apell final
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APELL and CommunityInvolvement in Disaster
Preparedness in Industry
By:
Noor Azean Binti Mat Salleh GS25854Syamimi Binti Ismail GS21006
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Background
APELL = Awareness and Preparedness for
Emergencies at Local Level
APELL was developed by United Nation
Environment Programme (UNEP), in partnership
with industries associations, communities and
government following some major industrialsaccidents that had serious impacts on health
and environment.
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Cont..
The origin of APELL are found in the response of
the chemical industry to the Bhopal tragedy, the
event that led the industry to re-examine its
safety practices, revise its relationship withcommunities near its plants and renew its
commitment to safety.
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What is APELL?
APELL is modular, flexible methodological toolfor preventing accidents and to minimize theirimpacts.
This is achieved by assisting decision makersand technical personnel to increase communityawareness and to prepare coordinated response
plans involving industry, government and thelocal community, in the event that unexpectedevent should endanger life, property or theenvironment.
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Cont..
Communication is often between three main
group of stakeholder :
i. Company
ii. Community
iii. Local authorities
Discussion on hazard usually leads to the
identification of risk reduction measures, thus
making the area more safer than before.
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Cont..
None of the elements of APELL is radical or
new. The programme simply provides a common
sense approach to accident prevention and
response.
APELL can apply to any risk situation. It can be
initiated by any party, although companies canbe expected to take the lead. It can be facilitates
by government or by industry associations.
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Objectives
APELLs overall goal is to prevent loss of life
or damages to health and social well-being,
avoid property damage and ensure
environmental safety in a local community.
Its specific objectives are :
i. Provide information to the concerned members of acommunity on the hazards involved in industrial
operation in its neighborhood and on the measures
taken to reduce risks.
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Objectives Cont..
ii. Review, update or establish emergency
response plans in the local areas.
iii. Increase local industry involvement in
community awareness and emergency responseplanning.
iv. Integrate industry emergency plans and local
emergency response plans into one overall plan
for the community to handle all types of
emergencies.
v. Involve members of a local community in the
development, testing and implementation of the
overall emergency response plan.
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Benefits
APELL can be useful in any situation that
requires joint planning by several parties to
develop integrated and well understood
response plans ready to be implemented shouldan accident occur.
APELL process should bring benefits in at leastthree ways:
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Benefits Cont..
i. In reducing the likelihood of accidents and
reducing their impacts. Even if risks are
believed to be low, the consequences to a
company of a major accident can be severe inphysical, financial an reputational terms.
APELL can help protect the company as well
as the community.
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Benefits Cont..
ii. In helping to build relationships between a
company and the community which will be of
benefit over the long term. Companies are
becoming more transparent, proactive andresponsive in their relationships with
stakeholders. Emergency preparedness
planning requires effective communication
between all parties, which helps to buildrelationships based on common interest;
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Benefits Cont..
iii. In assisting community awareness and
understanding of the operation and its
management which should generate the
confidence, trust and support which companiesneed whether or not they experience an
accident. These will be severely tested if there
is a major accident, but if trust exists, the
company will be better placed to communicateeffectively in the case of an emergency as well
as to recover more quickly from one.
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INDUSTRYRESPONSIBILITIES
1. Ensure safe work
practices
2. Ensure personal safety
of employees andvisitors
3. Protect lives and
property on-site
4. Co-ordinate all plant
personnel during and
emergency5. Provide security, safety
equipment, training
and information on
chemical hazards.
CO-ORDINATING
GROUP BRIDGING
ACTIONS
1. Open lines of
communications
2. Information sharing3. Interact with other
emergency response
agencies
4. Joint education and
training
5. Common problemsolving group
6. Mutual aid assistance
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
RESPONSIBILITY
1. Provide a safe community
2. Ensure the safety and well-being
of all residents and transientswithin community
3. Establish public safety
programmes
4. Protect lives, as well as private
and public property
5. Co-ordinate community
emergency response forces
during an emergency6. Develop plants and procedures to
respond to emergencies
7. Conduct training, drills, and
exercises with other response
agencies within the community,
area or state
8. Maintain communication channels
with national governments.14
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APELL Co-ordinating group
Co-ordinating Group provides a
mechanism for interaction and
cooperation between the many players
(APELL partners) involved in preventing
or responding to emergencies
management, local authorities,
community leaders.
