app-001168 environmental impact assessment for...

APP-001168

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF A LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM

GAS DEPOT AT PORTION 3 OF KATIMA MULILO TOWN, ZAMBEZI

REGION

Picture for illustration purposes only

CONSULTANT: PROPONENT

Mr. Ipeinge Mundjulu (BcC, MSc) Mr. T. K. Mchombu

Red-Dune Consulting CC Horizon and Logistics Pty Ltd

P O Box 27623 P O Box 22309

Cell: +264 81 147 7889 +264 81 335 0936

Windhoek Windhoek

DOCUMENT STATUS Final

APPLICATION NO: APP-001168

PROJECT TITLE Construction And Operation Of A Liquefied Petroleum

Gas Depot

CLIENT Horizon and Logistics Pty Ltd

PROJECT CONSULTANT Mr. Ipeinge Mundjulu

LOCATION Portion 3 Of Katima Mulilo Town Land, Zambezi

Region

DOCUMENT INFORMATION

Table of Contents ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................... i

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ ii

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Regulatory Requirements ................................................................................................. 1

1.2. The Need and Desirability of the Project ......................................................................... 2

1.3. Terms of Reference .......................................................................................................... 3

1.4. Scope of the EIA .............................................................................................................. 3

2. Project Description.................................................................................................................. 5

2.1. Location ............................................................................................................................ 5

2.2. Technical Description ...................................................................................................... 6

2.3. Operation .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.3.1. LPG Hazard and Precautions .................................................................................... 7

2.3.2. General Requirement of a LPG gas depot ................................................................ 7

3. Description of the Affected Environment ............................................................................... 9

3.1. Environmental Parameters ............................................................................................... 9

3.1.1. Climate ...................................................................................................................... 9

3.2. Geomorphology ................................................................................................................ 9

3.2.1. Geology ..................................................................................................................... 9

3.2.2. Topography and Hydrology .................................................................................... 10

3.3. Biodiversity .................................................................................................................... 10

3.3.1. Flora ........................................................................................................................ 10

3.3.2. Fauna ....................................................................................................................... 15

3.4. Socio-Economic Environment ....................................................................................... 16

3.4.1. Land Use ................................................................................................................. 16

3.4.2. Population Demography ......................................................................................... 18

4. Project Alternatives ............................................................................................................... 21

5. Policy and Legal Framework ................................................................................................ 24

6. Public Consultation ............................................................................................................... 29

6.1. Newspaper Advertisement ............................................................................................. 29

6.2. Public Meeting ............................................................................................................... 29

7. Impact Identification and Risk Assessment .......................................................................... 32

7.1. Impact Identification ...................................................................................................... 32

7.2. Criteria for Impact Assessment ...................................................................................... 33

7.3. Impact Risk Assessment Procedure ............................................................................... 36

8. Risks Assessment .................................................................................................................. 37

8.1. Planning Phase. .............................................................................................................. 37

8.1.1. Public Consultation ................................................................................................. 37

8.2. Pre-Construction............................................................................................................. 37

8.2.1. Land Acquisition from KMTC ............................................................................... 37

8.3. Construction ................................................................................................................... 38

8.3.1. Impact on Bio-Physical Environment ..................................................................... 38

8.3.2. Socio-Economic Impacts ........................................................................................ 42

8.4. Operational Phase ........................................................................................................... 47

8.4.1. Impacts on Physical Environment .......................................................................... 47

8.4.2. Impact on Biological Environment ......................................................................... 49

8.4.3. Impact on Human Environment .............................................................................. 50

9. Decommissioning and Rehabilitation ................................................................................... 54

10. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................... 55

11. Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................. 56

11.1. Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 56

11.2. Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 56

12. References .......................................................................................................................... 58

13. Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 59

Appendix 1: Newspaper Advert.................................................................................................... 59

Appendix 2. Attendance Register ................................................................................................. 59

Appendix 3. LPG Industry Guidelines.......................................................................................... 59

List of Figures

Figure 1. An illustration of an above storage tanks for LP gas depot. ........................................... 1

Figure 2. The EIA Process in Namibia .......................................................................................... 4

Figure 3. Proposed Site for LP Gas Depot ..................................................................................... 5

Figure 4. A piece of cleared land used for maize plantation........................................................ 14

Figure 5. The NamPower Station on the northern side of the site ............................................... 15

Figure 6. The Chinese Timber harvesting establishment within the site ..................................... 15

Figure 7. Tarred road between the site and Katima Mulilo farm ................................................. 16

Figure 8. Village road on the southern boundary of the site ........................................................ 17

Figure 9. Zambezi Region Electoral Constituency ...................................................................... 18

Figure 10. Site Notices at Ngweze Community Hall .................................................................... 30

Figure 11. Matrix used for the Impact Assessment ..................................................................... 36

List of Tables

Table 1. Population Demography of Zambezi Region, 2011 and 2001 (Namibia 2011

Population and Housing Census Main Report) ............................................................................. 19

Table 2. Population demography of Katima Mulilo Urban Constituency. .................................. 20

Table 3. Project Alternatives ........................................................................................................ 21

Table 4. Regulatory framework applicable to the project ............................................................ 24

Table 5. Newspaper Adverts ........................................................................................................ 29

Table 6. Impact identification during Construction ..................................................................... 32

Table 7. Impact identification during Operation Phase................................................................ 33

Table 8. Criteria for impact assessment ....................................................................................... 34

i

ACRONYMS

AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

DEA Department of Environmental Affairs

EA Environmental Assessment

EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner

ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate

ECO Environmental Compliance Officer

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMA Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007)

EMP Environmental Management Plan

HFL Horizon Fuel and Logistics

HIV Human Immuno Virus

KM Katima Mulilo

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism

NAMPOWER Namibia Power Utility

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

RDC Red-Dune Consulting CC

SM Site Manager

ii

Executive Summary

Horizon and Logistics Pty Ltd, is a Namibian company interested in the distribution of

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). They intend on constructing and operating an above ground

LP gas plant located on a 70 hectares’ piece of land in Portion 3 in Katima Mulilo, Zambezi

Region. Physically, LPG is defined as a colourless, odourless liquid that readily evaporates into

a gas. LPG is not known to have any adverse effects on human health except it being highly

flammable, causing cold burns when in contact with human skin and acting as an asphyxiant (a

substance that causes unconsciousness) at high concentration.

Other possible environmental threats such as land degradation, exhaust emission, biodiversity

loss, oil leakages, employment, health and safety issues during the construction and the

operational phase are adequately addressed. The impact analysis of these environmental threats

to physical environment, biological and human environment were low with the proposed

mitigation measures. The information was analyzed with a high degree of certainty due to the

adequate availability of literature and the global operation of LPG plants. The analysis further

showed that the project is expected to positively contribute to the socio-economic development

of Katima Mulilo Town Council as well as at National level through employment creation and

contribution to the GDP.

Analysis of the no project alternative showed that, the adverse impacts will be negative

especially on the socio-economic aspects. With the adequate implementation of the EMP, the

project is expected to be environmentally sustainable.

1

1. Introduction

Electricity is the most common form of household energy used worldwide. The other commonly

used source of energy is Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG or LP gas). LPG (either Butane or

Propane) is a mixture of flammable hydrocarbon gases that are used as fuel in heating appliances

and cooking equipment. Physically, LPG is defined as a colourless, odourless liquid that readily

evaporates into a gas. Because of its flammable nature and how quickly it evaporates, an

odourant has been added to it to help detect leakages.

Horizon and Logistics Pty Ltd, is a Namibian company with an interest in Liquefied Petroleum

Gas (LPG) distribution. It intends to construct and operate an above ground LP gas depot. The

project description is detailed in Section 2 below.

Figure 1. An illustration of an above storage tanks for LP gas depot.

1.1. Regulatory Requirements

The protection of the environment is provided for under Article 95 of the Namibia Constitution

and the Environmental Management Act 2007 (Act No 7 of 2007) (EMA).

2

The EMA has listed activities that may not be undertaken without an Environmental Clearance

Certificate (ECC). The proposed construction and operation of the LPG depot is a listed activity

that may not be undertaken without an ECC.

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE TREATMENT, HANDLING AND STORAGE

9.1 The manufacturing, storage, handling or processing of a hazardous substance defined

in the Hazardous Substances Ordinance, 1974.

9.4 The storage and handling of a dangerous goods, including petrol, diesel, liquid

petroleum gas or paraffin, in containers with a combined capacity of more than 30

cubic meters at any one location.

9.5 Construction of filling stations or any other facility for the underground and

aboveground storage of dangerous goods, including petrol, diesel, liquid, petroleum,

gas or paraffin.

The EMA consequently obliges Horizon Fuel and Logistics to undertake an Environmental

Impact Assessment (EIA) and thereafter develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

for the proposed activities. It is against this statutory requirement that, Horizon Fuel and

Logistics has appointed Red-Dune Consulting CC, an independent environmental consulting

company, to undertake the EIA and develop the EMP for the proposed project.

1.2. The Need and Desirability of the Project

Like many developing countries, the National Development Plan 5 (NDP - 5) and Vision 2030

aim for Namibia to become an industrialized nation and this crucial goal can only be achieved

with adequate provision of energy. Regarding environmental sustainability, LPG is a clean

energy which will reduce stress on biodiversity by reducing reliance on wood for fuel. Katima

Mulilo borders three land locked countries (Zambia, Botswana and Zimbabwe) whom are

depended on Namibian ports for their cargo, hence the proposed plant shall be a strategic

logistic hub for LPG. Lastly, Katima Mulilo Town does not have an industrial area, nor a logistic

3

hub to explore the full economic potential of the border town. Other positive direct contributions

by the project includes, direct and indirect employment and improving land value.

1.3. Terms of Reference

The Terms of Reference (ToRs) for this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is in

accordance with the Environmental Management Act 2007 and its Regulation Section 9 (a-b).

It considers other relevant local, national and international laws. These guidelines are aimed to

focus on issues of greater environmental concerns and to develop mitigation measures for

effective environmental management. Eventually, this EIA is aimed at obtaining the

Environmental Clearance Certificate for the project and to ensure environmental sustainability.

The TORs of this project includes, but are not limited to the following;

Provide a comprehensive description of the proposed project;

Identify relevant legislation and guidelines for the project;

Identify potential environmental (physical, biological and social) conditions of the

project location and conduct risk assessment;

Inform Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) and relevant authorities about the

proposed project to enable their participation and contribution;

Develop an Environmental Management (EMP) that would be a legal guideline for the

environmental protection by the project

1.4. Scope of the EIA

The scope of this project is guided by the Environmental Regulations 2012, which follows the

process as shown in figure 2. The scope aims at identifying possible impacts, assessing the

impact and formulating optimum and, practical mitigation measure to minimize the impacts.

Red-Dune (RD) believes that the developed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provided

practical mitigation measure which will ensure environmental sustainability. Furthermore, RD

believes that, the information provided is adequate and sufficient to enable the Environmental

4

Commissioner (EC) to make an informed decision and issue the Environmental Clearance

Certificate for the project

Figure 2. The EIA Process in Namibia

PHASE 1. Scoping

Determine the Scope of the EIA

PHASE 2. Environmental and Social

Assessment

Analyse Impacts

Determine mitigation measures

(Conduct Specialist, if necessary)

PHASE 3. Submission of EIA to

Competent Authority

PHASE 4. Competent Authority

makes comment and forward

application to MET

Project Not

Approved

Public Participation

Newspaper Advert

Site Notices

Background Information Document

Project

Approved

Implementation of Project

APPOINTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTITIONER BY THE

PROPONENT

Appeal to Minister

of Environment and

Tourism

Public Feedback

5

2. Project Description

2.1. Location

The project is located on a 70 hectares’ piece of land at Portion 3 of Katima Mulilo townland in Zambezi region (figure 3).

GPS Coordinates for the Proposed LP Gas Depot

1 -17.511388, 24.239444 2 -17.50555, 24.232222 3 -17.503603 , 24,234575

4 -17.503435 ,24,246602

Figure 3. Proposed Site for LP Gas Depot

6

2.2. Technical Description

The proposed project shall consist of the following technical components;

Civil works which includes reinforced concrete foundation and perimeter fencing

with reinforced concrete blast wall;

Five (5) 1300MT bullet mounter tanks;

LPG equipment and piping network with associated mechanical equipment;

Firewater network with water pumps;

Cylinder filling station;

Office and convenience shop and;

Bulk facilities.

The construction and installation shall therefore involve the following activities;

Excavation and constructing of reinforced concrete foundation for the LPG tanks

court;

Installation of LPG piping network;

Construction of a cylinder filling station;

Tanker loading and offloading station;

Excavation and construction of reinforce concrete foundation for the emergency

water tanks;

Construction of convenience shop and office;

Construction of perimeter concrete blast wall and

Construction of bulk facilities (water and electricity), and associated sewer

infrastructure (Septic Tank System) (An option exist to connect the ablution

facilities to the Katima Mulilo Town Council sewer system.

It should be noted that, the Katima Mulilo Town Council shall provide a guiding role

during the subdivision of Portion 3 before construction.

7

2.3. Operation

The operation of the LPG is guided by the World LPG Association (WLPGA) which is an

authoritative voice of the global LPG industry representing the full LPG value chain.

According to the association, amongst its primary goal is the promotion if compliance to

good business and safety practices.

2.3.1. LPG Hazard and Precautions

LPG is highly flammable hence it has a high fire and explosion risk. When the LPG liquid

leaks, it quickly evaporates into air and forms a cloud, but because its heavier than air, the

cloud drops to the ground. Should this LPG vapor, meets with any source of ignition, it

can burn or explode when it is in a confinement, e.g. drains or basements. On human health,

the gas may cause cold burns to the skin and it can act as an asphyxiant (a substance that

causes unconsciousness) at high concentration. LPG gas cylinders can explode if involved

in fire. Before operation, a leak detection is performed to ensure that there is no leakage.

To minimize fire risk, a fire fighting system which is mainly a water spray system shall be

installed. This system must be designed to ensure even spraying of water on the entire LPG

installation.

Leak detection is performed by increasing the pressure on the entire transfer system higher

than that of the LPG vapor pressure to ensure that there is no leakage in any transfer line.

2.3.2. General Requirement of a LPG gas depot

The summary for the following requirement are extracted from “the Guidelines for Good

Safety Practices in the LP Gas Industry”

LPG must be stored in adequate location suitably positioned and having regard to

the relevant codes of practice;

LPG plant must be designed to appropriate standards and be properly installed and

commissioned by competent persons;

8

Plant must be fitted with adequate safety and monitoring control devices and

operated by competent persons;

Occupiers must notify the gas supplier of any structural or other changes which

might affect the gas installation;

There must be a suitable programme of maintenance and testing by competent

persons;

Plant must be identifiable and accessible for maintenance;

Records of maintenance and tests must be kept;

Precautions must be taken to prevent fire and explosion including appropriate

protection of storage tanks;

Installations must have appropriate security measures to prevent deliberate

interference;

Incidents involving death or hospitalization, fire or explosion or a significant

release of LPG must be reported to the Authority and records of such incidents must

be kept;

All mitigation measure involving the construction and operation of the LPG depot shall

be outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

9

3. Description of the Affected Environment

3.1. Environmental Parameters

3.1.1. Climate

Generally, Namibia is an arid country, with a large part of country having a climatic

condition characterized by high temperatures and, periodic low rainfall. Rainfall decrease

from east to west, with Zambezi Region receiving the highest rainfall of 600ml/year. The

Zambezi region climatic condition is influenced by the Zambezi river. Like many areas in

the world with rivers system, the climatic condition is that of tropical nature with warm to

hot temperatures. The warmest temperatures are from September to March, and the coldest

between May to August. The dry season fall between April and October while the wet

season is falls between November and March.

According to Mendelsohn et al 2002, the average summer temperature is 20ºC while during

winter the average temperature is 5 ºC and the average maximum and minimum annual

temperature is 35 ºC and 19 ºC respectively.

3.2. Geomorphology

3.2.1. Geology

According to Mendelsohn et al 2002, Zambezi region, like many far northern areas of

Namibia, is formed up of the Kalahari Basin. The Kalahari Basin was formed from the split

between Namibia and South America to form a broad coastal plain which is now the Namib

Desert. The Kalahari Basin gradually filled up with sand and water borne deposit. These

deposits of sands, clay and calcretes formed the Kalahari Group.

