aplousd real ch 23
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 23Chapter 23POLITICS IN THE GILDED POLITICS IN THE GILDED
AGE, 1869-1889AGE, 1869-1889
The “Bloody Shirt” Elects Grant
Grant was immensely Grant was immensely popular after the war popular after the war
Nation was weary after war, Nation was weary after war, and eager for a fresh face.and eager for a fresh face.
Republicans, nevertheless, Republicans, nevertheless, enthusiastically nominate enthusiastically nominate GrantGrant
Grant is singularly Grant is singularly unequipped to be President. unequipped to be President.
Who Shall Rule This Who Shall Rule This American Nation? American Nation?
Who shall rule this American nation? Say, boys, say!Who shall rule this American nation? Say, boys, say!Who shall sit in the loftiest station? Say, boys, say!Who shall sit in the loftiest station? Say, boys, say!Shall the man who trampled on the banner?Shall the man who trampled on the banner?They who now their country would betray?They who now their country would betray?They who murder the innocent freed men? Say, boys, say! They who murder the innocent freed men? Say, boys, say!
chorus: No never! no, never! The loyal millions say; And 'tis they who rule this American nation, chorus: No never! no, never! The loyal millions say; And 'tis they who rule this American nation, They, boys, they! They, boys, they!
Who shall rank as the family royal? Say, boys, say!Who shall rank as the family royal? Say, boys, say!If not those who are honest and loyal? Say, boys, say! If not those who are honest and loyal? Say, boys, say! Then shall one elected as our servant Then shall one elected as our servant In his pride, assume a regal way?In his pride, assume a regal way?Must we bend to the human dictator? Say, boys, say!Must we bend to the human dictator? Say, boys, say!
Shall we tarnish our national glory? Say, boys, say!Shall we tarnish our national glory? Say, boys, say!Blot one line from the wonderful story? Say, boys, say! Blot one line from the wonderful story? Say, boys, say! Did we vainly shed our blood in battle? Did we vainly shed our blood in battle? Did our troops resultless win the day?Did our troops resultless win the day?Was our time and our treasure all squander'd? Say, boys, say! Was our time and our treasure all squander'd? Say, boys, say!
The “Bloody SHIRT” Elects The “Bloody SHIRT” Elects GrantGrant
Democrats divided between eastern and Democrats divided between eastern and western democrats. western democrats.
Nominate Horatio SeymourNominate Horatio Seymour Republicans wave the “Bloody Shirt” Republicans wave the “Bloody Shirt” Republican PlatformRepublican Platform Democrats divided over redemption of Bonds.Democrats divided over redemption of Bonds. Grants wins easily in the electoral college, but Grants wins easily in the electoral college, but
by only 300,000 votes. by only 300,000 votes. Impact of Black vote. Impact of Black vote.
The Era Of Good StealingsThe Era Of Good Stealings Civil War bred corruption and graft. Civil War bred corruption and graft. CausesCauses RR corruption RR corruption Jim Fisk and Jay Gould scheme to Jim Fisk and Jay Gould scheme to
corner the corner the goldgold market. market. Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall. Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall.
Democratic political machine Democratic political machine Samuel Tilden.Samuel Tilden. “ “ An honest politician was one that An honest politician was one that
when when boughtbought stayed stayed boughtbought””
A Carnival Of CorruptionA Carnival Of Corruption Grant’s administration was riddled with Grant’s administration was riddled with
corrupt officials. corrupt officials. Credit Mobilier scandalCredit Mobilier scandal..
Exposed in 1872. Exposed in 1872. Members of congress given stock “ to look the Members of congress given stock “ to look the
other way” eventually censured. other way” eventually censured. Vice President implicated.Vice President implicated.
Whiskey Tax scandal.Whiskey Tax scandal.
Liberal Republican Revolt Of 1872Liberal Republican Revolt Of 1872 Liberal republicans were tired of corruption Liberal republicans were tired of corruption
“Turn the Rascals Out!”“Turn the Rascals Out!” Liberal Republican partyLiberal Republican party.. Nominate Nominate Horace GreeleyHorace Greeley Democrats endorse him, too. Why? Democrats endorse him, too. Why?
Thought he wanted to reunite North and Thought he wanted to reunite North and SouthSouth
Campaign very ugly Campaign very ugly Atheist, communist, free-lover, vegetarian Atheist, communist, free-lover, vegetarian
,brown bread eater,brown bread eaterGrant was “ a drunkard, swindler, ignoramus Grant was “ a drunkard, swindler, ignoramus etc.etc.
