api 580 training.ppt
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API 580
Risk Based InspectionRisk Based Inspection
December 1-2, 2010
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API 580 Risk Based Inspection provides guidance
on deveoping a risk-based inspection !RBI"
program on #i$ed e%uipment and piping in t&e
&'drocarbon and c&emica process industries( It
incudes)
• *&at is RBI
•
*&at are t&e ke' eements o# RBI• +o to impement a RBI program
API 580 RISK BASED INSPECTION
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It is based on knoedge and e$perience o# engineers,
inspectors, risk ana'sts and ot&er personne in t&e
&'drocarbon and c&emica industr'(
API 580 is intended to suppement API 510 Pressure.esse Inspection /ode, API 50 Piping Inspection /ode
and API 5 ank Inspection, Repair, Ateration and
Reconstruction(
&ese API inspection codes and standards ao an
oner user to pan an inspection strateg' and increase
or decrease t&e code designated inspection #re%uencies
based on t&e resuts o# a RBI assessment(
API 580 RISK BASED INSPECTION
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PURPOSE
&e purpose o# API 580 is to provide users it&
t&e basic eements #or deveoping and
impementing a risk-based inspection !RBI"program(
1. PURPOSE
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1. PURPOSE
Individua sections o# t&is document describe t&e steps inapp'ing t&ese principes it&in t&e #rameork o# t&e RBI process)
Panning t&e RBI Assessment(
Data and In#ormation /oection(
Identi#'ing Deterioration 4ec&anisms and aiure 4odes( Assessing Probabiit' o# aiure(
Assessing /onse%uence o# aiure(
Risk Determination, Assessment and 4anagement(
Risk 4anagement it& Inspection Activities(
6t&er Risk 4itigation Activities(
Reassessment and 7pdating(
Roes, Responsibiities, raining and uai#ications(
Documentation and record-keeping(
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1. PURPOSE
&e RBI process is capabe o# generating)a" A Risk Ranking o# a 9%uipment evauated(
b" A detaied description o# t&e inspection pan to be
empo'ed #or eac& e%uipment item, incuding)
1( Inspection met&od t&at s&oud be used !e(g( visua,
7, Radiograp&', *4"(
2( 9$tent o# appication o# t&e inspection met&od !e(g(
percent o# tota area e$amined or speci#ic ocations"(
( iming o# inspections : e$aminations(
3( Risk management ac&ieved t&roug& impementation
o# t&e inspection pan(
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1. PURPOSE
&e RBI process is capabe o# generating)
CA desc!iption o" an# ot$e! !isk %iti&ation
acti'ities s(c$ as !epai!s) !ep*ace%ents o!
sa"et# e+(ip%ent (p&!ades.
DT$e kno,a-*e !isk *e'e*s o" a** e+(ip%ent
a"te! t$e inspection p*an and ot$e! !isk%iti&ation acti'ities $a'e -een i%p*e%ented.
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1. PURPOSE
Ke# E*e%ents o" a RBI P!o&!a%
a" 4anagement s'stems #or maintaining
documentation, personne %uai#ications, datare%uirements and ana'sis updates(
b" Documented met&od #or probabiit' o# #aiuredetermination(
c" Documented met&od #or conse%uence o# #aiure
determination(d" Documented met&odoog' #or managing risk t&roug&
inspection and ot&er mitigation activities(
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1. PURPOSE
RBI Bene"its and i%itations/
RBI pans address a's to manage risks on an e%uipment
eve(
9%uipment pans &ig&ig&t risks #rom a <a#et', +eat&,9nvironment and or #rom an economic perspective(
/ost-e##ective actions #or risk mitigation
Impementation o# t&ese pans provides one o# t&e #ooing)
a An o'e!a** !ed(ction in !isk "o! t$e "aci*ities and e+(ip%entassessed.
- An acceptance(nde!standin& o" t$e c(!!ent !isk.
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1. PURPOSE
RBI is based on sound, proven risk assessment and
management principes( +oever, RBI i not compensate
#or)
a" Inaccurate or missing in#ormation(
b" Inade%uate designs or #aut' e%uipment instaation(
c" 6perating outside t&e acceptabe design enveope(
d" =ot e##ective' e$ecuting t&e pans(
e" >ack o# %uai#ied personne or teamork(
#" >ack o# sound engineering or operationa ?udgment(
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1. PURPOSE
Usin& RBI as a Contin(o(s I%p!o'e%ent Too*
RBI provides a ve&ice #or continuous' improving t&e
inspection o# #aciities and s'stematica' reducing t&e risk
associated it& pressure boundar' #aiures(
RBI o##ers t&e added advantage o# identi#'ing gaps in t&e
e##ectiveness o# avaiabe inspection tec&noogies and
appications(
RBI s&oud serve to guide t&e direction o# inspection
tec&noog' deveopment, and &ope#u' promote a #aster andbroader depo'ment o# emerging inspection tec&noogies
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1. PURPOSE
RBI as an Inte&!ated ana&e%ent Too*
RBI produces Inspection and 4aintenance Pans #or
e%uipment t&at identi#' t&e actions t&at s&oud be impemented
to provide reiabe and sa#e operation(
&e RBI e##ort can provide input into an organi@ation annua
panning and budgeting t&at de#ine t&e sta##ing and #unds
re%uired to maintain e%uipment operation at acceptabe eves
o# per#ormance and risk(
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2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE O3 RBI
Ind(st!# scope
Risk management principes and concepts t&at RBI is buit on
are universa' appicabe but API RP 580 is speci#ica' targett&e appication o# RBI in t&e &'drocarbon and c&emica
process industr'(
3*e4i-i*it# in App*ication
Because o# t&e broad diversit' in organi@ations si@e, cuture,
#edera and:or oca reguator' re%uirements, RP 580 o##ers
users t&e #e$ibiit' to app' t&e RBI met&odoog' it&in t&e
conte$t o# e$isting corporate risk management practices and
to accommodate uni%ue oca circumstances
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2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE O3 RBI
3*e4i-i*it# in App*ication
API RP 580 o##ers users t&e #e$ibiit' to app' t&e RBI
met&odoog' it&in t&e e$isting risk management practicesand to accommodate uni%ue oca circumstances(
RP 580 is intended to promote consistenc' and %uait' in t&e
identi#ication, assessment and management o# risks
pertaining materia deterioration, &ic& coud ead to oss o#
containment(
&is document is not intended to singe out one speci#ic
approac& as t&e recommended met&od #or conducting a RBI
e##ort(
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2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE O3 RBI
ec$anica* Inte&!it# 3oc(sed
&e RBI #ocused on maintaining t&e mec&anica
integrit' o# pressure e%uipment items and
minimi@ing t&e risk o# oss o# containment due to
deterioration(
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2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE O3 RBI E+(ip%ent Co'e!ed in API RP 580/
a" P!ess(!e 'esse*s/ A pressure containing components(
b" P!ocess pipin&/ Pipe and piping components(c" Sto!a&e tanks/ Atmosp&eric and pressuri@ed(
d" Rotatin& e+(ip%ent/ Pressure containing components(
e" Boi*e!s and $eate!s/ Pressuri@ed components(
#" eat e4c$an&e!s/ <&es, +eads, /&annes and
Bundes(
g" P!ess(!e !e*ie" de'ices.