10

3.2.2. Topography and Hydrology

Generally, the Zambezi region is flat and sloping toward the eastern direction. This is

because, the geology of the area was formed from the filling up of the coastal plain with

Namib sand and water borne deposits. Drainage is from north west to the south east.

Flooding is frequent in the region as a result of direct rainfall and rise in the Zambezi River.

The area receives the highest rainfall in the country at 600mm/year.

3.3. Biodiversity

3.3.1. Flora

Zambezi region is the most densely vegetated region in Namibia. Due to its tropical nature,

the areas has a tropical forest. The area is partially covered by thick bush and shrubs as well

as tall glass. There are few mature trees, which are predominantly Rose Wood and various

species of Acacia trees. The description of the vegetation is provided below.

11

Acacia Erioloba

Protection status: Protected in Namibia

under the Preservation of Trees and

forests Ordinance of 1952

Acacia Erioloba branch

Acacia Mellifera

Protection Status: Not Protected in

Namibia

Acacia Mellifera branch

12

Amarura Tree (Sclerocarya birrea)

Protection Status: Protected

Amarura tree (Sclerocarya birrea) Branch

Small Rose wood Tree (Guibourtia

coleosperma)


Small Rose wood Tree (Guibourtia

coleosperma) Branch

13

Rose wood Trees (Guibourtia coleosperma)


The Rose Wood logs are at the Chinese timber harvesting factory which are cut from the

adjacent Katima Mulilo Farm on the northern side of the site. The proposed site does not have

mature Rose Wood Trees.

14

Shrubs of Acacia, Shrubs and tall grass are the most abundant vegetation on site

There are several illegal cleared pieces of land ranging between half a hectare and over a

hectare in size (Figure 4)

Figure 4. A piece of cleared land used for maize plantation

These several small pieces belong to security guards for the NamPower Station which is

located on the Northern side of the site.

15

Figure 5. The NamPower Station on the northern side of the site

There is a Chinese establishment for Timber Harvesting. The Chinese was awarded a de-

bushing tender for Katima Mulilo Farm which is adjacent to the area. There are stock piles

of the harvested Rose Wood trees at the Chinese establishment (Figure 6).

Figure 6. The Chinese Timber harvesting establishment within the site

3.3.2. Fauna

There are so many human activities within the site for wild animals to live there. Small

animals such rabbits, squirrels, various types of birds maybe found at the site. These will

16

move along with thick vegetation during clearing. During inspection, no animal, not even

domestic animals were seen in the area. A local man has indicated that, domestic animals

often graze at the floodplains and not necessary within thick bush. It is there not anticipated

that the clearing of land shall have any effect on the fauna.

3.4. Socio-Economic Environment

3.4.1. Land Use

The proposed piece of land is at Portion 3 of the Katima Townland. The land is currently

undetermined, but it is earmarked as a logistical hub for Katima Mulilo town. On the North,

the site is divided by the tarred road and borders Katima Mulilo Farm (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Tarred road between the site and Katima Mulilo farm

17

On the North west, the site borders with NamPower (Figure 5) while on the south, the site

marks the outer boundary of site and the communal land, which is divided by a village road

(Figure 8). Communal communities are found on the southern side of the site.

Figure 8. Village road on the southern boundary of the site

As mentioned above, within the site, there are several small cleared pieces of land used for

cultivating maize and a Chinese timber harvesting establishment, which was found dormant

due to the Government moratorium on timber harvesting.

18

3.4.2. Population Demography

Katima Mulilo town is the capital of Zambezi region. The region is bordered by the Kavango

region to the west and by neighboring countries, Zambia and Angola in the north, Zimbabwe

in the east and Botswana in the south. According to the 2011 Namibian population census,

Zambezi region has total population of 90 596 (Figure 9). There are 7 electoral

constituencies. Katima Mulilo town (urban constituency) has a population of 28 362.

Overall 61% of the region population makes up the labour force whereby 62% and 32% of

the labour force is employed and unemployed respectively (Table 1).

Figure 9. Zambezi Region Electoral Constituency

19

Table 1. Population Demography of Zambezi Region, 2011 and 2001 (Namibia 2011

Population and Housing Census Main Report)

20

The Katima Mulilo urban population demography is relatively different from the entire region.

Employment statistics shows that, 66% of the population makes up the labour force of which 51%

is unemployed (Table 2). These statistics call for interventions to create employment opportunities

for the people of the town, henceforth a project like this is crucial for the town.

Table 2. Population demography of Katima Mulilo Urban Constituency.

21

4. Project Alternatives

The provision of EMA requires an EIA to explore various project alternative which aims to ensure that a chosen project component

does not have significant impact to the environment. Project alternatives includes not implementing the project (No go alternative),

when the environmental impacts are severe, or there is high degree of uncertainty and also other alternative such as the project site,

technology and equipment to be used. The description of alternatives is given in the table 4 below.

Table 3. Project Alternatives

Alternative Description Advantages Disadvantage Chosen Option

No Project This alternative

would keep the

status quo

There would be NO environmental

threats such as;

Habitat destruction / land

degradation by construction

Potential Safety Risk

The following benefits would

be lost if the project does not

go ahead.

The potential town

development opportunity

shall be lost

Compromise on

government development

goals of industrialization

No poverty reduction

through loss of employment

opportunity

NO

22


Project Site The proposed

project is on the

periphery of the

town. This can

be equated to

no other site

alternative

because the

project will not

entail

displacement of

people

The site is far from residential areas,

The site is far from communal

communities,

The vegetation is and shall be

disturbed due to town development

activities. There is already an

existing access road which goes to

NamPower

There shall be no displacement of

people.

There are small trees of

Rose Wood which shall be

cut down (only the

inevitable ones)

Although illegal, small

pieces of maize plantation

shall be lost

Rodents, insects and small

animals that may be residing

there shall be displaced

(these animals can surely

find alternative habitation in

the nearby surrounding area)

YES

Implement

Project

This entails the

implementation

and operation of

the project

Enhance development

Enhance skill and capacity building

Improved technology transfer

Makes the start of the logistic hub,

which is likely to unlock the

economic potential of the region

The natural environment may

be disturbed but with adequate

implementation of the

Environmental Management

Plan, environmental

sustainability shall be

achieved.

YES

23


LPG

Technologies

Liquefied

Petroleum

manufacturing

The LPG will not be manufactured

in Namibia hence the use of

technology will be minimal

None N/A

Storage Tanks

Bullet vs

Spherical tanks

The steel tanks

that will store

the LP gas. The

design of the

tanks mainly

depends on

economic

reason and not

environmentally

driven.

The Bullet tanks are not time-

consuming and easily installed

Bullet tanks are cost effective as

opposed to spherical tanks

Spherical tanks require

onsite manufacturing, this is

timeous and expensive

Spherical tanks are difficult

to maintain

Bullet Tanks

24

5. Policy and Legal Framework

Table 4. Regulatory framework applicable to the project

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SUMMARY APPLICABILITY

The Namibian Constitution The State shall actively promote and maintain the

welfare of the people by adopting policies aimed “The

maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological

processes and biological diversity of Namibia and

utilization of living natural resources on a sustainable

basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and

future”

Protection of the environment and

its biodiversity

Environmental Management Act

No. 7 of 2007

This act aims to promote the sustainable management

of the environment and the use of natural resources

and to provides for a process of assessment and control

of activities which may have significant effects on the

environment; and to provide for incidental matters

The acts provide a list of activities

that may not be undertake without

an Environmental Clearance

Certificate to prevent

environmental damages

Atmospheric Pollution Prevention

Ordinance Act No.11 of 1976)

This Ordinance serves to control air pollution from

point sources, but it does not consider ambient air

quality. This ordinance is being repealed by the

proposed Pollution Control and Waste Management

Bill. Any person carrying out a ‘scheduled process’

which are processes resulting in noxious or offensive

Generation of Greenhouse Gases

by the fuel

25


gases typically pertaining to point source emissions

have to obtain a registration certificate from the

Department of Health.

Water Resources Management Act

(2004)

This Act provides a framework for managing water

resources based on the principles of integrated water

resources management. It provides for the

management, development, protection, conservation,

and use of water resources. Furthermore, any

watercourse on/or in close proximity to the site and

associated ecosystems should be protected in

alignment with the listed principles.

Ensure well-constructed storm

water systems and ensure

pollution control mechanism to

avoid water pollution

Petroleum Product and Energy Act

No, 13 of 1990

This Act provides a framework for handling and

distribution of petroleum products which may include

purchase, sale, supply, acquisition, possession,

disposal, storage or transportation thereof.

Safe handling of the fuel

Draft Pollution Control and Waste

Management Bill

This Bill serves to regulate and prevent the discharge

of pollutants to air and water as well as providing for

general waste management

To protect the environment from

possible hydrocarbons and oil

leaks from the machinery and

vehicles

26


Environmental Policy framework

(1995)

This policy subjects all developments and project to

environmental assessment and provides guideline for

the Environmental Assessment.

Consideration of all possible

impacts and incorporate them in

the development stages

National Solid Waste Strategy The strategy to control and manage solid waste in

Namibia

Solid waste disposed at the site

Regulations Related to the Health

and Safety of Employees at Work.

Reg No. 156

Promotes the Safety and Health of employees at the

work place

Employees subjected to noise,

dust and injuries

Public Health and Environmental

Act No. 1 of 2015

To Protect the public from nuisance and states that no

person shall cause a nuisance or shall suffer to exist on

any land or premises owned or occupied by him or of

which he is in charge any nuisance or other condition

liable to be injurious or dangerous to health.

Application of proper mitigation

measure to prevent aesthetic

pollution and water pollution

Labour Act No. 11 of 2007 This Act outlines the labour laws which encompass

protection and safety of employees at work.

This project will require labour

during its construction and

operational stage

Regional Council Act, 1992 (Act No.

22 of 1992)

The Regional Councils Act legislates the

establishment of Regional Councils that are

responsible for the planning and coordination of

regional policies and development. The main

Observe the regional by laws

27


objective of this Act is to initiate, supervise, manage

and evaluate development at regional level.

Local Authority Act No. 23 of 1992

Government Notice of No.116 of

1992.

This Act underlines the duties and functions of the

Local Authority

The town development and land

acquisition

Hazardous Substances Ordinance

No. 14 of 1974

This ordinance gives provision to control the handling

of hazardous substance in all circumstances, such as

manufacturing, importing and exporting of these to

ensure human and environmental safety.

Handling of fuel, fire and

explosion risks

Soil Conservation Act No. 76 of

1969

To promotes the conservation of soil, prevention of

soil erosion

Uncontrolled movement of heavy

vehicles and truck at areas

surrounding the site may cause

land degradation

Water Resource Management Act

No.11 of 2011

The Act stipulates the prevention of both surface and

ground water sources.

The possibility of surface and

groundwater contamination.

Word’s Best Practices

Precautionary Approach Principle

This principle is globally accepted when there is a lack

of sufficient knowledge and information about the

possible threats to the environment. Hence if the

anticipated impacts are greater, then precautionary

approach is applied. In this project, there are no

Precautionary measure must be

applied during project operation

28


eminent uncertainties however in cases when they

arise, this approach should be applied.

Polluter Pays Principle

This principle ensures that proponents takes

responsibility of their actions. Hence in cases of

pollution, the proponent bears the full responsibility of

cleaning up the environment.

National Heritage Act No.27 of 2004 The Act gives provision of the protection and

conservation of places and objects with heritage

significance.

There were no heritage features

identified on site nor within close

vicinity of the site.

29

6. Public Consultation

The provision of the EMA requires an EIA process to follows a robust and comprehensive

public consultation. This is an important process, because it gives members of the public,

especially the Interested and Affected Parties, an opportunity to comment or raise concerns

that may affect the socio-economic or general environment as a result of the project.

Furthermore, it solicits crucial local knowledge that the Environmental Assessment

Practitioner may not have.

6.1. Newspaper Advertisement

The EMA requires that, the project must be advertised into two (2) daily newspapers that

are widely circulated in the country (Table 5). The project was advertised for two

consecutive weeks in the NewEra Newspaper and the Confidante Newspaper (Appendix 1).

Table 5. Newspaper Adverts

Newspaper Date advertised

NewEra 13-19 February 2020

Confidante 13-20 February 2020

6.2. Public Meeting

A public meeting was organized at Ngweze Community Hall in Katima Mulilo on 22nd

Friday 2020. Site notices were placed at the Hall and the Town Council (Figure 10).

Unfortunately, it resulted in zero attendance during the day.

30

Figure 10. Site Notices at Ngweze Community Hall

During the afternoon, Red-Dune went to the Zambezi Regional Council offices to meet Mr.

Walubita, however due to some commitments, Mr. Walubita couldn’t not make it to the

meeting of 14:30 and requested that the background information document and all necessary

documents be handed to his secretary. The Secretary was not available and the documents

were hand to Mr. Castro M. Mafwila.

In the late afternoon, Red-Dune went to Katima Mulilo Town Council where a meeting was

held with the Town Planning Manager, Ms. Feliciana Shishivenia & Mr. Ntesa Mahoto

Town Planners, and Mr. Kabende Kabende from the Zambezi Development Association

(ZDA) (Appendix 2).

31

Name Institution Comment / Concern Response (RD)

Mr.

Kabende

Zambezi

Development

Association

Association had a concern on how the land was acquired Ms. Shishiveni explained and indicated

the evidence of the procedures that

were followed in accordance to the local

authority act.

Red Dune (RD) requested newspaper

advertisement to be incorporated in the

scoping report.

Mr.

Kabende

Zambezi

Development

Association

Before project implementation, it would be good for the

community to be consulted, because many times,

communities hardly have access to print media and they do

not participate at project inception and only react

During the implementation phase.

RD commented that the proponent shall

be advised, together with the KMTC, to

consult the community before land

clearing and construction.

Ms.

Shishiveni

Katima Mulilo Town Council (KMTC)

She advised that the scoping report must be shared with the

office of the Chief Executive Office of KMTC, with the aim

that the CEO shall share it with

all relevant departments for their input.

RD agreed with the advice and

commented that a draft scoping and

environmental management plan will

be shared before

submission to the MET.

Ms.

Shishiveni

KMTC Advised that when the project is approved from the

approving authority, Ministry of Environment and Tourism,

the proponent must consult the Town Council whom shall

then spearhead the subdivision of the site and shall guide on

exact location of LPG Depot and other future developments.

RD agreed with the comment and

informed her that this will be reflected

in the scoping report and

recommendations as well.

32

7. Impact Identification and Risk Assessment

7.1. Impact Identification

The standard practice of impact identification using a checklist method was used to identify

potential environmental impacts during construction and operational phase (Table 6 & 7).

This process resulted from literature, site visits, public participation process and site

assessment.

Table 6. Impact identification during Construction

Potential

Impact

Physical Environment Biological

Environment

Human Environment

Lan

d

Deg

rad

ati

on

Wate

r Q

uali

ty

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Nois

e

Flo

ra

Fau

na

Hea

lth

Safe

ty

Dis

pla

cem

ent

Em

plo

ym

ent

Her

itage

Digging &

Excavating

X

X X X X X

Oil Spill X X

Exhaust

Emission

X

Machinery

Noise

X X X

Accident X

Occupational

Health Risk

X

HIV/AIDS X

Employment X

General Waste X X

33

Table 7. Impact identification during Operation Phase

Potential

Impact

Physical Environment Biological

Environment

Human Environment

Lan

d

Wate

r Q

uali

ty

Air

Qu

ali

ty

Nois

e

Flo

ra

Fau

na

Hea

lth

Safe

ty

Dis

pla

cem

ent

Em

plo

ym

ent

Her

itage

Liquid

effluent

X X X X

Gaseous

effluent

X X X

Solid Waste X X

Liquid Waste X X X

Transport X X

Occupational

Health Risk

X X

HIV/AIDS X

Employment X

7.2. Criteria for Impact Assessment

The criteria used to assess the impacts and the method of determining their significance is

outlined in Table 8. This process conforms with the Environmental Impact Assessment

Regulations of Environmental Management Act, 2007 (Government Gazette No. 4878) EIA

regulations. The approach for determining and analyzing impacts is undertaken into two

steps.

Impact Determination; during this step, the impact is assessed based on severity, spatial

scale and its duration.