Grant v. GreeleyGrant v. Greeley Grant wins easily, 286-66, because:Grant wins easily, 286-66, because:
Grant is perceived to be the lesser of two evils Grant is perceived to be the lesser of two evils Democrats are still stained with fault for the Democrats are still stained with fault for the
Civil War.Civil War. Did lead the Republicans to clean their Did lead the Republicans to clean their
own house. own house. General amnesty Act, General amnesty Act, lowered tariffslowered tariffs Mild civil-service reformMild civil-service reform
Depression And Demands For Depression And Demands For InflationInflation Panic of1873 Panic of1873 severe severe
recession hitsrecession hits Causes- over production Causes- over production
R.R., Mines, farming R.R., Mines, farming factoriesfactories
15,000 businesses went 15,000 businesses went under. Riots in N.Y. City,under. Riots in N.Y. City,
Collapse of Collapse of Jay Cooke and Jay Cooke and CoCo..
Depression And Demands For Depression And Demands For InflationInflation
Debtors advocate inflationary policies.Debtors advocate inflationary policies. Call for more Greenbacks.Call for more Greenbacks. Federal government had removed one-Federal government had removed one-
fourth from circulation. Why? fourth from circulation. Why? Grant sides with conservatives and signs Grant sides with conservatives and signs
Resumption Act of 1875 going to withdraw Resumption Act of 1875 going to withdraw more “greenbacks”more “greenbacks”
SilverSilver Debtors advocated the coinage of silver dollars. Debtors advocated the coinage of silver dollars.
Why?Why? Pay back loans with cheaper dollarsPay back loans with cheaper dollars
Congress had formally dropped silver money in Congress had formally dropped silver money in 1873. 1873. ReasonsReasons No silver was being produced thus no silver dollarsNo silver was being produced thus no silver dollars
Grant rejects call to mint Silver.Grant rejects call to mint Silver. Consequences of Grant’s policyConsequences of Grant’s policy
Deflation, restored government credit ratingDeflation, restored government credit rating Political backlash-Democrats win house 1874, 1878Political backlash-Democrats win house 1874, 1878
Bland-Allison ActBland-Allison Act Bland-Allison Act.Bland-Allison Act.
What does it authorize?What does it authorize? Why does it have little inflationary effect. Why does it have little inflationary effect.
Leads to Democratic backlash in Leads to Democratic backlash in congressional elections.congressional elections.
Plants the seeds of the GrangePlants the seeds of the Grange
Pallid Politics In The Gilded AgePallid Politics In The Gilded Age Balance of two political parties during the Balance of two political parties during the Gilded Gilded
Age Age from 1869-99from 1869-99. . Majority in Congress flipped back and forth six Majority in Congress flipped back and forth six
times in the 11 terms between 1869-91times in the 11 terms between 1869-91 Few controversial standsFew controversial stands Few dramatic policy differences between parties.Few dramatic policy differences between parties. Voter turnout /voter loyalty. Voter turnout /voter loyalty.
““Puritan values- RepublicanPuritan values- Republican not one single morality-Democrats not one single morality-Democrats
Political machines Political machines and and patronagepatronage
Republicans v. DemocratsRepublicans v. Democrats
Republicans:Republicans: Embodied the old Puritanical ideals. Embodied the old Puritanical ideals. Strict moral codes and belief that Strict moral codes and belief that
government should be an instrument government should be an instrument in regulating economic and moral in regulating economic and moral affairs of the community. affairs of the community.
Strong in Midwest and in rural and Strong in Midwest and in rural and small-town New England. small-town New England.
Got most of votes from Freedman Got most of votes from Freedman and from Union Civil War Vets. and from Union Civil War Vets.
Republicans v. DemocratsRepublicans v. Democrats
Democrats Democrats More Roman Catholic and More Roman Catholic and
Lutheran. Lutheran. South and northern industrial cities South and northern industrial cities Large immigrant base and strong Large immigrant base and strong
Dem. machines.Dem. machines.
Stalwarts v. HalfbreedsStalwarts v. Halfbreeds Republicans had two rival factionsRepublicans had two rival factions Stalwarts Stalwarts (Conklingites) (Conklingites)
led by NY Sen. Roscoe Conkling). led by NY Sen. Roscoe Conkling). Big believers in patronage.Big believers in patronage.
Half-BreedsHalf-Breeds. . Led by James Blaine. Led by James Blaine. Flirted with civil service.Flirted with civil service.