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2. RBI SCOPE
SCOPE O3 RBI
E+(ip%ent Not Co'e!ed/
&e #ooing non-pressuri@ed e%uipment is not covered b'
t&is document)a" Instrument and contro s'stems(
b" 9ectrica s'stems(
c" <tructura s'stems(
d" 4ac&iner' components !e$cept pump and compressor
casings"(
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2. RBI SCOPE
TAR6ET AUDIENCE
Inspection and 9ngineering, 4aintenance,
6perations personne &o are responsibe #or t&e
mec&anica integrit' and operabiit' o# e%uipment(6t&ers it&in t&e organi@ation &o are ike' to be
invoved s&oud be #amiiar it& t&e concepts and
principes in t&e RBI met&odoog'(
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7. DE3INITIONS
A-so*(te !isk/ An idea and accurate description and
%uanti#ication o# risk(
AARP As o, As Reasona-*# P!actica*/ A concept o#
minimi@ation t&at suggest t&at #eature !suc& as risk" can on'
be reduced to a certain minimum under current tec&noog'and it& reasonabe cost
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Conse+(ence/ 6utcome #rom an event( &ere ma' be one or
more conse%uences #rom an event( /onse%uences ma'
range #rom positive to negative( +oever, conse%uences are
aa's negative #or sa#et' aspects(
Da%a&e to*e!ance/ &e amount o# deterioration t&at acomponent can resist it&out #aiing(
Dete!io!ation/ &e reduction in t&e abiit' o# a component to
provide its intended purpose o# containment o# #uids(
7. DE3INITIONS
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7. DE3INITIONS
E'ent/ 6ccurrence o# a particuar set o# circumstances( &e
event ma' be certain or uncertain(
E'ent t!ee/ An
ana'tica too t&at organi@es and
c&aracteri@es potentia accidents in a ogica and grap&ica
manner(
E4te!na* e'ent/ 9vents resuting #rom #orces o# nature, acts
o# od or sabotage, or suc& events as neig&boring #ires or
e$posions, neig&boring &a@ardous materia reeases(
9$terna events are usua' be'ond t&e direct or indirect
contro o# persons empo'ed at or b' t&e #aciit'(
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3ai*(!e %ode/ &e manner o# #aiure( or risk based
inspection, t&e #aiure o# concern is oss o# containment o#
pressuri@ed e%uipment( 9$ampes o# #aiure modes are sma
&oe, crack, and rupture(
a9a!d/ A p&'sica condition or a reease o# a &a@ardousmateria t&at coud resut #rom component #aiure and resut in
&uman in?ur' or deat&, oss or damage, or environmenta
degradation( +a@ard is t&e source o# &arm(
7. DE3INITIONS
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7. DE3INITIONS
iti&ation/ >imiting o# an' negative conse%uence or
reduction in probabiit' o# a particuar event(
P!o-a-i*it#/ 9$tent to &ic& an event is ike' to occur it&in
t&e time #rame under consideration(
:(a*itati'e Risk Ana*#sis Assess%ent/
4et&ods t&at use engineering ?udgment and e$perience as
t&e bases #or t&e ana'sis o# probabiities and conse%uences
o# #aiure(
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7. DE3INITIONS
:(antitati'e Risk Ana*#sis Assess%ent/
uantitative risk ana'sis integrates into a uni#orm
met&odoog' t&e reevant in#ormation about #aciit' design,operating practices, operating &istor', component reiabiit',
&uman actions, t&e p&'sica progression o# accidents, and
potentia environmenta and &eat& e##ects, usua' ver'
reaistic(
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7. DE3INITIONS
Re*ati'e !isk/ &e comparative risk o# a #aciit', process unit,
s'stem, e%uipment item or component to ot&er #aciities,
process units, s'stems, e%uipment items or components,
respective'(
Resid(a* !isk/ &e risk remaining a#ter risk mitigation(
Risk/ /ombination o# t&e probabiit' o# an event and its
conse%uence(
Risk acceptance/ A decision to accept a risk(
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7. DE3INITIONS
Risk assess%ent/ 6vera process o# risk ana'sis and risk
evauation
Risk Based inspection/ A risk assessment and
management process t&at is #ocused on oss o# containment
o# pressuri@ed e%uipment in processing #aciities, due tomateria deterioration( &ese risks are managed primari'
t&roug& e%uipment inspection(
Risk cont!o*/ Actions impementing risk management
decisions(
Risk !ed(ction/ Actions taken to reduce t&e probabiit',
negative conse%uences, or bot& associated it& a particuar
risk(
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7. DE3INITIONS
Risk identi"ication/ Process to #ind, ist, and c&aracteri@e
eements o# risk( 9ements ma' incudeC source, event,
conse%uence, probabiit'(
Risk %ana&e%ent/ /oordinated activities to direct and
contro an organi@ation it& regard to risk( Risk managementt'pica' incudes risk assessment, risk mitigation and risk
acceptance(
Risk %iti&ation/ Process o# seection and impementation o#
measures to modi#' risk(
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5. BASIC CONCEPTS
;AT IS RISK< Risk is somet&ing t&at e as individuas ive it& on a da' to
da' basis(
noing' or unknoing', peope are constant' making
decisions based on risk( <impe decisions suc& as driving to
ork or aking across a bus' street invove risk(
4ore important decisions suc& as bu'ing a &ouse, investing
mone' and getting married a imp' an acceptance o# risk(
Risk is t&e combination o# t&e probabiit' o# some event
occurring during a time period o# interest and t&econse%uences associated it& t&e event(
In mat&ematica terms, risk can be cacuated b' t&e e%uation)
Risk E Probabiit' $ /onse%uence
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5. BASIC CONCEPTS
RISK ANA6EENT AND RISK REDUCTION
Risk reduction is on' part o# risk management(
Risk reduction is t&e act o# mitigating a knon risk to a oer
eve o# risk( Risk management is a process to assess risks, to determine i#
risk reduction is re%uired and to deveop a pan to maintain
risks at an acceptabe eve(
B' using risk management, some risks ma' be identi#ied as
acceptabe so t&at no risk reduction !mitigation" is re%uired(
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5. BASIC CONCEPTS
TE AD=ANCEENT O3 INSPECTION INTER=AS
In process pants, inspection and testing programs are
estabis&ed to detect and evauate deterioration due to in-
service operation(
&e e##ectiveness o# inspection programs varies ide'(
6ne e$treme o# t&is oud be t&e Fdont #i$ it uness its brokenG
approac&( &e ot&er e$treme oud be compete inspection o#
a e%uipment items on a #re%uent basis(
ime-based or Fcaendar basedG intervas approac&
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5. BASIC CONCEPTS
TE AD=ANCEENT O3 INSPECTION INTER=AS
*it& advances in inspection approac&es, and betterunderstanding o# t&e t'pe and rate o# deterioration, inspectionintervas became more dependent on t&e e%uipment condition,
rat&er t&an &at mig&t &ave been an random caendar date( /odes and standards suc& as API 5 10, 50 and 5 evoved
to an inspection p&iosop&' it& eements suc& as)
a" Inspection intervas based on some percentage o# e%uipment i#e!suc& as &a# i#e"(
b" 6n-stream inspection in ieu o# interna inspection based on odeterioration rates(
c" Interna inspection re%uirements #or deterioration mec&anismsreated to process environment induced cracking(
d" /onse%uence based inspection intervas
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5. BASIC CONCEPTS
TE AD=ANCEENT O3 INSPECTION INTER=AS
RBI represents t&e ne$t generation o# inspection approac&es
recogni@ing t&at t&e utimate goa o# inspection is t&e sa#et'
and reiabiit' o# operating #aciities(
RBI, as a risk-based approac&, #ocuses attention speci#ica'
on t&e e%uipment and associated deterioration mec&anisms
representing t&e most risk to t&e #aciit'(
RBI provides a better inkage beteen t&e mec&anisms t&at
ead to e%uipment #aiure and t&e inspection approac&es t&ati e##ective' reduce t&e associated risks(
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5. BASIC CONCEPTS
INSPECTION OPTII>ATION
In RBI eac& avaiabe inspection met&od can be ana'@ed and
its reative e##ectiveness(
In vie o# t&is in#ormation and t&e cost o# eac& Inspection
met&od, an optimi@ation program can be deveoped to assess
t&e risk associated it& eac& item o# e%uipment and t&e most
appropriate inspection tec&ni%ues #or t&at piece o# e%uipment(
A conceptua resut o# t&is met&odoog' is iustrated b' t&e
oer curve in igure 1 in ne$t side( &e oer curve indicatest&at it& t&e appication o# an e##ective RBI program(
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5. BASIC CONCEPTS
INSPECTION OPTII>ATION
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5. BASIC CONCEPTS
REATI=E RISK =S. ABSOUTE RISK
&e compe$it' o# risk cacuations is a #unction o# t&e number
o# #actors t&at can a##ect t&e risk(
4an' variabes are invoved it& oss o# containment in
&'drocarbon and c&emica #aciities and t&e determination o#
absoute risk is o#ten not cost e##ective(
RBI is #ocused on a s'stematic determination o# reative risks(
In t&is a', #aciities, units, s'stems, e%uipment or
components can be ranked based on reative risk( &is servesto #ocus t&e risk management e##orts on t&e &ig&er ranked
risks(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
CONSE:UENCE AND PROBABIIT@ 3OR RISK BASED
INSPECTION
&e ob?ective o# RBI is to determine &at incident coud occur
!conse%uence" in t&e event o# an e%uipment #aiure, and &o
ike' !probabiit'" is it t&at t&e incident coud &appen(
or e$ampe, i# a pressure vesse sub?ect to deterioration #rom
corrosion under insuation deveops a eak, a variet' o#
conse%uences coud occur( <ome o# t&e possibe
conse%uences are)
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
a" orm a vapor coud t&at coud ignite causing in?ur' and
e%uipment damage(
b" Reease o# a to$ic c&emica t&at coud cause &eat& probems(
c" Resut in a spi and cause environmenta deterioration(
d" orce a unit s&utdon and &ave an adverse economic
impact(
e" +ave minima sa#et', &eat&, environmenta and:or economicimpact(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
/ombining t&e probabiit' o# one or more o# t&ese events it&
its conse%uences i determine t&e risk to t&e operation(
<ome #aiures ma' occur reative' #re%uent' it&out
signi#icant adverse sa#et', environmenta or economic impacts(
<imiar', some #aiures &ave potentia' serious
