apologia biology module 1
DESCRIPTION
Apologia Biology Module 1TRANSCRIPT
Biology I HonorsIntroduction and Module 1
Question?
How does Science view the world today?
Question??
What are some specific scientific discoveries that have been made in your lifetime?
In My Lifetime…
Vaccines
Walk on the Moon
Shuttle Missions
DNA Evidence
Brain Surgery for epilepsy and Parkinson’s Disease
Question??
Is science always correct? Why or why not?
How does science change?
Humm…
“Science makes predictions, not promises”
What does that statement mean to you?
4 Criteria of Life
1. All life forms contains DNA – made of one or more cells and displays organization
Made of one or more cells and displays organization
4 Criteria of Life
2. All life forms have a method by which they extract energy from the surroundings and convert it into energy that sustains them
Maintains homeostasis
4 Criteria of Life
3. All life forms can sense changes in their surroundings and respond to those changes
4 Criteria of Life
4. All life forms reproduce
What is Metabolism?
The sum total of all processes in an organization which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use energy from the surroundings to sustain the organism’s life functions
In Other Words…
Our bodies get the energy they need from food through metabolism, the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that convert the fuel from food into the energy needed to do everything from moving to thinking to growing.
Metabolism
Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of metabolism, and each chemical reaction is coordinated with other body functions.
In fact, thousands of metabolic reactions happen at the same time – all regulated by the body – to keep our cells healthy and working.
This words hand in hand with homeostasis!
How Metabolism Works in Humans
3. When people eat the plants, they take in this energy along with other vital cell-building chemicals
4. The body breaks down the sugar so that energy can be released and used as fuel by the body’s cells
1. Plants take energy from sunlight
2. The plant uses energy and the molecule chlorophyll to build sugars from water and carbon dioxide in a process known as photosynthesis
#1 Category of Metabolism
Anabolism: or constructive metabolism.
All about building and storing
Supports the growth of new cells
Maintains body tissue
Storage of energy for future use
#2 Category of Metabolism
Catabolism or destructive metabolism
Produces energy required for all activity in the cells
Breaks down large molecules (carbs and fats) to release energy
That energy release provides fuel for anabolism, heats the body and enables the muscles to contact and the body to move
What is a Producer?
Organisms that produce its own food
Name some producers
What is a Consumer?
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food
Name some consumers
What is a Decomposer?
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms
Name some decomposers
What do they eat?
Herbivores: Organisms that eat only plants
Carnivores: Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants
Omnivores: Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms
Quick Lab
1. Each table will work as a team
2. You must first decide who is a herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore
3. Use the following information to construct a food web or food chain in a meadow ecosystem
Who eats what?? Circle of Life
Red Fox
Raccoon
Grasshopper
Red Clover
Crayfish
Meadow Vole
Green Algae
Gray Squirrel
White Oak Tree
Detritus
Answers – were you correct?
Herbivores: Grey squirrels, grasshoppers, meadow voles, crayfish
Carnivores: None
Omnivores: Raccoons, red fox
Answers – were you correct??
1. Red foxes feed on raccoons, crayfish, red clover, grasshoppers, meadow voles and gray squirrels
2. Red clover is eaten by grasshoppers, meadow voles, and foxes
3. White Oak Tree is eaten by meadow voles, gray squirrels, and raccoons
4. Crayfish feed on green algae and detritus – then red foxes and meadow voles eat them
What if??
Question: How would the meadow voles be affected if disease kills the white oak trees?
Answer
Removing the white oak tree from the system would force other animals, such as the raccoons or foxes, to eat the red clover, so there would be less clover for the meadow voles to eat.
Living, Non-Living, or Dead
Define “Living”
Webster’s Dictionary Definition: Having life, active, functioning, full of vigor
Living, Non-Living, or Dead
Define “Non-Living”
Webster’s Dictionary Definition: “Non” – not : other than : reverse of : absence of : of little or no consequence : unimportant : worthless
Living: Having life, active, functioning, full of vigor
Living, Non-Living, or Dead
Define “Dead”
Webster’s Dictionary Definition: no longer alive or living; no longer having life; not able to feel or move; very tired
Mini Lab
1. Partner with one other person
2. Look at the handouts you have been given
3. Decide which is Living, Non-Living, or Dead and WHY
Did you get it correct?
1. Potted Plant – Living
2. Baker’s Yeast – Living
3. Pupa – Living
4. Glass of water – Non-living, though it may have living things in it and it gives life (we cannot live without water)
Did you get it correct??
5. Pumpkin Seeds – Living
6. Turtle Shell – Non-living
7. Cut Hair - Dead
8. Cut Fingernails – Dead
9. Tea Leaves - Dead
Did you get it correct??
10. Chicken Sandwich – Dead
11. Rubber Band – Dead -Dead is the condition these objects enter when they are no longer alive. So, to be dead an object must once have been living.
12. Tree with no leaves in winter – Living
Did you get it correct??
13. Book – Dead
14. Rock – Non-living – Non-living is the condition of never being alive. Non-living could refer to inorganic matter. Rocks, for example are non-living. They are not dead, because they were never alive (as a rock, but they may contain chemicals that were once part of a living organism).
Sensing Changes in the Environment
Receptor: Special structures that allow organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment
How to plants respond to stimuli?
How do animals respond to stimuli?
How to humans respond to stimuli?
All Life Forms Reproduce
Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction accomplished by a single organism
Sexual Reproduction: Reproduction that required two organisms
Inheritance: The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring
All Life Forms Reproduce
Mutation: An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Example: Donkeys and horses mate = mule
However, adult mules cannot produce offspring
Scientific Method
Hypothesis
How do you “word” a hypothesis?
Is this a hypothesis?
If I keep a plant from getting any sunlight, it will die.
Answer
No, it is a prediction
A prediction is a guess as to what might happen based on observation
Predictions
Predictions may be:
It is raining outside and the sun is also out. One could predict that they see a rainbow.
A student is studying for a final exam and predicts he/she will receive an “A” on the exam.
A child has a fever and a sore throat. One may predict they they have strep throat.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observation or problem that can further be tested by experimentation.
A Hypothesis is an educated guess.
Hypothesis
How can you reword the prediction about the plant to make it a hypothesis?
“If I keep a plant from getting any sunlight, it will die.”
Answer
If sunlight is necessary to the survival of a plant, then when a plant is deprived of sunlight, it will die.”
The hypothesis implies a question to be answered.