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Specifically, the Groups roles
include: Ensuring open lines of communication between all parties Identifying key people and organizations to involve
Setting objectives and a timeline for the process
Overseeing development of the coordinated emergency
action plan (10 steps) Identifying available expertise
Establishing working groups for specific tasks
Ensuring clear risk communication occurs to vulnerablecommunities
Preparing the various parties involved to know their tasksshould an accident occur
Remaining as a central forum for dialogue and review afterthe planning process is complete
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APELL Partner
Responsibilities
Company responsible to minimize risks and toensure effective planning for response, eventhough it would normally be governmentagencies which have the statutory accountabilityfor emergencies both outside and inside theboundaries of industrial facilities.
National governments and local agencies to beprepared and act effectively in the event of public
emergencies. Community to be prepared and to take action
on their own behalf (i.e community leaders andcommunity organizations).
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Why?
To minimize exposure to environmental risk the first step is the identification of risks. Once
identified, risks can be evaluated and managed. In the case of emergency, it is of vital
importance that the organization responds in a professional and efficient way. This will help to
minimize negative environmental impacts, limit liabilities and help to protect the company
credibility.
What?
Each operation shall:
identify, evaluate and document on a periodic basis potential environmental hazards and
associated risks, and work to minimize these risks through hazard elimination, engineering
controls, procedures, and education prepare and maintain emergency preparedness plans which address potential emergencies
on or around the site
identify and prepare for the management of reporting requirements in case of an emergency
encourage all employees to bring potential problems and risks to the attention of
management.
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Risk assessment shall be carried out in a formalized way. For some operations
specific legal requirements apply and must be followed and documented.
Operations shall provide information to employees, other people on site (such as
contractors, regular suppliers etc.) and interested people in the surrounding areaand community about materials handled on site, processes and equipment related
to known hazards and associated risks and the procedures for their control.
Further, operations shall respond to community and public concerns.
Emergency preparedness plans should be developed in conjunction with
emergency services, relevant authorities and the local communities.
A specified individual shall be assigned the responsibilities for the development,
implementation and periodic review of the emergency preparedness plan.
An organizational structure shall be established to quickly and efficiently direct
and carry out emergency response activities.
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Before starting on the steps of APELL, some preliminary actions can help the
process to get underway smoothly. There must be sufficient communication
about emergency response issues and about the APELL process in advance of
getting started to build a degree of support and enthusiasm so that people are
prepared to commit their time and effort, and that of their organizations, to the
work which will be required. Suggested actions to help in getting started are:
Undertake an initial stock-take of the obvious hazardous aspects and risks of
the operation and of emergency procedures in place.
Identify, in a preliminary way, vulnerable communities and key
individuals/agencies/organizations which should be involved.
Develop familiarity with the APELL process. Raise awareness and gain commitment through internal company seminars
and community workshops.
Establish an informal Co-ordinating Group to get planning and communication
underway.
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APELL-what preparedness means in
practice
The community should:
Cooperate in APELL process
Know alarm signals
knowing risk location
Follow evacuation plans
Know what to do in accident
Who to contact during accident
Have adapted building
Connect to appropriate news services in a crisis
knowing possible development of an accident.
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Cont..
Rescue services need:
Cooperate with APELL process
Equipments and training
Arranging traffic management
Local hazard maps
To be linked with private rescue services
Arrangement for traffic management
Communication channel with public during
crisis
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Cont..
Industry should arrange for:
Hazard study and monitoring
Sharing of result of risk and consequenceanalysis
Implementation of risk reduction measures
Linking its rescue services
Public communication in a crisis
Establishing buffer zones
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Cont..
Government authorities should take step for :
Implementing laws and granting permits
Safe and land use planning
Safe chemicals transportLegislation on risky procedures and processes
Making public information available on risks
Creating emergency services
Having medical services ready for a crisis.monitoring environmental quality.