conse%uences, but i# t&e probabiit' o# t&e incident is o, t&en
t&e risk ma' not arrant immediate action(
+oever, i# t&e probabiit' and conse%uence combination !risk"
is &ig& enoug& to be unacceptabe, t&en a mitigation action topredict or prevent t&e event is recommended(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
7nderstanding t&e to-dimensiona aspect o# risk aos ne
insig&t into t&e use o# risk #or inspection prioriti@ation and
panning(
igure 2 dispa's t&e risk associated it& t&e operation o# a
number o# e%uipment items in a process pant(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
T@PES O3 RBI ASSESSENT
.arious t'pes o# RBI assessment ma' be conducted at
severa eves( &e c&oice o# approac& is dependent on
mutipe variabes suc& as)
a" 6b?ective o# t&e stud'(
b" =umber o# #aciities and e%uipment items to stud'(
c" Avaiabe resources(
d" <tud' time #rame(
e" /ompe$it' o# #aciities and processes(
#" =ature and %uait' o# avaiabe data
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
T@PES O3 RBI ASSESSENT
uaitative Approac&
uantitative Approac&
<emi uantitative Approac&
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
:(a*itati'e App!oac$
&is approac& using engineering ?udgment and e$perience
#or t&e ana'sis o# probabiit' and conse%uence o# #aiure(
Resuts are t'pica' given in %uaitative terms suc& as &ig&,
medium and o, at&oug& numerica vaues ma' be
associated it& t&ese categories(
&e accurac' o# resuts #rom a %uaitative ana'sis is
dependent on t&e background and e$pertise o# t&e ana'sts(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
:(antitati'e App!oac$
uantitative risk ana'sis integrates into a uni#orm
met&odoog' t&e reevant in#ormation about #aciit' design,
operating practices, operating &istor', component reiabiit',
&uman actions, t&e p&'sica progression o# accidents, andpotentia environmenta and &eat& e##ects(
uantitative risk ana'sis uses ogic modes representing
combinations o# events t&at coud resut in severe accidents
and p&'sica modes representing t&e progression o#
accidents(
Resuts using t&is approac& are t'pica' presented as risk
numbers(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
Se%i :(antitati'e App!oac$
<emi-%uantitative is a term t&at describes an' approac& t&at
&as aspects derived #rom bot& t&e %uaitative and %uantitative
approac&es(
It is geared to obtain t&e ma?or bene#its o# t&e previous to
approac&es !e(g( speed o# t&e %uaitative and rigor o# t&e
%uantitative"(
'pica', most o# t&e data used in a %uantitative approac& is
needed #or t&is approac& but in ess detai(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
Contin((% o" App!oac$es
RBI stud' t'pica' uses aspects o# %uaitative, %uantitative
and semi-%uantitative approac&es(
&ese RBI approac&es are not considered as competing but
rat&er as compementar'( or e$ampe)
A &ig& eve %uaitative approac& coud be used at a unit eve
to #ind t&e unit it&in a #aciit' t&at provides t&e &ig&est risk(
<'stems and e%uipment it&in t&e unit t&en ma' be screened
using a %uaitative approac& it& a more %uantitative approac&used #or t&e &ig&er risk items(
igure iustrates t&is continuum concept(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED
INSPECTION
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISKBSSED
INSPECTION
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3;
?. INTRODUCITION TO RISKBSSED
INSPECTION
:(antitati'e Risk Assess%ent :RA
&e traditiona RA is genera' comprised o# #ive tasks)
a" <'stems identi#ication(b" +a@ards identi#ication(
c" Probabiit' assessment(
d" /onse%uence ana'sis(
e" Risk resuts(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISKBSSED
INSPECTION
UNDERSTANDIN6 O; RBI CAN EP TO ANA6EOPERATIN6 RISKS
In per#orming a RBI assessment, t&e susceptibiit' o#e%uipment to deterioration b' one or more mec&anisms !e(g(corrosion, #atigue and cracking" is estabis&ed(
&e suitabiit' and current condition o# t&e e%uipment it&int&e current operating enveope i determine t&e probabiit'o# #aiure !P6" o# t&e e%uipment #rom one or moredeterioration mec&anisms(
&is probabiit', &en couped it& t&e associated
conse%uence o# #aiure !/6" i determine t&e operatingrisk associated it& t&e e%uipment item(
And t&ere#ore t&e need #or mitigation, i# an', suc& asinspection, metaurg' c&ange or c&ange in operatingconditions(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISKBSSED
INSPECTION
ANA6EENT O3 RISKS
Risk ana&e%ent T$!o(&$ Inspection
At&oug& inspection does not reduce risk direct', it is a risk
management activit' t&at ma' ead to risk reduction(
In-service inspection is primari' concerned it& t&e detection
and monitoring o# deterioration(
&e probabiit' o# #aiure due to suc& deterioration is a #unction
o# #our #actors)
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISKBSSED
INSPECTION
a" Deterioration t'pe and mec&anism(
b" Rate o# deterioration(
c" Probabiit' o# identi#'ing and detecting deterioration and
predicting #uture deterioration states it& inspection
tec&ni%ue(
d" oerance o# t&e e%uipment to t&e t'pe o# deterioration(
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?. INTRODUCITION TO RISKBSSED
INSPECTION
Usin& RBI to Esta-*is$ Inspection P*ans and P!io!ities
&e primar' product o# a RBI e##ort s&oud be an inspection
pan #or eac& e%uipment item evauated(
&e inspection pan s&oud detai t&e unmitigated risk reated to
t&e current operation(
or t&ose e%uipment items &ere inspection is a cost-e##ective
means o# risk management, t&e pans s&oud describe t&e t'pe,
scope and timing o# inspection : e$amination recommended(
Ranking o# t&e e%uipment b' t&e unmitigated risk eve aosusers to assign priorities to t&e various inspection : e$amination
tasks(
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53
. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
6ETTIN6 STARTED
A RBI assessment is a team-based process( At t&e beginning
o# t&e e$ercise, it is important to de#ine)
*&' t&e assessment is being done(
+o t&e RBI assessment i be carried out(
*&at knoedge and skis are re%uired #or t&e assessment(
*&o is on t&e RBI team(
*&at are t&eir roes in t&e RBI process(
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
*&o is responsibe and accountabe #or &at actions(
*&ic& #aciities, assets, and components i be incuded(
*&at data is to be used in t&e assessment(
*&at codes and standards are appicabe(
*&en t&e assessment i be competed(
+o ong t&e assessment i remain in e##ect and &en it i
be updated(
+o t&e resuts i be used(
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
ESTABISIN6 OBECTI=ES AND 6OAS O3 A RBI
ASSESSENT
A RBI assessment s&oud be undertaken it& cear ob?ectives and
goas t&at are #u' understood b' a members o# t&e RBI team and
b' management( <ome e$ampes are isted beo)
1. Unde!stand Risks
2. De"ine Risk C!ite!ia
. ana&e%ent o" Risks
7. Red(ce Costs
5. eet Sa"et# and En'i!on%enta* ana&e%ent Re+(i!e%ents
?. So!t iti&ation A*te!nati'es
. Ne, P!oect Risk Assess%ent
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
INITIA SCREENIN6
Esta-*is$ P$#sica* Bo(nda!ies o" a RBI Assess%ent
&e scope o# a RBI assessment ma' var' beteen an entire
re#iner' or pant and a singe component it&in a singe
piece o# e%uipment(
'pica', RBI is done on mutipe pieces o# e%uipment !e(g(
an entire process unit" rat&er t&an on a singe component(
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
3aci*ities Sc!eenin&
At t&e #aciit' eve, RBI ma' be appied to a t'pes o# pants
incuding but not imited to)
a( 6i and gas production #aciities(
b( 6i and gas processing and transportation terminas(c( Re#ineries(
d( Petroc&emica and c&emica pants(
e( Pipeines and pipeine stations(
#( >= pants(
<creening at t&e #aciit' eve ma' be done b' a simpi#ied
%uaitative RBI assessment(
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5;
. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
P!ocess Units Sc!eenin&
I# t&e scope o# t&e RBI assessment is a muti-unit #aciit',t&en t&e nest step in t&e appication o# RBI is screening o#entire process units to rank reative risk(
Priorities ma' be assigned based on one o# t&e #ooing)
a" Reative risk o# t&e process units(
b" Reative economic impact o# t&e process units(
c" Reative /6 o# t&e process units(
d" Reative reiabiit' o# t&e process units(
e" urnaround sc&edue(
#" 9$perience it& simiar process units(
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
S#ste%s ,it$in P!ocess Units Sc!eenin&
It is o#ten use#u to group e%uipment it&in a process unit into
s'stems or circuits &ere common environmenta operating
conditions e$ist based on process c&emistr', pressure and
temperature, metaurg', e%uipment design and operating&istor'(
B' dividing a process unit into s'stems, t&e e%uipment can be
screened toget&er saving time compared to treating eac&
piece o# e%uipment separate'(
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
E+(ip%ent Ite% Sc!eenin&
In most pants, a arge percentage o# t&e tota unit risk i be
concentrated in a reative' sma percentage o# t&e e%uipment
items(
Potentia &ig&-risk items s&oud receive greater attention in t&e
risk assessment(
<creening o# e%uipment items is o#ten conducted to identi#'
t&e &ig&er risk items to carr' #orard to more detaied risk
assessment(
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A RBI assessment ma' be appied to a pressure containing
e%uipment suc& as)
a" Piping(
b" Pressure vesses(c" Reactors(
d" +eat e$c&angers(
e" urnaces(
#" anks(
g" Pumps !pressure boundar'"(&" /ompressors !pressure boundar'"(
i" Pressure reie# devices(
?" /ontro vaves !pressure boundar'"(
. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
ESTABIS OPERATIN6 BOUNDARIES
&e purpose o# estabis&ing operationa boundaries is to
identi#' ke' process parameters t&at ma' impact
deterioration(
&e RBI assessment norma' incudes revie o# bot& P6
and /6 #or norma operating conditions(
<tart-up and s&ut-don conditions as e as emergenc' and
non-routine conditions s&oud aso be revieed #or t&eir
potentia e##ect on P6 and /6(
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
SEECTIN6 A T@PE O3 RBI ASSESSENT<eection o# t&e t'pe o# RBI assessment i be dependent on
a variet' o# #actors, suc& as)
a" Is t&e assessment at a #aciit', process unit, s'stem,