Impact Significance; various rating exists to determine the overall rating of the impact

34

Impact significance is determined under two mitigation scenarios; without mitigation and

with mitigation. The confidence of impact mitigation depends on the level of certainty

based on available information to assess the impact. Impacts whose level of uncertainties

are high, a specialist study maybe commissioned to understand and develop the mitigation

measures. If after a specialist studies there are still further uncertainties pertaining the

impact, a precaution measure is applied to allow for more studies to be undertaken.

Table 8. Criteria for impact assessment

Risk Event Rating Description of the risk that may lead to an Impact

Impact type 0 No Impact

+VE Positive

-VE Negative

Probability The probability that an impact may occur under the following analysis

1 Improbable (Low likelihood)

2 Low probability

3 Probable (Likely to occur)

4 Highly Probable (Most likely)

5 Definite (Impact will occur irrespective of the applied mitigation

measure)

Confidence

level

The confidence level of occurrence in the prediction, based on available knowledge

L Low

M Medium

H High

Significance

(Without

Mitigation)

0 None (Based on the available information, the potential impact is found

to not have a significant impact)

L Low (The presence of the impact’s magnitude is expected to be temporal

or localized, that may not require alteration to the operation of the project

M Medium (This is when the impact is expected to be of short term

moderate and normally regionally. In most cases, such impacts require

that the projects is altered to mitigate the impact or alternative method of

mitigation is implemented

H High (The impact is definite, can be regional or national and in long term.

The impact could have a no go implication unless the project is re-

designed or proper mitigation can practically be applied

Mitigation The applied measure / alternative to reduce / avoid an impact

35

Significance

(With

Mitigation)

0 None (Based on the available information, the potential impact is found

to not have a significant impact)

L Low (The presence of the impact’s magnitude is expected to be temporal

or localized, that may not require alteration to the operation of the project

M Medium (This is when the impact is expected to be of short term

moderate and normally regionally. In most cases, such impacts require

that the projects is altered to mitigate the impact or alternative method of

mitigation is implemented

H High (The impact is definite, can be regional or national and in long term.

The impact could have a no go implication unless the project is re-

designed or proper mitigation can practically be applied

Duration Time duration of the impacts

1 Immediate

2 Short-term (0-5 years)

3 Medium-term (5-15 years)

4 Long-term (more than 15 years

5 Permanent

Scale The geographical scale of the impact

1 Site specific

2 Local

3 Regional

4 National

5 International

36

7.3. Impact Risk Assessment Procedure

An illustration of an impact analysis is shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Matrix used for the Impact Assessment

37

8. Risks Assessment

8.1. Planning Phase.

8.1.1. Public Consultation

To ensure that the project is accepted by the public and avoid possible conflicts, a public

notice was advertised in local newspapers and focus group meeting was held with staff

members of the Katima Mulilo Town Council. Further, the Zambezi Regional Council was

informed and project documents were hand delivered at the Regional Council Offices.

8.2. Pre-Construction

8.2.1. Land Acquisition from KMTC

The acquisition of land was done in line with the Local Authority Act No. 23 of

1992. The intention of the KMTC to sell the land was advertised into two

newspapers, The Namibian and New Era, for the public to raise their comments of

objection. No objection was received therefore the KMTC proceeded to request

approval from the Minister of Urban and Rural Development after the duly process

was followed, of which the approval was given.

.

38

8.3. Construction

8.3.1. Impact on Bio-Physical Environment

Potential Environmental / Social Impact Mitigation Measures Significance of the Impact

Flora

The area is heavily encroached by Acacia

bush and spatially distributed Rose Wood

and few Acacia Erioloba trees. Unless totally

unavoidable, mature trees must not be cut

down so that they form part of the landscape

during operation phase

1. Unless inevitable, mature trees must not be

cut down

Type -VE

Severity Medium

Scale / Extend Site Specific

Probability Definite

Confidence level High

Without Mitigation Medium

With Mitigation Low

Fauna

The area is frequented by human activities

which include a timber harvesting and

processing factory, and NamPower station.

There are no wild animals, however, reptiles

and small wild animals such as squirrels may

be present. These small animals can easily

change location to the nearest habitat.

1. Do not kill animal, unless such animals

pose eminent danger to humans

Type -VE

Severity Medium


Probability Possibly



With Mitigation Low

With Mitigation Medium

39


Land Pollution / Surface and Ground

Water Pollution

Heavy vehicle and machinery may pollute

water sources from leakages of oils,

hydraulic fluids, lubricants and greases.

These pollutants may reach underground

water through seepage. Additionally, surface

water may be polluted from surface run off

soils that is polluted.

1. Fueling of heavy vehicle on site must be

well coordinated at designated places

2. Stationary vehicles must be provided with

drip tray to capture oil, lubricants and

hydraulic fluids leakages

3. All vehicle and machinery must be well

serviced to avoid leakages

4. Provide and train on oil spill emergency

response

5. Servicing of vehicles and machinery must

take place at designated sites only

Type -VE

Severity Medium





With Mitigation Low

Land Degradation

The uncontrolled movement of heavy

machinery at the project site may cause land

degradation. The access road from town is

fully tarred.

1. Movement of heavy vehicles must be

coordinated and restricted to be on site and

on access roads.

Type -VE

Severity Medium





With Mitigation Low

40


Air Pollution

It is inevitable that the movement of heavy

vehicles loosen the top soil and makes it

susceptible to wind erosion thereby causing

dust pollution. Excavation, hauling of sand

and construction material all produce large

amount of dust. Furthermore, air pollution

from vehicle exhaust is expected but is

minimal.

1. Movement of heavy vehicles must strictly

be restricted within the site.

2. Adhere to the minimum speed limit of 30

or 40 km/hour.

3. Do not excavate and/or offload sand

during heavy winds.

4. Trucks carrying sand must be covered.

5. Sand stock piles must be covered or

regularly sprayed with water.

6. On site where soil is loosened by vehicle

movement, apply a dust suppression

method such as water spraying.

7. Cement and concrete must be mixed with

concrete mixers and not manually in the

open.

8. Workers must not be exposed to excess

dust and should be provided with

appropriate PPE such as dust musks and

ear muffs.

9. Adhere to the Labour Act which states that

non-toxic human dust exposure levels

41


may not exceed 5mg/m3 for respiratory

dust and 15mg/m3 for total dust,

10. Cement bags must be stored and disposed

of properly and may not be shaken in the

open

Waste Generation

Waste generation shall include, general

house hold waste, construction waste such as

replace parts, broken parts, packaging

material and used empty utilities.

1. Develop a waste management strategy

2. Provide skip bins to collect waste and be

disposed of at an approved disposal site

3. Provide mobile toilets at the site

4. Do not burry waste on site

5. Used oil, grease and lubricants cans must

be collected in appropriate drums and

disposed of at an approved site.

Type -VE

Severity Medium





With Mitigation Low

Noise Pollutions

Noise from heavy vehicles may be a

nuisance to the surrounding, although the site

is far from residential areas.

1. Heavy vehicles must be well serviced

2. Switch off engine for vehicles when not in

use

3. Drive at 30/km while on site

Type -VE

Severity Low




Without Mitigation Low

With Mitigation Low

42


8.3.2. Socio-Economic Impacts

Potential Environmental / Social

Impact

Mitigation Measures Significance of the Impact

Employment

To improve the socio-economic condition to

of the local people, the project aims to use

man-power to clear bushes and machinery

shall only be used to remove big trees.

Hence a significant number of general

workers will be temporarily employed

during the construction phase.

1. Ensure that all general work is

reserved for local people unless in

circumstances where specialized

skills are required.

2. Fair compensation and labour

practises as per the Namibian Labour

Laws must be followed

3. Ensure skill transfer to the locals

4. Use local supplier for goods and

services where possible

5. Ensure all workers go through an

induction course

Type +VE

Severity Medium

Scale / Extend Local




With Mitigation Low

43


Impact


HIV/AIDS, Alcohol and Drug abuse

Namibia has high prevalence of

HIV/AIDS and it is important to ensure

that employees are sensitized about the

pandemic.

1. Provide awareness to the employees /

recyclers on the danger of alcohol and

drug abuse

2. Provide condoms on site

Type -VE

Severity High




Without Mitigation Medium,

With Mitigation Low

Health and Safety

The Regulations Relating to the Health

and Safety of Employees at Work, made

under Labour Act of 1992 (Act No. 6 of

1992) place legal duty on employers to

provide a health and safe working

environment to the employees and any

Health;

1. .Abide to the Occupational Health and

Safety and Labour Act of Namibia and

other statutory requirement such as

International Labour Practise (ILO)

2. Ensure adequate first aid kit

Type -VE

Severity High




Without Mitigation High

With Mitigation Low

44


Impact


person other than the employees who

might be affected by their operations.

Operation of specialized equipment may

increase safety risk if not executed

correctly

3. Supervisors must undergo an

occupational health and first aid

course;

4. Train employees on the possible health

hazards to avoid potential risks

5. Provide appropriate Personal

Protective Equipment (PPE)

6. Employees must NOT be exposed to

noise levels above the required -85dB

(A) limit over a period of 8 hours.

7. Adhere to the Labour act, which states

that, non-toxic human dust exposure

levels may not exceed 5mg/m3 for

respiratory dust and 15mg/m3 for total

dust.

8. Supply clean drinking water to the site;

Safety

9. The installation of LPG storage tanks

and associate infrastructures such as

45


Impact


pipes, must conform with the necessary

ISOs and regulatory guidelines for the

LPG industry

10. Develop a safety plan

11. Ensure that every employee goes

through an induction course about

safety;

12. Employees must be equipped with all

necessary Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE) including helmets,

overalls, safety shoes, safety glasses,

gloves, earmuffs, etc.

13. Only qualified and licensed personnel

must be allowed to operate machinery

and vehicles

14. Adequate safety signs must be

displayed on site

Archaeology

There are no known possible heritage or

archaeology materials on site

2. Implement a chance find and steps

to be taken when

archaeological material

Type -VE

Severity Medium


46


Impact


There are no known of possible heritage

or archaeology materials on site

findings (heritage rock painting

and drawings), human remains or

artefacts) are unearthed Stopping

the activity immediately:

i. Informing the operational

manager or supervisor

ii. Cordoning off the area with

a danger tape and manager

to take appropriate pictures.

iii. Manager/supervisor must

report the finding(s) to the

National Museum (+ 264 61

276 800) or the National

Forensic Laboratory (+ 264

61 240 461).




With Mitigation Low

47

8.4. Operational Phase

The operational impact analysis shall mainly focus on the Health and Safety of operating the LPG depot. Other aspects addressed for

the construction phase may be applied during the operational phase. It should be noted that, the operation of an LPG depot is a highly

technologized operation with standard regulatory principles. These guidelines ranges from the type of tanks and pipes to be used as well

as the dispensary units. Of most important aspects is how the operator ensures that, the facility is protected from bush fires, workers are

aware of the high fire and explosion risk and all necessary firefighting equipment is available and workers know how to use them.

8.4.1. Impacts on Physical Environment


Land Degradation

During operation, land degradation is not expected

since the areas shall be paved and the roads shall be

tarred.

1. All trucks and vehicle

accessing the site must be on

tarred roads

Type -VE

Severity Low


Probability Possibly



With Mitigation Low

Surface and Ground Water Pollution

Water may be contaminated from used materials

such as, oil cans from vehicle and trucks, paints

containers, oil leaks from trucks, etch

1. Develop a waste management

strategy with strong emphasis

on Reduce, Re-Use, Re-Cycle

2. Provide skip bins for

Type -VE

Severity Medium


Probability Probable

48


hazardous waste such as oil

cans

3. Introduce oil leak prevention

such as drip trays under

stationary vehicles etc.

4. All hydrocarbons must be

stored on concrete bunded

areas



With Mitigation Low

Air Quality

LPG is a clean fuel technology and itself shall not

pose threat to the environment through emissions.

However, emission from indirect sources such as

trucks and vehicle exhaust may increase. The areas

shall be paved, hence there shall be no aspects of

dust pollution.

1. All stationary vehicle must be

switched off

2. Ensure road worthiness and

encourage trucks and vehicle

are frequently serviced by

owners

Type -VE

Severity Low





With Mitigation Low

Noise Pollution

The operation of the LPG plant shall not produce

noise. However, noise will produced from loading

and delivery trucks

1. Delivery trucks must be well

serviced to prevent excessive

noise

2. Stationary truck must have

their engine switched off at all

times

Type -VE

Severity Low





49


With Mitigation Low

8.4.2. Impact on Biological Environment


Flora

The operation of the project is not expected to

impact flora. The remaining tress must be well

kept, and trimmed to ensure good land scape

1. Ensure good landscaping by

trimming remaining trees

2. Frequent watering of the

remaining trees

Insignificant

Fauna

The operation of the project is not expected to

impact on fauna, since the area shall be fenced

off and animals shall not have access to the site.

1. No killing of any type of

animal is allowed unless such

animal pose danger to human

health (e.g. snake)

Insignificant

50

8.4.3. Impact on Human Environment


Health

LP Gas is not known to cause health problems

aside from cold burns to the skin and

unconsciousness at high concentrations

1. For cold burns, immediately

flush the area with cold water.

2. If exposed to high concentration,

switch off the gas transmission

and go to an open area with

sufficient air circulation

Type -VE

Severity Medium





With Mitigation Low.

Safety

If leakage occurs, LPG vapours can collect on the

ground and in drains or basements and if the gas

meets a source of ignition it can burn. LPG

cylinders can explode if involved within a fire.

1. Avoid at all times any source of

ignition material on the premises

2. Develop a fire safety policy with

clear procedures and guidelines

on how to react to LP gas fire

3. Staff must be properly trained on

how to react and handle fire

4. There must be an automatic fire

alarm system installed at the site

5. Firefighting equipment must be

on site 24hours and regularly

inspected to ensure that they are

working

Type -VE

Severity High




Without Mitigation High

With Mitigation Low

51


6. Emergency response numbers

must be on clear and visible

space

7. There must be clear hazard

signage reading “NO OPEN

FIRE” “NO SMOKING” and

“SWITCH ENGINE OFF”

8. There must be drills to test staff

on their readiness to fight fires

9. The site must be fenced off by a

boundary wall (in case there is

bush / veld fire outbreak)

10. Provide personnel with full

protective clothing such as full-

face air supplied or self-

contained breathing apparatus,

overalls, thermal insulated

gloves, splash-proof goggles

and non-sparking boots.

HIV/AIDS, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Severity -VE

Scale / Extend National

52


The employment opportunity to be created may

cause behaviour change in a society. Truck

driver are mostly compromised by risky sexual

behaviour. Namibia has high prevalence of

HIV/AIDS and it is important to ensure that

employees are sensitized about the pandemic.

1. Provide awareness to the

employees / recyclers on the

danger of alcohol and drug abuse

2. Provide condoms on site




With Mitigation Low

Employment

The project is expected to create permanent

employment opportunities that will improve the

socio-economic condition of the people.

3. Apply same principle as during

construction phase

Archaeology Heritage

There are no known of possible heritage or

archaeology materials on site

3. Implement a chance find

and steps to

be taken when

archaeological

material findings

(heritage rock painting and

drawings), human remains or

artefacts) are unearthed

Stopping the activity

immediately:

i. Informing the

Type -VE

Severity Medium





With Mitigation Low

53


operational manager

or supervisor

ii. Cordoning off the

area with a danger

tape and manager to

take appropriate

pictures.

iii. Manager/supervisor

must report the

finding(s) to the

National Museum (+

264 61 276 800) or

the National

Forensic Laboratory

(+ 264 61 240 461).

54

9. Decommissioning and Rehabilitation

Decommissioning is normally the reverse of construction and all installed materials must be

removed. It is likely that during the time the project is to be decommissioned, the environment

has changed hence a decommissioning and rehabilitation plan must be developed and

approved by the competent authority.

Nonetheless, during decommissioning, LPG tanks must be removed, the piping system shall

be re-installed, concrete foundation must be dismantled resulting in the production of a huge

volume of waste. During this stage, it is important to develop a decommissioning wasted

management strategy which shall ensure appropriate handling of different types of waste and

disposal as per the national and international laws. It is important to ensure that all tanks are

empty, this can be done by flushing tanks with air or water. After the removal of all material,

the site must be rehabilitated through leveling and compactions. Since it is town land, with

potential to accommodate another developmental project, re-vegetation is not recommended.