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Cont..
National authorities may also:
Contribute to local preparedness by linking
with national programmes on disaster
management.
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10 Steps ofAPELL Process
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Step 1: Identify emergency
response participants and
establish their roles, resources,
and concerns.
Actions:
Compile a list of potential participants in emergencyresponse activities
Obtain copies of existing emergency plans and review
these for additional participants Prepare a brief written description of all participants,
their expected roles and the resources they haveavailable (personnel, equipment, facilities, specialknowledge, etc)
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Step 2: Evaluate the risks and
hazards which may result in
emergency situations in thecommunity
Actions:
Compile a list of potential hazards which mayresult in emergency situations in the community.
Define the magnitude of the risk and the potentialseverity of the impact.
For determining probability of occurrence, decide if
a qualitative approach is sufficient or whether aquantitative risk assessment would be useful.
Prepare a list of scenarios that could reasonablybe expected to occur. Refer to these throughoutthe planning process.
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Step 3: Have participants review
their own emergency plan for
adequacy relative to a co-ordinated response
Actions:
Contact the potential participants identified in Step1 and have them review their own plans. Portfacilities must review their own plans and establishhow well they are co-ordinated with the generalemergency plan for the port.
Evaluate the results of the independent reviews todetermine the overall strengths and weeknessesof the current state of co-ordinated emergencyresponse.
If the plan review reveals the need for additional
participants, revise the list generated at Step 1. 29
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Step 4: Identify the required
response tasks which are not
coveredby existing plans
Actions:
For integrated response, identify tasks whichare not being covered by any group.
Using the results of Step 3, prepare a list foreach participant of missing elements or
required tasks not covered.Determine if the missing elements are
important to the function of the participant
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Step 5: Match these tasks to the
resources available from th
eidentified participantsActions:
Evaluate each of the unassigned tasks from Step 4, by reviewing thelist of participants from Step 1 to determine the best resource likely
to be available to complete the task. Discuss the task with the identified participant to determine
willingness to undertake it, availability of resources and theexistence or otherwise of institutional road-blocks preventing the useof resources.
Work out the details of integrating completion of that task by that
participant in the context of the community plan. During the review meetings, assess the benefits and problems
resulting from assigning that task to that participant
Determine if any new problems, unassigned tasks or resourceconstraints will result from that assignment. If so, include these inthe resolution process for new assignment.
Monitor each task separately to ensure timely completion. 31
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Step 6: Make changes necessary
to improve existing plans,
integrate them into an overallcommunity plan and gain
agreementActions:
Prepare a draft of the integrated port/community plan using a format acceptable to the leadgovernment agencies
Explore the existence of local or national legislation containing rules for the preparation andapproval of port emergency plans at the local or national level.
Consult the international conventions, agreements and recommendations concerningemergency planning for port areas and check if they are applicable.
Review the plan in relation to local, national and international legislation etc., as well asagainst the planning elements to ensure completeness
Conduct a table-top role playing exercise to test the plan Identify any weaknesses in the plan. If necessary repeat Steps 4 and 5 to resolve these
problems
Ensure that the integrated port/community plan is consistent with any regional disasterpreparedness plan for ports and with local industrial facility plans
Revise the draft plan as often as necessary until all deficiencies are eliminated andmembers of the Co-ordinating Group agree on the approach.
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Step 8: Educate participating
groups about the integrated plan
and ensure that all emergency
responders are trainedActions:
Compile a list of participating agencies or groups who willneed to know more about the integrated plan.
Make presentations to these agencies and groups to explainthe plan, their roles and the type of training they shouldinstitute and/or receive
Identify who must be trained and prepare a training schedule
Develop and carry out training sessions where necessary. Complete field drills for hands-on training in monitoring, use of
communications, traffic control, etc
Complete comprehensive table-top exercises to train leadersin co-ordination and communications among participants
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Step 9: Establish procedures for
periodic testing, review and
updating of the planActions:
Designate a committee to prepare a test drill scenario. Membersshould not be part of the emergency response group.
