APES Review APES Review

Chapters 3-4Chapters 3-4

Producer, 1° Consumer, 2° Consumer, 3º Consumer,

Decomposer?

Producer, 1° Consumer, 2° Consumer, 3º Consumer,

Decomposer?

Alfalfa in a meadow Fungi secreting enzymes in fallen tree Coyote capturing herbivorous mouse

Alfalfa in a meadow Fungi secreting enzymes in fallen tree Coyote capturing herbivorous mouse

Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Water

Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Water

Which 2 cycles are most associated with inorganic fertilizer and sewage waste?

In which 2 are humans affecting the natural greenhouse effect?

Which 2 are directly related to acid deposition?

Which 2 cycles are most associated with inorganic fertilizer and sewage waste?

In which 2 are humans affecting the natural greenhouse effect?

Which 2 are directly related to acid deposition?

All species interacting with one another and their nonliving

environment?

All species interacting with one another and their nonliving

environment?

Habitat Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Habitat Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Which is NOT an organism?Which is NOT an organism?

Monarch butterfly Trapdoor spider Nucleus of a cell American elm Orchid

Monarch butterfly Trapdoor spider Nucleus of a cell American elm Orchid

Which is the least inclusive group?

Which is the least inclusive group?

Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Life on Earth depends on 3 interconnected factors.

Name them.

Life on Earth depends on 3 interconnected factors.

Name them.

Most of the solar energy that passes through the atmosphereMost of the solar energy that

passes through the atmosphere Is degraded into longer wavelength infrared

radiation Is converted to gamma radiation Is deflected off hard surfaces Is absorbed by the ozone Is absorbed by organisms

Is degraded into longer wavelength infrared radiation

Is converted to gamma radiation Is deflected off hard surfaces Is absorbed by the ozone Is absorbed by organisms

Which is NOT true of the Greenhouse Effect?

Which is NOT true of the Greenhouse Effect?

It is vital to continued life on Earth asw e know it

It helps warm the troposphere It is caused by the interaction of gaseous

molecules that are excited by IR It can be affected by the concentrations of

the atmospheric gases.

It is vital to continued life on Earth asw e know it

It helps warm the troposphere It is caused by the interaction of gaseous

molecules that are excited by IR It can be affected by the concentrations of

the atmospheric gases.

Which of the following is a limiting factor for a grassland

biome?

Which of the following is a limiting factor for a grassland

biome?

Number of species Species of the grass Size of the population Number of organisms Amount of precipitation

Number of species Species of the grass Size of the population Number of organisms Amount of precipitation

The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one

trophic level to another is

The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one

trophic level to another is Energy flow Gross primary productivity Ecological efficiency Biological diversity Range of tolerance

Energy flow Gross primary productivity Ecological efficiency Biological diversity Range of tolerance

Deforestation in the tropical rainforest biome reduces

transpiration and therefore changes local climate by affecting the

Deforestation in the tropical rainforest biome reduces

transpiration and therefore changes local climate by affecting the

Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Phosphorus cycle Sulfur cycle Carbon cycle

Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Phosphorus cycle Sulfur cycle Carbon cycle

Pyramid energy flow has only a 10% efficiency, while 90% of the energy is

lost as heat.

This is explained by the

Pyramid energy flow has only a 10% efficiency, while 90% of the energy is

lost as heat.

This is explained by the

Law of limiting factors Law of conservation of matter First Law of Thermodynamics Greenhouse effect Second Law of Thermodynamics

Law of limiting factors Law of conservation of matter First Law of Thermodynamics Greenhouse effect Second Law of Thermodynamics

Name the 5 processes involved in the N2 Cycle.

Name the 5 processes involved in the N2 Cycle.