The following is a systematic decommissioning plan

1. Prior to decommissioning, the proponent must inform the office of the Environmental

Commissioner;

2. All work must be supervised by qualified and competent engineers,

3. It is recommended that an environmental specialist must monitor any possible

contamination during decommissioning;

4. There must be clear signs to the public about the closure of the project;

5. The contractor must use the right tools and equipment;

6. Workers must be provided with all necessary PPE;

7. All wasted generated must be disposed of approved sites;

55

10. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

Cumulative Impact are possible environmental and social impacts on the receptor caused by

the combination effects of more than one project/development. A cumulative impact

assessment aims to identify the environmental threats of the proposed project in combination

with any similar existing project in the area.

There is no other LPG plant in Zambezi region. Negligible cumulative impacts may come

from increase in traffic, for the vehicles that will frequent the site.

56

11. Conclusions and Recommendations

11.1. Conclusions

All over the world, the LPG industry has grown extensively therefore making it an

alternative source of clean and affordable energy for household use. The industry has

developed standard guidelines for the operation of LPG activities, ranging from cylinder

and storage tanks manufacturing to plant operations (Appendix 3). The guideline mainly

focuses on health and safety measures.

The possible environmental threats such as land degradation, exhaust emission, biodiversity

loss, oil leakages, employment, health and safety issues during construction and operation

phases are adequately addressed. The impact analysis of these environmental threats to

physical environment, biological and human environment were low with the proposed

mitigation measures. The information was analyzed with a high degree of certainty due to

adequate literature availability and a wide operation of LPG plants worldwide. The

analysis further demonstrates that the project is expected to positively contribute to the

socio-economic development of Katima Mulilo Town Council as well as at national level

through employment creation and contribution to the GDP.

Analysis of the no project alternative showed that the adverse impacts will be negative

especially on the socio-economic aspects. It is important that the proponent adequately

implements the EMP to ensure social and environmental sustainability.

11.2. Recommendations

It is recommended to the approving authority that Horizon Fuel and Logistics be granted

an Environmental Clearance Certificate for the proposed construction and operation of an

LPG depot subject to the following conditions;

Proper implementation of the Environmental Management Plan to ensure

environmental protection,

Obtain all necessary permits and certifications from relevant authorities,

57

Undertake bi-annual environmental audits.

Consult KMTC before the subdivision of portion 3 of Katima Townland and

Together with KMTC, consult community members about project implementation

58

12. References

1. Bagch R. et al 2018., Impacts on Environmental Components of the Proposed Liquefied

Petroleum Gas Bottling and Distribution Plant at Dacope Khulna in Bangladesh J. Environ.

Sci. & Natural Resources, 11(1&2):171-181, 2018

2. Directory; Storage Incident Frequencies”, Report No. 434-3, March 2010.

3. Environmental Impact Aseessment Study Report For The Proposed Installation Of 1100

Cubic Metres Of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage And Filling Plant On Lr

Mombasa/Block Xlvii/173, Comarco Supply Base, Ganjoni Mombasa County

4. Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Proposed Construction of Additional LPG

Import Pipeline & Phase 1C Bulk LPG Mound at AGOL Terminal on Plot L.R. No.

MN/VI/4838 in Miritini, Mombasa County

5. Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Expansion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas

(LPG) Storage Facility Krugersdorp (March 2015)

6. Fire and Safety Analysis Manual for LP-Gas Storage Facilities 2015

7. Guide to Good Industry Practises for LP Gas Cylinder Management

8. Guidelines for Good Safety Practices in the LP Gas Industry 2008

9. International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, “OGP Risk Assessment Data

10. International Standard Organisation (ISO) ISO 4706, 2008., Gas Clylinders – Refillable

Welded Steel Cylinder – Test Pressure 60 Bar and Below

11. M/S. Sv Enviro Labs & Consultants 2019., Environmental Impact Assessment Report For

Proposed construction of new LPG Bottling Plant, Indiane LPG Bottling Plant, Umiam,

Near Shillong, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya

12. The Fire Protection of Pressurized Liquefied Flammable Gas Storage: Report prepared by

Hedley Jenkins for the EPSC Fire Protection of Flammable Gas Storage and the Prevention

of BLEVEs Contact Group

13. Ultra Tech Environmental Consultancy And Laboratory 2017., Environmental Impact

Assessment Report For Proposed LPG Bottling Plant Village: Phoos Mandi Bathinda,

Punjab

59

13. Appendices

Appendix 1: Newspaper Advert

Appendix 2. Attendance Register

Appendix 3. LPG Industry Guidelines

13Thursday 13 February 2020 NEW ERA WOEMA

REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA

MINISTRY OF LABOUR, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND EMPLOYMENT CREATION

PUBLIC BID INVITATIONBIDDERS ARE HEREBY INVITED TO BID FOR THE FOLLOWING

SERVICES: PROVISION OF SECURITY SERVICES FOR THREE YEARS (3) 2020-2023

1.1 Bid Number: NCS/ONB/14-01/2020 RegionalOffices:Omusati Region - Outapi, Oshana Region-OndangwaandOshakati, Ohangwena Region-Eenhana,Oshikoto Region-Tsumeb,Kavango East Region - Rundu, Kavango West Region-NkurenkuruandZambezi Region-KatimaMulilo,

1.2 Bid Number: NCS/ONB/14-02/2020 RegionalOffices:Kunene Region-Opuwo,Khorixas,Outjo,Otjozondjupa Region-Grootfontein andOtjiwarongotwo(2)premises,Erongo Region-SwakopmundandWalvisbay,Khomas Region -four(4)premises.

1.3 Bid Number: NCS/ONB/14-03/2020 RegionalOffices://Kharas Region-Luderitz,Keetmanshoop,Karasburg,Noordower,RoshPinahand Oranjemund,Omaheke Region-GobabisandHardap Region-MarientalandRehoboth

Levy:Anon-refundableN$300.00perbid,payableattheMinistryofLabour,IndustrialRelationsand EmploymentCreationatFinanceSection,RoomNoB7(Cash Payment Only).

Bidding documents: Areavailableasfrom13February2020atMinistry-HeadOffice,32Mercedes Street,Khomasdal,BlockARoomNumberA229:WINDHOEKDelivery of all bids: Sealed envelopesmustbedeliveredattheMinistry-HeadOffice,32Mercedes Street,Khomasdal,Procurement,RoomNoA216:WINDHOEKstrictly by the closing date and time.Bidreferencenumbermustbeclearlyindicatedoneachof theenvelopes.

NB: AllbiddersarestrictlyurgedtoabidebytheTermsandConditionsoftheBids.Contract Person:Mrs.TuyenikelaoHaifidi061-2066219Closing date: Tuesday, 10 March 2020 @ 10h00 AM

SHINGUADJA, B.MEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

PUBLIC NOTICE

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED NEW DUMPING SITE FOR UNIVERSITY

OF NAMIBIA AT NEUDAM CAMPUS AND FARM &

INVITATION TO A PUBLIC MEETING

In accordance with the Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007) (EMA) and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (Government Notice No 4878 of 2012), notice is hereby given to all possible in-terested and affected parties (I&APs) that an application will be made to the Environmental Commissioner for an environmental clearance as follows:

Project: Dumping Site Proponent: University of NamibiaLocation: Neudam Campus & FarmDate of Public Meeting: 15 June 2019Venue: Neudam Campus, Main Hall Time: 10H00Deadline for submission of comments: 22 June 2019Register as I&Aps @: [email protected] or call +264 81 147 7889

PUBLIC NOTICE:

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF A

LIQUIDFIED PETROLEUM GAS DEPOT &


In accordance with the Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007) (EMA) and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (Government Notice No 4878 of 2012), notice is hereby given to all possible Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) that an application will be made to the Environmental Commissioner for an environmental clearance as follows:

Project: Liquidfied Petroleum Gas DepotProponent: Horizon and LogisticsLocation: Katima Mulilo Townlands, Zambezi RegionDate of Public Meeting: 21 February 2020Venue: Ngweze Community Hall Time: 09H00 -13H00Deadline for submission of comments: 28 February 2020Register as I&Aps @: [email protected] or Call +264 81 147 7889

The Isuzu D-MAX range has been expanded in Namibia with five new automatic

models added to the line-up, giving its proven and dependable bakkie even greater driving comfort and convenience. While local sales agents have confirmed the availability of the new models, they are yet to confirm a timeframe for the extended D-MAX range.

Headlining the expanded product portfolio is the eye-catching, lifestyle-oriented Isuzu D-MAX 250 X-Rider, which is now available in a five-speed automatic transmission for the first time. This complements the existing five-speed manual derivatives, available in two and four-wheel drive, that have been extremely popular in South Africa.

As crucial models in the Double Cab line-up, Isuzu has also introduced the five-speed automatic transmission to the mid-range D-MAX 250 LE, as well as the popular workhorse-oriented D-MAX 250 Hi-Ride model.

Also new to the Double Cab range in a Hi-Ride trim-level is the addition of a 3.0-Litre automatic model matched with a 6-speed automatic transmission.

Light commercial vehicle buyers that rely on the versatility of Isuzu’s D-MAX Extended Cab variant also benefit from the addition of the five-speed automatic on the 250 Hi-Ride 4x2.

“Buying trends in the bakkie segment are changing rapidly, and we have seen a major upswing in the demand for automatic gearboxes in recent years,” said Dominic Rimmer, Senior Vice President, Technical Operations at Isuzu Motors South Africa (IMSAf).

“The introduction of the six-speed automatic transmissions in the D-MAX 3.0-Litre models in 2018 was extremely well received, and we are delighted to now offer automatic gearbox options on our popular D-MAX 250 models, from our trendy X-Rider model to the mid-level LE and the Hi-Ride which is ideally suited to our commercial vehicle customers,” Rimmer added.

“The five-speed automatic gearbox has been developed to suit the performance characteristics of Isuzu’s exceptionally capable, reliable and economical 2.5-litre intercooled turbodiesel engine,

thus giving our customers great performance matched to low running costs, superb comfort and outstanding driving convenience – particularly in bustling and congested city environments.”

Legendary reliability and budget-friendly fuel economy are hallmarks of the D-MAX 250 engine, which produces 100 kW of power at 3 400 r/min. The maximum torque output of 320 Nm is available between 1 800 and 2 800 r/min, giving the D-MAX 250 models impressive load-lugging performance. Combined cycle fuel consumption is rated at 8.1 l/100 km for the automatic models, dependent on driving style.

As with the five-speed manual derivatives, the D-MAX 250 Auto’s towing capacity is 2 100 kg for a braked trailer, ensuring that heavy loads can be towed with ease. The spacious and practical rear load compartment is capable of carrying just over 1 ton, depending on the model type, it also includes four tie-down brackets to safely secure goods.

X-Rider – all the style, now with the convenience of an automatic

As a highly distinctive and stylish offering in the bakkie segment, the X-Rider is hard to beat – and is now more appealing than ever with three Double Cab models on offer, comprising the 4x2 derivatives

with the new five-speed automatic transmission or the existing five-speed manual. It can also be specified in a highly capable 4x4 manual version for confidently taking on challenging off-road terrain.

The X-Rider’s bold design cues, which set it apart as a highly desirable hero model in the D-MAX range, include a striking black finish for the front bumper and radiator grille, complemented by an assertive red Isuzu badge

taking pride of place up front. Projector-style headlamps with integrated LED daytime running lights give the X-Rider real on-road presence.

The B-pillars, tubular side steps and sports bar also receive the distinctive black treatment, along with X-Rider decals that reaffirm the dynamic character of this exclusive model. Diamond-cut 18-inch alloy rims with a stunning two-tone silver and black colour scheme, topped off with red Isuzu

decals on the centre wheel caps, further enhance the aggressive look of this model.

The sporty X-Rider theme continues throughout the luxuriously appointed cabin, incorporating black leather bucket seats with contrasting red stitching and the X-Rider logo embroidered on the headrests. The steering wheel, which proudly carries the red Isuzu logo, and the gear lever cover are trimmed in leather with red stitching. High-gloss piano black door trim inserts are offset with a bright red ‘X’, complemented by a similar treatment for the vents and radio surrounds.

An abundance of active safety features help the driver maintain control in all types of conditions, including ABS brakes with Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Brake Assist System (BAS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC) with Traction Control, as well as Hill Start Assist (HSA) and Hill Descent Control (HDC).

Occupant protection is provided by means of driver and passenger airbags, seatbelt pretensioners, side impact protection bars and a collapsible steering column. Remote-control led central locking is standard, along with remote keyless entry, an anti-theft alarm system and transponder immobiliser. A Bluetooth-enabled audio system is provided, linked to six speakers. – Isuzu Motors SA

Isuzu adds five new automatic models to D-MAX

Headlining the expanded product portfolio is the eye-catching, lifestyle-oriented Isuzu D-MAX 250 X-Rider, which is now available in a five-speed automatic transmission for the first time. Photo: Isuzu Motors SA

6 Wednesday 19 February 2020 NEW ERA

REGIONAL NEWS

PUBLIC NOTICE

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED NEW DUMPING SITE FOR UNIVERSITY

OF NAMIBIA AT NEUDAM CAMPUS AND FARM &


In accordance with the Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007) (EMA) and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (Government Notice No 4878 of 2012), notice is hereby given to all possible in-terested and affected parties (I&APs) that an application will be made to the Environmental Commissioner for an environmental clearance as follows:

Project: Dumping Site Proponent: University of NamibiaLocation: Neudam Campus & FarmDate of Public Meeting: 15 June 2019Venue: Neudam Campus, Main Hall Time: 10H00Deadline for submission of comments: 22 June 2019Register as I&Aps @: [email protected] or call +264 81 147 7889

PUBLIC NOTICE:

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF A

LIQUIDFIED PETROLEUM GAS DEPOT &


In accordance with the Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007) (EMA) and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (Government Notice No 4878 of 2012), notice is hereby given to all possible Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) that an application will be made to the Environmental Commissioner for an environmental clearance as follows:

Project: Liquidfied Petroleum Gas DepotProponent: Horizon and LogisticsLocation: Katima Mulilo Townlands, Zambezi RegionDate of Public Meeting: 21 February 2020Venue: Ngweze Community Hall Time: 09H00 -13H00Deadline for submission of comments: 28 February 2020Register as I&Aps @: [email protected] or Call +264 81 147 7889

NOTICE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING ASSESSMENT

Stubenrauch Planning Consultants (SPC) hereby give notice to all potentially Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) that an application will be made to the Environmental Commissioner in terms of the Environmental Management Act (No 7 of 2007) and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (GN 30 of 6 February 2012) for the following:

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:• Permanent Closure of Erf A (A Portion of Erf 1941) and Erf B (A Portion of Erf 825) Keetmanshoop measuring ± 12.30m² and ± 1896.56m² in extent respectively as Street.

The proposed street closure is to allow the proponent to sell Erf A and B to the owner of Erven 159, 161 and 162, Keetmanshoop for consolidation purposes. The consolidated erf is proposed to be utilised for the development and operation of a Private Hospital that includes ancillary services such as a pharmacy, medical offices and tuck shop.

THE PROPONENT: Keetmanshoop Medical Centre

Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP): Stubenrauch Planning Consultants (SPC)

REGISTRATION OF I&APs AND SUBMISSION OF COMMENTS:

In line with Namibia’s Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007) and EIA regulations (GN 30 of 6 February 2012), all I&APs are hereby invited to register and submit their comments, concerns or questions in writing via

Email: [email protected]; Fax: 061 25 11 89 or Tel: 061 25 21 57on or before 11 March 2020.

n Nuusita Ashipala

ONGWEDIVA – Although the northern regions have received good rains

recently, the governor of Oshana region Elia Irimari said drought particularly food shortage is expected to prevail until the communities get to harvest.

“I wish to point out that the effects of this drought will persist and even get worse as we draw closer to the harvest period,” said Irimari.

Irimari said his region has 379 000 people who are in a dire need of food.

The revelations were made at the US food donation to drought stricken people in Oshana on Monday. Despite the food shortages at hand, the governor remains optimistic that farmers will yield a good harvest this year.

“We hope that the weather can sustain these crops and the livestock and enable people to regain their livelihood,” said Irimari.

During the last couple of years, the drought has had a very devastating effect on the farming community in which many livestock have also been lost.

The region last year witnessed an

influx of farmers to the Uuvudhiya grazing area, however, many left the area without anything to fewer

livestock as the grazing and water was depleted in a short span of time.

In addition to just crippling the

farmers’ livelihood, the drought also had a devastating effect to the social and economic well being of the country.