Prepare a written scenario which identifies the objectives of the drill,components of the plan to be tested, expected participants,sequence of events and simulated hazard levels
Designate a group of non-participating observers to evaluate the testdrill using prepared evaluation checklists
Using appropriate local officials, media and other outlets, alert the
public and all participants that a test of the plan is scheduled. Conduct the test using the prepared scenario
Immediately after the test, hold evaluation sessions to consider theresults of the checklists
Assign appropriate partners to correct deficiencies
Prepare a procedure for a formal, annual review of the plan to
ensure that it is kept current 35
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Step 10: Educate the general
community about the integrated
planActions: Prepare a standard emergency response brochure for
distribution to all residents in the potentially affected area.
Distribute the brochure by the most appropriate means
Prepare a standard media kit which identifies port/maritimeauthority, local governments and industrial informationcontacts, provides background on the port area activities andthe integrated plan and explains where to get the informationin an emergency.
Conduct a media briefing session to present the kit and
explain what help is needed from the media during anemergency
Implement other elements of a public education programme
Periodically review and strive to improve the state of publiceducation and community awareness programmes.
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1. Authorities takes the initiatives to start the APELL process
2. Key people from the authorities, industry installations, other local authorities and
the community agree to take part in the APELL process. They meet informally toidentify mutual concerns, to get to know and understand each other's
preoccupations and to identify needs. The general approach to developing the
integrated plan is agreed by consensus.
3. The key people form the Co-ordinating Group by:
Electing a leader(s) Inviting others to join the Co-ordinating Group
Identifying agendas
Organising and assigning work
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Establishing a timetable toimplementEstablishing a timetable toimplementthe APELL processthe APELL process
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4. Establish sub-communities to conduct preliminary activities:
Identify, collect and review existing plans (industry installations and the surroundinglocal authority areas)
Identify, collect and review existing response procedures
Assess existing response capabilities (equipment, trained personnel)
Conduct a hazard analysis to identify hazards in and around the area
Begin to prepare a community outreach plan
Assess the potential risk of natural disasters and transport accidents and include
these in the planning process if necessary.
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5. Reports from all subcommittees, decisions on which hazards to
investigate further for planning purposes.
6. More detailed risk analysis completed for higher priority hazards:
Identify vulnerable zone population at risk Estimate probability of an event occurring
Estimate seriousness of potential consequences to people and
the environment generally.
7. Begin planning:
Identify what equipment is needed for response Identify what training is needed for responders
Identify evacuation routed and shelters
Develop public warning systems
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8. Write a draft plan
9. Develop methods (table-top and full field) to test the draft plan and conduct exercises
10. Revise the draft plan to reflect the results of the exercises
11. Complete the plan and commit it to writing
12. Secure approval of the plan by all appropriate port and other local authorities.13. Prepare and conduct a comprehensive test drill of the integrated plan
14. Develop the means to communicate with the public about the plan
Annually: review, test, update
Ongoing: - revise and develop responders' standard operating procedures to coincide
with the provisions of the plan- secure the necessary equipment
- provide appropriate training for responders
- continue dialogue with local citizens to ensure they are informed. It will
be necessary to set up an appropriate monitoring procedure for following up the
process of implementation and identifying bottlenecks and delays as they arise.
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Building Community
Awareness
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The need for and the right of the
local community to know abouthazardous installations
Citizens in local communities have expressed concern that
potentially hazardous substances which could affect their
health and environmental safety may be produced or used
in their community. These citizens want to know if these
substances are present; their concern is often termed the
right to know
In addition they need to be informed about potentialhazards of installations in order to understand why an
emergency plan has been established, how it works and
what actions they are expected to take in case of
emergency.42
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What andhow to communicate
to build community awareness
Dealing with the local community is the
very real form of environmental
stewardship. The community in which a
port is operating is as much a part of the
environment as the air and water.
Community relations is an important
management function that can contributegreatly to both short-term and long-term
success of port operations.
