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API Gas-LiftSpecifications and

Recommended Practices

Prepared by

Cleon Dunham, Oilfield Automation Consulting

John Martinez, Production Associates

Feb. 6, 2007 2007 Gas-Lift Workshop 2

Importance of Gas Liftin Petroleum Industry

From 2003 International Gas Lift WorkshopKuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ExxonMobil • 49% of oil production by artificial lift• 31% by gas lift

Shell International• 39% of oil production by artificial lift• 25% by gas lift

Significant industry thrusts• Offshore, sub-sea• Horizontal, often multi-lateral completions• More and more depleting reservoirs• More focus on deliquification of gas wells

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API 11V Gas Lift Task Groupon Gas Lift Equipment

History

Formed in 1979

34 Members from Industry− Operating Companies (11)− Service Companies (14)− Consultants (7) (5 were previously with Operating Companies)− Universities (2)− Ad-Hoc Members (Several others help on specific topics)


API Gas Lift Work Groups

Eight work groups− API Specification 11V1 – Gas lift valves, orifices, dummies− API RP* 11V2 – Gas lift valve testing, modeling− API RP 11V5 – Gas lift operations (revision in progress)− API RP 11V6 – Gas lift design− API RP 11V7 – Gas lift valve reconditioning− API RP 11V8 – Gas lift systems− API RP 11V9 – Dual gas lift (development in progress)− API RP 11V10 – Intermittent gas lift (development in progress)

* Recommended Practice


API 11V1Gas Lift Valves, Orifices

API Specification− Specifications for manufacture and functional testing of gas lift valves,

orifices, reverse flow valves, and dummy valves− Chair: Wayne Mabry, Schlumberger

Status− 2nd Edition: Feb. 1995− Reaffirmed: Jan. 2000− Document: 37 pages, $87.00− Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations− To be replaced by ISO Standards

• ISO 17078.1 (mandrels)• ISO 17078.2 (flow control devices)• ISO 17078.3 (running/pulling/kick-over tools, and latches)

− Recommend using the ISO documents in the future


API RP 11V2Gas Lift Valve Testing, Modeling

API Recommended Practice− Recommended practices for flow performance testing and development

of performance models for IPO & PPO gas lift valves− Chair: Ken Decker, Decker Technology

Status− 2nd Edition: Mar. 2001− Document: 56 pages, $80.00− Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations− To be replaced by ISO Standard

• ISO 17078.2 (flow control devices)− Recommend using the ISO document in the future


Conventional Tubing Retrievable Gas Lift Valve

IPO

Wireline Retrievable Gas Lift Valve

IPO

Wireline Retrievable Gas Lift Orifice Valve

Wireline Retrievable Dummy Valve


API RP 11V5Gas Lift Operations

API Recommended Practice− Recommended practices for unloading, kickoff, adjustment,

troubleshooting, and location of problems for gas lift operations− Chair: Cleon Dunham, OAC

Status− 2nd Edition: Jun. 1999− Document: $87.00− Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations− Currently being updated and expanded − Hope to re-publish in 2007− Recommend using this document for training gas-lift engineers,

technicians, operators− The current draft version can be obtained from www.alrdc.com,

Technical Committees, API Gas-Lift


Wireline Retrievable Gas Lift Equipment

• Side Pocket Mandrels • Gas Lift Valves• Valve Latches• Kick-over Tools• Running Tools• Pulling Tools


API RP 11V6Gas Lift Design

API Recommended Practice− Recommended practices for design of continuous flow, single string

gas lift systems using injection pressure operated (IPO) gas lift valves

− Chair: Joe Clegg, Consultant

Status− 2nd Edition: Jul. 1999− Document: $117.00− Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations− Maintain document as is− Recommend using this document as a guide for gas-lift design


PCko

Unloading PC’s

PT

UnloadingGradients

TubingDesign

Line Kick-OffSafetyFactor

MinimumSpacing

DesignMandrel Spacing

Gas Lift Design Challenges

• Must be able to kick-off the well.