Nitrogen Fixation (lightning, industry, bacteria- N2 to NH3/NH4 for uptake by plants)

Ammonification (bacteria change waste into NH3) Nitrification (NH3 to NO2, NO3 --used by plants) Assimilation (plants make proteins) Denitrification (bacteria decay NH3/NH4 into

NO2/NO3 into N2--occurs in water ocean, lakes, bogs)

Nitrogen Fixation (lightning, industry, bacteria- N2 to NH3/NH4 for uptake by plants)

Ammonification (bacteria change waste into NH3) Nitrification (NH3 to NO2, NO3 --used by plants) Assimilation (plants make proteins) Denitrification (bacteria decay NH3/NH4 into

NO2/NO3 into N2--occurs in water ocean, lakes, bogs)

Which of the following statements about the C cycle is

true?

Which of the following statements about the C cycle is

true? CO2 gas makes up 36% of troposphere. H2 and N2 cycle almost in step with C. CO2 may react with seawater to from CO and CH4

CO2 may form carbonate ions upon reacting with seawater ( after dissolving in water)

CO2 gas shows increased solubility in water when temperature increases

CO2 gas makes up 36% of troposphere. H2 and N2 cycle almost in step with C. CO2 may react with seawater to from CO and CH4

CO2 may form carbonate ions upon reacting with seawater ( after dissolving in water)

CO2 gas shows increased solubility in water when temperature increases

Which of the following has the least direct effect on terrestrial

ecosystems?

Which of the following has the least direct effect on terrestrial

ecosystems? Temperature Dissolved oxygen Precipitation Nature of the soil Amount of plant nutrients in the soil

Temperature Dissolved oxygen Precipitation Nature of the soil Amount of plant nutrients in the soil

What are the 2 major ways humans have impacted the C

cycle?

What are the 2 major ways humans have impacted the C

cycle?

Deforestation (How does this impact?) Burning fossil fuels (How does this

impact?)

What effect is this having on the climate?

Deforestation (How does this impact?) Burning fossil fuels (How does this

impact?)

What effect is this having on the climate?

Which ecological pyramid can’t be inverted?

Which ecological pyramid can’t be inverted?

Numbers pyramid - Biomass pyramid - Energy pyramid -.

Numbers pyramid - Biomass pyramid - Energy pyramid -.

Net Primary ProductivityNet Primary Productivity

A. is rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis

B. is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration

C. is rate of photosynthesis plus rate of respirationD. can be thought of as basic food source for

decomposers in an ecosystemE. is rate of plant biomass production through

photosynthesis minus energy used for plant respiration

A. is rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis

B. is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration

C. is rate of photosynthesis plus rate of respirationD. can be thought of as basic food source for

decomposers in an ecosystemE. is rate of plant biomass production through

photosynthesis minus energy used for plant respiration

Which is true? 1, 2, or all 3?Which is true? 1, 2, or all 3?

Longer food chains have greater net primary productivity than shorter ones

Shorter food chains support a much smaller number of organisms than longer ones

Longer food chains experience a greater loss of usable energy than do shorter food chains

Longer food chains have greater net primary productivity than shorter ones

Shorter food chains support a much smaller number of organisms than longer ones

Longer food chains experience a greater loss of usable energy than do shorter food chains

Which are necessary for evolution of a population by

natural selection?

Which are necessary for evolution of a population by

natural selection?

Trait must be heritable (must have genetic basis)

Must be variability for trait in the population

Must be equivalent reproductive success with all individuals of population.

Trait must be heritable (must have genetic basis)

Must be variability for trait in the population

Must be equivalent reproductive success with all individuals of population.

Why is protecting keystone species a key goal of many

conservation biologists?

Why is protecting keystone species a key goal of many

conservation biologists?

They are economically beneficial They are critical to human survival They play critical ecological roles in the

community They are endangered species They are exciting to study

They are economically beneficial They are critical to human survival They play critical ecological roles in the

community They are endangered species They are exciting to study

Biodiversity is measured by using

Biodiversity is measured by using

Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity Functional diversity

1, 2, 3, or all 4?

Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity Functional diversity

1, 2, 3, or all 4?