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` Define the local community concerned` Inventory existing local community contacts` Contact other industrial facilities to co-ordinate community affairs
activities` Plan an initial meeting of the APELL Co-ordinating Group` Develop fact sheets or kits on each port facility operation` Develop fact sheets on community preparedness` Assign responsibilities for communication tasks` Look for communications opportunities` Select methods of communication appropriate for local
circumstances` Get outside help` Organizations that can help` Services these organizations can provide` Port/maritime authorities and port installations also have special
communications responsibilities towards their employees.
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CHERNOBYL INCIDENT
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` On Saturday, April 26, 1986, the world experienced
its worst civil radiological accident ever when
unauthorized testing of procedures on reactor
no.4 at the Soviet Unions Chernobyl nuclear powerstation caused it to explode and burn, emitting
large quantities of radioactive material.
` It was a district consequences of cold war isolation
and the resulting lack ofany safety culture.
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` The accident concerns an area of 150 000 square kilometersaround Chernobyl, in Belarus, Ukraine and the RussianFederation.
31 persons died of the acute effects of the explosion. Its killed 2
members of the operating crew. Among 134 persons who were acutelyirradiated, 28 died in the 3 months following the accident. One otherpatient died of a coronary thrombosis.
Up to the beginning of the year 2000, about 1800 cases of thyroidcancer had been reported among persons who were under 18 years ofage 1986. if discovered and treated early, this cancer has a lowmortality rate.
There has been increase in the suicide rate and in general an increasein the rate of violent death among the firemen, policemen, and otherrecovery workers on the site and in the evacuated population whohave experienced a considerable reduction in the quality of their life.
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The causes of the explosion were of three types:
Design errors Managements fault and errors committed by the
operating staff
Political
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` At low power the reactor is difficult to control and anytendency towards a runaway chain reaction is automaticallyand rapidly amplified (dangerous feature of the reactorsdesign)
` The control rods of the reactor are inserted slowly, which
cannot prevent runaway of the core while it is operating in theunstable mode.
` The control rods are made from boron carbide with graphitetip. When the rods is first inserted, the graphite tip increasesthe reactivity.
` The reactor have neither a system to filter exhausted gasesnor a containment structure. In the worst scenarios, the latterwould at least have reduced and slowed the escape of radioactive material into the environment.
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` Operating instruction, both the standing orders and thespecific instructions for the test were incomplete andimprecise.
` Not following the test procedure.
` Safety mechanisms were deliberately bypassed.
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` In the Cold War, no time to be wasted on improvement ofnuclear weapon.
` The scientists & engineer worked under one and only oneguideline : to produce weapon-grade plutonium as much as
possible and as quickly as possible.
` Budgetary problem reducing expenses but simply of usingthe funds available to produce the maximum amount of thehighest quality weapon-grade plutonium-239 as quickly aspossible.
` The culture of secrecy was universal in the USSR (Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics) no single person was allowed tosee the big picture and to integrate all aspects of the safetyof the operation.
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` In the absence of a plan for emergencies, the followingsimple and elementary precautions were not put intoeffect around Chernobyl
Immediate broadcast of the news including instructions to stayindoors with windows and doors closed (this was not done until 36Hhad passed)
Ban on the consumption of fresh milk (after 7 days)Ban on the consumption of locally produced fresh fruits and
vegetables (after 7 days) Immediate distribution of stable iodine (sodium or potassium iodide
capsules) with instruction to swallow it immediately (swallowing stableiodide immediately serves to saturated the thyroid gland and thus toprevent the uptake of carcinogenic radioactive iodine-131)
Immediate provision of protective clothing and respirators to thefiremen, operating personnel and recovery workers (largelyunavailable)
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` Elementary precaution should be taken immediately.
` The clear information should be spread among the localauthorities, local community and management of the of thepower station its self.
` The management should have emergency plan, medicalsupplies, protective clothing and even instruments to measureradioactivity and dose rates.
` Develop suitable techniques for radio-protection and for thecare of irradiated persons.
` The authorities shouldnt ignore the advice andrecommendation from the competent scientists andengineers.
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