• Must be able to unload the well.

• Must not damage any valves.• After unloading, must keep

unloading valves closed.• Must be able to operate:

- Deep- Stable- Optimum


API RP 11V7Gas Lift Valve Reconditioning

API Recommended Practice− Recommended practices for repair and reconditioning, testing, and

setting used gas lift valves− Chair: John Martinez, Production Associates

Status− 2nd Edition: Jun. 1999− Document: $82.00− Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations− To be replaced by ISO Standard

• ISO 17078.2 (flow control devices)− Recommend using the ISO document in the future


Gas Lift Valve Reconditioning Challenges

• Which components have failed?• Why did they fail?• Can some components be re-used?• They must be thoroughly tested before re-

use.


API RP 11V8Gas Lift Systems

API Recommended Practice− Recommended practices for designing and predicting the performance of

a gas lift system− Chair: John Martinez, Production Associates

Status− 1st Edition: Sep. 2003− Document: 79 pages, $90.00− Status: Active

Future plans, recommendations− Review status in 5 years (2008) − Recommend using this document for training gas-lift engineers,

technicians, operators


Gas Lift System LayoutSystem is only as good as the weakest link


API RP 11V9Dual Gas Lift

API Recommended Practice− Recommended practices for design and operation of dual gas lift

systems− Chair: Cleon Dunham, OAC

Status− Under development

Future plans− Hope to publish in 2007− Recommend using this document for training gas-lift engineers,

technicians, operators who are involved in dual gas-lift− The current draft version can be obtained from www.alrdc.com,



Longstring

Short string

Dual packer Short string

production zone

Long stringproduction zone.

Production packer

Gas is injected down the common annulus and into the two “dual” production strings.

Dual Gas Lift

Dual Gas Lift Challenges

• Continuously injecting in both sides of the dual

• Injecting deep in both sides• Testing and diagnosing

problems with both sides• Choosing the correct gas lift

equipment

Recommended Practice Focuses On:

• Design• Operation• Troubleshooting• Optimization


API RP 11V10Intermittent Gas Lift

API Recommended Practice− Recommended practices for design and operation of intermittent gas lift

systems

− Chair: Ali Hernandez, PDVSA

Status− Under development

Future plans, recommendations− Hope to publish in 2007 or 2008− Recommend using this document for training gas-lift engineers,

technicians, operators who are involved in intermittent gas-lift− The current draft version can be obtained from www.alrdc.com,



Intermittent Gas Lift Challenges

• Injecting gas at the correct cycle frequency to optimize production

• Injecting the correct amount of gas per cycle

• Operating each well without upsetting other wells in the system

Recommended Practice Focuses On:• Design• Operation• Troubleshooting• Optimization


Obtaining and Using API Documents

To obtain copies of the recommended API documents:− Go to the API web site− http://api-ep.api.org/filelibrary/Catalog2004_web.pdf− Go to Series 11 for Production Equipment− Page down to 11V documents− Order via: www.global.ihs.com− Or FAX an order to 1–303-397-2740

These documents are good as:− A basis for training classes− Reference documents


Developing a New API Document

Process Approx. Time (Months)New idea presented to or conceived by Task Group 11V 2 – 4Approved by API Committees 11 2 – 4New Work Group appointed (volunteers) 2 – 4Developed by Work Group 11Vx 24 - 48Approved by Task Group 11V 3 – 6Voted by Committee 11 3 – 6Reworked to address comments 3 – 6Re-voted by Committee 11 3 – 6Approved by API 3 – 6Published by API 3 – 6

Total 48 – 96


Looking to the Future

Other gas lift topics may be addressed in the future− Gas lift design using production pressure operated (PPO) gas lift

valves− Gas lift system and well automation− Surface controlled downhole gas lift systems− Standard gas lift symbols and abbreviations− Selection of artificial lift equipment− Other topics as requested by industry



To continue support of existing API gas lift documents and develop new ones, we need …..− Active interest and participation by industry gas lift personnel –

Operators, Suppliers, Others

Good news− Some members of API gas lift subcommittee have participated

since day #1 so they bring a wealth of experience (4 members)− Some are young enthusiastic engineers (4 members)− Some are from other countries outside the USA (7 members)− Several are also helping to lead and actively participate on the

ISO gas lift international standards committee, so continuity exists (9 members)

ISO Gas LiftStandards

Prepared by

Cleon Dunham, Oilfield Automation Consulting


ISO (International Organization for Standards)

Purpose• ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide

federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies).