Natural selection occurs when individuals of a population have various adaptations which lead to

Natural selection occurs when individuals of a population have various adaptations which lead to

Differential reproduction Survival of the strongest Mutations Background extinction Geographic isolation

Differential reproduction Survival of the strongest Mutations Background extinction Geographic isolation

Broad niches are characteristic ofBroad niches are characteristic of

Generalist species Extinct species Natural species Competitive species Specialist species

Generalist species Extinct species Natural species Competitive species Specialist species

Speciation can occur throughSpeciation can occur through

Geographic isolation Background extinction Reproductive isolation

1, 2, or all 3?

Geographic isolation Background extinction Reproductive isolation

1, 2, or all 3?

An example of current evolution by natural selection is

An example of current evolution by natural selection is

Skeletal remains in fossil records Genetic resistance of some strains of

bacteria to antibiotics Human opposable thumbs Plate tectonics Climate change

Skeletal remains in fossil records Genetic resistance of some strains of

bacteria to antibiotics Human opposable thumbs Plate tectonics Climate change

The current scientific estimation of how long life has been on

Earth is

The current scientific estimation of how long life has been on

Earth is 4.5 million years 600 million years 3.7 billion years 500 billion years 7 trillion years

4.5 million years 600 million years 3.7 billion years 500 billion years 7 trillion years

Species can become extinct by which of the following

mechanisms?

Species can become extinct by which of the following

mechanisms?

Background extinction Artificial selection Mass depletion

1, 2, or all 3?

Background extinction Artificial selection Mass depletion

1, 2, or all 3?

A species ecological niche isA species ecological niche is

Where it lives Its pattern and role in the ecosystem Its place on the trophic pyramid Its genetic resistance a measure of evenness

Where it lives Its pattern and role in the ecosystem Its place on the trophic pyramid Its genetic resistance a measure of evenness

Some specialist species provide early signs that ecosystems are

changed or damaged

Some specialist species provide early signs that ecosystems are

changed or damaged Foundation species Indicator species Keystone species Non-native species Endemic species (native to one area only)

Foundation species Indicator species Keystone species Non-native species Endemic species (native to one area only)

According to the theory of island biogeography, what features most affect

the equilibrium of immigration and extinction?

According to the theory of island biogeography, what features most affect

the equilibrium of immigration and extinction?

Island size and distance from the mainland Island size and climate Ocean currents and distance from the

mainland Island size and mutation rate

Island size and distance from the mainland Island size and climate Ocean currents and distance from the

mainland Island size and mutation rate

Species DiversitySpecies Diversity

Is a combination of species richness and evenness

Is a combination of genetic diversity and biodiversity

Is the ability of a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions

Is a measure of breadth of a niche

Is a combination of species richness and evenness

Is a combination of genetic diversity and biodiversity

Is the ability of a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions

Is a measure of breadth of a niche

Species richness isSpecies richness is

The abundance of individuals with a species The number of different species within a

community The amount of food types a species

consumes The diversity of species within a

community

The abundance of individuals with a species The number of different species within a

community The amount of food types a species

consumes The diversity of species within a

community

Which has the highest number of species?

Which has the highest number of species?

Tropical rainforest Short-grass prairie Savannah Boreal forest Temperate forest

Tropical rainforest Short-grass prairie Savannah Boreal forest Temperate forest

Native, Invasive, Foundation, Keystone or Indicator Species?Native, Invasive, Foundation,

Keystone or Indicator Species? Trout require clean water with high DO so their

presence tells us that these conditions are present in the stream. Trout are _____

Zebra mussels move from one water system to the other on boat hulls. They then take over niches from local species and change ecosystems. Zebra mussels are ______

American alligators dig depressions which act as sparse watering holes during the dry season of the Everglades. They are _____

Trout require clean water with high DO so their presence tells us that these conditions are present in the stream. Trout are _____

Zebra mussels move from one water system to the other on boat hulls. They then take over niches from local species and change ecosystems. Zebra mussels are ______

American alligators dig depressions which act as sparse watering holes during the dry season of the Everglades. They are _____