e%uipment item or component eve(
b" 6b?ective o# t&e assessment
c" Avaiabiit' and %uait' o# data(
d" Resource avaiabiit'(
e" Apparent or previous' evauated risks(
#" ime constraints(
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
ESTIATIN6 RESOURCES AND TIE RE:UIRED
&e resources and time re%uired to impement a RBI
assessment depends on a number o# #actors incuding)
a" Impementation strateg' : pans(
b" noedge and training o# impementers(
c" Avaiabiit' and %uait' o# necessar' data and in#ormation(
d" Avaiabiit' and cost o# resources needed #or impementation(
e" Amount o# e%uipment incuded in eac& eve o# RBI ana'sis(
#" Degree o# compe$it' o# RBI ana'sis seected(
g" Degree o# accurac' re%uired(
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. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT
&e estimate o# scope and cost invoved in competing a RBI
assessment mig&t incude t&e #ooing)
1( =umber o# #aciities, units, e%uipment items, and components to
be evauated(
2( ime and resources re%uired to gat&er data #or t&e items to be
evauated(
( raining time #or impementers(
3( ime and resources re%uired #or RBI assessment o# data and
in#ormation(
5( ime and resources to evauate RBI assessment resuts and
deveop inspection, maintenance, and mitigation pans(
F O O CO C O
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8. DATA F IN3ORATION COECTION
3OR RBI ASSESSENT
RBI DATA NEEDS
'pica data needed #or a RBI ana'sis ma' incude but is not
imited to)
'pe o# e%uipment(
4aterias o# construction(
Inspection, repair and repacement records(
Process #uid compositions(
Inventor' o# #uids(
6perating conditions(
8 DATA F IN3ORATION COECTION
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8. DATA F IN3ORATION COECTION
3OR RBI ASSESSENT
RBI DATA NEEDS
<a#et' s'stems(
Detection s'stems(
Deterioration mec&anisms, rates and severit'(
Personne densities(
/oating, cadding and insuation data(
Business interruption cost(
9%uipment repacement costs( 9nvironmenta remediation costs(
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8. DATA F IN3ORATION COECTION
3OR RBI ASSESSENT
DATA :UAIT@
&e data %uait' &as a direct reation to t&e reative accurac'
o# t&e RBI ana'sis(
It is bene#icia to t&e integrit' o# a RBI ana'sis to assure t&at
t&e data are up to date and vaidated b' knoedgeabe
persons(
8 DATA F IN3ORATION COECTION
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8. DATA F IN3ORATION COECTION
3OR RBI ASSESSENT
SOURCES O3 SITE SPECI3IC DATA AND IN3ORATION<peci#ic potentia sources o# in#ormation incude but are notimited to)
a" Design and /onstruction Records:Draings
b" Inspection Recordsc" Process Data(
d" 4anagement o# c&ange !46/" records(
e" 6##-<ite data and in#ormation-i# conse%uence ma' a##ect o##-site
areas(#" aiure data(
g" <ite conditions(
&" 9%uipment repacement /ost(
G DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
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G. DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
ODES
INTRODUCTION
Identi#ication o# t&e appropriate deterioration mec&anisms,
susceptibiities and #aiure modes in a RBI stud' is essentia to
t&e e##ectiveness o# t&e RBI evauation(
A metaurgist or corrosion speciaist s&oud be consuted tode#ine t&e e%uipment deterioration mec&anisms, susceptibiit'
and potentia #aiure modes(
&e deterioration mec&anisms, rates and susceptibiities are
t&e primar' inputs into t&e probabiit' o# #aiure evauation(
G DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
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G. DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
ODES
3AIURE AND 3AIURE ODES 3OR RISKBASED
INSPECTION
&e term #aiure can be de#ined as termination o# t&e abiit' to
per#orm a re%uired #unction(
RBI is concerned it& one t'pe o# #aiure, name' oss o#containment caused b' deterioration(
&e term #aiure mode is de#ined as t&e manner o# #aiure(
aiure modes can range #rom a sma &oe to a compete
rupture(
G DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
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G. DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
ODES
DETERIORATION ECANISS
&e term deterioration mec&anism is de#ined as t&e t'pe o#
deterioration t&at coud ead to a oss o# containment( &ere
are #our ma?or deterioration mec&anisms observed in t&e
&'drocarbon and c&emica process industr')a" &inning !incudes interna and e$terna"(
b" <tress corrosion cracking(
c" 4etaurgica and environmenta(
d" 4ec&anica(
G DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
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G. DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
ODES
Appendi$ A provides tabes describing t&e individua
deterioration mec&anisms covered b' t&ese #our categories,
t&e ke' variabes driving deterioration, and t'pica process
industr' e$ampes o# &ere t&e' ma' occur(
&ese tabes cover most o# t&e common deteriorationmec&anisms( 6t&er deterioration t'pes and mec&anisms ma'
occur in speci#ic &'drocarbon and c&emica processing
appicationsC &oever, t&ese are reative' in#re%uent(
G DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
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G. DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE
ODES
OTER 3AIURES
RBI coud be e$panded to incude #aiures ot&er t&an oss o#
containment( 9$ampes o# ot&er #aiures and #aiure modes
are)
a" Pressure reie# device #aiure - pugging, #ouing, noactivation(
b" +eat e$c&anger bunde #aiure - tube eak, pugging(
c" Interna inings -&oe, disbandment(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
INTRODUCTION TO PROBABIIT@ ANA@SIS
&e probabiit' o# #aiure ana'sis s&oud address a
deterioration mec&anisms to &ic& t&e e%uipment being studied
is susceptibe(
It s&oud address t&e situation &ere e%uipment is susceptibeto mutipe deterioration mec&anisms !e(g( t&inning and creep"(
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It s&oud be noted t&at deterioration mec&anisms are not t&eon' causes o# oss o# containment( 6t&er causes o# oss o#
containment coud incude but are not imited to)
a" *eat&er e$tremes(
b" <eismic activit'(
c" 6verpressure due to pressure reie# device #aiure(d" 6perator error(
e" Inadvertent substitution o# materias o# construction(
#" Design error(
g" <abotage(&ese and ot&er causes o# oss o# containment ma' &ave an
impact on t&e probabiit' o# #aiure and ma' be incuded in t&e
probabiit' o# #aiure ana'sis(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
UNITS O3 EASURE IN TE PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
ANA@SIS
Probabiit' o# #aiure is t'pica' e$pressed in terms o#
#re%uenc'(
re%uenc' is e$pressed as a number o# events occurringduring a speci#ic time #rame( or probabiit' ana'sis, t&e time
#rame is t'pica' e$pressed as a #i$ed interva !e(g( one 'ear"
or a %uaitative ana'sis, t&e probabiit' o# #aiure ma' be
categori@ed !e(g( &ig&, medium and o, or 1 t&roug& 5).
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
T@PES O3 PROBABIIT@ ANA@SIS
Di##erent approac&es to t&e determination o# probabiit'(
uaitativeG or F%uantitative(
uaitativeG and F%uantitativeG are t&e end points o# acontinuum rat&er t&an distinctive approac&es. 4ost probabiit'
assessments use a bend o# %uaitative and %uantitative
approac&es(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
:(a*itati'e P!o-a-i*it# o" 3ai*(!e Ana*#sis
A %uaitative met&od invoves identi#ication o# t&e units,
s'stems or e%uipment, t&e materias o# construction and t&e
corrosive components o# t&e processes(
6n t&e basis o# t&e operating &istor', #uture inspection andmaintenance pans and possibe materias deterioration,
probabiit' o# #aiure can be assessed(
9ngineering ?udgment is t&e basis #or t&is assessment(
Depending on t&e met&odoog' empo'ed, t&e categories ma'be described it& ords !suc& as &ig&, medium or o" or
ma' &ave numerica vaue(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
:(antitati'e P!o-a-i*it# o" 3ai*(!e Ana*#sis
&ere are severa approac&es to a %uantitative probabiit'
ana'sis(
6ne e$ampe is to take a probabiistic approac& &ere speci#ic
#aiure data or e$pert soicitations are used to cacuate aprobabiit' o# #aiure(
&ese #aiure data ma' be obtained on t&e speci#ic e%uipment
item in %uestion or on simiar e%uipment items(
6t&er approac&, in t&is case, genera industr', compan' ormanu#acturer #aiure data are used( A met&odoog' s&oud be
appied to assess t&e appicabiit' o# t&ese genera data(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
DETERINATION O3 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
Regardess o# &et&er a more %uaitative or a %uantitative
ana'sis is used, t&e probabiit' o# #aiure is determined b' to
main considerations)
a" Deterioration mec&anisms and rates o# t&e e%uipment
items materia o# construction, resuting #rom its operating
environment !interna and e$terna"(
a" 9##ectiveness o# t&e inspection program to identi#' and
monitor t&e deterioration mec&anisms so t&at t&e
e%uipment can be repaired or repaced prior to #aiure(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
Ana'@ing t&e e##ect o# in service deterioration and inspection
on t&e probabiit' o# #aiure invoves t&e #ooing steps)
a" Identi#' active and ike' deterioration mec&anisms t&at are
reasonab' e$pected to occur during t&e time period being
considered(b" Determine t&e deterioration susceptibiit' and rate(
c" uanti#' t&e e##ectiveness o# t&e past inspection and
maintenance program and a proposed #uture inspection and
maintenance program(
d" &e #aiure mode !e(g( sma eak, arge eak, e%uipment
rupture" s&oud aso be determined based on t&e deterioration
mec&anism(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
Dete!%ine 3ai*(!e ode
It is important to ink t&e deterioration mec&anism to t&e mostike' resuting #aiure mode( or e$ampe)
a Pittin& &ene!a**# *eads to s%a** $o*esi9ed *eaks.- St!ess co!!osion c!ackin& can de'e*op into s%a**) t$!o(&$
,a** c!acks o!) in so%e cases) catast!op$ic !(pt(!e.
c eta**(!&ica* dete!io!ation and %ec$anica* dete!io!ation can*ead to "ai*(!e %odes t$at 'a!# "!o% s%a** $o*es to !(pt(!es.
d 6ene!a* t$innin& "!o% co!!osion o"ten *eads to *a!&e! *eaks o!