But despite the drought aftermath, Irimari said the immediate concern is to save lives and ensure that no one dies of hunger but receive the necessary food assistance through the various programmes in place.

In the same vein, the governor said the country should also pay special focus on how best to manage the impact of climate change.

With this, he encouraged the US embassy in Namibia as well as the World Food Programme to look into setting up resilience building programmes in the community.

“Investment in disaster risk management and response, climate change at large, the introduction and adoption of appropriate climate smart technologies for agriculture with a focus on smallholder farmers are some of the areas that can help communities regain and sustain their livelihoods,” said Irimari.

[email protected]

O M U N G W E LU M E - T h e Omungwelume settlement in Ohangwena region is currently busy with its planning process of availing 93 residential plots to the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia.

This is part of an effort to reduce the high number of applications on the township’s database currently at 1 374 with 1 022 of the applications for residential plots alone from 2007 to 2020.

Declared a sett lement in 1997, Omungwelume has grown economically with businesses and public offices setting up services in the township providing residents in and around the settlement with employable opportunities leading to the need to acquire land.

Currently, the township’s demand for plots has surpassed the supply for serviced land and the Ohangwena Regional Council has made provision for the creation of a new extension which will cost the council around N$5.5 million in compensation for land alone, the council has already identified six homesteads and a few areas within the township to be compensated in order to pave way for development.

The spokesperson of the Ohangwena Regional Council, Silas Nepembe, urged the settlement’s residents to desist from selling and buying land within the jurisdiction of the settlement’s boundaries without the council’s consent and urged them to be patient with the allocation

process as the council is currently in the process of sourcing land for the provision of housing.

“Land will only be allocated to residents once the council has acquired funds to compensate existing homesteads earmarked to pave way for new housing development as well as additional funds to service the earmarked land for the new extension,” said Nepembe.

He added that there are currently no plots available and the delay in the allocation of land to applicants was mainly due to the lack of funds but has assured the township’s residents that the council has already started with the process of sourcing land for housing provision.

Govt targets 100% ART coverage n Aina Simon

OSHAKATI - Prime Minister Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila said the government has intensified its fight against HIV/Aids with the aim to reach 100% of reported and known HIV patients on anti-retroviral treatment (ART).

Kuugongelwa-Amadhi la stated this on Monday at Ondangwa in Oshana region when she officiated at the launching of food assistance to clients on ART in Oshana, Oshikoto, Omusati, Kunene, Omaheke, and Zambezi regions donated by United States in collaboration with United Nations World Food Programme (WFP).

The prime minister said according to the assessment in 2017, 86% of people living with HIV know their status, while 96% of persons who have tested HIV positive are on ART.

She, however, detailed the challenge in enhancing ART intake is the required diet that most vulnerable people could not have.

“I am therefore glad that this donation has come to supplement

the exist ing government programme, more especially during the drought period,” stated Kuugongelwa-Amadhila, who additionally appealed to communities to embrace the generous support from US government and call on all those that would need this assistance to come forward and register at the nearest health facilities.

The donated food that more than 85 tonnes of maize meal, beans, and vegetable oil will benefit more than 12 000 vulnerable Namibians and it form part of the N$127 million in food assistance committed by the United States to the Namibian people as drought relief food assistance. The programme was first rolled out in December 2019 in Kavango East and Kavango West regions and it aims to benefit more than 350 000 Namibians.

*Aina Simon is an Information Officer in the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology based in Oshakati.

Drought far from over, despite good rains

Progress… Prime Minister Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila

Welcome relief… Food assistance to drought stricken households in Oshana. Photo: Nuusita Ashipala

Shack dwellers score 93 Omungwelume plots

25Page. lifting the lid13 - 19 February 2020

FOR ADVERTISING:Contact: Mandy • T: 061 24 6136

C: 081 895 8296 • E: [email protected]

SHOP 1 CONTINENTAL BUILDING WINDHOEK INDEPENDENCE AVENUE

061-226535

Take notice that the owner, Mr Simon Johanness owner of ERF 932 intends applying to the Windhoek Municipal Council for the construction of a three storey dwelling unit on Erf 932, Kleinne Kuppe Township.

The proposed construction will allow the owner to erect a Three (3) storey dwelling unit on Erf 932 Conception Street, Kleinne Kuppe.

Should this application be successful, the number of vehicles for which parking must be provided on-site will be one (one) and two in double Garage.

The owner’s current intentions are to erect: A House dwelling for the owner and his family.

Further take notice that the plan of the erf lies for inspection on the town planning notice board in the Customer Care Centre, Main Municipal Offices, Rev. Michael Scott Street, Windhoek.

Further take notice that any person objecting to the proposed use of the land as set out above may lodge such objection together with the grounds thereof, with the City and with the applicant / consultant in writing within 14 days of the last publication of this notice.

Dated at Windhoek this Thursday, 13th day of February of 2020.

The last date for any objection is Thursday, 5th March 2020.

Advertiser / consultant Mr. Simon Johannes +264817517378, owner of ERF 932 Kleinne Kuppe Or Simnam Consulting Studios +264817654040, [email protected]

STANDARD NOTICE THREE STOREY DWELLIING UNIT and COVERAGE APPLICATIONS

NOTICE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTHealthy Earth Environmental Consultants CC (HEEC) hereby gives notice to all potentially Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) that an application will be made to the Environmental Commissioner in terms of the Environmental Management Act (No 7 of 2007) and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (GN 30 of 6 February 2012) for the following:

PROJECT NAMES:(a) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the establishment and mining of base and rare metals on mining claims; 71081, 71082 & 71083 at Farm No: 504 Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia Village, Khorixas District, Kunene Region.

(b)Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the establishment and mining of base and rare metals on mining claims; 71436, 71437, 71438 & 71439 at Farm No: 504 Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia Village, Kunene Region.

PROJECTS LOCATION:The mining claims are situated approximately 45 Km West of Khorixas and 25 Km from the turn off to Farm No: 504 Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia Village, in Kunene Region, when using the C39 road from Khorixas to Torra Bay.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The project involves conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for the establishment and mining of

base and rare metals on the above mining claims at Farm No: 504 Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia Village, Kunene Region.

PROJECT INVOLVEMENT:

Proponent: Mr Gerhardt Kariseb

Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP): Healthy Earth Environmental Consultants CC (HEEC)

REGISTRATION OF I&APs AND SUBMISSION OF COMMENTS: In line with Namibia’s Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007) and EIA regulations (GN 30 of 6 February 2012), all I&APs are hereby invited to register and submit their comments, concerns or questions in writing via: Email; [email protected] on or before Monday 12th March 2020.

Public meeting will be held as follows:Meeting venue: Community meeting place, Mesopotamia Village, Kunene Region Date: Saturday, 22 February 2020Time: 10h00 a.m.Mobile: 0812050902

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VALID 13-15 FEBRUARY 2020+264 61 21 3448 / +264 081 663 0808

25Page. lifting the lid20 - 26 February 2020

We the Kainde and Hango Family is announcing the passing of our son and brother Matheus Shaanika Hango “Chakaula”

Born: 16 October 1997Died: 15 February 2020

Memorial service

21 February 2020At Oshukwa village, Ongandjera @ 14h00

Funeral service

22 February 2020At Okahao Elcin church @ 09h00

Enquiries

Martha Kalenga 0818272745Aune Kainde 0812464783Vicky Andima 0817586304

MONDAY, JULY 8, 1889 - VOL. 1 NO. 1

Last week: DJ12-STOCK AVG 87.71 0.33 0.37% 10-YR. TREASURY 1/32, yield 3.44% OIL R0.91125, unch POUND STERLING R4.87 unch

WHEAT R0.78625 R.0375WHEAT R0.78625 R.0375PORK R11.525 R.075 CORN R0.35625 unch

LUNCH DATE - EVERY DAY 12:00 - 15:00 ChickenSchwarmaShawarma (/ʃəˈwɑːrmə/;

Arabic: (is a Middle

Eastern meat preparation

based on the döner kebab of

Ottoman Turkey. Originally

made of lamb or mutton,

today's shawarma may also

be chicken, turkey, beef,

or veal, cut in thin slices

and stacked in a cone-like

shape on a vertical

rotisserie.Main ingredients: Meat:

lamb, chicken, turkey, ...

Region or state: Anatolia,

Levant, Middle East

Type: MeatSimilar dishes: Doner kebab,

al pastor, gyros

ChickenThe chicken is a type of

domesticated fowl, a

subspecies of the red

junglefowl. It is one of the

most common and widespread

domestic animals, with a

total population of more

than 19 billion as of 2011.

There are more chickens in

the world than any other

bird or domesticated fowl.

WikipediaFamily: Phasianidae

Scientific name: Gallus

gallus domesticus

Class: AvesKingdom: Animalia

Mass: Sebright chicken:

620 g, Booted Bantam: 850 g,

Ermellinata di Rovigo:

3,4 – 3,9 kg

Last week: DJ12-STOCK AVG 87.71 0.33 0.37% 10-YR. TREASURY 1/32, yield 3.44% OIL R0.91125, unch POUND STERLING R4.87 unch

WHEAT R0.78625 R.0375WHEAT R0.78625 R.0375PORK R11.525 R.075 CORN R0.35625 unch

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CALL FOR PUBLIC

PARTICIPATION:

AEA Consultant calls for public to give their concerns about the proposed project of keeping storage tanks.According to (Act 7 of 2007) of the Environmental Management Act.Place: Katima, Country Dairy on site.Facility: Filling Station and Truckport.Proponent: ACER Petroleum Pty LtdAll Stake holders are hereby called to forward their concerns.E-mail: [email protected]

Contact: Mandy• T: 061 24 6136 C: 081 895 8296 E: [email protected]

FOR ADVERTISING:

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Guidelines for Good Safety Practices in the LP Gas Industry

182 Ave Charles de Gaulle - 92200 Neuilly-Sur-Seine - FranceTel. 33 (0)1 58 05 28 00 Fax. 33(0)1 58 05 28 01

[email protected]

United Nations Environment Programme 15 Rue de Milan - 75441 Paris - CEDEX 09 - France

Tel. 331 44371477 www.unep.fr

with the support of

with the support of

About the World LP Gas Association The World LP Gas Association was established in 1987 in Dublin, Ireland, under the initial name of The World LPG Forum.

The World LP Gas unites the broad interests of the vast worldwide LP Gas industry in one organization. It was granted Category II Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 1989.

The World LP Gas Association exists to provide representation of the LP Gas use through leadership of the industry worldwide.

About the United Nations Environment Programme Created in 1972, UNEP represents the United Nations’ environmental conscience. Based in Nairobi, Kenya, its mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.

About UNEP (Division of Technology, Industry and Economics)The UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) helps Governments, Local Authorities and decision makers in business and industry to develop and implement policies and practices focusing on sustainable development.

The Division works to promote:

• Sustainable consumption and production

• The efficient use of renewable energy

• Adequate management of chemicals

• The integration of environmental costs in development policies

The Office of the Director, located in Paris, coordinates activities through:

The International Environmental Technology Centre - IETC (Osaka, Shiga), which implements integrated waste, water and disaster management programmes, focusing in particular on Asia.

Sustainable Consumption and Production (Paris) promotes sustainable consumption and production patterns as a contribution to human development through global markets.

Chemicals (Geneva) catalyzes global actions to bring about the sound management of chemicals and the improvement of chemical safety worldwide.

Energy (Paris) fosters energy and transport policies for sustainable development and encourages investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency.

OzonAction (Paris) supports the phase-out of ozone depleting substances in developing countries and countries with economies in transition to ensure implementation of the Montreal Protocol.

Economics and Trade (Geneva) helps countries to integrate environmental considerations into economic and trade policies, and works with the finance sector to incorporate sustainable development policies.

UNEP DTIE activities focus on raising awareness, improving the transfer of knowledge and information, fostering technological cooperation and partnerships, and implementing international conventions and agreements.

Guidelines for Good Safety Practices in the LP Gas industry

AcknowledgementsThis revision of the original Guidelines for Good Safety Practice in the LP Gas Industry has been coordinated by Sunil Mathur of the World LP Gas Association (WLPGA) with the support from a task force including:

Steve Reynolds Australian LP Gas Association

Yusuf Siyalom Aygaz

Ken Murray BP

Christophe Erhel Shell Gas

Sean McCourt SHV

Jean-Paul Trespaille Total

Marcos Cesar Siqueira Ultragaz

S C Gupta Oil India Safety Directorate

David Tyler, consultant to the WLPGA, was responsible for incorporating the amendments and prepared the revised manuscript.

Valuable contributions have also been received from James Rockall of the World LP Gas Association and the United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (UNEP DTIE).

These Guidelines were originally developed by a Working Group including:

D.Asselin CFBP, France

P.K.Bose Crisplant, Denmark

E.Chantelot The World LPGas Association

J.Dunne Consultant, Dublin, Ireland

E.Goldschmitt UNEP IE, APELL Programme

T.Hannecart Totalgaz, France

M.Hood Fisher Controls International, USA

A.Makryllos BP Oil Europe, Brussels, Belgium

D.V.Manohar Shri Shakti LPG Ltd, India

S.McTier McTier Supply Co, USA

C.Mohen Primagaz, France

T.Morishige LPG Center of Japan

D.Myers National Propane Gas Association, USA

C.Rogers Shell LPG Europe, Paris, France

G.Vernon Shell International, London, UK

John Dunne, as consultant to the WLPGA, was involved in the drafting of the initial manuscript and prepared successive versions of the original document. Emmanuel Chantelot of the WLPGA originally coordinated the project.

UNEP IE staff originally involved in this project were:

J.Aloisi de Larderel Director

J.Stevens Coordinator, APELL Programme

E.Goldschmitt Senior Industry Consultant, APELL Programme

F.Balkau Principal Officer

A number of additional experts provided comments on the original draft document particularly from staff members of the National Propane Gas Association (USA), Ferrellgas (USA), Neste Oy (Finland) and KHK, the High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan.

Guidelines for Good Safety Practices in the LP Gas industry Page 1

Foreword

LP Gas is a clean, modern fuel that brings comfort to tens of millions of consumers worldwide. However, as with any fuel, safety in operations and handling is imperative for consumers and for the industry. The effects of safety incidents do not necessarily stop at the factory gate but can impact people, property and the environment outside the enterprise, sometimes at considerable distances. In addition to the human cost and material damage, the reputation of the product can be significantly impaired if safety is not managed appropriately.

These guidelines aim to inform the principal stakeholders in the LP Gas industry of the hazards at different stages of the distribution chain as well as recommended good safety practices to minimize the associated risks. ‘Prevention is better than cure’ and effective safety promotion starts by getting things right within the production facilities, storage depot, bottling plant or transport system. The importance of having an effective emergency management system, for the occasion when something does go wrong has also been recognized for a long time.

The World LP Gas Association (WLPGA), the global voice of the LP Gas industry, has long promoted the importance to our industry, our customers and our communities of good safety practices. This is particularly important, since in many countries and regions around the world LP Gas is a social product used in millions of homes daily. LP Gas has a very important role to play in bringing clean, modern energy to communities around the world. Whether it is freeing women from the drudgery of collecting firewood, reducing children’s exposure to the deadly contaminates of indoor air pollution or providing light and refrigeration for vaccines to rural health clinics, the portability and storability of LP Gas make it an ideal clean, modern fuel in areas where the infrastructure for grid-based energy does not exist.

Industry all over the world has a vital role to play in accident prevention and ensuring that the sustainable development process is not threatened by the effects of safety-related incidents. The WLPGA is pleased to contribute to this world-wide effort by preparing and disseminating these Safety Guidelines. They will contribute to the process of sharing safety expertise as widely available as possible within the international LP Gas industry, so as to encourage continuous safety improvement throughout the world.

WLPGA July 2008

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) encourages actions promoting safety practices, prevention and preparedness measures. In this respect, UNEP supports the Guidelines for Good Safety Practices in the LP Gas Industry publication developed by the WLPGA, and considers it a useful resource for policy makers, government officials and industry managers who are concerned with good safety practice in relation to LP Gas handling, distribution and use. UNEP encourages all stakeholders to enhance safety in their everyday work, to prevent accidents from happening.

