Fries (Ed.), Staring back (pp. 105-112). New York: Plume.

Shantz, C.V. (1993). Children's conflicts: Representations & lesson. In R.R. Cocking &

K.A. Renninger (eds.), The development & meaning of psychological distance. (pp. 185-202). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

3.4.2 Article (entry) in a reference work

• Specific format

Author, A. A. & Author, B.B.. (year of publication). Title of entry or article. In Title of reference work (volume page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.

• Examples of signed and unsigned articles. If an article is unsigned, start with the title.

Franklin, M.N. (1995). Voting behavior. In The Encyclopedia of Democracy. (Vol. IV, pp. 1346-1353). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.

Mineral water. (2000). In The Encyclopedia Americana of Democracy. (Vol. 19, p. 159).

Danbury, CT: Grolier



3.5 Other periodical articles

3.5.1 Reviews

• Specific format

Reviewer, A. A.. (Year of publication). Title of the review [Review of the book Title of the book]. Title of the periodical in which the review is published, volume (issue number), page numbers.

• Examples:

Rose, T. (1998, February 24). Blues sisters [Review of the book Blues legacies and black feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holliday]. Village Voice, 8, 139-141.

Ward, J. (1989, May 5). Good intentions—not so good. [Review of the book Good

Intentions]. Time, p. 6. 3.5.2 Letter to the editor

Example:

Johnson, K. D. (1994, May 2). Obesity affects economic, social status [Letter to the editor]. Jordan Times, p. B20.

3.5.3 Published interview

• Example:

Archer, N. (1993). [Interview with Helen Burns, author of Sense and Perception]. Journal of Sensory Studies, 21, 211-216.



4 REFERENCE LIST: ELECTRONIC SOURCES 4.1 Introduction

The rules for referencing electronic sources are basically the same as those we presented above for printed sources, except that for Internet sources you have to include: • The date you retrieved the document • The name of the host (Web site where the document is stored) • URL of the host Web site. Documents available via the Internet include: • Articles from periodicals (e.g., newspaper, magazine, newsletter, or journal); • “Stand-alone” or non-periodical documents (e.g., research papers, government reports, online

books, brochures); • Documents that have a quintessentially Web-based format (e.g., Web page, newsgroups,

discussion groups, newsletters, aggregated databases). The variety of material available on the Web, and the variety of ways in which it is structured and presented, can present challenges for creating usable and useful references. Regardless of format, however, authors using and citing Internet sources should observe the following three guidelines: • Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible,

reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages. • Provide addresses that work. Note that e-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text as personal communication (for further details see section 2.11). 4.2 Non-periodical documents on the Internet


Author, A. A. & Author, B.B. (year, month day of publication). Title of work. Location:

Publisher. Retrieved month day, year, from name of host Web site: URL. Note: • Although in most cases official APA style doesn’t require inclusion of the name of the host

Web site in your reference, the ESCM- Academy style requires to do so. • For on-line books with a print equivalent you have to add the location and publisher of the

printed version, if available. • Add additional information related to the nature of documents other than books - such as

reports, fact sheets, published and unpublished (conference) papers, brochures - in parentheses after the title, if it is available.

• When an Internet document covers more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document.

• Precede the URL with a colon.



4.2.2 Documents

• Examples:

Boyles, S. (2001, November 14). World diabetes day has people pondering their risk. Retrieved May 26, 2006, from the WebMD Medical News Archive Web site: http://my.webmd.com/content/article/1667.51328

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New

wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

Abrahams, F. & Anderson, E. (1998, October). Federal republic of Yugoslavia:

humanitarian law violations in Kosovo. (Human Rights Watch Reports, vol 10, no.9 (D)). Retrieved May 27, 2006 from Europe and Central Asia division of Human Rights Watch Web site: http://www.hrw.org/reports98/kosovo/.