!(pt(!e.
aiure mode primari' a##ects t&e magnitude o# t&econse%uences(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
:(anti"# E""ecti'eness o" Past Inspection
Inspection programs var' in t&eir e##ectiveness #or ocating and
si@ing deterioration, and t&us #or determining deterioration
rates(
&e inspection program s&oud be evauated to determine t&ee##ectiveness in #inding t&e identi#ied mec&anisms(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
>imitations in t&e e##ectiveness o# an inspection program coudbe due to)
a" >ack o# coverage o# an area sub?ect to deterioration(
b" In&erent imitations o# some inspection met&ods to detect and
%uanti#' certain t'pes o# deterioration(c" <eection o# inappropriate inspection met&ods and toos(
d" Appication o# met&ods and toos b' inade%uate' trainedinspection personne(
e" Inade%uate inspection procedures(#" Deterioration rate under some e$tremes o# conditions is so
&ig& t&at #aiure can occur it&in a ver' s&ort time( 9vent&oug& no deterioration is #ound during an inspection(
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
Determination o# inspection e##ectiveness s&oud consider t&e
#ooing)
1( 9%uipment t'pe(
2( Active and credibe deterioration mec&anism(
( Rate o# deterioration or susceptibiit'(
3( =D9 met&ods, coverage and #re%uenc'(
5( Accessibiit' to e$pected deterioration areas(
&e e##ectiveness o# #uture inspections can be optimi@ed b'utii@ation o# =D9 met&ods better suited #or t&e active : credibe
deterioration mec&anisms(
SS SS 6 O O
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10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE
Ca*c(*ate t$e P!o-a-i*it# o" 3ai*(!e -# Dete!io!ation T#pe
B' combining t&e e$pected deterioration mec&anism, rate or
susceptibiit', inspection data and inspection e##ectiveness, a
probabiit' o# #aiure can no be determined #or eac&
deterioration t'pe and #aiure mode( &e probabiit' o# #aiure ma' be determined #or #uture time
periods or conditions as e as current(
It is important #or user to vaidate t&at t&e met&od used to
cacuate t&e P6 is in #act t&oroug& and ade%uate #or t&e user
needs(
11. ASSESSIN6 CONSE:UENCES O3
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3AIURE
Assessin& Conse+(ences o" 3ai*(!e
INTRODUCTION TO CONSE:UENCE ANA@SIS
&e conse%uence ana'sis in a RBI program is per#ormed to
provide discrimination beteen e%uipment items on t&e basis
o# t&e signi#icance o# a potentia #aiure(
&e conse%uence ana'sis is an aid in estabis&ing a reative
risk ranking o# e%uipment items(
&e conse%uence ana'sis s&oud be a repeatabe, simpi#ied,
credibe estimate o# &at mig&t be e$pected to &appen i# a#aiure ere to occur in t&e e%uipment item being assessed(
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11. ASSESSIN6 CONSE:UENCES O3
3AIURE
oss o" Contain%ent
&e conse%uence e##ects #or oss o# containment can be
genera' considered to be in t&e #ooing categories)
a" <a#et' and &eat& impact(
b" 9nvironmenta impact(
c" Production osses(
d" 4aintenance and reconstruction costs(
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T@PES O3 CONSE:UENCE ANA@SIS
:(a*itati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis
:(antitati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis
Se%i :(antitati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis
11. ASSESSIN6 CONSE:UENCES O3
3AIURE
11. ASSESSIN6 CONSE:UENCES O3
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3AIURE
:(a*itati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis
A %uaitative met&od invoves identi#ication o# t&e units,
s'stems or e%uipment, and t&e &a@ards present as a resut o#
operating conditions and process #uids(
&e conse%uences o# #aiure can be estimated separate' #oreac& unit, s'stem, e%uipment group or individua e%uipment
item(
or a %uaitative met&od, a conse%uences categor' !suc& as
HA t&roug& F9G or F&ig&G, FmediumG or FoG" is t'pica'
assigned #or eac& unit, s'stem, grouping or e%uipment item(
It ma' be appropriate to associate a numerica vaue, suc& as
cost it& eac& conse%uence categor'(
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:
3AIURE
:(antitati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis
A %uantitative met&od invoves using a ogic mode describing
combinations o# events to represent t&e e##ects o# #aiure on
peope, propert', t&e business and t&e environment(
uantitative modes usua' contain one or more standard#aiure scenarios or outcomes and cacuate conse%uence o#
#aiure based on)
a" 'pe o# process #uid in e%uipment(
b" <tate o# t&e process #uid inside t&e e%uipment !soid, i%uid
or gas"(
c" e' properties o# process #uid !moecuar eig&t, boiing
point, auto ignition temperature, ignition energ', densit',
etc("(
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:
3AIURE
d" Process operating variabes suc& as temperature and
pressure(
e" 4ass o# inventor' avaiabe #or reease in t&e event o# a
eak(
#" aiure mode and resuting eak si@e(
g" <tate o# #uid a#ter reease in ambient conditions !soid,
gas or i%uid"(
Resuts o# a %uantitative ana'sis are usua' numeric(
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3AIURE
UNITS O3 EASURE IN CONSE:UENCE ANA@SIS
&e #ooing provide some units o# measure o# conse%uencet&at can be used in a RBI assessment(
Sa"et#
<a#et' conse%uences are o#ten e$pressed as a numerica vaueor c&aracteri@ed b' a conse%uence categor' associated it&t&e severit' o# potentia in?uries t&at ma' resut #rom anundesirabe event(
or e$ampe, sa#et' conse%uences coud be e$pressed based
on t&e severit' o# an in?ur' !e(g( #atait', serious in?ur', medicatreatment, #irst aid"
6r e$pressed as a categor' inked to t&e in?ur' severit' !e(g(, At&roug& 9"(
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3AIURE
Cost
/ost is common' used as an indicator o# potentia
conse%uences( 'pica conse%uences t&at can be e$pressed in
FcostG incude)
a" Production oss due to rate reduction or dontime(
b" Depo'ment o# emergenc' response e%uipment and personne(
c" >ost product #rom a reease(
d" Degradation o# product %uait'(
e" Repacement or repair o# damaged e%uipment(
#" Propert' damage o##site(
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3AIURE
g" <pi : reease ceanup onsite or o##site(
&" Business interruption costs !ost pro#its"(
i" >oss o# market s&are(
?" In?uries or #ataities(
k" >and recamation(
" >itigation(
m" ines(
n" oodi(&e above ist is reasonab' compre&ensive, but in practicesome o# t&ese costs are neit&er practica nor necessar' to usein a RBI assessment(
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3AIURE
A""ected A!ea
A##ected area is aso used to describe potentia conse%uences
in t&e #ied o# risk assessment(
As its name impies, a##ected area represents t&e amount o#
sur#ace area t&at e$periences an e##ect !to$ic dose, t&ermaradiation, e$posion overpressure, etc("
In order to rank conse%uences according to a##ected area, it is
t'pica' assumed t&at e%uipment or personne at risk are
even' distributed t&roug&out t&e unit(
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3AIURE
En'i!on%enta* Da%a&e
9nvironmenta conse%uence measures are t&e east deveoped
among t&ose current' used #or RBI( 'pica parameters used
t&at provide an indirect measure o# t&e degree o#
environmenta damage are)a" Acres o# and a##ected(
b" 4ies o# s&oreine a##ected(
c" =umber o# bioogica or &uman-use resources consumed(
&e representation o# environmenta damage amost invariab'
eads to t&e use o# cost, in terms o# doars per 'ear, #or t&e
oss and restoration o# environmenta resources(
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3AIURE
=OUE O3 3UID REEASED
A ke' eement in determining t&e magnitude o# t&e
conse%uence is t&e voume o# #uid reeased(
&e voume reeased is t'pica' derived #rom a combination o#
t&e #ooing)
a" .oume o# #uid avaiabe #or reease - .oume o# #uid in t&e
piece o# e%uipment and connected e%uipment items(
b" aiure mode(
c" >eak rate(
d" Detection and isoation time(
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3AIURE
CONSE:UENCE E33ECTCATE6ORIES
&e #aiure o# t&e pressure
boundar' and subse%uent reease
o# #uids ma' cause sa#et', &eat&,environmenta, #aciit' and business
damage(
&e RBI ana'st s&oud consider
t&e nature o# t&e &a@ards and
assure t&at appropriate #actors areconsidered(
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3AIURE
3*a%%a-*e E'ents 3i!e and E4p*osion
ammabe events occur &en bot& a eak and ignition occurs(
ammabe events can cause damage in to a's) t&erma
radiation and bast overpressure(
4ost o# t&e damage #rom t&erma e##ects tends to occur at
cose range, but bast e##ects can cause damage over a arger
distance #rom t&e bast center(
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3AIURE
&e #ammabe events conse%uence is t'pica' derived #rom acombination o# t&e #ooing eements)
1( In&erent tendenc' to ignite(
2( .oume o# #uid reeased(( Abiit' to #as& to a vapor(
3( Possibiit' o# auto-ignition(
5( 9##ects o# &ig&er pressure or &ig&er temperature
operations(
( 9ngineered sa#eguards(
( Personne and e%uipment e$posed to damage(
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3AIURE
To4ic Re*eases
o$ic reeases, in RBI, are on' addressed &en t&e' a##ect
personne !site and pubic"(
&ese reeases can cause e##ects at greater distances t&an
#ammabe events(
&e RBI program t'pica' #ocuses on acute to$ic risks t&at
create an immediate danger, rat&er t&an c&ronic risks #rom o
eve e$posures(
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3AIURE
&e to$ic conse%uence is t'pica' derived #rom t&e #ooing9ements)
a" .oume o# #uid reeased and to$icit'(
b" Abiit' to disperse under t'pica process andenvironmenta conditions(
c" Detection and mitigation s'stems(
d" Popuation in t&e vicinit' o# t&e reease(
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3AIURE
En'i!on%enta* Conse+(ences
&e RBI program t'pica' #ocuses on acute and immediate
environmenta risks, rat&er t&an c&ronic risks #rom o-eve