UNEP July 2008


ContentsForeword 1

Executive Summary 5

Introduction 7

Chapter One Key Responsibilities 9

1.1 LP Gas Marketer/Supplier 10

1.2 Appliance Manufacturer/Supplier 10

1.3 Equipment Manufacturer/Supplier 10

1.4 Installer 11

1.5 Consumer 11

1.6 LP Gas Industry Association 11

1.7 National and Local Authorities 12

Chapter Two Regulatory Framework 13

2.1 General 13

2.2 Points to be Regulated Directly 13

2.3 Points to be Regulated Indirectly 14

Chapter Three LP Gas Safety 15

3.1 General 15

3.2 Physical Properties 16

3.3 Inherent Hazards/Potential Risks 17

3.4 Basic Safety Principles 18

3.5 Product Classification and Labelling 20

Chapter Four LP Gas Distribution Chain 21

4.1 General 22

4.2 Classification and Activities 22

4.3 Implementation of Basic Safety Disciplines 22

Chapter Five Trans-Shipment Terminal 25

5.1 General 25

5.2 Refrigerated/Pressure Shipping and Storage 26

5.3 Single/Multi-Product Terminal Operation 26

Chapter Six Inland Transportation 27

6.1 General 27

6.2 Primary Distribution in Bulk 27

6.3 Secondary Distribution in Bulk and Cylinders 28

Chapter Seven Bulk Storage and Handling 29

7.1 General 29

7.2 Single/Multi-Grade Operation 30

7.3 Technical Options - Types of Storage 30

7.4 Technical Options - Product Transfer 30

7.5 Safety Systems for Operation 31


Chapter Eight Cylinder Filling and Handling 33

8.1 General 33

8.2 Cylinder Filling and Checking 33

8.3 Care and Maintenance of Cylinders 34

8.4 Technical Options for Cylinder Filling 34

8.5 Storage and Handling 35


Chapter Nine Distribution in Bulk 37

9.1 General 37

9.2 Technical Options 37

9.3 Bulk Supply and Delivery 38


Chapter Ten Consumer Installation and Usage 41

10.1 General 41

10.2 Role and Duty of the Installer 41

10.3 Appliance Installation, Inspection, Servicing 42

10.4 Domestic and Commercial Applications 42

10.5 Automotive 43

10.6 Consumer Safety Awareness 43

Chapter Eleven Managing Safety 45

11.1 General 45

11.2 Safety Management Programme 45

11.3 Management Commitment and Leadership 46

11.4 Policy, Objectives, Action Plans, Resources 46

11.5 Laws, Standards and Codes 46

11..6 Hazard Identification, Evaluation, Quantification, Mitigation 46

11.7 Systematic Review, Corrective Action 47

Chapter Twelve Emergency Planning and Response 49

12.1 General 49

12.2 The APELL Process 49

12.3 Emergency Plan, Procedures 50

12.4 Fire-fighting Principles, Procedures 50

12.5 Internal, External Responses 51

12.6 Investigation, Corrective Action, Follow-up 51

Appendices

One Product Classification and Labelling 53

Two Glossary of Terms 54

Three List of References 55

Four LP Gas Distribution Chain 58


Executive Summary

These Guidelines for Good Safety Practice in the LP Gas Industry have been developed by the World LP Gas Association (WLPGA) to provide global LP Gas industry participants with a tool for ensuring the marketplace, and more importantly the customer, is not compromised by unsafe practices.

The guidelines identify the key stakeholders within the LP Gas industry and go on to describe their responsibilities to ensure a safe environment for LP Gas throughout the distribution chain; from the LP Gas producers at the refineries and gas fields, right through the distribution chain to the final application for the product.

Included within the stakeholders are the LP Gas equipment and appliance providers, together with the installers, the LP Gas suppliers and marketers, Authorities and Associations and of course the consumer.

The importance of a sound regulatory framework for the LP Gas industry and the impact that has on a safe environment is discussed.

The product itself is then described, highlighting the key physical properties and characteristics and how these affect the safe handling of LP Gas.

There is a need for full understanding of the distribution chain and controls to be ever present and exercised at every point to ensure safe operations and this is explained.

Trans-shipment terminals and the various methods of product movement throughout inland facilities are described together with the importance of understanding and managing the risks of storing and handling large quantities of LP Gas.

The importance of good safe practices when storing, handling and distributing bulk LP Gas and filling and handling cylinders is included in this guide.

The role of the consumer and the responsibilities expected in maintaining a safe environment for LP Gas is a key part of this guide.

The subject of managing safety and planning for emergencies is included in the final sections.

In the Appendices there are numerous references and links to Organisations, Institutions and Associations that have a key role in the subject of LP Gas safety.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) DTIE activities focus on raising awareness, improving the transfer of knowledge and information, fostering technological cooperation and partnerships, and implementing international conventions and agreements.

The UNEP has kindly provided valuable input to these Guidelines and a description of the UNEP, together with the work they do, is also included in this publication.


Introduction

The phrase liquefied petroleum gases (LP Gas) refers to a group of hydrocarbon-based gases derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. Propane and butane, and mixtures of the two, are its key constituents.

LP Gas can be liquefied (under moderate pressure or low temperature), which facilitates its transportation and distribution.

Although, as a fossil fuel, LP Gas releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during combustion. However it burns more completely than other, notably solid, fuels and is thus more efficient and cleaner.

These properties of LP Gas have made it a convenient replacement for traditional cooking fuels (mainly, wood, coal and animal dung) and motor vehicle fuels in certain contexts.

Like all forms of energy LP Gas is potentially hazardous if mishandled or misused. The promotion of safety is one of the key aims of The World LP Gas Association (WLPGA).

These Guidelines are intended for non experts who may have responsibility for or are otherwise concerned with good safe practice in relation to LP Gas handling, distribution and use.

They have been developed by the WLPGA to form the central part of a Safety Promotion Project.

While safety is an important issue it should also be emphasised that LP Gas is an excellent, versatile and often preferred fuel for many applications. It is also recognised as an environmentally friendly fuel with many social advantages.

As with all forms of energy LP Gas is potentially hazardous if mishandled or misused. Care in the handling and use of LP Gas will help to minimise the number of incidents, accidents and their consequences. This is the key driver in the Safety Promotion Project and with these Guidelines.

Within the LP Gas industry there is a wealth of knowledge and experience which is used to enhance safety and which is reflected in these Guidelines. It is the policy of the WLPGA that the safety expertise available within the international LP Gas industry should be shared as widely as possible in the interest of participants, consumers and the community, despite concerns relating to litigation and other legal action.

These Guidelines are intended for policy makers, government officials and industry managers at international, national and local levels who are concerned with good safety practice in relation to LP Gas handling, distribution and use.

The hazard commonly associated with LP Gas is an uncontrolled release followed by fire. These Guidelines address such a hazard but they also take a more comprehensive view of LP Gas safety.

The Guidelines follow the LP Gas distribution chain up to and including the point of use. Hazards are identified at each stage of the process and good safety practices are outlined. More detailed technical guidance references are provided in Appendix Three together with web links.


Chapter One

Key Responsibilities

The principal participants in the LP Gas industry - marketers, equipment manufacturers, transporters and installers - all have responsibilities in the area of safety. They should collaborate to ensure the efficient discharge of their responsibilities; primarily they should comply with the law.

Users of LP Gas should consider adopting ISO 14000 standards on Environment, Health and Safety and OSHAS guidelines (on Occupational Safety and Health). [refer: www.iso.org]

When appropriate, national and local authorities should take advantage of the expertise within the LP Gas industry to ensure an informed and uniform approach to good safety practice.

Consumers should adhere to the safety instructions which are provided for them. There are many stakeholders and all have a role to play.

LP GasMarketer/Supplier

InstallerLocal

Authorities

ApplianceManufacturer/

Supplier

LP Gas IndustryAssociations

National AuthoritiesLP Gas Safety

EquipmentManufacturer/

Supplier

Customer


1.1 LP Gas Marketer/Supplier 1.1.1 The LP Gas marketer/supplier may be a producer, importer, a primary marketer or a distributor appointed by the marketer.

It may be a state-owned or private-sector enterprise. Site safety of the operational premises shall be a key responsibility of the LP Gas marketer / supplier besides other responsibilities which cover all components of the distribution chain.

1.1.2 The marketer/supplier will be responsible for the quality of LP Gas supplied, i.e. for conformity with a declared standard or specification, and for quantity, i.e. for conformity with a declared volume or weight.

1.1.3 The marketer/supplier frequently retains ownership of the tanks and cylinders used to supply LP Gas. In this event conformity with prescribed or declared manufacturing standards with specified periodic inspection or re-qualification procedures must be maintained.

1.1.4 The marketer/supplier should be encouraged to work closely with manufacturers, suppliers and installers of LP Gas appliances and equipment as part of a coordinated industry approach to good safety practice. The marketer/supplier should influence appliance and equipment manufacturers and installers to adopt appropriate safety standards and practices and promote strict implementation of safety procedures in their mutual interest.

1.2 Appliance Manufacturer/Supplier 1.2.1 Manufacturers of LP Gas appliances usually distribute them through suppliers who may be sellers of household appliances

and/or who may be LP Gas suppliers. Where a manufacturer based in another country sells through an import agent, the agent should fully understand the required safety standards and the safety implications for the users. In some countries the importer may be regarded as the manufacturer and assume the manufacturers responsibilities.

1.2.2 Virtually all commercial, household and leisure applications for LP Gas require an appliance. Some appliances are made specifically for LP Gas but many commercial and household appliances are manufactured primarily for use with natural gas. Natural Gas, whose basic constituent is methane gas, differs from LP Gas in physical characteristics since it is lighter than air and may be handled at much higher pressures depending upon its end-use.

1.2.3 Only LP Gas compatible appliances should be used with LP Gas. It is a key responsibility of the supplier to ensure that LP Gas appliances are capable of safe, efficient and convenient operation with the grade or grades of LP Gas being sold in the market.

1.2.4 Suppliers should provide clear operating and safety instructions for the clients and user, including compatibility between burner and product (butane, propane or mixtures). If necessary, connections should be designed to avoid the use of incompatible appliances and products.

1.2.5 Suppliers of LP Gas and appliances should collaborate to ensure that consumers are offered a choice of appliances which are energy efficient and which can be operated safely in particular markets.

1.2.6 Important but often overlooked LP Gas appliances include those produced by aerosol manufacturers that use LP Gas as a propellant and refrigeration and air conditioning equipment that uses LP Gas as the refrigerant.

1.3 Equipment Manufacturer/Supplier 1.3.1 LP Gas equipment includes a variety of products associated with handling and use, such as storage tanks, cylinders,

pressure regulators, gauges and controls. These include small volume/high value and mass-produced, high precision items.

1.3.2 Equipment may be installed in an LP Gas marketer’s plant on a truck or pipeline at a consumer installation or at the immediate point of use. Manufacturers and suppliers should ensure that the equipment being used is suitable for the intended purpose and for the intended environment, including climatic conditions. They should prevent illegal use, e.g. product transfer by incompetent persons or via unapproved connections.

1.3.3 LP Gas marketers should take a direct informed interest in the equipment which they employ and recognise the relationship between quality and safety. Sub-standard equipment increases risk and has no place in the LP Gas industry. Enforcement may be by national type or product approval or by a voluntary code.


1.4 Installer 1.4.1 The function of the installer is to put the LP Gas supply in place using appropriate equipment and having connected

the supply to the appliance ensure the system is working correctly and in a safe environment, including access to proper ventilation.

1.4.2 While the LP Gas supplier will be responsible for any installed equipment which remains his property it is usually the installer who introduces the consumer to the safety features of the installation.

1.4.3 Key responsibilities of the installer include that:

• The work is in conformance with all relevant statutory requirements

• The installation is gas-tight and, as far as practicable, secure from damage or interference

• Adequate combustion air is available and that the products of combustion (or any product leaks) will be safely disposed of

• Controls and safety systems are functioning correctly

• The consumer understands the normal operation of the installation, its maintenance needs - including storage, safety procedures and precautions - the action to be taken in an emergency and has the emergency phone numbers

1.5 Consumer 1.5.1 Because of the wide range of LP Gas applications and the variations in the scale of usage there are many categories of

consumer. These range from households (often the largest single category) to industrial or chemical complexes where LP Gas may be only one of many hazardous products on site.

1.5.2 The ‘duty of care’ concept increasingly found in the Western European approach to safety and the ‘duty to inform’ found in the United States of America - where there is an obligation on the consumer to heed the safety information provided by the supplier as part of his duty to inform - are very appropriate for LP Gas consumers and could usefully be adopted by other countries.

1.5.3 The consumer should be supplied with safety notices and instructions. Having been supplied, the consumer should heed them and avoid a cut-price or ‘do-it-yourself’ approach, to LP Gas installations. Some LP Gas applications, especially those in the leisure sector, lend themselves to self-assembly but most require the services of a competent installer.

1.5.4 When the consumer is expected to operate or maintain specific equipment such as vapourisers, they should be trained and approved as competent.

1.6 LP Gas Industry Association 1.6.1 The key responsibility of a national or local LP Gas Industry Association should be the promotion of good safety practice

in the LP Gas industry. It should have a mission and structure to facilitate the progressive raising of technical and safety standards.

1.6.2 Membership of a LP Gas Industry Association should be open to the appliance, equipment, transporter and installer sectors, as well as to LP Gas producers, suppliers and marketers.

1.6.3 National LP Gas Associations should seek to be consulted in the preparation of LP Gas related legislation and regulations, and if appropriate, act in a coordinating role.

1.6.4 National LP Gas Associations are urged to maintain membership and open communication with the WLPGA, particularly in addressing international LP Gas issues.


1.7 National and Local Authorities 1.7.1 Typically, LP Gas represents a small component of a nations total energy supply, especially in countries with well-developed

natural gas and electricity distribution networks. However, the use of LP Gas is sometimes encouraged for specific energy related or environmental related reasons such as the replacement of solid fuel or Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s), or as an alternative to traditional transportation fuels.

1.7.2 National Authorities should ensure that they and the relevant public bodies understand and address safety issues in respect of LP Gas handling, distribution and usage, including LP Gas used for servicing equipment in refrigeration and air-conditioning appliances. They should appreciate and accept the safety implications of promoting or permitting particular applications.

1.7.3 National Authorities should ensure that appropriate technical and safety standards are in place for LP Gas, LP Gas appliances, equipment and installation. It is usually quite practical and sometimes more efficient to adopt standards which have good international recognition rather than develop national standards from first principles. The emphasis should be on adoption, not adaptation, as long as it does not contradict other adopted practices and suits the local operational environment.

1.7.4 National and Local Authorities should initiate or encourage dialogue with the LP Gas industry to ensure an informed and uniform approach to good safety practice. At national and international level the LP Gas industry is encouraging a scientific and risk-based approach to such matters as land use planning.

1.7.5 A Local Authority will probably be responsible for sanctioning the development of the LP Gas distribution infrastructure and the routing of LP Gas transportation. It may also be responsible for sanctioning the operation of elements of the distribution infrastructure such as cylinder filling plants. These Guidelines are intended to assist Local Authorities in exercising such duties.


Chapter Two

Regulatory Framework

LP Gas safety may be regulated directly or within the broader regulation of hazardous substances and activities.

The regulatory system should promote safety in production, storage, handling, transportation and use.

The LP Gas industry should have a key role in the preparation of regulations through its national or other representative association.

2.1 General 2.1.1 In these Guidelines the focus is only on the regulatory framework for safety.

2.1.2 In countries which have wide-ranging systems of regulation for public, employee and consumer safety, it is normal to find LP Gas included in schedules of hazardous substances. Typically, such systems provide for regulation of many substances, in storage, handling, transportation and use.

2.1.3 In the absence of such wide-ranging systems regulations may be introduced specifically for LP Gas or the LP Gas industry may be self regulating. Self-regulation is usually on the basis of recognised technical standards and codes of practice which are accepted and overseen by an official inspectorate or authority.

2.2 Points to be Regulated Directly 2.2.1 The most serious events tend to be associated with large quantities and frequent transfers of LP Gas in storage or

transportation. Such events may be infrequent but will probably have consequences beyond their immediate location.

2.2.2 The location of LP Gas storage and handling facilities should be directly regulated within general hazardous substances regulations or in their absence by LP Gas specific regulations. A threshold level of inventory should be set which will determine whether a facility falls within the scope of the regulations. Progressively more stringent conditions should apply as the assessed risk increases.

2.2.3 Planning regulations should take account of the potential hazard, the hazard consequences and the probability of the occurrence of hazardous events.

2.2.4 The operation of LP Gas storage and handling facilities may be subject to license which sets limits to the capacity throughput and scope of activities. The license should provide for periodic inspection and renewal.

