apex world history grade 11 learning packet...social studies world history – grade 11 packet 2 –...
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SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
CHARLES COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
APEX World History Grade 11
Learning Packet
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
Student:__________________________________________School:_________________________________Teacher:___________________________________________Block/Period:___________________________
PacketDirectionsforStudentsStudentsshouldcompletethefollowingsectionsoftheAPEXWorldHistorycourse.8UnitOverview:Decolonization,NationBuilding,andtheColdWar
WEEK3–8.1LessonOverview:DecolonizationandNewStatesinAsiaandtheMiddleEast8.1.5Study:TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflictIdentifyanddescribethemajorcausesandeffectsofpost-WorldWarIIindependencemovementsintheMiddleEast,particularlytheestablishmentofthestateofIsrael.8.1.6Quiz:TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflictTakeaquiztoassessyourunderstandingofthematerial.WEEK4–8.2LessonOverview:DecolonizationandNewStatesinAfrica8.2.1Study:PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfricaIdentifyanddescribethemajorcausesandeffectsofpost-WorldWarIIindependencemovementsinAfricainthemid-20thcentury.8.2.2Quiz:PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfricaTakeaquiztoassessyourunderstandingofthematerial. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WEEK3-DecolonizationandNewStatesinAsiaandtheMiddleEast
Objectives
• ExaminetheroleofMohandasGandhiinthefightforindependenceinIndia.• Identifyanddescribethemajorcausesandeffectsofpost–WorldWarIIindependencemovementsinAsia.• ReadandanswerquestionsabouttheKing-CraneReportandtheprocessofdeterminingwhattodowiththe
territoriesoftheformerOttomanEmpireattheendofWorldWarI.• IdentifyanddescribethemajorcausesandeffectsoftheestablishmentoftheStateofIsrael.• Explainsomeofthehistorical,cultural,religious,andsocialfactorsthatfueltheArab-Israeliconflict.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
8.1.5Study:TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflictUsethisstudysheettoanswerquestionsaboutimportantconceptscoveredinthisactivity.Definethefollowingterms.
Word Definition
ArabLeague
Arab-Israeliconflict
CampDavidAccords
GamalAbdelNasser
GoldaMeir
Hamas
Israel
JimmyCarter
Palestine
PalestineLiberationOrganization(PLO)
WestBank
YasserArafat
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
Writeashortanswertoeachquestion.1.WhatistherelationshipbetweenArabnationalismandtheOttomanEmpire?2.WhatisZionism?3.HowdidtheBritishdisappointboththeJewsandtheArabsandincreasetensionsbetweenthetwogroups?4.DescribetheeventssurroundingIsrael'sdeclarationofindependencein1948.5.HowwasGoldaMeirinstrumentalinIsraelihistory?6.WhatwerethecommongoalsofPalestinianorganizationsinthe1970s?
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
7.Whatstepsledtothepeaceprocessofthe1990sbetweenIsraelisandPalestinians?8.Whateventshavehurtthepeaceprocessinthe21stcentury?
Expandyourthinkingonquestionsraisedinthisactivity.9.CompareandcontrastthefourmajorconflictsbetweenIsraelanditsArabneighborsbetween1948and1973.10.HowdidnationalismcontributetotheArab-Israeliconflict?
Inoneortwosentences,writethe"bigidea"ormainpointofthisstudy.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflictImaginingaScenariowithHistoricalSignificanceCharlotteisforcedtogoonalongvoyageandleavesherfamilyfarmbehind.Nooneknowsifshe'lleverreturn.Afterafewyears,Shawnmovesontothefarmandspendsseveraldecadestendingtoit.Intime,Charlottewishestoreturnhome,butShawndoesn'twanttoleavethefarm.AjudgedecidesthatCharlotteshouldhaveherlandbackandforcesShawntoleave,creatinggreattensionbetweenCharlotteandShawn.Whomdoyousidewithinthisdispute?Whohasarighttotheland?ThisscenarioonlyscratchesthesurfaceofthecomplexconflictsatplayintheMiddleEasttoday.Inthisactivity,youwilllookcloselyattheongoingtensionsbetweenArabandIsraelicommunitiesovertheformationoftheStateofIsrael.ClaimingPalestine-UnderstandingtheHistoryofaContestedLandForthousandsofyears,bothJewsandArabshavelaidclaimtoPalestineandJerusalem,placesconsideredholytoJews,Christians,andMuslims.BothJudaismandChristianitybeganinPalestine,andthefounderofIslam,theProphetMuhammad,madeanimportantjourneythere.ThemodernnationofIsraelisnamedforanancientJewishkingdomthatonceoccupiedmuchofPalestinebeforetheJewswereforcedtoleave;thousandsofyearslater,ChristianandMuslimkingdomsfoughtoverthelandduringtheCrusades.Morerecently,nationalismcreatednewtensionsintheregionasmembersfromJewishandIslamicfaithsclaimedthatPalestinebelongedtothem.Note:ThroughoutthislessonyouwillseethetermsArabandMuslim.It'simportanttounderstandthatnotallArabsareMuslim,andnotallMuslimsareArabs.RootsoftheConflict-JewishandMuslimNationalismNationalismisthebeliefthatagroupofpeoplewhosharealanguageandcultureformsasingle,unifiednation.Thisbelief,alongwiththeprideandloyaltythatstemfromit,ispartofthereasonfortheongoingArab-Israeliconflict.Duringthelate1800sandearly1900s,JewsandMuslimswerecaughtupinthewavesofnationalismsweepingthroughtheworld.ArabssoughtindependencefromEuropeanpowers,whileJewspursuedZionism.TheNewMiddleEast-ChangesintheFormerOttomanEmpireAttheendofWorldWarI,theOttomanEmpirecollapsed.VictoriousEuropeanstates—ledbyGreatBritainandFrance—dividedcontrolofmuchoftheformerempire,includingPalestine.However,theBritishandFrenchdidnotkeeptheirpromisesofindependencetoeithertheMuslimsortheJews.Instead,theyestablishedmandates—formalorders—meanttocreateagradualtransitiontowardindependence.BothMuslimandJewishnationalistsfeltbetrayedbythismandatesystem.TheMiddleEastAftertheFalloftheOttomanEmpire-5hotspotsoftheMiddleEastduringthisPeriodTurkey:TheOttomanTurksretainedpossessionoflandthatbecamethemodernstateofTurkey.SyriaandLebanon:TheFrenchobtainedcontrolofSyriaandLebanon,withamandatetoprepareeachcountryforself-government.Palestine:TheBritishobtainedcontrolofaswathoflandfromtheMediterraneanSeatothePersianGulf,includingPalestine.