emissions(
&e environmenta conse%uence is t'pica' derived #rom t&e#ooing eements)
a" .oume o# #uid reeased(
b" Abiit' to #as& to vapor(
c" >eak containment sa#eguards(
d" 9nvironmenta resources a##ected(
e" Reguator' conse%uence !e(g( citations #or vioations, #ires,
potentia s&utdon b' aut&orities"(
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3AIURE
>i%uid reeases ma' resut in contamination o# soi, groundater and : or open ater(
aseous reeases are e%ua' important but more di##icut to
assess since t&e conse%uence t'pica' reates to oca
reguator' constraints and t&e penat' #or e$ceeding t&ose
constraints(
&e conse%uences o# environmenta damage are best
understood b' cost( &e cost ma' be cacuated as #oos)
En'i!on%enta* Cost J Cost "o! c*ean(p 3ines Ot$e! costs
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3AIURE
&e ceanup cost i var' depending on man' #actors( <omeke' #actors are)
1( 'pe o# spi-above ground, beo ground, sur#ace ater
etc(2( 'pe o# i%uid(
( 4et&od o# ceanup(
3( .oume o# spi(
5( Accessibiit' at t&e spi ocation(
&e #ine component cost i depend on t&e reguations and
as o# t&e appicabe oca and #edera ?urisdictions(
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P!od(ction Conse+(ences
A simpe met&od #or estimating t&e business interruption
conse%uence is to use t&e e%uation)
B(siness Inte!!(ption J P!ocess Unit Dai*# =a*(e 4
Do,nti%e Da#s
&e 7nit Dai' .aue coud be on a revenue or pro#it basis(
&e dontime estimate oud represent t&e time re%uired to
get back into production(
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4ore e$act met&ods #or estimating business interruptionconse%uences ma' take into account #actors suc& as)
a" Abiit' to compensate #or damaged e%uipment !e(g( spare
e%uipment, rerouting, etc("(b" Potentia #or damage to nearb' e%uipment(
c" Potentia #or production oss to ot&er units(
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aintenance and Reconst!(ction I%pact
4aintenance and reconstruction impact represents t&e e##ort
re%uired to correct t&e #aiure and to #i$ or repace e%uipment
damaged in t&e subse%uent events !e(g( #ire, e$posion"(
&e maintenance and reconstruction impact s&oud beaccounted #or in t&e RBI program(
4aintenance impact i genera' be measured in monetar'
terms and t'pica' incudes)
a" Repairs(
b" 9%uipment repacement(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
PURPOSE
&is section describes t&e process o# determining risk b'
combining t&e resuts o# ork done as brie#ed in <ection ; and
10(
It aso provides guideines #or prioriti@ing and assessing t&eacceptabiit' o# risk it& respect to risk criteria(
&is ork process eads to creating and impementing a risk
management pan(
11. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
DETERINATION O3 RISK
Dete!%ination o" t$e P!o-a-i*it# o" a Speci"ic Conse+(ence
It is important to understand t&e inkage beteen t&e probabiit'
o# #aiure and t&e probabiit' o# possibe resuting incidents(
&e probabiit' o# a speci#ic conse%uence is tied to t&e severit'
o# t&e conse%uence and ma' var' signi#icant' #rom t&e
probabiit' o# t&e e%uipment #aiure itse#(
Probabiities o# incidents genera' decrease it& t&e severit' o#
t&e incident( or e$ampe, t&e probabiit' o# an event resuting ina #atait' i genera' be ess t&an t&e probabiit' t&at t&e event
i resut in a #irst aid or medica treatment in?ur'( It is important
to understand t&is reations&ip(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
Personne ine$perienced in risk assessment met&ods o#ten inkt&e probabiit' o# #aiure it& t&e most severe conse%uences
t&at can be envisioned(
An
e$treme e$ampe oud be couping t&e P6 o# a
deterioration mec&anism &ere t&e mode o# #aiure is a sma
&oe eak it& t&e conse%uence o# a ma?or #ire(
&is inkage oud ead to an over' conservative risk
assessment since a sma eak i rare' ead to a ma?or #ire(
or instance, t&e conse%uences e$pected #rom a sma eak
coud be ver' di##erent t&an t&e conse%uences e$pected #rom abritte #racture(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
Ca*c(*ate Risk
Re#erring back to t&e Risk e%uation)
Risk J P!o-a-i*it# 4 Conse+(ence
it is no possibe to cacuate t&e risk #or eac& speci#ic
conse%uence(
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AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
I# probabiit' and conse%uence are not e$pressed as numericavaues, risk is usua' determined b' potting t&e probabiit' and
conse%uence on a risk matri$(
*&en a risk matri$ is used, t&e probabiit' to be potted s&oudbe t&e probabiit' o# t&e associated conse%uence, not t&e
probabiit' o# #aiure(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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RISK ANA6EENT DECISIONS AND ACCEPTABEE=ES O3 RISK
Risk Acceptance
Risk-based inspection is a too to provide an ana'sis o# t&e
risks o# oss o# containment o# e%uipment(
4an' companies &ave corporate risk criteria de#ining
acceptabe and care#u eves o# sa#et', environmenta and
#inancia risks(
&ese risk criteria s&oud be used &en making risk-basedinspection decisions( Because eac& compan' ma' be di##erent
in terms o# acceptabe risk eves(
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AND ANA6EENT
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Usin& Risk Assess%ent in Inspection and aintenanceP*annin&
Part o# t&is panning process is t&e determination o# &at to
inspect, &o to inspect !tec&ni%ue", and t&e e$tent o# inspection
!coverage"(
Determining t&e risk o# process units, or individua process
e%uipment items #aciitates t&is, as t&e inspections are no
prioriti@ed based on t&e risk vaue(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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SENSITI=IT@ ANA@SIS
<ensitivit' ana'sis t'pica' invoves revieing some or a input
variabes to t&e risk cacuation to determine t&e overa
in#uence on t&e resutant risk vaue(
6nce t&is ana'sis &as been per#ormed, t&e user can see &ic&input variabes signi#icant' in#uence t&e risk vaue(
&ose ke' input variabes deserve t&e most #ocus or attention(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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ASSUPTIONS
Assumptions or estimates o# input vaues are o#ten used &en
conse%uence and or probabiit' o# #aiure data are not
avaiabe(
9ven &en data are knon to e$ist, conservative estimatesma' be utii@ed in an initia ana'sis pending input o# #uture
process or engineering modeing in#ormation, suc& as a
sensitivit' ana'sis(
Presenting over in#ated risk vaues ma' misead inspection
panners, management and insurers, and can create a ack o#credibiit' #or t&e user and t&e RBI process(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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RISK PRESENTATION
6nce risk vaues are deveoped, t&e' can t&en be presented in
a variet' o# a's to communicate t&e resuts o# t&e ana'sis to
decision-makers and inspection panners(
6ne goa o# t&e risk ana'sis is to communicate t&e resuts in acommon #ormat t&at a variet' o# peope can understand( 7sing
a risk matri$ or pot is &ep#u in accompis&ing t&is goa(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
Risk at!i4
Presenting t&e resuts in a risk matri$ is a ver' e##ective a' o#
communicating t&e distribution o# risks(
Di##erent si@es o# matrices ma' be used !e(g(, 5 $ 5, 3 $ 3,
etc("(
Regardess o# t&e matri$ seected, t&e conse%uence and
probabiit' categories s&oud provide su##icient discrimination
beteen t&e items assessed(
An e$ampe risk categori@ation !&ig&er, medium, oer" o# t&erisk matri$ is s&on in igure (
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
Risk P*ots
*&en more %uantitative conse%uence and probabiit' data are
being used, and &ere s&oing numeric risk vaues is more
meaning#u to t&e stake&oders, a risk pot is used(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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12
AND ANA6EENT
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
Usin& a Risk P*ot o! at!i4
9%uipment items residing toards t&e upper rig&t-&and corner
o# t&e pot or matri$ !in t&e e$ampes presented" i most ike'
take priorit' #or inspection panning because t&ese items &ave
t&e &ig&est risk(
<imiar', items residing toard t&e oer e#t-&and corner o# t&e
pot !or matri$" i tend to take oer priorit' because t&ese
items &ave t&e oest risk(
6nce t&e pots &ave been competed, t&e risk pot !or matri$"
can t&en be used as a screening too during t&e prioriti@ationprocess(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
ESTABISIN6 ACCEPTABE RISK TRESODS
Risk pots and matrices can be used to screen, and initia'
identi#' intermediate and oer risk e%uipment items(
&e e%uipment can aso be ranked !prioriti@ed" according to its
risk vaue in tabuar #orm(
t&res&od t&at divide t&e risk pot, matri$ or tabe into
acceptabe and unacceptabe regions o# risk can be deveoped(
Reduction o# some risks to an acceptabe eve ma' not be
practica due to tec&noog' and cost constraints( An H As >o As Reasonab' PracticaG !A>ARP" approac& to
risk management or ot&er risk management approac& ma' be
necessar' #or t&ese items(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
RISK ANA6EENT
Based on t&e ranking o# items and t&e risk t&res&od, t&e risk
management process begins(
or risks t&at are ?udged acceptabe, no mitigation ma' be
re%uired and no #urt&er action necessar'(
or risks considered unacceptabe and t&ere#ore re%uiring risk
mitigation(
12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT
AND ANA6EENT
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AND ANA6EENT
&ere are various mitigation categories t&at s&oud be considered)
a" Decommission) Is t&e e%uipment rea' necessar' to support
unit operationH
b" Inspection : condition monitoring) /an a cost-e##ective
inspection program, it& repair as indicated b' t&e inspectionresuts, be impemented t&at i reduce risks to an acceptabe