Cohen, D.J. & Rosenzweig, R. (2005). Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving,

And Presenting the Past on the Web. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved May 27, 2006, from the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University: http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/book.php

Shirlow, M. (n.d.) Basic International Communications for Business. Belfast: Invest

Northern Ireland, the economic development agency for Northern Ireland. Retrieved May 27, 2006, from the National Centre for Languages [CILT] Web site: http://www.cilt.org.uk/pdf/pubs/howtoguides/bicb.pdf

4.2.3 Anonymous documents

• Examples:

Biography of Martin Luther King jr. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2005, from The Martin Luther King Jr. Research Institute at Stanford University Web site: http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/institute/

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2006, from the Graphic,

Visualization, & Usability Center of the Georgia Institute of Technology Web site: http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey-1997-10/

4.2.4 Electronic books

• Example

Nesbit, E. (1908). Ballads and lyrics of socialism. London: Ashley. Retrieved May 26, 2006 from The Library Electronic Text Resource Service at the University of Indiana: http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/nesbit/ballsoc.html



4.2.5 Documents with an organizational author:

• Examples:

Amnesty International USA. (2005, May 13). Guantánamo and beyond: The continuing pursuit of unchecked executive power. (AI Index: AMR 51/063/2005). Retrieved from Amnesty International Web site:

http://web.amnesty.org/library/pdf/AMR510632005ENGLISH/$File/AMR5106305.pdf

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. (2004,

July 12). Social indicators on housing. Average number of persons per room. Retrieved May 25, 2006 from the Author Web site:

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/housing.htm .

University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved May 25, 2006, from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site:

http://www.rwjf.org/files/publications/other/ChronicCareinAmerica.pdf

European Parliament. (2003, December 12). Consumer protection measures. (European Parliament Fact Sheets 4.10.2). Retrieved May 27, 2006 from the European Parliament Web site: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/facts/4_10_2_en.htm

4.2.6 Articles in a reference work

• Examples:

European Union. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 25, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service Web site: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9033265

Plagiarism. (2006, May 28). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 29,

2006, from Wikipedia Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism 4.3 Articles from periodicals on the Internet


When citing online articles, follow the guidelines for printed articles (see section 3.3), giving whatever information is available in the online source. Add the date you accessed the source, the name of the host Web site and the article’s URL.

Author, A. A. & Author, B.B. (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume numbe, issue number, page numbers. Retrieved month day, year, from name of host Web site: URL.



Note: • Although in most cases official APA style doesn’t require inclusion of the name of the host

Web site, we strongly advise you to include it in your reference. • Add [Electronic version] before “Retrieved….” when the article is from an online newspaper

or magazine with a print equivalent. 4.3.2 Articles from online journals

• Examples:

Keane, M. (2006). Exporting Chinese Culture: Industry Financing Models in Film and Television. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 3(1), 11-27. Retrieved May 24, 2006, from The University of Westminster, School of Media, Arts and Design Web site:

http://www.wmin.ac.uk/mad/pdf/2-Keane%20interim.pdf

Liebelt, C. (2006) Philippinische Traumproduktion und der ‚Westen’, oder: Warum philippinische Transmigrantinnen Israel provinziell finden. Kommunikation@gesellschaft, 7 (2). Retrieved May 24, 2006, from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universitat Frankfurt, Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften Website: http://www.soz.uni-frankfurt.de/K.G/B2_2006_Liebelt.pdf.

Olivier Oullier, O. (2005, December). Neurosciences sans conscience? Cerveau, mensonge

et antiterrorisme. Le Monde Diplomatique, p. 4. [Electronic version] Retrieved May 24, 2006 from Le Monde Diplomatique Website :

http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2005/12/OULLIER/13026 4.3.3 Articles from online magazines

• Examples:

Kongshem, L. (1998, January). Censorware: How well does Internet filtering software protect students? Electronic School. Retrieved March 20, 2000, from Electronic School Online Web site: http://www.electronic-school.com/0198f1.html

Langellier, J-P. & Pedroletti, B. (2006, May 4). China to build first eco-city. Guardian

Weekly. [Electronic version] Retrieved May 25, 2006, from the Guardian Weekly Archive Web site:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianweekly/outlook/story/0,,1767547,00.html

Carson, C. (1996, January 7). The Boycott That Changed Dr. King's Life. New York Times Magazine, 7. [Electronic version] Retrieved May 25, 2006, from The Martin Luther King Jr. Research Institute at Stanford University Web site: http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/mlkpapers/

4.3.4 Articles from online newspapers

• Example (article with print equivalent):



Bajaj, V. & Whitmire, K. (2006, May 25). Ignorance claim did not sway Enron jury. New York Times. [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 26, 2006, from New York Times Web site:

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/26/business/businessspecial3/26jury.html?hp&ex=1148702400&en=f9f7a276c89ed548&ei=5094&partner=homepage

4.3.5 Articles from subscription databases

Online subscription sources include journal, magazine, or newspaper articles found through a subscription database that you can access through large public libraries. For example, the Haagse Hogeschool library has subscriptions to a number of important databases, such as Lexis-Nexis, EBSCO-host, Science Direct, which contain full text articles from hundreds of quality journals, magazines and newspapers. These articles will not be found by searching the World Wide Web using a search engine like Google or Yahoo. • Specific format

Author, A. A. & Author, B.B. (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, issue number, page numbers. Retrieved month day, year, from name of subscription database.