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
Transjordan:In1921and1922,theBritishseparatedTransjordanfromPalestineandforbadeJewishsettlementinTransjordan.ThedividinglinewastheJordanRiver.ThisangeredmanyZionists,whothoughtbothsidesoftheJordanshouldbepartofaJewishstate.SaudiArabia:TheKingdomofSaudiArabiawasoneofthefewArabareasthatachievedcompleteindependenceafterWorldWarI.BritishRuleinPalestine-AnalyzingtheBritishPositiononCreatingaJewishStateDuringtheir30-yearruleinPalestine,theBritishcomplicatedrelationsbetweenMuslimsandJewsbyattemptingtopleasebothsides,withoutsatisfyingeither.ResentmentgrewbetweenthetwogroupsandtowardtheBritishgovernment.In1922,theBritishgovernmentwroteareporttoexplainitsearlierpledgeofsupportforaJewishhomelandinPalestine.Inthereport,theBritishsaidthattheirsupportwasn'tmeanttoforceallresidentsofPalestinetotakeaJewishnationalidentity,butonlytofurtherdeveloptheJewishcommunitythatwasalreadythere.TheyalsosaidthatifaJewishstatewerecreated,itshouldbeinternationallyrecognizedandthatJewishimmigrationtoPalestinewouldneedtobeincreased.ThereportpromisedthatimmigrationwouldbegradualandwouldnotplaceaburdenonthosealreadyinPalestineordisplacepeoplefromtheircurrentjobs.Finally,thereportpromisedMuslimPalestiniansself-determinationbutsaiditshouldbegrantedgradually.EffectsofWorldWarII-IncreasingTensionsinPalestineBritainsoonhadtoturnitsattentiontoWorldWarII,whichwouldonlydeepentheZionistresolvetoestablishaJewishstate.Bothbeforeandduringthewar,manyJewswhofledEuropetoescapeNazipersecutionandlatertheHolocaustmadetheirwaytoPalestine.TheresultingproblemsinPalestineledtotheformationoftheArabLeagueandeventuallyrequiredactionbytheUnitedNations.EffectsofWorldWarIIonPalestine1933–1936:Asanti-SemitisminEuropebecamemoreviolent,hundredsofthousandsofEuropeanJewsfledNazi-controlledregions.By1936,Jewsmadeupaboutone-thirdofthepopulationinPalestine.1936–1939:AlarmedbytherapidincreaseinJewishimmigration,PalestinianArabsrevoltedin1936.Therebellioncontinueduntil1939,whentheBritish—whowerestilloccupyingPalestine—createdanewpolicystrictlylimitingJewishimmigration.1939–1945:BecausetheBritishneededAraboiltofightWorldWarII,in1939theBritishgovernmentagreedtoallowonly75,000JewstoimmigratetoPalestineoverthenextfiveyears.MillionsofJewswereleftinEuropetodieintheHolocaust.1945:InMarch1945,sixMiddleEasterncountries—Egypt,Transjordan,Syria,Lebanon,SaudiArabia,andIraq—formedtheArabLeague,anorganizationthatvowedtopreventaJewishstatefromforminginPalestine.Twomonthslater,WorldWarIIendedinEurope;JapansurrenderedinSeptember,endingthewarinthePacific.1947:IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarII,tensionsbetweenPalestinianMuslimsandJewscontinuedtoincrease.Wearyofthefighting,theBritishfinallyagreedtoendtheircontrolofPalestine.TheyrequestedthenewlyformedUnitedNationstocomeupwithaplanforgoverningtheregion.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
AnalyzingDifferingOpinionsonthePartitionofPalestineInNovember1947,theUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyvotedtodivide,orpartition,Palestineintotwostates,oneMuslimandoneJewish.TheJewishstatewouldincludemostoftheareaswhereJewishsettlershadbegunfarmsandcommunalsettlements,calledkibbutzim.TheMuslimstatewouldincludeterritoriesinthenorth,east,andsouthwestofPalestine.Jerusalemwouldbecomeaninternationalcity,notunderthecontrolofeitherstate.MuslimsandJewshaddifferentreactionstothepartitionplan.
DifferingOpinionsonthePartitionofPalestinePalestinianMuslimwoman:IdonotunderstandwhyweneedaJewishstate.TheJewshavenotcontrolledthislandformorethan2,000years.MyfatherfoughtinWorldWarIfortheBritishbecausetheypromisedusafreeMuslimstate.AndnowtheUnitedNationswantstotakesomeofourlandandgiveittopeoplewhoarenotfromhere!IsraeliJewishman:Finallywewillhaveourownland.MyfamilymovedtoIsraelinthe1930s,fleeingpersecutioninGermany.Wewereamongtheluckyones.WeneedaJewishstatesothatJewswillneveragainbevictimsofanti-SemitesliketheNazis.Thepartitionisnotlarge,butitdoesincludethelandthatwehavesettledoverthepast50years.Wewillbesafehere.EuropeanJewishwoman:IamsopleasedthattherewillfinallybeaJewishstate!IhavetriedtoemigratefromFrancetoIsraelsince1945,buteachtimeIwasturnedbackbytheBritish.NowIwillbeabletomovetoIsrael,thehomeofmyancestors.JordanianMuslimman:IamworriedaboutwhatwillhappentomyMuslimbrothersandsisterswholiveintheproposedJewishstate.Willtheybeallowedtostay?Willtheybepushedofftheirland?Willtheybeattacked?Whatwillhappentothem?ThatlandhasalwaysbeenMuslimland.Itshouldnotbetakenfromus.ThisisjustmoreoftheWest'simperialism!