• International Standards are prepared by ISO technical committees.

• Each member body may be represented on these committees.

• Both governmental and non-governmental international organizations may participate.

• The task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards.

• Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.

• Publication as an International Standard requires approval by 75 % of the member bodies that vote.


ISO Gas Lift Task Group 17078on Gas Lift Standards

HistoryFormed in 1998− Works under ISO Work Group #4 (Technical Committee)− Chair: Wayne Mabry, Schlumberger− Secretary: Cleon Dunham, Oilfield Automation Consulting− Meetings: 7 or 8 per year

33 Members from Industry− Operating Companies (10)− Service Companies (19)− Consultants (4) (3 were previously with Operating Companies)− Universities (0)− Ad-Hoc Members (Several others help on specific topics)


ISO Standards for Gas Lift EquipmentPurpose

• These International Standards are developed by a task group of users/purchasers and suppliers/manufacturers of gas lift equipment.

• This equipment is intended for use in the worldwide petroleum and natural gas industry.

• These International Standards are intended to provide requirements and information to all parties who are involved in the specification, selection, manufacture, testing, and use of gas lift equipment.

• Further, these International Standards address supplier/manufacturer requirements that set the minimum parameters with which each supplier/manufacturer shall comply, in order to be able to claimconformity with these International Standards.


ISO Standards for Gas Lift EquipmentStructure

• These International Standards are structured to allow different quality control grades to support quality control, design validation, design verification, and product functional testing.

• These variations allow the user/purchaser to select the grades that are required for a specific application.

• If the user/purchaser does not specify a specific grade for the following categories, the supplier/manufacturer shall meet the requirements of grade 3 (the lowest grade).

- Well environmental service grade- Design validation grade- Product functional testing grade- Quality control grade


ISO Gas Lift Standards

Four standards (so far)

- ISO 17078.1 --- Side-pocket mandrels- ISO 17078.2 --- Flow control devices for side-pocket mandrels- ISO 17078.3 --- Running, pulling, and kick-over tools, and

latches for side-pocket mandrels- ISO 17078.4 --- Practices for side-pocket mandrels and related

equipment


ISO 17078.1Side-pocket mandrels

Status− Published by ISO in December, 2004− Document: 48 pages, $110.00

Outline− Main clauses

1. Scope2. Normative references3. Terms and definitions4. Abbreviated terms5. Functional specification6. Technical specification7. Supplier/manufacturer

requirements

• Normative annexesA. Environmental service

requirementsB. Design validation

requirementsC. Product functional testing

requirementsD. Quality control requirements


ISO 17078.2Flow control devices

Status− Is in “Final Draft International Standard” (FDIS) status

(The document has been approved by the ISO International Committee and is ready for publication)



requirements



Outline (Continued)− Normative annexes

A. Design validation and product functional testing requirementsB. Environmental service classesC. Design validation gradesD. Product functional testing gradesE. Interface testing requirementsF. Insertion testing requirementsG. Probe and travel testing, and load rate determinationH. Dynamic flow testing and flow coefficient (Cv) calculationI. Back check testingJ. Open and closing pressure testingK. Bellow actuation life cycle testingL. Erosion testingM. Shelf testingN. Port/seat leakage rate testing



Outline (Continued)− Informative annexes

O. Performance testing – test facility recommendationsP. Performance testing – prediction correlations



Flow Control Device Group Flow Control Device Types

I IPO, Balanced IPO, IPO with choke

II PPO, PPO with choke

III Pilot, Differential

IV Orifice, Nozzle Venturi, Shear Orifice, Dump/Kill

V Dummy

VI Chemical Injection, Chemical Injection Spring Loaded

VII Surface Controlled Hydraulic, SurfaceControlled Electric, “Smart”