• Examples

Read, B. (2005, March 18). Seriously, iPods are educational. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 30. Retrieved July 5, 2005, from Lexis-Nexis Academic database.

Cowell, A. (2001, September 3). Britain faces flurry of illegal migrants using channel

tunnel. New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2003, from Lexis Nexis Academic database.

Reed, S. & Reinhardt, A. (2005, August 5). The New Face of Royal Dutch Shell. Business

Week Online. [Electronic version] Retrieved May 25, 2006, from Business Source Elite database.

Larkin, T. J. & Larkin, S. (2005) Change the Communication Channel: Web, Paper or

Face-to-Face. World, 22 (6), 16-18. Retrieved May 24, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Benoit, W.L. (2006, June) Image repair in President Bush’s April 2004 news conference.

Public Relations Review, 32 (2), 137–143. [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 26, 2006 from Elsevier’s Science Direct database.



4.4 Documents with Web-based formats

4.4.1 Newsletters

• Example:

European Commission's Enlargement Directorate General. (May 11, 2006). What Bulgaria needs to do. Enlargement Newsletter. Retrieved May, 27, 2006 from the European Commission Web site:

http://ec.europa.eu/comm/enlargement/docs/newsletter/latest_weekly.htm#a2 4.4.2 Online forum – discussion board

• Example:

Babacan, T. (May, 19, 2006). Turkey must be the member of EU. Message posted to European Discussion Forum. Retrieved May 27, 5, 2006 from Europa, Debate Europe, Web site:

http://ec.europa.eu/comm/coreservices/forum/index.cfm?forum=debateeurope&fuseaction=contribution.detail&Debate_ID=74&Message_ID=11422

4.4.3 Weblogs

• Example:

Walström, M. (May 4, 2006). Biofuels. [Weblog entry]. Retrieved May 23, 2006 from Margot Walström’s at the European Commission Web site: http://weblog.jrc.cec.eu.int/page/wallstrom/Weblog/20060504



5 REFERENCE LIST: AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA 5.1 Introduction

References to audio-visual media must include the following elements: • name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director) • date • title • the medium in brackets • location or place of production • name of the distributor. If the medium in indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed (see example for Audio Recording). 5.2 Videocassette

• Example

Garmon, L. (Producer and Director), & Apsell, P. (Executive Producer). (1994). Secret of the wild child [Videocassette]. Boston, MA: WGBH Educational Foundation.

5.3 Audio Recording

• Example

Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1988). Personality, continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette Recording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

5.4 Motion Picture

• Example

Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion Picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

5.5 Television Broadcast

• Example

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.



5.6 Television Series

• Example

Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York: WNET. 5.7 Music Recording

• Example

Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveler [CD]. New York: PolyGram Music.



6 FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, APA style guidelines recommend the use of endnotes / footnotes. In the text, place a superscript numeral immediately after the text about which you would like to include more information, e.g. (fictitious example): Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.1 Number the notes consecutively in the order they appear in your paper. At the end of the paper, create a separate page labeled Notes (with the title centered at the top of the page). Below are examples of two kinds of notes. • Evaluative bibliographic comments

1 See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this extraordinary animal. 2 On the problems related to yaks, see Wollens (1989, pp. 120-135); for a contrasting view, see Pyle (1992).

• Explanatory or additional information considered too digressive for the main text

3 In a recent interview, Weller (1998) reiterated this point even more strongly: "I am an artist, not a yak!" (p. 124).



7 QUICK REFERENCE CARD: IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Printed Sources Basic Formats “[Brief citation: direct quote]……………………………………. ……………………… ………

……………………………. “ ( Author , Year , page number(s) ) . [Brief citation: paraphrase]………………………………………. ……………………… ………

………………………………. ( Author , Year , page number(s) ) . [Long direct citation]….... ………………………….…………………………… ………………………………….……………………………………………….…………………….……………………………………………………………….…….…………………………………………………………………………………. ….…………………………………………………………………………………. ....................... . ( Author , Year , page number(s) )

Anonymous Sources (book, brochure, report) ………………………...……………………………………………. …………………… …..……

……………………………...……. ( Title , Year , page number(s) ) .