eveH
c" /onse%uence mitigation) /an actions be taken to essen t&e
conse%uences reated to an e%uipment #aiureH
d" Probabiit' mitigation) /an actions be taken to essen t&e
probabiit' o# #aiure suc& as metaurg' c&anges or e%uipment
redesignH
1. RISK ANA6EENT ;IT INSPECTION
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ANA6IN6 RISK B@ REDUCIN6 UNCERTAINT@TROU6INSPECTION
6bvious', inspection does not arrest or mitigate deterioration
mec&anisms( Inspection serves to identi#', monitor, and
measure t&e deterioration mec&anism !s"( Aso, it is invauabe
input in t&e prediction o# &en t&e deterioration i reac& a
critica point(
/orrect appication o# inspections i improve t&e users abiit'
to predict t&e deterioration mec&anisms and rates o#
deterioration (&e better t&e predictabiit', t&e ess uncertaint' t&ere i be as
to &en a #aiure ma' occur(
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Risk mitigation ac&ieved t&roug& inspection presumes t&at t&eorgani@ation i act on t&e resuts o# t&e inspection in a time'
manner(
Risk mitigation is not ac&ieved i# inspection data t&at are
gat&ered are not proper' ana'@ed and acted upon &ere
needed(
&e %uait' o# t&e inspection data and t&e ana'sis or
interpretation i great' a##ect t&e eve o# risk mitigation(
Proper inspection met&ods and data ana'sis toos are t&ere#ore
critica(
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1. RISK ANA6EENT ;IT INSPECTION
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IDENTI3@IN6 RISK ANA6EENT OPPORTUNITIES3RO RBI AND PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE RESUTS
6nce a RBI assessment &as been competed, t&e items it&&ig&er or unacceptabe risk s&oud be assessed #or potentiarisk management t&roug& inspection( *&et&er inspections i
be e##ective or not i depend on)a" 9%uipment t'pe(
b" Active and credibe deterioration mec&anism !s"(
c" Rate o# deterioration or susceptibiit'(
d" Inspection met&ods, coverage and #re%uenc'(
e" Accessibiit' to e$pected deterioration areas(
#" <&utdon re%uirements(
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ESTABISIN6 AN INSPECTION STRATE6@ BASED ON
RISK ASSESSENT
&e inspection strateg' s&oud be designed in con?unction it&ot&er mitigation pans(
7sers s&oud consider risk rank, risk drivers, item &istor',number and resuts o# inspections, t'pe and e##ectiveness o#inspections, e%uipment in simiar service and remaining i#e int&e deveopment o# t&eir inspection strateg'(
Inspection is on' e##ective i# t&e inspection tec&ni%ue c&osen issu##icient #or detecting t&e deterioration mec&anism and itsseverit'(
As an e$ampe, spot t&ickness readings on a piping circuit oudbe considered to &ave itte or no bene#it i# t&e deteriorationmec&anism resuts in unpredictabe ocai@ed corrosion
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&e eve o# risk reduction ac&ieved b' inspection i depend on)
a" 4ode o# #aiure o# t&e deterioration mec&anism(
b" ime interva beteen t&e onset o# deterioration and #aiure,
!i(e(, speed o# deterioration"(
c" Detection capabiit' o# inspection tec&ni%ue(
d" <cope o# inspection(
e" re%uenc' o# inspection(
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12.7 ANA6IN6 RISK ;IT INSPECTION ACTI=ITIES
RBI can be used to determine &en, &at and &o inspections
s&oud be conducted to 'ied an acceptabe #uture risk eve(
e' parameters and e$ampes t&at can a##ect t&e #uture risk
are)
a" re%uenc' o# inspection
b" /overage
c" oos and tec&ni%ues
d" Procedures and practices
e" Interna or e$terna inspection
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ANA6IN6 INSPECTION COSTS ;IT RBI
Resources can be appied or s&i#ted to t&ose areas identi#ied as
a &ig&er risk or targeted based on t&e strateg' seected(
/onsideration #or reduction o# inspection activities in t&ose
areas t&at &ave a oer risk or &ere t&e inspection activit' &asitte or no a##ect on t&e associated risks(
&is resuts in inspection resources being appied &ere t&e'
are needed most(
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1;
Anot&er opportunit' #or managing inspection costs is b'identi#'ing items in t&e inspection pan t&at can be inspected
non-intrusive' on-stream(
I# t&e non-intrusive inspection provides su##icient risk
management, t&en t&ere is a potentia #or a net savings based
on not &aving to bind, open, cean, and interna' inspect
during dontime(
I# t&e item considered is t&e main driver #or bringing an
operationa unit don, t&en t&e non-intrusive inspection ma'
contribute to increased uptime o# t&e unit(
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ACIE=IN6 O;EST I3E C@CE COSTS ;IT RBI
&e #ooing e$ampes can give a user ideas on &o to oer
i#e c'ce costs t&roug& RBI it& cost bene#it assessments(
a" RBI s&oud en&ance t&e prediction o# #aiures caused b'
deterioration mec&anisms( &is in turn s&oud give t&e user
con#idence to continue to operate e%uipment sa#e', coser tot&e predicted #aiure date( B' doing t&is, t&e e%uipment c'ce
time s&oud increase and i#e c'ce costs decrease(
b" urnaround and maintenance costs aso &ave an a##ect on t&e
i#e c'ce costs o# an e%uipment item( B' using t&e resuts o#
t&e RBI inspection pan to identi#' more accurate' &ere to
inspect and &at repairs and repacements to e$pect(
17. OTER RISK ITI6ATION ACTI=ITIES
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Ot$e! Risk iti&ation Acti'ities
6ENERA
Inspection ma' not aa's provide su##icient risk mitigation or
ma' not be t&e most cost e##ective met&od( &ere#ore t&ere
ma' be t&e need o# risk mitigation( &ese risk mitigationactivities #a into one or more o# t&e #ooing)
a" Reduce t&e magnitude o# conse%uence(
b" Reduce t&e probabiit' o# #aiure(
c" 9n&ance t&e survivabiit' o# t&e #aciit' and peope to t&e
conse%uence(d" 4itigate t&e primar' source o# conse%uence(
17. OTER RISK ITI6ATION ACTI=ITIES
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E+(ip%ent !ep*ace%ent and !epai!
E'a*(atin& "*a,s "o! "itness "o! se!'ice
E+(ip%ent %odi"ication) !edesi&n and !e!atin&
E%e!&enc# iso*ation
E%e!&enc# dep!ess(!i9in& de in'ento!#
odi"# p!ocess
Red(ce in'ento!#
17. OTER RISK ITI6ATION ACTI=ITIES
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OTERS
a" <pi detectors(
b" <team or air curtains(
c" ireproo#ing(
d" Instrumentation !interocks, s&ut-don s'stems, aarms, etc("(
e" .entiation o# buidings and encosed structures(
#" Piping redesign(
g" 4ec&anica #o restriction(
&" Ignition source contro(
17. OTER RISK ITI6ATION ACTI=ITIES
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i" Improved design standards( ?" Improvement in process sa#et' management program(
k" 9mergenc' evacuation(
" <&eters !sa#e &avens"(
m" o$ic scrubbers on buiding vents(n" <pi containment(
o" /ondition monitoring(
p" Improved training and procedures(
15. REASSESSENT F UPDATIN6 RBI
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RBI REASSESSENTS
RBI evauations are based on data and knoedge at t&e time
o# t&e assessment( As time goes b', c&anges are e$pected
and t&e resuts #rom t&e RBI assessment s&oud be updated(
It is important to maintain and update a RBI program toassure t&e most recent inspection, process, and maintenance
in#ormation is incuded(
&e resut o# inspections, c&anges in process conditions and
impementation o# maintenance practices can a &ave
signi#icant e##ects on risk and can trigger t&e need to per#orma reassessment(
15. REASSESSENT F UPDATIN6 RBI
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;@ CONDUCT A RBI REASSESSENT<
&ere are severa events t&at i c&ange risks and make it
cautious to conduct a RBI reassessment(
It is important t&at t&e #aciit' &ave an e##ective management
o# c&ange process t&at identi#ies &en a reassessment isnecessar'(
<ome ke' #actors t&at coud trigger a RBI reassessment)
15. REASSESSENT F UPDATIN6 RBI
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;EN TO CONDUCTA RBI REASSESSENT
A"te! Si&ni"icant C$an&es
<igni#icant c&anges in risk can occur #or a variet' o# reasons(
uai#ied personne s&oud evauate eac& signi#icant c&ange to
determine t&e potentia #or a c&ange in risk(
15. REASSESSENT F UPDATIN6 RBI
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A"te! a Set Ti%e Pe!iod
6ver time man' sma c&anges ma' occur and cumuative'
cause signi#icant c&anges in t&e RBI assessment( 7sers
s&oud set de#aut ma$imum time periods #or reassessments(
&e governing inspection codes !suc& as API 510, 50 and5" and ?urisdictiona reguations s&oud be revieed in t&is
conte$t(
15. REASSESSENT F UPDATIN6 RBI
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A"te! I%p*e%entation o" Risk iti&ation St!ate&ies
6nce a mitigation strateg' is impemented, it is sensibe to
determine &o e##ective t&e strateg' as in reducing t&e risk to
an acceptabe eve(
&is s&oud be re#ected in a reassessment o# t&e risk andappropriate update in t&e documentation(
15. REASSESSENT F UPDATIN6 RBI
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Be"o!e and A"te! aintenance T(!na!o(nds
As part o# t&e panning be#ore a maintenance turnaround, it
coud be use#u to per#orm a RBI reassessment(
&is can become a #irst step in panning t&e turnaround to
insure t&e ork e##ort is #ocused on t&e &ig&er risk e%uipmentitems(
<ince a arge amount o# inspection, repairs and modi#ications
are per#ormed during a maintenance turnaround, it ma' be
use#u to update an assessment a#ter t&e turnaround to re#ect
t&e ne risk eves(
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TEA APPROAC
RBI re%uires data gat&ering #rom
man' sources, speciai@ed
ana'sis, and t&en risk
management decision-making(
enera', one individua does not
&ave t&e background or skis to
singe &anded' conduct t&e entire
stud'( 7sua', a team o# peope,
it& t&e re%uisite skis and
background, is needed to conduct
an e##ective RBI assessment(
1?. ROES)RESPONSIBIITIES)TRAININ6 F
:UAI3ICATIONS
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TEA EBERS) ROES F RESPONSIBIITIES
Tea% eade!
