aphev group6 final v
TRANSCRIPT
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MEEM / ECE 5295
Advanced Propulsion for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
State of Batteries for HEV, PHEV and EVs
Group 6
Graduate Student
ME-EM Department
Michigan Tech University
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MEEM / ECE 5295
Copyright 2013 Michigan Tech
Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 2Group Members
Last Name First Name Email
Chiddarwar Vikrant [email protected]
Piduru Naag [email protected]
Menon Sunit [email protected]
Liu Cong [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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MEEM / ECE 5295
Copyright 2013 Michigan Tech
Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 3Objectives
Discuss batteries used in the HEV, PHEV and EVs
Discuss mainstream types of battery used currently andin the near future
Discuss characters of different types of batteries andcompare their performance, safety, cost
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Page: 4Terminology
DEFINITION : A battery is a device consisting of one ormore electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical
energy into electrical energy.
Rated Capacity
Energy DensitySOC: fuel gauge
Vmax & upper SOC, Vmin & Lower SOC
Power to Energy ratio
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MEEM / ECE 5295
Copyright 2013 Michigan Tech
Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 5Comparison of Batteries for hybrid modes
HEV PHEV EV
Example Toyota
Prius(before
2012)
Chevy Volt Tesla Model S
Battery size 1-2 KWh 5-15 KWh >40 KWh
Battery
operation
Charge
sustaining
Charge
depleting/sustaining
Charge depleting
SOC variation 20% 50% 50%
P/E 15-20 5-18 2
(Credit: NAE Report. Assessment of Technologies for Improving LDV Fuel Econo.2010)
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Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
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State Of Charge variation for batteries applicable to HEV, PHEV
and EV. Unit of P/E KW/KWh(Credit: NAE Report. Assessment of Technologies for Improving LDV Fuel Econo.2010)
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MEEM / ECE 5295
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Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 7Types of Batteries used in Vehicle
Lead Acid
Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
Lithium Ion (Li-ion)
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Page: 8Ni-MH Batteries
State:
The highest performance battery currently available and in commercially significantquantities for HEVs and PHEVs
Typical materials:
Cathode: Nickel Hydroxide
Anode: Metal hydride
Electrolyte/separator: Potassium Hydroxide
Commercial application:
The most technically advanced NiMH battery used in the Toyota Prius has a weight
of 45kg and an energy capacity of 1.31 kWh. This results in a usable energy of
approximately 0.262 kWh when applied with a SOC variation of 20 percent.
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Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 9Advantages & Limitations
Advantages
Simple storage and transportation; not subject to regulatory control
Environmentally friendly; contains only mild toxins
Nickel content makes recycling profitable
Limitations
Limited service life; deep discharge reduces service life
Generates heat during fast-charge and high-load discharge
High self-discharge; chemical additives reduce self-discharge at the expense of capacity
Performance degrades if stored at elevated temperatures; should be stored in a cool
place at about 40 percent state-of-charge
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MEEM / ECE 5295
Copyright 2013 Michigan Tech
Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 10Li-ion Batteries
State:
The upcoming type of battery which has the potential to provide the highestperformance, provided the safety is no longer a problem
Typical materials:
Cathode: Lithium-Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)
Anode: Graphite
Electrolyte/separator: Lithium salts in an organic solvent
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MEEM / ECE 5295
Copyright 2013 Michigan Tech
Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 11Advantages & Limitations
AdvantagesHigher energy density: - About twice the energy density as that seen in Ni-MH batteries
making them smaller and lighter in comparison.
Longer life cycle: - Li-ion batteries have a longer life cycle and lower charge times as
compared to Ni-MH batteries.
Better low temperature performance
Extremely slow self-discharge
LimitationsRisk at high temperatures: More susceptible to explosions at high temperatures caused
majorly due to the phenomenon of thermal runaway. Its major cause is the overcharging
of the batteries
Regular charging: - Needed to avoid permanent damage due to low discharge levels.
Cost: - They are around 40% costlier than Ni-MH batteries.
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Page: 12Comparison between NiMH and Li-ion
(Credit: Jayam Prabhakar Aditya, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Comparison of NiMH and Li-ion Batteries in Automotive Applications, 2008)
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Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 13Market share of vehicle batteries
SOURCE : EV, PHEV & HEV WORLDWIDE MARKET 2008-2020 - BATTERY IS THE KEY, AVICENNE, JUNE 2009
l i d
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Failure modes in Li-ion battery
Battery-related
Manufacturing defect
Charge and Discharge
failures
Short circuit
Non-battery related
Failure of control system
Failure of thermal
management
Full vehicle loss from battery pack thermal runaway in an aftermarket modified
vehicle(Credit: A General Discussion of Li Ion Battery safety)
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Page: 15Material Changes
Cathode
New materials aim primarily at
replacing cobalt completely.
Some of them are:
Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese (NCM)
Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminium (NCA)
Manganese Oxide Spinel (MnO)
Iron Phosphate (FePO)
Anode
New materials are being researched
to improve the cost, performance and
stability of the Li-ion batteries.
The major future materials are:
Silicon based anodes
Nanomaterials
Currently new materials are being studied in order to overcome the inherent
shortcomings of the existing Li-ion batteries
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MEEM / ECE 5295
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Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 16Comparison of Li-ion chemistries
(Credit: NAE Report. Assessment of Technologies for Improving LDV Fuel Econo.2010)
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MEEM / ECE 5295
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Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 17Safety methods
Methods to protect the battery
BMS (Battery Management System)
It involves making use of circuitry to balance the cells in term of their voltage.
PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient)
Using materials with a particular temperature coefficient to cut off the current when
the value is exceeded.
CID (Current Interrupt Device)
It shuts off the electric supply when there is excessive pressure buildup in the cell
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Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 18Summary
Battery will play a more important role in theautomobile industry in the future
There is need to develop safe and high performancebatteries to cope with growing needs
NiMH is currently dominating the battery market forelectrical vehicles
Li-ion has the most potential in the future, providedthere is no safety concern
Safety should be prioritized during the research stagefor developing Li-ion chemistries
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MEEM / ECE 5295
Copyright 2013 Michigan Tech
Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 19Bibliography
1) NAE Report - Assessment of Technologies for Improving LDV
Fuel Econo.2010
2) Jayam Prabhakar Aditya, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Comparison of
NiMH and Li-ion Batteries in Automotive Applications, 2008
3) Dan Doughty, E. Peter Roth, A General Discussion of Li Ion
Battery safety
4) http://batteryuniversity.com
5) http://blogs.mnhs.org/node/97
6) Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries, Mary L. Patterson,Ph.D., Indiana University Battery Workshop, November 13,
2009
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MEEM / ECE 5295
Copyright 2013 Michigan Tech
Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013
Page: 20Questions?