apiwat and saksith towards tod in bangkok -e

8/12/2019 Apiwat and Saksith Towards TOD in Bangkok -E

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Apiwat Ratanawaraha and Saksith Chalermpong

The Fourth Annual Asia Public Policy Forum

Towards Transit-Oriented Development inBangkok: Evidence and Challenges

OVERVIEW ABOUT BANGKOK

Capital of Thailand and the center of everything

Registered population: 8.2 million

Bangkok City + 5 surrounding provinces: more than

12 million

A lot more if including unregistered

Bangkok City: approx. 1,500 sq.km.

Very flat and 1 m. below sea level


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SUBURBANIZATION CONTINUES UNTIL TODAY

Built-up areas of Bangkok

TRANSPORT SYSTEM: A MODE-RICH CITY

Buses

Passenger vans

Mass rail and light rail

BRT

tuk- tuks

Motorcycle taxis

Canal and river boats


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6


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8

PHYSICALLY TRANSFORMED:FROM WATER TO ROAD TO RAIL

canals

highwaysrails


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SHIFTING TOWARDS A RAIL-BASED CITY

Mass rail transit is now the core component of

urban transport policy and capital investment

Already 86.52 kms and 61 stations

98.62 kms and 62 stations under construction

By 2029, an additional 330 kms and 246

stations, extending the whole urban rail

system to more than 500 kms.


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A VARIETY OF RAILS AND ORGANIZATIONS

BTSowned by Bangkoks local government,

operated by BTSC, a private concessionaire

MRTowned by MRTA, a state enterprise

ARLowned and operated by the State

Railway of Thailand

BRT (bus rapid transit) owned by Bangkok city

government, operated by BTSC


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TOD IS TAKING SHAPE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552

MORE CONDO UNITS BEING BUILT THAN HOUSES

Condos

Houses


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LOCATIONS CLOSE TO STATIONS ARE PREFERRED

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Within 1 km of transit station Overall

New Condominium Units within 1000m of Transit Stations vs. Overall

LAND VALUE CAPTURE: SKYWALK

First developed by a department store that is

located between two stations, as a way to

attract customers

Now buildings have to pay a large sum to the

BTSC to be connected directly to the stations A total investment so far is more than 1 Billion

baht (35 million USD)


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POLICY SUPPORT FOR TOD

Political support for TOD (vs. expressways)

Urban planning measures for promoting TOD Additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR), i.e., allowed density,

for development within a 500 meter radius of a transitstation

Proposals to: Abolish/reduce the minimum parking requirement for

each building

Adopt a transfer of development rights (TDR)program, with areas around transit stations receivingthe densities


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CHALLENGES

Inclusivity and affordability

Class transit and gentrification

From automobile-oriented to transit-oriented

segregation

from gated communities to high-rise condos

Gentrification for tourism

DISAPPEARING SHOPHOUSES AND LOW-INCOME

HOUSING


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HOUSING AND TRANSIT

Low-income housing projects close to transit

stations in the suburbs

National Housing Authority (NHA)

Mass Rail Transit Authority (MRTA)

Density bonus in exchange for affordable

housing within 500 meters of transit stations

Condominiums for the lower-middle class

THE DEVIL LIES IN THE FEEDER SYSTEMS

Rely on informal transport

Motorcycle taxis and passenger vans

Transit riders walk more than before they

switched modes

Bus services have not adjusted to raildevelopment

Limited integration of informal transport in

urban transport policy and planning


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LACK OF REGIONAL PLANNING

Lack of integration of regional land use and

transportation

Lack of implementation

A PLAN WITHOUT IMPLEMENTATION


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OVERLAPPING AND DISJOINTED ROLES IN

COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING

PLANS NOT COVERING THE BUILT-UP AREAS


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WHAT MORE TO BE DONE

Change in policy mindset

Keep promoting TOD

Integration of informal transport into transport

policy and planning

Institutional re-alignment

Rationalization of bus routes to serve as feeder

systems for rail transit systems

Regional plan and agency

Value capture mechanisms

Property taxes

Special assessment

Promotion of civil society for transport issues

Livelihoods of transport operators matter

Transport governance and corruption issues

Use of ICT

WHAT MORE TO BE DONE


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Thank you

apiwat and saksith towards tod in bangkok -e

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