Arab-IsraeliWarof1948-IsraelDeclaresItsIndependenceSeeingthepartitionasanotherexampleofEuropeanimperialism,mostPalestinianMuslimsopposedit,andcivilwarbrokeoutinPalestineassoonastheUnitedNationsannouncedtheplan.ZionistsimmediatelyhelpedmoreJewsimmigratetoPalestine,whiletheArabLeaguepledgedsupporttothePalestinianMuslimswhoopposedtheplan.Alarmed,internationalleadersrecommendedthepartitionplanbereworkedtosatisfybothsides.TheZionistsrefusedandrenewedtheirattacksonPalestinianMuslims,winningseveralkeyvictories.OnMay14,1948,thelastBritishcommissionerleftPalestine.Onthesameday,theZionistleadersdeclaredtheindependenceofthenewStateofIsrael.Immediately,membersoftheArabLeaguesenttheirarmiestoinvadeIsrael.Overthenextsixmonths,theIsraeliandArabarmiesfoughteachother.Witheachvictory,IsraelclaimedmorelandthattheUNhadsetasideforArabMuslims.Finally,in1949,theIsraelisandPalestinianssignedacease-fireagreementthatestablishednew,largerbordersforIsrael,includingpartofJerusalem.However,noneofthemembersoftheArabLeaguerecognizedIsrael'srighttoexist.PalestinianRefugees-ANewSourceofConflictintheRegionDuringtheArab-IsraeliWarof1948,hundredsofthousandsofArabslefttheirhomesinwhatwastobecometheStateofIsrael.SomewereforcedoutbyJewishsoldiers.Othersfled,notwantingtoliveunderJewishcontrol.MostoftheMuslimrefugeesendedupinrefugeecampsinsouthernLebanon,theGolanHeights,Syria,andtheWestBank.Afterthewar,theIsraeligovernmentrefusedtolettherefugeesreturn.TheMuslimcountrieswheretherefugeeshadfleddidnothelpthemeither—manyrefugeesremainedincampsfordecades,andtheirsituationbecameknownasthe"Palestinianproblem."Eventually,someofthecampsdevelopedintocommunitiesoftheirown,butMuslimresentmentoverthelossoftheirhomeswouldfuelfutureconflicts.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
TheSuezCrisis-DeepeningArab-IsraeliConflictsIsrael'sconflictsweren'tjustwithMuslimPalestinians.TheArabLeaguecontinuedtoopposeIsrael'sexistence,andinearly1956,thepresidentofEgypt,GamalAbdelNasser,orderedtheEgyptiannavytoblockadeIsraelfromtheStraitsofTiran.ThiskeptIsraelishipsfrompassingthroughtheSuezCanal,whichconnectedtheMediterraneanandRedseas.TheblockadeeffectivelycutoffIsraelfromtheIndianOceanandcountriestotheeast.InJuly1956,NasserplacedthecanalcompletelyunderEgyptiancontrol.Inresponse,FranceandBritain,whichhadbeenoperatingthecanal,plannedajointmilitaryattackalongwithIsrael.InOctober,IsraelitroopsinvadedEgyptfromtheeast,whiletheFrenchandBritishtroopsinvadedfromthenorth.TheUnitedNationseventuallyconvincedFranceandGreatBritaintowithdrawfromthecanalzoneandIsraeltoretreatbacktoitsborders.Inreturn,EgyptreopenedtheStraitsofTirantoIsrael.Whenthecrisisended,NasserbecameaheroandsymbolofArabnationalism,whileBritainandFrancelostmuchoftheirinfluenceintheMiddleEast.Arab-IsraeliWars-IsraelisandPalestiniansAttackEachOtherTensionsbetweenJewsandMuslimsinPalestineremainedhighinthemid-20thcentury.TheresultwasacontinuingseriesofconflictsknownastheArab-Israeliwars,whichincludedthetwoconflictsyou'vealreadylearnedabout:theArab-IsraeliWarof1948andthe1956SuezCrisis.ThenextconflictwastheSix-DayWar,alsoknownastheJuneWarortheThirdArab-IsraeliWar.ThatwasfollowedbytheYomKippurWar,alsoknownastheOctoberWar,theRamadanWar,ortheFourthArab-IsraeliWar.TheYomKippurWarortheRamadanWar?BynowyoushouldhavenoticedthatmanyoftheArab-Israeliconflictsareknownbymorethanonename.TheSix-DayWarisalsoknownastheJuneWar—ortheThirdArab-IsraeliWar.TheYomKippurWarisalsoknownastheRamadanWarortheFourthArab-IsraeliWar.Whywouldoneconflicthavemorethanonename?It'spartlybecausedifferentpeople—andnations—havedifferentpointsofview.TheYomKippurorRamadanWarbeganonOctober6,whichwastheJewishholydayofYomKippur.Therefore,fromanIsraelipointofview,itmadesensetonamethewarafterYomKippur.FromtheArabpointofview,however,itmademoresensetocallittheRamadanWar,sincethewarbeganintheholymonthofRamadan.GoldaMeir-LeadingIsraelThroughTroubledTimesOneofthekeyfiguresduringtheongoingArab-IsraeliconflictswasGoldaMeir.MeirhadbeenaZionistsincethe1910s,andin1921sheimmigratedtoPalestine,whereshelivedonakibbutz,acollectivefarmcommunityorsettlementinIsrael.In1928,shebecamesecretaryoftheWoman'sLabourCouncil.Later,sherosethroughtheranksofIsraelipoliticsandnegotiatedwiththeBritishtopromotethegoalsofJewishimmigration.MeirwasoneofthesignersoftheIsraelideclarationofindependence.From1949to1974,MeirservedintheIsraeliparliament.Asministeroflaborfrom1949to1956,shepromotedJewishimmigrationtoIsraelandformedallianceswithnewlyindependentAfricannations.Meirbecameprimeministerin1969andworkedhardtocreateapeacesettlementwithPalestinewhilealsobuildingastrongmilitary.ButshewaswidelycriticizedbecauseoftheattacksoftheYomKippurWarthatcaughtIsraelbysurprise,andafterwardsheresigned.Nonetheless,sheisstillconsideredoneofthecentralfiguresinthemovementforIsraeliindependence.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