VIII Liquid Injection

IX Other


Wireline Retrievable Gas Lift Valve

IPO

Wireline Retrievable Gas Lift Orifice Valve

Wireline Retrievable Dummy Valve


ISO 17078.3Running, pulling, and kick-over tools, and latches

Status− Is in Draft International Standard (DIS) status

(The document has undergone one round of review by the International ISO Committee and is ready for a second round)



requirements


ISO 17078.3Running, pulling, and kick-over tools, and latches

Outline (Continued)− Normative annexes (tentative)

A. Purpose of annexes and device classesB. Environmental service gradesC. Design validation gradesD. Product functional testing gradesE. Interface testing requirementsF. Functional testing requirementsG. Slick line testing requirementsH. Pre-trigger testing requirementsI. Tension testing requirementsJ. Jarring testing requirementsK. Erosion testing requirementsL. Kick-over tool activation testing requirementsM. Kick-over, flow control device, etc. catcher testing requirements


Wireline Retrievable Gas Lift Equipment

• Running Tools• Pulling Tools• Kick-over Tools• Latches


ISO 17078.4Practices for side-pocket mandrels and related

equipmentStatus− Is in Committee Draft (CD) status

(The document has been drafted and is ready for review by the International ISO Committee)


1. Scope2. Terms and definitions3. Symbols and Abbreviated terms4. Guidelines for application of side-pocket mandrels and related

equipment



equipmentOutline (Continued)− Informative annexes

A. User/Purchaser functional specification templates for side-pocket mandrels and related equipment

B. Supplier/Manufacturer product data sheets for side-pocket mandrels and related equipment

C. Guidelines for setting up and calibrating flow control devices

D. Guidelines for test sites for flow control device performance testing

E. Guidelines for setting up reconditioning shops and selecting shop personnel for side-pocket mandrels and related equipment



equipmentOutline (Continued)− Informative annexes

F. Guidelines for pre- and post-installation inspection and testing of side-pocket mandrels and related equipment

G. Guidelines for reconditioning side-pocket mandrels and related equipment

H. Guidelines for selecting and training gas-lift User/Purchaser personnel

I. Guidelines for understanding interface compatibility issuesJ. Engineering units conversion


Obtaining and Using ISO Documents

To obtain copies of these documents:− Go to the ISO web site, www.iso.org− Use the “search” feature on the top of the page, enter 17078− Select the specific document desired− Currently, only 17078.1 is available for purchase− Price is 130.00 CHF (US $110.00)− Drafts may be obtained from www.alrdc.com, Technical

Committees, ISO Gas-Lift

These documents are good for:− Specifying the quality of device required for an application− Assuring the quality of the manufactured product


Developing a New ISO Document

Document Approx. Time (Months)ISO 17078.1

First meeting Feb. 1998First draft completed July 2001 42 monthsDocument published Dec. 2004 83 months

ISO 17078.2First meeting May 2001First draft completed Sept. 2004 41 monthsDocument published Est. mid 2007 74 months

ISO 17078.3 and 17078.4First meeting Oct. 2003Documents published Est. end 2008 63 months



Other gas lift topics may be addressed in the future− New topics may be proposed for the future− This will depend on “pull” from the user/purchaser companies

and some “push” from the supplier/manufacturer companies



To continue support of existing ISO gas lift documents, complete the ones in draft form, and develop new ones, we need …..− Active interest and participation by industry gas lift personnel –

Operators, Suppliers, Others

Good news− Some members of ISO gas lift task group have participated since

day #1 so they bring a wealth of experience (5 members)− Some are young enthusiastic engineers (2 members)− Some are from other countries (7 members)− Several are also helping to lead and actively participate on the

API gas lift recommended practices committee, so continuity exists (9 members)