2.2.5 LP Gas transport should be regulated to take account of the inherent hazard and the risks associated with the transportation mode, e.g. pipeline, water-borne, rail and road. Where national or local regulations are deemed to be inadequate or in need of strengthening a code should be adopted which has international recognition.

2.2.6 Many of the incidents (including fatalities) involving LP Gas occurs at or close to the point of use. They may result from defects in the LP Gas supply, in the appliance, the equipment or the manner of installation. Some incidents are the result of misuse by the consumer. Such misuse may be accidental or due to the consumer being inadequately informed: in the extreme, it may not be accidental but deliberate.


2.2.7 Broad-based consumer protection regulations will provide a measure of safety for LP Gas users. The emphasis in direct regulation should be on:

• LP Gas of the specified grade and standard in containers (tanks and cylinders) manufactured, installed and maintained to the appropriate standard

• Appliances and equipment manufactured and installed to the appropriate standards

• Type approval procedures – n.b. approval of the prototype product by the testing authorities, based on which, mass production can be carried out - and the exclusion of sub-standard appliances, equipment and installers

2.3 Points to be Regulated Indirectly 2.3.1 Many aspects of LP Gas safety can be regulated indirectly where well developed systems for the regulation of public,

employee and consumer safety are in place and effective. However, it is important that when LP Gas is included in such regulatory systems the potential hazards are correctly identified and the risks quantified to an acceptable level and required degree of accuracy. The appropriate infrastructure and procedures should be installed to mitigate those risks.


Chapter Three

LP Gas Safety

LP Gas is potentially hazardous from the point of production until it has been safely used and the combustion products have been properly disposed of. The term LP Gas describes a range of products which have much in common but also have their differences which affect the approach to safety.

Safety comes from understanding the behaviour of LP Gas and keeping it under control.

Every uncontrolled release is a hazardous event and should receive urgent attention. As pure LP Gas is odourless and invisible, a distinctive odour is usually added to warn of its presence. This allows even the smallest leak to be detected and receive the appropriate attention. However, as LP Gas is heavier than air an underground or low level leak might not be detected immediately.

LP Gas containers should be readily identifiable as such. Consumers should be given safety information and having been informed should exercise reasonable care in handling and use.

Good appliance and installation standards are essential for safety.

3.1 General 3.1.1 The term LP Gas is an abbreviation for Liquefied Petroleum Gas and refers to hydrocarbon products, sometimes also

described as light fractions. Butane and Propane are the predominant constituents of LP Gas.

3.1.2 In common with other forms of energy, LP Gas can be hazardous unless it is properly handled in a controlled manner. It is potentially hazardous from the time of production until it has been used and the products of combustion have been disposed of safely.

3.1.3 LP Gas has its own special hazardous characteristics. LP Gas safety comes from understanding these characteristics and behaviour and from the exercise of control under both normal and abnormal conditions.

3.1.4 The behaviour of LP Gas is predictable and the technology for control is well understood. Good technical and safety expertise is to be found in the primary supply and marketing companies and in the major equipment manufacturers. The application of this expertise becomes progressively more difficult as LP Gas is moved along the distribution chain and away from the direct control of the primary suppliers and marketers.

3.1.5 The hazards commonly associated with LP Gas are fire and explosion. Since uncontrolled releases of LP Gas can have serious consequences the prime objective of a LP Gas safety programme is to prevent uncontrolled loss of containment. However there are other hazards inherent in handling, distribution and use which are addressed in these Guidelines.

3.1.6 Butane, Propane and Butane/Propane mixtures are handled and/or distributed separately and for safety, one product should not be mistaken for the other.

3.1.7 The consumer receives LP Gas at the end of the distribution chain. In practice this can mean transportation over long distances and probably one or more transhipments. LP Gas safety must take into account hazards associated with the mode and duration of transport including the risk of traffic accidents and delays and their possible consequences.

3.1.8 Most LP Gas is used by combustion in an appliance which is itself part of a consumer installation. Adequate combustion air and ventilation are essential for safety. The products of LP Gas combustion, or product released as a result of leakage,


should be vented to avoid a possible build-up of hazardous secondary products. The installer and the consumer have major roles in this aspect of LP Gas safety.

3.1.9 The vast range of LP Gas uses and of appliances as well as the variable scale of installations adds to the complexity of LP Gas safety.

3.1.10 Introduction of new applications, especially when accompanied by changes in distribution practices present new hazards and may call for the introduction of additional safety practices. The safety procedures in a marketer’s bulk plant may not be adequate at an automotive re-fuelling station. The safety requirements of a household installation with several appliances, e.g. stove, water heater and space heaters will differ from those of a consumer using a single appliance directly attached to a cylinder.

3.2 Physical Properties 3.2.1 LP Gas is produced in oil refining and the processing of natural gas liquids. Commercial, or fuel grade, LP Gas mainly

consists of Butane and Propane with small amounts of lighter and heavier fractions, such as Ethane and Pentane.

3.2.2 It will be apparent from the above Table that there are significant differences in the physical properties of Butane and Propane. The values for LP Gas mixtures generally lie between these extremes depending on the ratio of Butane and Propane. However, quite small amounts of methane and ethane can have a significant effect on vapour pressure.

3.2.3 The differences in their physical properties mean that Butane and Propane behave differently under everyday conditions and more especially under extreme conditions. Such differences can be turned to advantages in certain applications. However, differences in boiling point, liquid density and vapour pressure between Butane and Propane are particularly important for safety and appliance performance.

3.2.4 Differences in the quantity of air required for complete combustion of Butane and Propane should be taken into account by appliance suppliers and installers. Failure to do so can affect both consumer safety and satisfaction.

3.2.5 Poor quality control in LP Gas refining and production processes can have an indirect bearing on safety as it may lead to hazards further along the distribution chain or at the point of use. Well intentioned but inexpert attempts to solve LP Gas quality problems at the point of use can be risky and are best prevented by appropriate controls during production. Authorities should ensure that relevant product standards are established and observed.

Table 3.1 Typical Properties of LP Gas

Property Propane n-Butane

Chemical Formula C3H8 C4H10

Boiling point at 101.3 kPa (°C) -42.1 -0.5

Liquid density at 15 °C (kg/m3) 506.0 583.0

Absolute vapour pressure at 40 °C (kPa) 1510 375

Flash Point (°C) -104 -60

Upper flammable limit (% vol. in air) 9.5 8.5

Lower flammable limit (% vol. in air) 2.3 1.9

Vol. vapour per vol. liquid 269 235

Relative vapour density (air = 1) 1.55 2.07

Coefficient of expansion (liquid) per 1°C 0.0032 0.0023

Minimum air for combustion (m3/m3) 24 30

Kinematic Viscosity (centistokes) @ 20°C 0.20 0.30

Latent Heat of Vapourisation (kJ/kg) @ 20°C 352 368

Specific Heat (kJ/kg/°C) @ 20°C - liquid 2.554 2. 361

Specific Heat (kJ/kg/°C) @ 20°C - vapour 1.047 1. 495

Minimum ignition temperature (°C ) in oxygen 470 - 575 380 – 550

Maximum Flame temperature (°C ) 1980 1990

Octane number >100 92

Specific Energy (gross) kJ/kg 49.83 49.40


3.2.6 Because Butane and Propane have different physical properties it is important that the composition of LP Gas mixtures being distributed in a market be known to participants and kept within specified limits which are related to product specifications. There are LP Gas standards which have international recognition and one of which could be adopted, in the absence of a suitable national standard. See Appendix Three – List of References.

3.2.7 LP Gas is odourless in its natural state so a distinctive odour is usually added in order to warn of its presence. However, not all LP Gas is odourised in this way and additional hazards exist in the storage and distribution of unodourised LP Gas.

3.2.8 Not all LP Gas is odourised as there are a few applications for LP Gas, like propellants, requiring unstenched product. Additional hazards exist in the storage and distribution of unodourised LP Gas and this requires extra care.

3.2.9 When selecting the type of odourant to use it is important to recognise their particular properties as some are toxic and require careful handling. Attention should also be given to their short life as the odour may fade over time.

3.3 Inherent Hazards/Potential Risks 3.3.1 The principal potential hazard with LP Gas is fire and explosion. This derives from its inherent quality of high flammability

and in extreme cases may combine with another condition, i.e. high pressure, and lead to the BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) phenomenon. This is a type of explosion that can occur when a vessel containing a pressurised liquid is ruptured due to high temperature and pressure. Such explosions can be extremely hazardous. There are also hazards incidental to the various modes of transport for distribution and use.

3.3.2 An additional potential hazard may arise at the point of use if ventilation is inadequate and the products of combustion are not dispersed into the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide may be produced and reach dangerous levels. LP Gas ‘sniffing’ i.e. the intentional inhalation of LP Gas vapour seeking a narcotic effect can result in injury or in some cases, death.

3.3.3 The risk associated with such hazards (with the exception of sniffing) can be controlled using available, proven technology, i.e. the safety equipment and procedures normally used by the LP Gas industry.

3.3.4 Liquid LP Gas will cause cold burns if it comes into contact with the skin. Propane, with its low boiling point is more hazardous in this respect than Butane which, in cold conditions, is slower to vaporise and disperse. The eyes and body must be protected when handling all liquefied products.

3.3.5 LP Gas vapour, being heavier than air, may, in the event of a leak, accumulate in confined spaces and low-lying areas. The means of ventilation and meteorological conditions will influence the movement and dispersion of the LP Gas vapour.

3.3.6 Any uncontrolled release of LP Gas is inherently hazardous. A liquid LP Gas leak is considered more hazardous in that it will expand to vapour form with volume in excess of 200 times that of the original liquid volume leak. Being heavier than air, vapour will tend to lie, or drift, close to the ground with a risk that it will find a source of ignition while it remains within its flammable limits. The physical properties are given in the table shown earlier in this section.

3.3.7 Liquid LP Gas has a high co-efficient of volumetric expansion and therefore cylinders and tanks should never be completely filled. They should be filled with ullage (the unfilled space in a container of liquid) to allow for liquid expansion caused by an increase in temperature. The degree of ullage necessary will depend on the operating conditions, especially the maximum expected operating temperature. This potential risk is further controlled by a combination of safety devices and procedures and especially by control during product transfer operations. This potential risk explains why cylinders and tanks should only be filled under the supervision of competent persons and why illegal filling is dangerous because of the risk of overfilling.

3.3.8 Because of its much higher vapour pressure, tanks and cylinders containing Propane need to be stronger than those for Butane, and both should be protected against excessive pressure. This potential risk is controlled by safety devices and by segregating the products or, where LP Gas mixture is handled, ensuring that the Propane content does not exceed a specified upper limit. In cold weather, a tank storing Butane may be subjected to negative pressure and must be capable of withstanding this.

3.3.9 During the process of distribution, LP Gas will normally be transported in one or more modes. There will be hazards associated with the transport mode and with the consequences of traffic accidents and incidents. The risks will vary from country to country and with the transport mode. The control of transport-related risks is discussed in Chapters 6 and 9.

3.3.10 The majority of consumers will use LP Gas as a fuel in an appliance. The installation comprising the LP Gas supply and connection to the appliance may be simple or complex, large or small. Hazard scenarios and risk at the point of use are discussed in Chapter 10.


3.3.11 The products of complete LP Gas combustion - mainly water and carbon dioxide - are not inherently hazardous. Good installation practice specifies ventilation to supply the air required for combustion and to vent the products of combustion. This minimises risk by preventing a build-up of carbon monoxide or a development of asphyxiating (i.e. oxygen-deficient) conditions.

3.3.12 LP Gas is a clear odourless liquid and is not readily visible in its gaseous phase. In the event of a leak it may be present, unseen, in hazardous concentrations. To minimize this risk, odorant with a distinctive, persistent and unpleasant smell is added to LP Gas prior to distribution. In special applications requiring odour-free LP Gas, such as aerosol propellant, or the chemical industry, alternative safety measures are adopted such as the use of gas detectors.

3.3.13 Accumulation of LP Gas vapour may result in the development of an oxygen-deficient atmosphere which carries a risk of asphyxiation. The visible cloud might be smaller or bigger than the actual gas cloud, depending on humidity in the air. An explosimeter should be used to approach a gas cloud. No one should enter a gas cloud as the possible introduction of an ignition source creates a hazardous zone and possible fatal area. No one should enter a vessel which has been used for LP Gas storage without supervision and only when all appropriate safety measures are in place and the area has been determined as gas free.

3.3.14 Minimising risk in any operation must be one of the foremost goals. Guidelines such as these allow for the management of LP Gas operations, and for its use, well within the parameters for individual and societal risks acceptable in a modern, industrialised society.

3.4 Basic Safety Principles 3.4.1 While flammability is the major safety concern with LP Gas it is not the only one. Good safety practice addresses the

various hazards from production to consumption.

3.4.2 The term LP Gas embraces several products which while related have important physical differences which affect safety. If more than one type or grade of LP Gas is being handled each should be clearly identified and segregated. All should be within specification, especially with respect to maximum permitted vapour pressure.

3.4.3 Large LP Gas installations should not be constructed close to large or sensitive populations. Populations should be restricted close to locations approved for large LP Gas installations. In planning or evaluating proposals for the location of LP Gas facilities due account should be taken of the hazards created and of the risks associated with those hazards within and beyond the facility.

3.4.4 Space and separation distances are fundamental to safety at LP Gas facilities – large and small – and should be assessed for each location and observed.

3.4.5 Participants in the LP Gas industry should actively promote a safety culture within their own businesses and at industry level.

3.4.6 Personnel engaged in LP Gas operations should receive formal training by competent persons for their normal activities and for emergencies. LP Gas facilities should have emergency planning and response programmes appropriate to the hazards and risks which they represent. These include correct handling procedures to avoid injury.

3.4.7 Fuel grade LP Gas should be adequately odourised prior to entering the distribution chain. When LP Gas is required to be odour-free adequate alternative safety measures should be employed. (See Appendix Three - References).

3.4.8 LP Gas cylinders and tanks should never be allowed to become liquid-full. Climatic conditions will influence the degree of ullage required but it is typical practice to fill to around 80% of the water capacity of the vessel. In some circumstances

Fig. 3.1 Controlled release of LP Gas from a cylinder


over fill devices may be required to provide protection. In other cases cylinders and tanks should only be filled under the supervision of competent personnel

3.4.9 Above a certain quantity LP Gas should be clearly identified during transportation, using classification numbers and appropriate warning signs. (see Appendix One).

3.4.10 Appliances and equipment for the handling, transportation and use of LP Gas should be fit-for-purpose, correctly installed and well-maintained. Sub-standard appliances, equipment and installations should be excluded if necessary by regulation.

3.4.11 Installers of appliances and equipment, and those responsible for service should be formally trained and should have reached a specified level of proficiency.

3.4.12 Cylinders for indoor use should preferably be filled with Butane or Butane-rich LP Gas mixtures although certain countries do permit the use of Propane cylinders indoors. Only those cylinders which are in use should be kept indoors. Whenever Butane and Propane are sold as separate products, cylinders should be readily distinguished and preferably fitted with different outlet valves so that they are not easily interchanged or used for natural gas appliances.

3.4.13 Consumer safety awareness campaigns are an essential part of LP Gas safety principles and they should emphasise:

• The quality/safety linkage for gas, appliances and equipment including safe practices

• The risks associated with inferior installation standards and/or practices

• The need for care and in particular for adequate ventilation

• How to recognise the smell of odourised LP Gas

• The action to take when gas is detected

3.5 Product Classification and Labelling 3.5.1 In practice the products known collectively as LP Gas include n-Butane, iso-Butane, Propane and Propene/Propylene. They

may be supplied separately or in varying mixtures and degrees of purity. All come within the designation ‘Hazardous Substances’ and are classified ‘Highly Flammable’.

3.5.2 Transport regulations such as the Agreement for the International Transportation of Dangerous Substances by Road (ADR) and its railway counterpart (RID) include a UN hazard warning and identification system which is useful in emergencies and which should be used. Examples of the system are set out in Appendix One. [also refer: www.unece.org]

3.5.3 LP Gas cylinders, storage tanks and pipelines should be clearly identified by appropriate markings and warning signs, examples of which are to be found in Appendix One. These are recommended for use in the absence of a national system of signs and markings.

3.5.4 Where Butane and Propane are sold as separate products, cylinders and tanks should be marked according to product. Containers of LP Gas which has not been odourised should be clearly marked and labelled.