CampDavidAccords-EgyptandIsraelAttempttoMakePeaceAftertheYomKippurWarin1973,bothIsraelandEgyptwantedpeace.Thewarhadbeencostlytobothsides,andneithercouldclaimvictory.AmericanpresidentJimmyCartermetseparatelywithIsraeliandArableaderstotrytoresolveissuesfuelingtheconflict,includinggainingArabrecognitionofIsrael,havingIsraelwithdrawfromoccupiedPalestinianterritories,andfindingahomeforPalestinianrefugees.Finally,in1978,IsraeliprimeministerMenachemBeginandEgyptianpresidentAnwarel-SādātagreedtomeetwithCarteratCampDavid,theU.S.presidentialretreatoutsideWashington,D.C.Afternearlytwoweeksofintensediscussion,theyagreedtotheCampDavidAccords.Thefollowingyear,IsraelandEgyptsignedatreatyofficiallyendingthestateofwarbetweenthetwocountries.IsraelagreedtowithdrawfromtheSinaiPeninsula,andEgyptagreedtoallowIsraelishipstopassthroughtheSuezCanal.Bothagreedtoestablishdiplomaticrelationswitheachother.Althoughmanypeopledislikedthetreaty,itsetthestageforfuturetreatiesbetweenIsraelandotherArabnations.CyclesofPeaceandViolence-TheUpsandDownsofEstablishinganIndependentPalestineWhileArabnationssuchasLebanon,Syria,andEgyptwerewagingwarandmakingpeacewithIsrael,PalestiniannationalistmovementswereformingtopromoteanindependentnationofPalestine.ThesemovementswereofficiallyindependentofArabstatesbutoftenhadtheirsupport.TheneworganizationsandtheirleadersthatgrewoutofthesemovementsincludedthePalestineLiberationOrganization(PLO),Hamas,andYasserArafat.Milestone1:1964:FormationofthePalestineLiberationOrganization-ThePalestineLiberationOrganization(PLO)formedasanumbrellaorganizationformanyoftheindependentPalestiniangroupsfightingIsrael.YasserArafatwasnamedthechairmanofthegroupin1969.HeincreasinglypushedthePLOtowardapeacesettlementwithIsrael,butdiedwithoutachievingone.Throughthe1980s,thePLOprimarilywagedguerrillawarfareagainstIsrael.Duringthe1990s,however,itmadeeffortstonegotiatepeace.Milestone2:1972:MurderinMunich-Fatah,anArabPalestinianpoliticalpartythatformedinthelate1950s,gaverisetoseveralsplintergroups,includingtheterroristorganizationBlackSeptember.In1972,membersofBlackSeptemberkidnappedandmurdered11IsraeliathletesattheSummerOlympicGamesinMunich,WestGermany.BlackSeptemberdemandedthatIsraelrelease234prisonersbeingheldinIsraelijails.Israelrefusedtonegotiate.Milestone3:1987–1992:FirstIntifada-FrustratedbyincreasingIsraelisettlementinPalestinianterritoryandattacksbyIsraelisettlers,Palestiniansdemonstrated,rioted,andstagedstrikesandboycotts.Theuprising—whichlastedthroughtheearly1990s—becameknownastheintifada,anArabicwordthatmeans"shakingoff."Milestone4:1993:OsloAccords-InSeptember1993,representativesofIsraelandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationsignedtheOsloAccords.Bothsidesagreedtorecognizeeachother.Inexchangeforpeace,IsraelagreedtograduallygivepowerinoccupiedterritoriestoaPalestinianauthority.Afteratransitionperiodoffiveyears,bothsidesplannedtosignafinalpeacetreaty.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
Milestone5:1995:OppositionandAssassination-ThepromiseoftheOsloAccordsdidnotlast.ThepeaceplanwasopposedbymanyPalestiniangroups,includingHamas—amilitantorganizationfoundedin1987thathassteadilycometorivalthePLO—andafollow-upplanin1995barelypassedtheIsraeliparliament.Laterthatfall,YitzhakRabinwasassassinated.Milestone6:2000–2001:SecondIntifada-In2000,formerIsraeligeneralArielSharon—aherooftheSix-DayWarandanoutspokenopponentofPalestinianindependence—visitedtheTempleMount,asiteholytobothJewsandMuslims.OutragedbySharon’spresence,Palestinianseruptedintheviolenceofasecondintifada.IsraelisrespondedbyreoccupyingtheWestBankandtheGazaStripandrestrictingthemovementsofPalestinians.Manyonbothsideswerekilled.Milestone7:2003–2008:BattlesforGaza-In2003,ArielSharon—whohadbecomeIsrael'sprimeminister—announcedaplantowithdrawIsraelisettlementsfromtheGazaStrip(picturedhere).Thisprocesswascompletedin2005;IsraelalsoreturnedpartsoftheWestBanktoPalestiniancontrol,forcingIsraelisettlerstoleavethoseareas.ReviewingtheArab-IsraeliConflictsThroughoutthe20thcentury,JewishandArabnationalistmovementsledtoconflictinPalestineoverwhohadtherighttotheland.AsmoreJewsimmigratedtoPalestine,oftenfleeinganti-SemitisminEuropeandelsewhere,tensionsintheregionincreased.OncethenationofIsraelwasfoundedin1948,PalestinianArabsandArabnationssuchasSyriaandEgyptsoughttoreclaimthelandthathadbecomeIsrael.Thisledtoseveralwarsandmanyconflicts,someofwhichcontinuetoday.Ongoingattacksbybothsides,aswellasincreasedIsraelisettlement,blockprogresstowardpeace,despitetheeffortsofleadersonbothsideswhohavetriedtonegotiatearesolutiontotheconflictsintheregion.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
Quiz:TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflict
Question1of10WhichstatementbestdescribeswhythecityofJerusalemwassuchacontestedterritoryinthe20thcentury?
A. BothJewsandMuslimsconsideredJerusalemtobeaholycity.
B. MuslimnationalistshopedtoforceJewstoliveinJerusalem.
C. TheOttomanEmpirerefusedtosurrenderJerusalemtoGreatBritain.
D. JerusalemwasanimportantmilitarybaseintheSix-DayWar.
Question2of10WhichhistoricalfigureplayedamajorroleintheIsraeliindependencemovementandlaterwentontopromoteJewishimmigrationtoIsraelasprimeminister?
A. GamalAbdelNasser
B. GoldaMeir
C. Anwarel-Sādāt
D. YasserArafat
Question3of10HowdidnationalismcontributetotheriseofindependencemovementsintheMiddleEast?
A. ItconvincedArabMuslimsandJewstheyhadrightstoanindependentstateinPalestine.
B. ItledtheBritishgovernmenttopassanti-SemiticpoliciesbanningJewsfromPalestine.
C. ItledmostArabMuslimstosupporttheOttomanEmpireandopposeBritishcolonialism.
D. ItconvincedMiddleEasternJewsthattheyneededtoformaJewishstateinEurope.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
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Question4of10WhichstatementexplainswhyBritishandPalestinianArabtensionsincreasedafterWorldWarI?
A. TheBritishclaimedthatPalestinianArabsweresimilarenoughtoJewsthatbothgroupsformedonlyonenation.
B. TheBritishrefusedtoallowPalestinianArabstoformanindependentstateunlessoverhalftheirpopulationwasJewish.
C. TheBritishsupportedaJewishhomelandinPalestinedespiteanearlierpromisetograntArabsinthecolonyindependence.
D. TheBritishforcedPalestinianArabstorelocatetorefugeecampstomakeroomforJewswhowerefleeingpersecution.
Question5of10HowdidtheUnitedNations(U.N.)proposetogovernPalestineaftertheBritishdecidedtoendtheirmandateintheregion?