Consequences of this divisionConsequences of this division stalematestalemate
The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 1876
Republicans dissuade Grant from Republicans dissuade Grant from running again.running again.
Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes.. Hayes largely unknown, but a civil Hayes largely unknown, but a civil
war officerwar officer Also, importantly, former three-term Also, importantly, former three-term
governor of Ohio. governor of Ohio.
The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 18761876
Samuel Tildon. Samuel Tildon. Platform. Platform. Attacks against Republicans.Attacks against Republicans.
Electoral College disputeElectoral College dispute ReasonsReasons Attempts to resolveAttempts to resolve Electoral Count ActElectoral Count Act Further compromiseFurther compromise
Hayes-Tilden Disputed Election of Hayes-Tilden Disputed Election of 18761876
The Compromise of 1877 and The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstructionthe End of Reconstruction
Compromise was the end of reconstruction.Compromise was the end of reconstruction. Hayes becomes President—Satisfies RepublicansHayes becomes President—Satisfies Republicans Withdraw Federal troops from other contested sates Louisiana Withdraw Federal troops from other contested sates Louisiana
and South Carolina, build Texas Railroadand South Carolina, build Texas Railroad
Literacy tests and poll taxes disenfranchising Literacy tests and poll taxes disenfranchising blacksblacks
Civil Rights CasesCivil Rights Cases Crop-Lien System/Share CroppingCrop-Lien System/Share Cropping
The Birth of Jim Crow in the The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction SouthPost-Reconstruction South
Jim Crow Laws State level codes of segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) separate but “equal” facilities were constitutional!
Lynching's became tool to stop the crime of attempting to be equal (chart page 497 and make sure to look at the photo and caption on page 496)
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
Class Conflicts And Ethnic ClashesClass Conflicts And Ethnic Clashes Strikes in the 1870sStrikes in the 1870s
Great Rail Road strikeGreat Rail Road strike Who wins?Who wins? Why? Government backed the businessWhy? Government backed the business
Chinese in CaliforniaChinese in California Dennis Kearney/KearneyitesDennis Kearney/Kearneyites Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act http://www.choices.edu/resources/scholarsonl
ine/lee/lee4.php http://www.choices.edu/resources/scholarsonl
ine/lee/lee5.php
Election of 1880 Election of 1880 Garfield and ArthurGarfield and Arthur
Hayes administration was not very Hayes administration was not very noteworthy. Did not accomplish much noteworthy. Did not accomplish much beyond end to reconstruction.beyond end to reconstruction.
““Old 8-7” and “His Fraudulency.”Old 8-7” and “His Fraudulency.” He did not run for reelection and wouldn’t He did not run for reelection and wouldn’t
have been renominated had he tried. have been renominated had he tried.
Republicans in 1880Republicans in 1880 Stymied by Stallwart-Halfbreed rivalry and Stymied by Stallwart-Halfbreed rivalry and
take 35 ballots to settle on a candidate. take 35 ballots to settle on a candidate. Chose Chose James GarfieldJames Garfield. Dark-Horse. . Dark-Horse. Chester ArthurChester Arthur, was chosen VP. Why?, was chosen VP. Why? Platform is for higher tariffs and (weakly) Platform is for higher tariffs and (weakly)
for civil service reformfor civil service reform
Election of 1880Election of 1880
Democrats chose Democrats chose Winfield HancockWinfield Hancock Civil War General, but popular in southCivil War General, but popular in south
Why?. Why?. Both parties shun substantive political issues. Both parties shun substantive political issues. Garfield wins by only 40,000, but 214-155 in Garfield wins by only 40,000, but 214-155 in
electoral college.electoral college. He was besieged by office seekers.He was besieged by office seekers. Made Blain Sec. of StateMade Blain Sec. of State
Battle raging politically between Stalwarts and Half-Battle raging politically between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds.Breeds.
Election of 1880Election of 1880
1881: Garfield Assassinated!1881: Garfield Assassinated!
Charles Guiteau:I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!
CHESTER ARTHUR TAKES CHESTER ARTHUR TAKES COMMANDCOMMAND
Not many expected much from Not many expected much from Arthur. Why?Arthur. Why?
Displayed surprising integrity, Displayed surprising integrity, intelligence and independence. intelligence and independence.
Arthur threw his support behind Arthur threw his support behind reform of spoils system. reform of spoils system.
