APA Style…light!APA Citation 6 th ed. for COM 115

A Guide to Style and Citations for the 6th Edition

By

Sarah Viehmann, Writing Center Consultant

&

Megan Knight, Writing Center Consultant

Edited & Presented by

Michael Frizell, Writing Center Director

Original presentation created by Laura Burrows, former Writing Center Consultant

APA 6th Edition

• About $30• MAJOR CHANGES• new ethics guidance • new journal article reporting

standards• simplified heading style• updated guidelines for reducing

bias• new guidelines for reporting

inferential statistics• significantly revised table of

statistical abbreviations • new instruction on using

supplemental files• expanded content on the

electronic presentation of data• expanded discussion of

electronic sources emphasizing the role of the digital object identifier (DOI)

• expanded discussion of the publication process

Preparation Outl ine Format for COM 115

Page setup

•1” on every side of the document

•Single-space within each section of the outline; no extra spaces between paragraphs (new Word must be adjusted!)

•12 pt font•TWO spaces follow punctuation

Style

•Avoid colloquial expressions

•Avoid the use of second person “you”

•Avoid biased language (see “General Guidelines for Reducing Bias,” APA Manual 6th edition, p. 71-76)

Mechanics

•Use active rather than passive voice

•Select tense carefully

•Be careful about subject-verb agreement

•See APA Manual 6th edition Chapters 3 and 4 for APA preferred standards

Order of Pages

Title Page

Body

References

APA Title Page Running head

Now included in the header NOTE: This means that

the Running head appears on EVERY PAGE OF THE PAPER!

Type “Running head” a colon then an abbreviated version

of the title in all caps

No more than 50 characters, spaces

included Title

Concise statement of main topic Fully explanatory on its own

Author Name(s) Omit titles (Dr., Professor) and

degrees (PhD, EdD, MD, etc.) Institutional Affiliation

If none, list city and state of residency

Author Note (if applicable)

COM 115 Title Page Header

Right Justified Appears on every page Type a shortened version of

the title 5 spaces page number

Running head: Type “Running head:” a colon An abbreviated version of the

title in all caps No more than 50 characters,

including spaces Title of Paper

Concise statement of the main topic

Fully explanatory on its own Author’s Name

Omit titles (Dr., Professor) and degrees (PhD, EdD, MD, etc.)

Institutional Affiliation If none, list city of residence

Parenthetical Citations Vs.Oral Citation

COM 115Cites are

Integrated ORAL CITATION

Cite Your Sources

APA Style Cites are Parenthetical

Speaking ExampleDr. Bourhis says in his 2009 text, Civility in Public Discourse, a text in which he asserts…

In 2009, Dr. John Bourhis published in Civility in Public Discourse, a text in which he asserts that…

Avoiding PlagiarismPlagiarism is…

…using someone else’s words or ideas as though they were your own.

…deliberately stealing someone’s work.

…paying someone to write a paper.

…a serious offense.

Common Knowledge vs.Unique Ideas

Don’t need to cite: Ideas widely believed to be

true.

Folklore, stories, songs, or saying without an author but commonly known.

Quotations widely known and used.

Information shared by most scholars in your discipline.

WHEN IN DOUBT…

CITE!

Standard APA Header LevelsThese have changed from the 5th edition!

Level One is Centered, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase

Level Two is Flush Left, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase

Level Three is Indented, bold, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. The paragraph follows.

Level Four is indented, bold, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. The paragraph follows.

Level Five is indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. The paragraph follows.

Good news! Now, you will follow the pattern of levels from the top down: if you have one level, use Level 1; if you have two levels, use Levels 1 and 2;

and so on.American Psychological Association (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association.

Washington, DC: American Psychological Association

Writing the Outline for Speeches

Single space the text of the outline

Double space between major sections

Retype the title on the first page of the outline (the 2nd page of your manuscript)

Specific Purpose:

Central Idea:

Desired Response:

Center the title of major sections

EXAMPLE

WRITING TIP:Outlines are written to be

read!

The Outline for Speeches…

Transitions are written as complete sentences

Contained in parentheses

Double spacing sets off transitions from the rest of the outline

EXAMPLE

WRITING TIP (Public Speaking Tip, too!):

Include a beginning, middle, and ending…easier to read, better

speech!