A. TheU.N.decidedtogivePalestinetotheArabsbutthecityofJerusalemtotheJews.
B. TheU.N.gaveJewishsettlersterritoriesinthenorth,east,andsouthwestofPalestine.
C. TheU.N.declaredthattheregionofPalestinewouldremainunderinternationalcontrol.
D. TheU.N.votedtodividePalestineintotwostates,oneArabandoneJewish.
Question6of10WhichstatementdescribesaneffectoftheArab-IsraeliWarof1948?
A. PalestinetookcontroloftheSuezCanalfromGreatBritainandFrance.
B. EgyptinvadedIsraelandreclaimedlandoncebelongingtoPalestine.
C. ManyPalestiniansbecamerefugeeslivingincampsinSyriaandLebanon.
D. TheArabLeaguerecognizedIsraelasasovereignnation.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
Question7of10WhydidPresidentGamalAbdelNasserofEgyptblockadeIsraelishipsintheStraitsofTiranandpreventthemfrompassingthroughtheSuezCanalin1952?
A. EgyptwantedtoprotectIsraelfromanambushbyPalestiniansatthecanal.
B. EgyptthoughtIsraelishipsweregoingtoattackEgyptiancities.
C. EgypthopedtopreventIsraelfromtakingoveroperationofthecanal.
D. EgyptwasamemberoftheArabLeagueandopposedtheexistenceofIsrael.
Question8of10WhatwasonesignificantandimmediatecauseoftheSix-DayWar,alsoknownastheJuneWar?
A. IsraellaunchedapreemptiveattackontheSyriancapitalofDamascus.
B. ArabnationalistgroupsfromLebanon,Syria,andJordanbegantoattackIsrael.
C. EgyptandSyrialaunchedsurpriseattacksontheholydayofYomKippur.
D. IsraelinvadedandcapturedmostEgyptianterritoryoutsideofAfrica.
Question9of10HowwereJewishnationalistssimilartoArabnationalistsduringthe20thcentury?
A. Bothgroupsgainedinfluencewhentheirmemberswerepersecutedbyimperialpowers.
B. Bothgroupswereformedtounifymemberslivingindifferentcountriesallacrosstheglobe.
C. BothgroupsstronglysupportedthemandatesysteminPalestinefollowingWorldWarI.
D. BothgroupsdemandedthatPalestinebesplitintotwoseparateindependentstates.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
Question10of10WhichstatementaccuratelydescribesU.S.foreignpolicyintentionsduringthesigningofboththeOsloAccordsandtheCampDavidAccords?
A. TheUnitedStatessidedwithArabnationsagainstIsrael.
B. TheUnitedStatestriedtobrokerpeacebetweenIsraeliandArableaders.
C. TheUnitedStatesrefusedtobecomeinvolvedinthepeaceprocess.
D. TheUnitedStatessidedwithIsraelagainstArabnations.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
WEEK4–Post-WarIndependenceMovementsinAfricaDecolonizationandNewStatesinAfrica-ThePathtoFreedom
AmanwavestheSouthAfricanflag.FormuchoftheAfricancontinent—alongwithpartsofAsiaandtheMiddleEast—the20thcenturywasanageofindependence.Fromthe1950sthroughthe1990s,Africancountriessucceededinbreakingfreefromtheircolonialrulersandestablishingtheirowngovernments.Freedomrarelycameeasily,ofcourse.Africans,includingpowerfulleadersandeverydaycitizens,usedbothnonviolentandviolentresistancetogainindependenceand—inSouthAfrica—toendadiscriminatorysystemthatgavefullrightsonlytowhitepeople.Inthislesson,youwilllookindepthatseveralofthesestrugglesandhowAfricastillworkstorecoverfromthescarsofcolonialism.Objectives
• Examinethecauses,characteristics,andeffectsofpost–WorldWarIIindependencemovementsinGhana,Algeria,andKenya.
• Analyzethedevelopmentofapartheid,thegrowthofantiapartheidmovements,andtheaftermathofapartheidinSouthAfrica.
• DescribetheroleofNelsonMandelainfightingapartheidandestablishingthepost-apartheidgovernmentofSouthAfrica.
• Analyzethelegacyofcolonialismindevelopingcountriestoday.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
8.2.1Study:PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfricaUsethisstudysheettoanswerquestionsaboutimportantconceptscoveredinthisactivity.
Definethefollowingterms.
Word Definition
AtlanticCharter
civildisobedience
JomoKenyatta
KwameNkrumah
one-partysystem
Pan-Africanism
tribalism
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
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Writeashortanswertoeachquestion.1.HowwereAfricancoloniesaffectedbyWorldWarI,bothduringthewarandafter?2.Whatwerethetwomaineconomicgoalsofcolonialpowersfromthelate19thcenturyon?WhatwastheireconomicpolicytowardtheAfricanpeople?3.WhatimpactdidpoliticalpartiesinAfricahaveontheAfricandesireforindependence?
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
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4.WhydidKwameNkrumahadvocatePan-Africanism?Whatgovernmentalchangedidhehopewouldcomefromit?5.WhatdidKwameNkrumahandJomoKenyattahaveincommon?6.WhathappenedinGhana,Algeria,andKenyasincethecountrieswontheirindependence?
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
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Expandyourthinkingonquestionsraisedinthisactivity.7.ComparetheindependencemovementsinAfricatotheindependencemovementinIndia.Howweretheysimilaranddifferent?8.DoyouthinkformercoloniesinAfricawouldbebetterofftodayiftheyhadbeenabletouniteunderasinglegovernment?Whyorwhynot?
Inoneortwosentences,writethe"bigidea"ormainpointofthisstudy.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
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PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfrica-TheFightAgainstAfricanColonialismThe20thcenturywasatimeofupheavalforAfrica.AfterthedestructionofWorldWarI,manyEuropeancountrieslookedtotheirAfricancoloniesfortheresourcestorebuild.Thepracticesofcolonialismledtonewlevelsofeconomic,political,andhumanrepression.BythetimeWorldWarIIdrewtoaclose,Africansweredeterminedtoavoidthesametreatmentthey'dexperiencedafterWorldWarI.Bytheendofthe1970s,nearlyeverycountryontheAfricancontinentwasindependent.ButafreeAfricawasn'ttheresultofEuropeankindnessortheirlackofinterestinAfricanresources.Rather,itwasachievedthroughtheeffortsofAfricanleadersandgroupsdrivenbynationalismanddeterminedtogainfreedomfortheirpeople.AColonizedContinent-AfricaattheEndofthe19thCenturyDuringthelate1800s,EuropeanpowersracedagainstoneanotherinthescrambleforAfrica.FrancetookAlgeria.TheBelgianstookovernearlyalloftheCongoRiverBasin.TheBritishacquiredEgyptandexpandedtheirsmalltradingpostsintofull-scalecoloniesinEastandWestAfrica.AftertheBoerWars,inwhichtheBritishfoughtDutchsettlersforcontrolofgold-richterritoryinthesouth,theBritishcreatedtheself-governingBritishterritoryofSouthAfrica.MostoftheeconomiesinthesecolonieswerebasedonexploitingAfrica'snaturalresourcesandthensellingmanufacturedgoodsbacktothecoloniesathighprices.Asthe19thcenturycametoaclose,nearlyallofAfricawasunderEuropeancontrol.