&e team eader s&oud be a #u-time team member, and
s&oud be a stake&oder in t&e #aciit' : e%uipment being
ana'@ed( &e team eader t'pica' is responsibe #or)
a" ormation o# t&e team and veri#'ing t&at t&e team members
&ave t&e necessar' skis and knoedge(
b" Assuring t&at t&e stud' is conducted proper'(
c" Preparing a report on t&e RBI stud' and distributing it to t&eappropriate personne(
d" ooing up to assure t&at t&e appropriate risk mitigation
actions &ave been impemented(
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:UAI3ICATIONS
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E+(ip%ent Inspecto! o! Inspection Specia*ist
&e e%uipment inspector or inspection speciaist is genera'
responsibe #or)
a" at&ering data on t&e condition and &istor' o# e%uipment in t&e
stud'(b" In con?unction it& t&e materias and corrosion speciaist,
s&oud provide predictions o# t&e current condition(
c" Assessing t&e e##ectiveness o# past inspections(
d" Impementing t&e recommended inspection pan derived #romt&e RBI stud'(
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ate!ia*s and Co!!osion Specia*ist
&e materias and corrosion speciaist is responsibe #or)
a" Assessing t&e t'pes o# deterioration mec&anisms and t&eir
appicabiit' and severit' to t&e e%uipment(
b" Providing guidance on deterioration mec&anisms, rates orseverit' to be used in t&e RBI stud'(
c" 9vauating t&e appropriateness o# t&e inspections in reation to
t&e deterioration mec&anism(
d" Providing recommendations on met&ods o# mitigating t&eprobabiit' o# #aiure(
1?. ROES)RESPONSIBIITIES)TRAININ6 F
:UAI3ICATIONS
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P!ocess Specia*ist
&e process speciaist is responsibe #or)
a" &e provision o# process condition in#ormation( &is in#ormation
genera' i be in t&e #orm o# process #o s&eets(
b" Documenting variations in t&e process conditions due to normaoccurrences !suc& as start-ups and s&utdons" and abnorma
occurrences(
c" describing t&e composition and variabiit' o# a t&e process #uid
gases as e as t&eir potentia to$icit' and #ammabiit'(
d" s&oud evauate recommend met&ods o# risk mitigation
!probabiit' or conse%uence" t&roug& c&anges in process
conditions(
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Ope!ations and aintenance Pe!sonne*
&is person !s" is responsibe #or)
a" .eri#'ing t&at t&e #aciit' e%uipment is being operated it&in
t&e parameters set out in t&e process operating enveope(
b" Providing data on occurrences &en t&e process deviated#rom t&e imits o# t&e process operating enveope(
c" veri#'ing t&at e%uipment repair, repacement, additions &ave
been incuded in t&e e%uipment condition data suppied b' t&e
e%uipment inspector(
d" Impementing recommendations t&at pertain to process or
e%uipment modi#ications and monitoring(
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ana&e%ent
4anagements roe is to provide sponsors&ip and resources
!personne and #unding" #or t&e RBI stud'(
&e' are responsibe #or making decisions on risk management
or providing t&e #rameork #or ot&ers to make t&ese decisionsbased on t&e resuts o# t&e RBI stud'(
ina', management is responsibe #or providing t&e resources
and #oo-up s'stem to impement t&e risk mitigation decisions(
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Risk Assess%ent Pe!sonne*
&is person !s" is responsibe #or assembing a o# t&e data andcarr'ing out t&e RBI ana'sis( &is person !s" is t'pica' responsibe#or)
a" De#ining data re%uired #rom ot&er team members(
b" De#ining accurac' eves #or t&e data(
c" .eri#'ing t&roug& %uait' c&ecks t&e soundness o# data andassumptions(
d" Inputting data into t&e computer program and running t&e program(
e" uait' contro o# data input : output(
#" 4anua' cacuating t&e measures o# risk !i# a computer program is notused"(
g" Dispa'ing t&e resuts in an understandabe a' and preparingappropriate reports on t&e RBI ana'sis(
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En'i!on%enta* and Sa"et# Pe!sonne*
&is person !s" is responsibe #or providing data on
environmenta and sa#et' s'stems and reguations(
+e : s&e aso is responsibe #or assessing : recommending
a's to mitigate t&e conse%uence o# #aiures( 3inancia* B(siness Pe!sonne*
&is person !s" is responsibe #or providing data on t&e cost o#
t&e #aciit' : e%uipment being ana'@ed and t&e #inancia impact
o# &aving pieces o# e%uipment or t&e #aciit' s&ut don(
+e : s&e aso s&oud recommend met&ods #or mitigating t&e
#inancia conse%uence o# #aiure(
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:UAI3ICATIONS
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TRAININ6 AND :UAI3ICATIONS 3OR RBI APPICATION
Risk Assess%ent Pe!sonne*
&is person !s" s&oud &ave a t&oroug& understanding o# risk
ana'sis eit&er b' education, training, certi#ication or
e$perience(+e: s&e s&oud &ave received detaied training on t&e RBI
met&odoog' and on t&e procedures being used #or t&e RBI.
1?. ROES)RESPONSIBIITIES)TRAININ6 F
:UAI3ICATIONS
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Ot$e! Tea% e%-e!s
&e ot&er team members s&oud receive basic training on RBI
met&odoog' and on t&e program !s" being used(
&is training s&oud be geared primari' to an understanding
and e##ective appication o# RBI(&is training coud be provided b' t&e risk assessment
personne on t&e RBI eam or b' anot&er person
knoedgeabe on RBI met&odoog'(
1. RBI DOCUENTATION F
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6ENERA &is documentation s&oud incude t&e #ooing data)
a" &e t'pe o# assessment(
b" eam members per#orming t&e assessment(
c" ime #rame over &ic& t&e assessment is appicabe(
d" &e inputs and sources used to determine risk(
e" Assumptions made during t&e assessment(
#" &e risk assessment resuts !incuding in#ormation onprobabiit' and conse%uence"(
g" oo-up mitigation strateg', i# appicabe, to manage risk(
&" &e mitigated risk eves, residua risk a#ter mitigation isimpemented(
i" Re#erences to codes or standards(
1. RBI DOCUENTATION F
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RBI ETODOO6@
&e met&odoog' used to per#orm t&e RBI ana'sis s&oud be
documented so t&at it is cear &at t'pe o# assessment as
per#ormed(
RBI PERSONNE&e assessment o# risk i depend on t&e knoedge,
e$perience and ?udgment o# t&e personne or team per#orming
t&e ana'sis( &ere#ore, a record o# t&e team members
invoved s&oud be captured(
1. RBI DOCUENTATION F
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TIE 3RAE
&e eve o# risk is usua' a #unction o# time( &ere#ore, t&e time
#rame over &ic& t&e RBI ana'sis is appicabe s&oud be
de#end and captured in t&e #ina documentation( &is i permit
tracking and management o# risk e##ective' over time(
1. RBI DOCUENTATION F
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ASSUPTIONS ADE TO ASSESS RISK
&e assignment o# #aiure mode and t&e severit' o# t&e
considered event i invariab' be based on a variet' o#
assumptions(
o understand t&e basis #or t&e overa risk, it is essentia t&att&ese #actors be captured in t&e #ina documentation(
/ear' documenting t&e ke' assumptions made during t&e
ana'sis o# probabiit' and conse%uence i great' en&ance
t&e capabiit' to eit&er recreate or update t&e RBI assessment(
1. RBI DOCUENTATION F
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RISK ASSESSENT RESUTS
&e probabiit', conse%uence and risk resuts s&oud be
captured in t&e documentation(
Items t&at re%uire risk mitigation, t&e resuts a#ter mitigation
s&oud be documented as e( ITI6ATION AND 3OO;UP
&e speci#ic risk mitigation re%uired to reduce eit&er probabiit'
or conse%uence s&oud be documented in t&e assessment(
&e met&odoog', process and person !s" responsibe #orimpementation o# an' mitigation s&oud aso be documented(
1. RBI DOCUENTATION F
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CODES) STANDARDS AND 6O=ERNENT RE6UATIONS
<ince various codes, standards and governmenta reguations
cover t&e inspection #or most pressure e%uipment, it i be
important to re#erence t&ese documents as part o# t&e RBI
assessment(
&is is particuar' important &ere impementation o# RBI is
used to reduce eit&er t&e e$tent or #re%uenc' o# inspection(
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END
Course Facilitator:
MuhammadAqeelAPI 510, 570, 653, 580,577 &571 Certied