Anonymous Sources (article) ……………………………………………………………………. ……...…………………………

………………………………… ( “Title” , Year , page number(s) ) .

Internet sources Use the same rules that apply to printed sources. Note:

Never use a URL as an in-text reference!.



8 QUICK REFERENCE CARD: REFERENCE LIST

Printed Sources Book

Author (Year ). Title . Place of publication : Publisher

Article from a periodical

Author (Year, month day ). Title . Title of Periodical ,

volume number , issue number , page numbers .

Article / chapter in an edited work

Author ( Year) . Title . In Name of Editor (Ed.),

Title of book (page numbers). Place of publication:

Publisher .

Anonymous source: use the same rules, but start with title!! Internet sources Use the same rules that apply to printed sources, but add: …………………… Retrieved month day , year from

Name of host Web site : URL



9 EXAMPLE LIST OF REFERENCES

Amnesty International USA. (2005, May 13). Guantánamo and beyond: The continuing pursuit

of unchecked executive power. (AI Index: AMR 51/063/2005). Retrieved from Amnesty International Web site: http://web.amnesty.org/library/pdf/AMR510632005ENGLISH/$File/AMR5106305.pdf

Bajaj, V. & Whitmire, K. (2006, May 25). Ignorance claim did not sway Enron jury. New York

Times. [Electronic version]. Retrieved May 26, 2006, from New York Times Web site: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/26/business/businessspecial3/26jury.html?hp&ex=1148702400&en=f9f7a276c89ed548&ei=5094&partner=homepage

Bank of New York. (1999). Banking for the millennium. New York: Author. Biography of Martin Luther King jr. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2005, from The Martin Luther

King Jr. Research Institute at Stanford University Web site: http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/institute/

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine

in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

Franklin, M.N. (1995). Voting behavior. In The Encyclopedia of Democracy. (Vol. IV, pp. 1346-

1353). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. Hanson, D., & Williams, G. (1991). The weight loss obsession. British Psychologist, 21(2), 5-32. McFergison, H. (1997). The socio-cultural impact of television on children. Psychology Monthly,

23, 437-449. Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Newhart, B. B. (1997, January 3). Finding oneself. The Washington Post, pp. A2, A12. Reed, S. & Reinhardt, A. (2005, August 5). The New Face of Royal Dutch Shell. Business Week

Online. [Electronic version] Retrieved May 25, 2006, from Business Source Elite database.

Smith, J. (1997). Growing up in the country. New York: Doubleday. Tollifson, J. (1997). Imperfection is a beautiful thing: On disability and mediation. In K. Fries

(Ed.), Staring back (pp. 105-112). New York: Plume U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1992). Pressure ulcers in adults: Prediction

and prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD: Author



10 APPENDIX A: SIGNAL PHRASES 10.1 Neutral Verbs

When used to introduce a quote, the following verbs basically mean "says." • Examples The author says . . . The author notes . . . The author believes . . . The author observes . . . The author comments . . . The author relates . . . The author declares . . . The author remarks . . . The author discusses . . . The author reports . . . The author explains . . . The author reveals . . . The author expresses . . . The author states . . . The author mentions . . . The author acknowledges . . . The author suggests . . . The author thinks . . . The author points out . . . The author responds . . . The research shows . . . The research confirms . . . 10.2 Stronger Verbs

The following verbs indicate that there is some kind of argument, and that the quote shows either support of or disagreement with one side of the argument. • Examples The author agrees . . . The author rejects . . . The author argues . . . The author compares the two studies . . . The author asserts . . . The author admits . . . The author cautions . . . The author disputes . . . The author emphasizes . . . The author contends . . . The author insists . . . The author denies . . . The author maintains . . . The author insists . . . The author claims . . . The author endorses . . . The author refutes . . . The author agrees . . . 10.3 Inference Verbs

Inference verbs can be used to analyze a quote. They indicate that the reader has made an inference based on the text. • Examples The author implies . . . The author suggests . . . The author thinks . . .



10.4 Expressing your own opinion

When you are discussing the work of an author and you want to express your approval or disapproval with his / her conclusions, you might use: The author (in)correctly assumes that ……..