AfricaatWar-AnOverviewofAfricanParticipationinWorldWarIWithEuropesoheavilyinvestedincolonialisminAfrica,thefightingofWorldWarIquicklyspreadtothatcontinentaswell.BritainandFranceseizedGermancoloniesinAfrica,includingTogoland,Cameroon,GermanSouth-WestAfrica,andGermanEastAfrica.
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WhiletheBritishandtheFrenchbenefitedfromthesenewconquests,theAfricanpeopletheresuffered.Soldiersonbothsidesburnedvillagesandcropsinanattempttocutoffsuppliesfortheenemy.Europeanarmiesrecruited(oftenbyforce)anestimated1millionAfricanmentoserveasporters,carryingluggageandsupplies,whileatleast500,000Africansservedassoldiers.Theserviceofthesemendeprivedvillagesoflabor,andfamiliesofhusbandsandfathers.TheTransformationofAfricanEconomies-TaxationandtheDriveforExportsFromthelate19thcenturyon,colonizingpowerspursuedtwomainobjectivesinAfrica,bothaimedatprofitingfromthecoloniesasmuchaspossible.ThefirstgoalwastomakeindigenousAfricanspayforthecolonialgovernmentsthatcontrolledthem.Toaccomplishthis,manycoloniesheavilytaxedthenativepeople.Colonialgovernmentsalsorequiredthatindigenouspeoplepaythosetaxesincash,whichhelpedEuropeanpowersmeettheirsecondobjective:establishingeconomiesbasedontheproductionofrawmaterialsforexport.MostAfricanscouldpaythetaxesonlybyworkingforsettlerfarmsorothercolonialindustries.ColonialgovernmentspassedlawstorestrictwhattheAfricanpeoplecouldproduceforthemselves.Theywerenotallowedtomakemachetesandaxes,whichhadtobeimportedfromEurope,andimportedsugarandricewerepricedsothattheycostlesstoimportthantheydidtogrow.TheresultwasagradualdependenceonEuropeanimports,whileAfrica'sownnaturalresourcesweresenttoEurope.IndigenousAfricanswerealsopreventedfromachievingthesuccessofEuropeancolonists.Inmanycolonies,lawsforbadeAfricansfromgrowingcertaincrops,likehighlyprofitableArabicacoffee.AndonlyEuropeanscouldleasetherighttominevaluableminerals,whileAfricanswereforcedintopositionsaspoorlypaidlaborersinthemines.StirringResentment-TheBeginningofOrganizedResistanceinColonialAfricaIntheyearsafterWorldWarI—asEuropeancountriesturnedtotheircoloniestoaidinwartimerecovery—Africanprotestsagainstcolonialpoliciesgrew.InsouthernAfrica,forexample,blackandmixed-raceworkersformedthefirstnonwhitelaborunionsintheregiontofightforhigherpay.Theeducatedeliteinsomeareasbegantoformnationalistorganizationsfocusedonindependencefortheircountries.Somereligiousleadersalsofedresistanceagainstcolonialism,arguingthatthecolonialadministrationsenforcedbrutalityandsocialinequality.WorkingforFreedom-AfricansDemandIndependenceIn1941,theUnitedStates,GreatBritain,andtheotherAlliessignedtheAtlanticCharter,inwhichtheyagreedthateverynationhadtherighttoself-determination.ManyAfricansinterpretedthisdeclarationasastatementthatcolonizedlandsshouldbefree.WhenBritainwithdrewfromIndiain1947,anumberofAfricanleadersbelievedthatthecolonialpowerswouldsoonleavetheircontinentaswell.Duringthe1940sand1950s,nearlyeveryAfricancolonyformedpoliticalpartiestoworkforindependenceanduniteoppressedAfricans.PartieshadformedinAfricabefore,buttheyhadconsistedmostlyoftheeducatedelite.Thenewpartiesthataroseknewthatmasssupportwasnecessarytogainindependence,andtheyworkedtoawakenthedemandforfreedom.FightingColonialismintheGoldCoast-TheLeadershipofKwameNkrumah
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KwameNkrumah,oneofthekeyfiguresinthefightforAfricanindependence,ledthefirstsuccessfulindependencemovementinAfricasouthoftheSaharadesert.Bornin1909intheBritishcolonyoftheGoldCoast(modern-dayGhana),heworkedasateacherbeforemovingtotheUnitedStatestoattendcollege.LikeIndia'sMohandasGandhi,wholivedamongIndiansincolonialSouthAfrica,NkrumahlivedamongpeopleofhisownraceintheUnitedStates.TherehewasexposedtotheworkofKarlMarxandMarcusGarvey,aJamaicanactivistwhopromotedtheideaofPan-Africanism.Nkrumah'sexperienceswithpeopleofAfricandescentintheUnitedStates,aswellashisunderstandingofGarvey'stheories,ledhimtobelievethatnoAfricanscouldbefreeuntilallwerefree.HistimeintheUnitedStatesalsoexposedhimtolifeinaliberaldemocracy.HereturnedtotheGoldCoastin1947hopingtobringself-governmenttohiscountry.Ghana:FromNationalismtoNation-TheMovetoIndependenceinGhanaInordertohelptheGoldCoastachieveindependence,KwameNkrumahfoundedtheConventionPeople'sParty(CPP)in1949.Thepartywaspopularwithfarmers,workers,andyoungpeople,whoviewedNkrumahasaliberator.TheCPPbeganacampaignof"positiveaction"that—asinIndia—involvedstrikesandcivildisobedience.AlthoughNkrumahencouragedpeacefulprotest,someviolencedidoccur.ColonialauthoritieswhoblamedNkrumah(orsimplywantedtoreducehispower)imprisonedhimin1950.However,Britishauthoritiesrealizedthatthemovementtowardself-governmentcouldnotbestopped.In1951,anewconstitutionwasdraftedgivingthecolonymoreindependence,andanelectionforalegislativeassemblywasheld.Althoughhewasinprison,Nkrumahwaselectedtothenewassembly,andtheCPPwonamajorityoftheseats.TheBritishretainedcontrolofthecountry,however,andNkrumahandotherscontinuedtodemandcompleteself-government.Britainfinallyconcededin1956,andthefollowingyear,Ghanabecameindependent.Nkrumahwaselectedprimeminister.Heestablishedaone-partysystemandwasdeclaredpresidentforlife.In1966,hewasoverthrownbyamilitarycoup.TheHistoryofFrenchAlgeria-FrenchColonialisminNorthernAfricaTheterritorythatmakesupthemodern-daycountryofAlgeriabecameaFrenchcolonyduringthe1830sand1840s.WhiletheBritishtendedtouseindirectcontrolintheircolonies,theFrenchfirstruledAlgeriamilitarilyandlaterimposeddirectcontrolfromFrance.Allthewhile,Frenchsettlersmovedintothecountry,pushingtheindigenouspopulationaside.ThesettlerstookmostofthefertilelandfromtheAlgerianpeopleandestablishedFrench-ownedminesandfactories.TheAlgerianpeopleweremostlyMuslim,andmanyresistedbeingcolonized.ThisledtoagreatdealofconflictbetweentheFrenchandtheAlgerians.ManyAlgeriansdiedfightingtheFrench,whilemanyotherssufferedfromdiseaseandstarvationbroughtaboutbyFrenchcolonization.Bythemid-1870s,uptoone-thirdofAlgeria'sindigenouspopulationhaddied.AlgerianIndependence-Algeria,France,andtheWarofIndependenceAlgerianresistancetoFrenchrulegrewwiththeriseofnationalism.Algeriannationalistsfellintothreemaingroups:assimilationistswhoworkedfortheFrenchgovernmentandadvocatedgradualchange;religiousreformerswhobelievedinanationalAlgerianidentitybasedonIslam;andmoreradicalnationalistswhodemandedimmediateindependence.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