Pendleton Act of 1883Pendleton Act of 1883 Details: exams for jobs not Details: exams for jobs not
connectionsconnections Unintended consequences?Unintended consequences? Big Business ran to politicians to Big Business ran to politicians to
“help” them lead“help” them lead
THE BLAINE-CLEVELAND THE BLAINE-CLEVELAND MUDSLINGERS OF 1884MUDSLINGERS OF 1884
Rep. nominate BlaineRep. nominate Blaine Tainted with numerous rumors Tainted with numerous rumors
of scandals. of scandals. The “tattooed man” The “tattooed man” ““Mulligan letters” “burn this Mulligan letters” “burn this
letter”letter” MugwumpsMugwumps. .
Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland Democrats nominate Democrats nominate Grover Grover
ClevelandCleveland. . Reputation for reform and Reputation for reform and
honestyhonesty. . Cleveland’s Bastard.Cleveland’s Bastard. One of the ugliest campaigns One of the ugliest campaigns
in American historyin American history New York the key stateNew York the key state
Rum, Romanism and RebellionRum, Romanism and Rebellion
Election of 1884Election of 1884
Old Grover Takes OverOld Grover Takes Over First Dem. president since BuchananFirst Dem. president since Buchanan
Issues raised by this? Civil service reform?Issues raised by this? Civil service reform? Cleveland’s political philosophyCleveland’s political philosophy
Last Jeffersonian Democrat? Laissez-faire Last Jeffersonian Democrat? Laissez-faire and government should not support the and government should not support the peoplepeople
Named two former confederates to his Named two former confederates to his cabinet, helping to heal the north-south cabinet, helping to heal the north-south divide divide
TariffsTariffs and Pensions and Pensions Cleveland and office seekers—fires 2/3 of republican federal Cleveland and office seekers—fires 2/3 of republican federal
employees make room for “deserving Democrats”employees make room for “deserving Democrats” Military Pension issueMilitary Pension issue TariffsTariffs
Country was running at a surplus because of high tariffs. Country was running at a surplus because of high tariffs. Republicans had little motivation to reduce these tariffs. Republicans had little motivation to reduce these tariffs.
They owned the factories that profited from tariffsThey owned the factories that profited from tariffs Cleveland’s two choices? Pork barrel spending or lower Cleveland’s two choices? Pork barrel spending or lower
tariffstariffs He favored reducing tariffs. Why? He favored reducing tariffs. Why? Cleveland makes tariff reduction his number-one issue. Cleveland makes tariff reduction his number-one issue. Created a real political difference between the parties just Created a real political difference between the parties just
in time for the election of 1888.in time for the election of 1888.
Harrison Ousts ClevelandHarrison Ousts Cleveland Dems renominate Cleveland.Dems renominate Cleveland. Rep. turn to Benjamin Rep. turn to Benjamin
Harrison, grandson of William Harrison, grandson of William Henry Harrison.Henry Harrison.
Primary issue? Primary issue? TariffsTariffs
Republicans use fear of British Republicans use fear of British against Cleveland. against Cleveland.
Republicans raise a huge war Republicans raise a huge war chest. How?chest. How?
Harrison wins electoral vote Harrison wins electoral vote but looses the popular vote. but looses the popular vote.
1888 Presidential Election1888 Presidential Election
Cleveland and HistoryCleveland and History Cleveland the first sitting president to be Cleveland the first sitting president to be
voted out of office since Van Buren in voted out of office since Van Buren in 1840. (Others: J. Adams, J.Q. Adams, 1840. (Others: J. Adams, J.Q. Adams, Harrison, Hoover, Carter, Bush)Harrison, Hoover, Carter, Bush)
Cleveland last to win popular vote and Cleveland last to win popular vote and lose electoral college until Gore.lose electoral college until Gore.
Cleveland only president to have two non-Cleveland only president to have two non-consecutive terms.consecutive terms.