When to Cite

You DO need to cite: When using someone

else’s exact words

When using someone else’s data (statistics, etc.)

When using someone else’s figures (tables, graphs, images)

When stating someone’s unique idea

You DON’T need to cite: Your own unique

ideas

Common knowledgePUBLIC

SPEAKING TIP:Citing Sources Builds Speaker

Credibility!

Reference List: Basics

Reference lists should be alphabetized by the last name of the first authors listed.

Remember, you can not change the order of authors within the study!

Nothing precedes something: Green, E. C. (2000). Greene, B. A. (1994).Harrison, M. R. (2004).Harrison, M. R., & Blake, C. D. (2001)

The DOI: Digital Object Identifier The DOI is like a social security number for a source. It is

meant to help readers find the exact source you are referencing.

You can type a DOI into Google and get the exact source.

All DOI numbers begin with a 10 and contain a prefix and a suffix separated by a slash.

Not all sources have DOIs.

If the source has a DOI, cite it after the rest of the citation is finished:

Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Reference List, Continued

Multiple works by the same author:

• Blake, B. R. (1990)• Blake, B. R. (1993)

One author: arrange chronologically

• Blair, S. M. (2000a). Care and feeding…• Blair, S. M. (2000b). Observations…

One author, same year: order by title

Common Reference Entries Book

Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2005). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson.

Book with editor Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed.). New

York: Anchor.

Journal paginated by volume Risko, E. F., Stolz, J. A., & Besner, D. (2005). Basic processes in

reading: Is visual word recognition obligatory? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 119-124.

With DOI: Same format, but after page number: doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Journal paginated by issue Schmidt, J. R., & Cheesman, J. (2005). Dissociating stimulus-stimulus

and response-response effects in the Stroop task. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59(2), 132-138.

Journal Pagination: Volume or Issue?

Paginated by volume

Some journals begin each issue where the last left off:

Volume 1, issue 1: page 1-200

Volume 1, issue 2: page 201-400

These journals are paginated by volume, and do not require the issue number in the reference citations

Paginated by issue

Journals whose issues each begin on page one require the issue number in the reference page to specify the issue in which an article appears:

Volume 23, issue 1: page 1-205

Volume 23, issue 2: page 1-300

[An article listed in volume 23, page 189, would not tell a reader which issue contained the article]

Online References Article From an Online Periodical

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial visual reactions [Electronic version]. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 121(1), 15-23.

(Note: if there is no print version available, include date of access and URL after the issue: Retrieved July 5, 2005, from http://www... Use the exact URL of the article if possible, unless you have retrieved an article from a newspaper’s site (i.e., www.newyorktimes.com)

Article from a Database

Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2001, January). Dissociating automatic and intentional processes in children’s eyewitness memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 75(1), 1-5. Retrieved February 21, 2001, from Expanded Academic ASAP database (A59317927).

Non-Periodical Web Document

List as many as possible of the following:

Author’s name. Date of publication (use “n.d.” if no date is known or available). Title of the document in italics. Date of access. URL directly to the source

Chovil, I. (n.d.). What is schizophrenia? Retrieved November 6, 2005, from http://www.chovil.com/first.html

Keep them in this order!

If there is no author, use the title as the author, followed by the date in parenthesis.When no DOI is included and the URL is given, a retrieved date is needed unless the source material may change over time (e.g., wikis)

Misc. References

Encyclopedia Entries

Glickman, H. (1994). Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA). In World book encyclopedia (Vol. 14, pp. 647-648). Chicago: World Book.

Occupational therapy. (1994). In World book encyclopedia (Vol. 14, p. 648). Chicago: World Book.

Newspaper Articles

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

A complete list of types of sources, cross-referenced to examples, can be found in the APA Publication Manual on pages 193-215.

Contact Information Michael Frizell, Writing Center Director

michaelfrizell@missouristate.edu

Phone number 417-836-5006

Office: Meyer Library 112

Writing Center

First floor Meyer Library – The Bear Claw

Phone Number 417-836-6398

http://writingcenter.missouristate.edu

Supplemental Instruction

http://si.missouristate.edu