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Duringthe1950s,asGhanawasmakingamostlypeacefultransitiontoindependence,thestruggleinAlgeriagrewincreasinglyviolent.DespitethepassageofsomereformsandlimitedAlgerianrepresentationintheFrench-controlledgovernment,theviolencespread.AlgeriannationalistsalsowatchedthesituationinIndochina,whereVietnamesefightersledbyHoChiMinhwerewinningindependencefromtheFrench.JustmonthsaftertheFrenchdefeattherein1954,AlgerianmilitantsfromthesocialistNationalLiberationFront(FLN)partylaunchedtheirfightforindependence.HavinglostIndochina,however,Frenchleadersweredeterminedtofightback.TheresultwastheAlgerianWarofIndependence:eightyearsofviolentstrugglethatfinallyresultedinthecountry'sfreedomin1962.AUniqueDivide-TheAftermathoftheAlgerianWarAlgeriaislocatedonthenorthcoastofAfrica,lessthan500milesfromFrance.Partlybecauseofthiscloseness,theconflictthateruptedinAlgeriawasrootedinadeepracialandculturaldivide.UnlikemostotherAfricancolonies,AlgeriahadalargeChristianEuropeanpopulation.AtthestartoftheAlgerianWarofIndependence,Algeriawashometo1.5millionEuropeansand9millionindigenousAlgerians,mostlyMuslim.Politicalpowerandwealth,however,wereprimarilyinthehandsoftheEuropeanAlgerians.TheEuropeanpopulationunderstoodthatinademocraticAlgeriatheywouldnolongerbeincharge.AfterAlgeriawonitsfreedom,hugenumbersofEuropeansreturnedtoFrance.Alreadydamagedbythefighting,thedepartureofsomanyEuropeansfurtherhurtthecountryasproductiononfarmsandinfactoriesfell.Unemploymentroseaslargetractsoflandwereabandoned.ResistanceinBritishKenya-JomoKenyattaandtheKikuyusThefightforindependenceinthecolonyofKenya(formerlyBritishEastAfrica)wassimilarinsomewaystothemovementsinbothGhanaandAlgeria.AsinGhana,thefightwasledbyapowerfulspeakerandactivistwhohadbeeneducatedabroad.AsinAlgeria,however,independencewasachievedonlyafteraviolentrebellion.TheresistancetoBritishruleinKenyacameprimarilyfromtheKikuyupeople.Inthelate1940s,KikuyuactivistJomoKenyatta,whoreturnedfromyearsofstudyinGreatBritainandtheSovietUnion,formedanewpoliticalpartytoworkonbehalfofhispeople.However,thepartywasunabletowinsignificantreforms,andmanyKikuyus—whohadprotestedfordecadesastheirfarmlandwasseizedandgiventoBritishsettlers—wereunwillingtowaitanylonger.In1952,afull-scalerebellionbrokeoutthatcametobeknownastheMauMauUprising.KikuyufightersattackedBritishsettlers,Britishtroops,andKenyanswhosupportedthecolonialgovernment.TheBritishfoughtback—withmilitaryforceandbyarrestingKenyattaandotheractivists.WhileKenyattaappearedtohavelittleconnectiontotheMauMaurebels,hewasimprisoneduntilaftertheBritishdefeatedtherebelsin1956.KenyaWinsItsIndependence-TheAftermathofRebellionDidtheMauMauUprisingleaddirectlytoindependenceinKenya?It'shardtosayforsure.Africanpopulationsthroughoutthecontinenthadbecomeincreasinglyresistanttocolonialrule,andmoreEuropeanpowerswerebeginningtorealizetheycouldnotcontrolcoloniesagainstthewillofthepeople.By1960,Kenyanactivistshadorganizedanewpoliticalparty—theKenyaAfricanNationalUnion(KANU)—andelectedJomoKenyattatoleadit.BritishauthoritiesagreedtoreleaseKenyattaandproposedthathedraft
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anewconstitutionforthecountry.In1963,Kenyabecameindependent,withKenyattachosenasitsfirstprimeministerandlaterasitspresident.Overtime,Kenyattaincreasedhispower,banningopposingpoliticalpartiesandusingthecountry'ssecurityforcetosuppressrivals.Healsooverlookedcorruptionamongpublicofficials,whowereallowedtogrowrichfromtheirpositions.Butinhis15yearsaspresident,KenyattahelpedmakeKenya'seconomyoneofthestrongestofthenewlyfreedcountries.Healsoestablishedastablegovernment—whenKenyattadiedin1978,thevicepresidentpeacefullyassumedrule.ComparingIndependenceEfforts-FightsforFreedominKenya,Ghana,andAlgeria
TheDeclineofColonialism-TheUnitedStatesofAfrica?AstheexamplesofGhana,Algeria,andKenyademonstrate,Africawasdecolonizingquicklyduringthe1950sand1960s.ButwhileleaderslikeKwameNkrumahhopedthatallofAfricamightuniteunderonegovernment,thisdreamwouldneverberealized.Thesameincreaseinnationalismthathelpedcountriesachieveindependencealsoledtotribalism-feelingsofidentityandloyaltytoaparticularethnicgroup.WithsomanyethnicgroupsontheAfricancontinent,itremainedsplinteredintomanysmallstates.Nonetheless,by1970,almostallofthosestateswerefreecountriesthatgovernedthemselves.TheLegacyofColonization-PostcolonialAfrica:Ghana,Algeria,andKenyaWhileGhana,Algeria,Kenya,andmanyotherAfricancountriessucceededinwinning—andmaintaining—theirindependence,theyfoundthattheeffectsofyearsofcolonialismwerehardtoescape.InGhana,thecountry'sone-partysystemlackedthestabilitythatcomeswithabalanceofpowerbetweenpoliticalparties.Thecountryhasalsostruggledwithforeigndebt,militarytakeovers,andadecliningstandardofliving.In2001,however,powerwaspeacefullytransferredbetweendemocraticallyelectedleadersforthefirsttime—animportantsteptowardastablegovernment.Despitevastoilreserves,Algeriahasfoughttomaintainstabilitysinceachievingindependence.Acivilwarbeginningin1992killed100,000people.Whilethewarhassinceended,militantsarestillactiveinthecountry.Meanwhile,KenyacontinuestosufferfromcorruptionthathasaffecteditsgovernmentsincethetimeofJomoKenyatta.However,thecountry'seconomycontinuestogrow,andKenya'srelativestabilitymeansithasbeenabletotakeinrefugeesfromnearbySomaliaandSouthSudan.
SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11
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Quiz:PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfrica
Question1of10InwhatwaydidAfricansprotestcolonialruleintheyearsafterWorldWarI?
A. ByworkingtogetEuropeancountriestosigntheAtlanticCharter
B. Byestablishingpoliticalpartiesthatsoughtthesupportofthepeople
C. BysupportingthetheoriesofMarcusGarvey,whopromotedPan-Africanism
D. Byforminglaborunionsandnationalistorganizations
Question2of10
WhichstatementdescribesonewaythatWorldWarIaffectedAfrica?
A. ManyAfricanswereabletofindhigh-wagefactoryjobssupplyingEuropeancountries'demandformilitarymaterials.
B. EuropeanarmiesdestroyedAfricanvillagesandcropstopreventtheirenemiesfromaccessingsupplies.
C. SeveralAfricancountrieswereabletoconvinceEuropeanpowerstoofferthemindependenceinexchangeformilitarysupport.
D. EuropeanleadersbroughtmillionsofAfricansoldierstoEurope,wheretheyreplacedmostoftheEuropeansoldiersinactivecombat.
Question3of10
WhichstatementaboutKwameNkrumahandJomoKenyattaisnottrue?
A. Bothwereimprisonedbythecolonialrulersoftheircountries.
B. Bothattendedschoolinforeigncountries.
C. Bothbecamethefirstleadersoftheircountriesafterindependence.
D. Bothwereeventuallyoverthrownbyamilitarycoup.
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Question4of10HowdidKwameNkrumah'searlypoliciersnotmatchthepoliciesheputinplaceasprimeministerofGhana?
A. NkrumaharguedthatthestrongestfutureforAfricawastounite,butasprimeministerhepromoteddivisionsbetweenmostAfricancountries.
B. Nkrumahprotestedtheuseofviolence,butin1966heledamilitarycouptooverthrowtheelectedpresidentofGhana.
C. NkrumahcalledforpoliticalfreedominGhana,butasprimeministerhecreatedaone-partysystemwithhimselfasapermanentleader.
D. Nkrumahopposedcolonialrule,butasprimeministerheagreedtogivesomeofthecountrybacktoGreatBritain.
Question5of10InwhatwaysweretheindependencemovementsinAlgeriaandKenyasimilar?
A. BothfocusedonpetitioningtheBritishgovernmentforfreedom.
B. BothwereprimarilyorganizedbytheMuslimpopulation.
C. Bothwereledbywell-knownactivistswhobecamepresidentafterindependence.
D. Bothsucceededinwinningindependenceonlyafterviolence.
Question6of10WhatdreamforAfricadidKwameNkrumahexpress?
A. TheriseofAfricanmilitarypower
B. TheunificationoftheAfricancontinent
C. TheoverthrowofrulebyFrance
D. Theendofone-partyruleinAfrica
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Question7of10Readthispassage:Inmycountry,theBritishhavebeenseizingthebestfarmlandformanyyears.Justrecently,mypeoplehavebeenfightingbackbyattackingthesettlersandthetroopsBritainsendstodefendthem—aswellasthoseAfricansinourcountrywhofoolishlysupportBritishrule.ButtheBritishareangry,andtheyhaveimprisonedmanyofourpoliticalactivistsinreturn.Wheredoesthespeakermostlikelylive?
A. Post–WorldWarIIAlgeria
B. Post–WorldWarIIKenya
C. Post–WorldWarIIGhana
D. Post–WorldWarIINigeria
Question8of10HowdidEuropeancountriesattempttoprofitfromtheirAfricancoloniesafterWorldWarI?
A. TheyheavilytaxedindigenousAfricansandrequiredthemtopayincash.
B. TheysoldtheirAfricancoloniestowealthierAsianandAmericanstates.
C. TheyenslavedAfricanlaborerstoworkonEuropeanconstructionprojects.
D. TheyencouragedAfricanfarmerstogrowvaluablecropslikecoffee.
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Question9of10WhichstatementbestdescribesGhanaintheyearssinceitsindependence?
A. ItsprimarilyMuslimpopulationhasworkedtoensurethatthegovernmentoperatesonIslamicprinciples.
B. Acivilwarinthe1990skilled100,000peoplethere,andviolencecontinuestobeaproblem.
C. Thankstoitsstablegovernment,ithasbeenabletoacceptmanyrefugeesfromSomaliaandSouthSudan.
D. Itsone-partygovernmenthascreatedinstability,butthepeacefultransferofpowerbetweenleadersin2001wasapositivesign.
Question10of10WhichstatementdescribesthepoliticalstateofAfricaaftermostcountriesgainedtheirindependence?
A. Thecontinentwasdividedintomanysmallstatesbasedonregionaldifferences.
B. ThecontinentwassplitbetweenChristiancountriesinnorthernAfricaandMuslimstatesincentralandsouthernAfrica.
C. ThecontinentwasunitedunderthephilosophyofPan-Africanism.
D. Thecontinentwasjoinedintoaneconomic,butnotpolitical,union.