Billion Dollar CongressBillion Dollar CongressThe Republicans Return Under The Republicans Return Under
HarrisonHarrison Benj. Harrison in the White Benj. Harrison in the White
House.House. Republicans eager for Republicans eager for
patronage. patronage. Blaine is Secretary of State.Blaine is Secretary of State. Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt Civil Civil
Service Commission.Service Commission. Republican quorum problem Republican quorum problem
in the House in the House Speaker Thomas Reed Czar Speaker Thomas Reed Czar
Reed Reed
Political Gravy For AllPolitical Gravy For All Billion Dollar CongressBillion Dollar Congress Pension Act of 1890 Pension Act of 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act Sherman Anti-Trust Act Tariffs and SilverTariffs and Silver
Easterners wanted a higher tariff Easterners wanted a higher tariff Westerners and farmers wanted Westerners and farmers wanted
more silver minted buying high more silver minted buying high priced “American manufactured priced “American manufactured goods but selling on unprotected goods but selling on unprotected world marketsworld markets
They bolt from the Republican They bolt from the Republican partyparty
Tariff IreTariff Ire Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 McKinley Tariff Bill McKinley Tariff Bill
raised tariff rates to their highest peace-time raised tariff rates to their highest peace-time level—48% level—48%
Farmers hated the new tariff. Why?Farmers hated the new tariff. Why? Republicans punished in 1890 Republicans punished in 1890
congressional election. congressional election. Lose nearly 60 seats and Dems have a huge Lose nearly 60 seats and Dems have a huge
majority in Congress majority in Congress
Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison again! * (DEM) (REP)
1892 Presidential Election 1892 Presidential Election Drumbeat of DiscontentDrumbeat of Discontent
PopulistsPopulists PopulistsPopulists emerge as a potent third party. emerge as a potent third party.
Officially the Officially the People’s PartyPeople’s Party Nominate James B. WeaverNominate James B. Weaver
Populist AgendaPopulist Agenda:: free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of
sixteen to onesixteen to one graduated income taxgraduated income tax Gov’t ownership of telephone, telegraph and RRGov’t ownership of telephone, telegraph and RR direct election of US senatorsdirect election of US senators one-term limit on presidencyone-term limit on presidency use of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens use of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens
to propose and review legislation.to propose and review legislation. Shorter work day-to appeal to laborShorter work day-to appeal to labor restriction on immigration—to appeal to laborrestriction on immigration—to appeal to labor
PopulistsPopulists
Labor is mad and are ripe for Labor is mad and are ripe for wooing by Populists. wooing by Populists.
Homestead strikeHomestead strike Populists poll over one-million Populists poll over one-million
votes and become one of the few votes and become one of the few third parties to win electoral votes third parties to win electoral votes
Populists problems with BlacksPopulists problems with Blacks Grandfather Clause south reinforces Grandfather Clause south reinforces
poll taxes and literacy test to deny poll taxes and literacy test to deny black the ballot .This disfranchisement, black the ballot .This disfranchisement, more restrictive Jim Crow laws, and more restrictive Jim Crow laws, and increased lynching's achieves the increased lynching's achieves the goals of the white southerners.goals of the white southerners.
1892 Presidential Election1892 Presidential Election
OLD GROVER CLEVELAND and OLD GROVER CLEVELAND and Depression AGAINDepression AGAIN
Depression of 1893 Depression of 1893 Causes:Causes:
Over-building and over-speculationOver-building and over-speculation labor unrestlabor unrest agricultural depression from low commodity pricesagricultural depression from low commodity prices reduction of US credit abroad because of Silver reduction of US credit abroad because of Silver
Purchase ActPurchase Act Problems with overseas banks, which were forced to Problems with overseas banks, which were forced to
call in US loans.call in US loans. Cleveland does next to nothing— laissez faireCleveland does next to nothing— laissez faire
Gold ProblemGold Problem Treasury was running a deficit because of Treasury was running a deficit because of
the Silver Purchase Act. Reasonsthe Silver Purchase Act. Reasons Cleveland saw no choice but to repeal the Cleveland saw no choice but to repeal the
Silver Purchase Act. Endless chain gold Silver Purchase Act. Endless chain gold operationoperation
William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan Cleveland forced to issue bonds to raise Cleveland forced to issue bonds to raise
money in order to buy goldmoney in order to buy gold J.P. Morgan dealJ.P. Morgan deal
Public reactionPublic reaction
Cleveland Breeds a BacklashCleveland Breeds a Backlash
McKinley Tariff causes deficitMcKinley Tariff causes deficit Democrats propose bill to reduce tariff but add Democrats propose bill to reduce tariff but add
income taxincome tax Senate tacks on lots of provisions to help special Senate tacks on lots of provisions to help special
interests.interests. Wilson-Gorman TariffWilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894. Act of 1894. Cleveland refused to sign it, but can’t veto.Cleveland refused to sign it, but can’t veto. Supreme Court throws out income taxSupreme Court throws out income tax Public opinion hates the bill and blame Dems.Public opinion hates the bill and blame Dems. Democrats hammered in 1894 mid-term Democrats hammered in 1894 mid-term
election.election.