3.5.5 In the absence of national regulations the minimum safety information on a cylinder should state the product, the supplier’s name or brand, the net fill amount, a flame symbol and the word ‘Flammable’, or its local language equivalent. Information should be of sufficient size to be readily legible and in a colour contrasting with the rest of the cylinder.


Chapter Four

LP Gas Distribution Chain

The distribution chain begins with a small number of large installations and ends with large numbers of consumers, some large but mostly small.

Some consumers receive LP Gas in cylinders others receive it in bulk.

Safety should take account of the distribution system, the different types of consumer and the particular hazards at each stage of the chain.

The exercise of safety becomes more difficult as LP Gas moves through the distribution chain.

Primary Marketers

Distributors

Retailers

Domestic Production

Auto Gas City Gas

Domestic/CommercialAuto Gas User

Ind/Chemical

Comm/Agric/Ind

Import


4.1 General 4.1.1 The Distribution Chain describes the process by which LP Gas is moved from production or importation to the point

of use.

4.1.2 LP Gas purchased ex-ship or ex-pipeline is considered to have entered the distribution chain at the point and time of custody transfer when ownership and responsibility normally passes to the primary marketer. At this early stage of the distribution process, Butane and Propane are often handled separately and the scale of operations tends to be at its largest.

4.1.3 LP Gas is normally stored, handled and transported under pressure and at ambient temperature during distribution. Marketers will seek competitive advantage through distribution efficiency which will include optimising the scale and location of their distribution infrastructure. In practice this will include locating certain of their facilities close to consumption centres. This will necessitate marketers taking care of local interests.

4.1.4 LP Gas distribution may be in bulk or in cylinders depending on many considerations such as application, scale of usage and consumer preference. Automotive LP Gas should always be distributed in bulk. The marketers’ distribution infrastructure will include bulk depots and cylinder filling plants unless solely engaged in Automotive LP Gas.

4.2 Classification and Activities 4.2.1 In its basic form the LP Gas distribution chain starts with a primary marketer purchasing a single grade of LP Gas, probably

the producer’s specification, and selling it to consumers within a limited geographical area. The chain becomes more complex as multiple supply sources and possibly choices of grades develop for example as more marketers begin to sell into an expanding geographical area and serve a broader range of LP Gas applications.

4.2.2 Importation of LP Gas may be required to augment indigenous supply on a seasonal and/or year-round basis.

4.2.3 Imports may be made overland but are more commonly made by sea. Sea-fed facilities may be established by specialist terminalling or trading companies by LP Gas marketers or by joint ventures. It is unlikely that a marketer whose experience is limited to purchasing LP Gas ex-refinery or from a gas plant will have the technical and safety skills to handle imports without expert assistance.

4.2.4 Multiple sources will normally enable the marketer to extend his supply options and possibly to shorten the primary transportation lines. The marketer will probably be drawn towards multi-depot operations and should then be prepared to deploy additional supervision in order to maintain safety standards.

4.2.5 Some marketers distribute directly to their consumers, large and small. Oil companies with retail businesses sometimes use their petrol stations as LP Gas outlets. Others distribute through appointed agents, distributors or dealers. All must work to implement LP Gas safety disciplines in distribution networks which may include some unresponsive or disinterested elements.

4.2.6 A developed LP Gas distribution chain will have some (possibly all) of the components shown in the diagram on page 19. In addition it will include traders and transportation companies, shippers, pipeline operators, rail and road transport contractors.

4.3 Implementation of Basic Safety Disciplines 4.3.1 The effective implementation of safety discipline should follow from the regulatory/enforcement system working

constructively with industry, both directly and through its representative organisations. For the purpose of this document, ‘industry’ should include manufacturers of LP Gas-based aerosols, refrigeration and air-conditioning appliances’ manufacturers and service providers, equipment vendors and installers, as well as LP Gas marketers.

4.3.2 Elsewhere in the Guidelines, we have noted that:

• LP Gas can be hazardous from production to the point of use

• Safety comes from understanding LP Gas and maintaining control

Understanding and control should be present, and exercised, at every point of the distribution chain.


4.3.3 The logical starting points for the process of implementing safety discipline are knowledge and awareness. We have noted that good technical expertise is to be found in the LP Gas marketing companies and equipment manufacturers. The main burden of implementing knowledge-based safety and safety awareness should be borne by them and they should have recognition when it is done properly.

4.3.4 The majority of LP Gas-related incidents occur at, or close to, the point of use. Safety discipline must include the consumer who, having been made aware of certain hazards, should respond by exercising every reasonable care.


Chapter Five

Trans-Shipment Terminal

LP Gas trans-shipment terminals are always major hazard installations whether by reason of their capacity, the scale of transfer operations and/or proximity to other hazardous installations.

The planning and operation of a trans-shipment terminal requires careful identification and evaluation of the risks and consequences of the operation of the facility. Hazard and operating studies (HAZOP) are often applied to identify and mitigate the consequences against those risks. Environmental impact studies are also sometimes undertaken.In many terminals Butane and Propane will be handled separately rather than as LP Gas mixtures.

In many terminals, Butane and Propane will be handled separately rather than as LP Gas mixtures. The products may be received and stored at sub-zero temperatures. Safety systems should take account of these factors.

Terminal safety is directly linked to the safety of shipping operations.

5.1 General 5.1.1 Markets in which LP Gas demand exceeds indigenous supply tend sooner or later to have trans-shipment terminals.

Through these LP Gas will be imported using special tank ships which may transport different LP Gas products. In these ships LP Gas may be transported under pressure, at ambient temperature, or semi/fully ‘refrigerated’, i.e. at low temperature and reduced pressure. The choice between these modes will be determined by economic considerations which will themselves be strongly influenced by the scale of operation. The compliance of imported LPGas with local product specifications has to be established and this is usually done in the trans-shipment terminal

5.1.2 A national market may be served by one or more terminals capable of receiving very large ships with part of the cargo for local use and part being trans-shipped to smaller import terminals, by coastal tanker or barge.

5.1.3 When transported in large ships LP Gas is normally refrigerated with Butane and Propane stored in different cargo tanks. The inland market will require, and the coastal shipping will transport, LP Gas under pressure, i.e. at or close to ambient temperature. The market may require Butane, Propane or an LP Gas mixture. This will prompt consideration of whether the large receiving terminal storage should be refrigerated and if not how the incoming LP Gas should be brought to ambient temperature. These questions all have major safety implications both for the initial design and for subsequent operations.

5.1.4 A LP Gas trans-shipment terminal may be developed as an independent standalone installation with its own ship-handling facilities. More often an LP Gas terminal becomes an additional activity sharing nearby facilities with others.

5.1.5 The planning of an LP Gas trans-shipment terminal should include major hazard and environmental impact studies for both the onshore and offshore aspects using internationally-accepted standards and criteria. The hazard study should take account not only of any compounding of risk associated with neighbouring industrial activities but also of the potential benefits from existing safety/security arrangements, including mutual assistance as part of emergency response programmes.


5.2 Refrigerated/Pressure Shipping and Storage 5.2.1 The choice between shipping and storing LP Gas at ambient or reduced temperature and pressure is largely a matter

of logistics and economics. There are costs associated with achieving and maintaining low temperatures but under certain conditions the unit costs of a refrigerated LP Gas containment system will be less than containment at ambient temperature and pressure. Control is essential for safety whatever the choice of storage and the cost of safety systems at such terminals may be significant and needs to be factored into the decision.

5.2.2 The design and engineering of an LP Gas trans-shipment terminal should be in accordance with a reputable standard enjoying international recognition. Volume 1 of The Model Code of Safe Practice No. 9, Liquefied Petroleum Gas by the Institute of Petroleum deals with large bulk storage, both refrigerated and ambient temperature/pressure. Others include SIGTTO – Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals. [refer: www.sigtto.org]

5.2.3 Each terminal will have its own special features and requirements. However, the terminal operations should adopt the safety principles and procedures developed and refined over the years. These can be found in such publications as:

• Safe Transport, Handling and Storage of Dangerous Substances in Port Areas, by The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) [refer: www.imo.org];

• Guidance Notes GS 40 : The Loading and Unloading of Bulk Flammable Liquids and Gases at Harbours and Inland Waterways, by U.K. Health and Safety Executive [refer: www.hse.gov.uk];

• Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals, by The Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators. [refer: www.sigtto.org]

• International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT), Fourth Edition, produced by the International Chamber of Shipping, Oil Companies International Marine Forum, International Association of Ports and Harbors. ISBN 1 85609 081 7 [refer: www.iaphworldports.org]

• Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals (SIGTTO), Third Edition, produced by McGuire and White. ISBN 1 85609 164 3 [refer: www.sigtto.org]

5.3 Single/Multi-Product Terminal Operation 5.3.1 A single product terminal has the advantage of comparative simplicity, even if several grades of LP Gas are being

handled simultaneously.

5.3.2 For the purposes of these Guidelines a multi-product terminal is one in which LP Gas and another product, or products, are being handled. The multi-product aspect may be confined to a shared ship-handling facility or may also apply to the on-shore storage area.

5.3.3 The design, layout and operation of a multi-product terminal should be the subject of the most careful study and evaluation in respect of the compatibility of products and of operations.


Chapter Six

Inland Transportation

LP Gas is moved in bulk in the initial stages of inland transportation by waterway, pipeline, rail or road.

Some consumers receive their LP Gas in bulk. Others receive their LP Gas in cylinders. Small sized pressurized canisters are also used to supply LP Gas for the refrigeration and air conditioning appliances. Final delivery is usually by road.

Traffic risks vary from country to country and with the transportation mode. The LP Gas industry should be extra vigilant when the risk of a traffic accident is high. Transport vehicles should be of a suitably high standard and operated by qualified drivers.

6.1 General 6.1.1 Almost invariably LP Gas is moved in bulk in the initial stages of inland transportation. For many applications and especially

for automotive and industrial use LP Gas is transported in bulk throughout the distribution process. For others, LP Gas may have started the journey in bulk but is finally delivered or collected in a cylinder.

6.1.2 LP Gas may be transported by inland waterway, by pipeline, rail or road depending on the strengths and weaknesses of the national or local transport infrastructure, or depending on national regulations. There are hazards associated with all these modes of transportation but the risks will vary with local conditions. There will be times when the most economical method must be forgone in the interests of safety.

6.1.3 Tolerability of risk from traffic hazards varies from country to country. The LP Gas industry depends on transport to deliver its products and therefore should employ good safety practice in its inland transport operations. The industry should be extra vigilant where the external risk is known to be high.

6.2 Primary Distribution in Bulk 6.2.1 Primary distribution refers to transportation in the first step of the distribution chain, i.e. from source of supply to major

customers, bulk plants and cylinder filling plants. At this stage of distribution the LP Gas is the property and responsibility of the primary marketer who will probably have entrusted the task of transportation to a specialist contractor.

6.2.2 While some primary distribution of LP Gas is by pipeline or barge the principal transportation modes are rail and road. Whether conveyed in marketer owned or contractors’ vehicles, LP Gas transportation should be in accordance with national regulations and in accordance with good international practice. Comprehensive guidance is to be found in codes such as:

• The Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR) [refer: www.unece.org]

• Regulations concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by rail (RID) [refer: www.unece.org]

6.2.3 In the absence of transportation contractors capable of providing the required standard of safety the marketer should take direct charge and responsibility for primary distribution.


6.3 Secondary Distribution in Bulk and Cylinders 6.3.1 Secondary distribution refers to the movement of LP Gas onward along the distribution chain from a bulk plant or

cylinder filling plant. Ownership of the LP Gas may remain with the marketer or may be passed to others. A change of ownership will affect the exercise of safe practice as each new owner takes responsibility for safety at each stage of the distribution process.

6.3.2 Secondary distribution in bulk is further discussed in Chapter Nine.

6.3.3 Secondary distribution in cylinders usually means transportation by road and exposure to the road traffic hazards. Drivers should be carefully selected and trained both in avoiding and in dealing with the consequences of accidents.

6.3.4 Trucks regularly employed in the transport of LP Gas should be designed, or adapted, to minimise the risks associated with the product and the mode of transportation. They should be inspected before they enter service and be properly maintained

6.3.5 LP Gas distribution trucks should display product identification plates and be equipped with suitable fire extinguishers.

6.3.6 Filled LP Gas cylinders which are intended to be utilised in the upright position should preferably be transported upright with the valves protected against any impact. Full and empty cylinders should, as far as is practical, be segregated on the truck. Pallets or cylinders must be restrained using straps or ropes (natural hemp not nylon) that are secured to properly designed anchorage points.

6.3.7 Publications giving more detailed safety guidance for secondary distribution of LP Gas in cylinders are referred to in the Appendix Three together with some web links.


Chapter Seven

Bulk Storage and Handling

The location of storage should be considered in conjunction with the nature and scale of the LP Gas operations and of external risks.

Safety systems and procedures should prevent uncontrolled releases of LP Gas and the over-filling of storage tanks.

Passive safety features and fail-safe safety systems should be incorporated into bulk storage and handling facilities.

7.1 General 7.1.1 LP Gas may be stored on a large scale at an import or trans-shipment terminal on an intermediate scale at depots, cylinder

filling plants and large industrial consumers, or on a small scale at a household installation. The largest LP Gas terminals may have storage in excess of 100,000 tonnes.

7.1.2 In this section of the Guidelines the principal focus is on large and intermediate storage forming part of the distribution infrastructure. Small-scale bulk storage is discussed further in Chapter 9 of these Guidelines.

7.1.3 From a safety standpoint, LP Gas storage should be considered in conjunction with the nature and scale of the associated on-site LP Gas handling operations. Apart from National Standards and Codes of practices, there are well established International Standards and Codes which, when effectively employed, will substantially reduce both hazard and risk. These include:

• NFPA 58 - Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, by the National Fire Protection Association (US) [refer: www.nfpa.org]

• LPGA COP 1 (UK) - The Storage of LP Gas at Fixed Installations, by the UK LP Gas Association (UK) [refer: www.lpga.co.uk]

• Regulations for LP Gas service stations and road tank trucks in the Netherlands (for the special needs of the automotive sector).

• EN 12542 and EN 14075 [refer: www.cen.eu]

7.1.4 A fire or explosion involving LP Gas in bulk storage is potentially a major incident and likely to have an impact beyond the operator’s boundary fence. The development and operation of such facilities should be subject to consultation at official and community level. If national regulations stipulate licensing the criteria should be risk-based.


7.2 Single/Multi-Grade Operation 7.2.1 Some markets work with a single grade of LP Gas and therefore have a simple system for product storage and handling.

More often commercial grade Butane, Propane and LP Gas mixtures are stored and handled separately. Some marketers may offer high purity, chemical grade or de-odourised LP Gas requiring dedicated storage and handling systems.

7.2.2 For safety, the important considerations are that:

• stored LP Gas does not develop a vapour pressure in excess of the permitted maximum for any part of its containment system

• There is no total dependency on the characteristic, unpleasant smell of stenched product to warn of the presence of LP Gas. Other mitigating measures such as gas detectors should be installed. The storage and handling of unstenched product will require these anyway

7.2.3 Multi-grade facilities should be equipped with the physical means of segregating the various grades of LP Gas and should have procedures to check and validate the effectiveness of such segregation.

7.2.4 Each LP Gas storage tank should be suitable for the grade of product to be stored in it at the expected temperature range and developing the highest vapour pressure.

7.3 Technical Options - Types of Storage 7.3.1 LP Gas is stored in bulk in:

• Salt domes, tunnels or caverns

• Cylindrical or spherical steel tanks which may be above ground, underground or mounded

The scale, location and method of operation of the storage facility will influence the choice from among these options. Environmental and safety issues must always be given due consideration. The photo below shows a number of above ground horizontal tanks at an installation in South America.

7.3.2 Salt domes, tunnels and caverns are typically created deep underground and are most economical for large-scale pressure storage. However they can only be realised if the on-site geological and geophysical conditions are favourable. Steel tanks are preferred for large-scale refrigerated storage.

7.3.3 With growing appreciation of the attractions of passive safety and confidence in modern corrosion protection technology more intermediate and small-scale LP Gas storage is being mounded or installed underground. In some countries these may be the only permitted technical options for intermediate-scale storage.

Fig. 7.1 Above-ground cylindrical tanks for storage of LP Gas


7.3.4 The reduced risk with mounded and underground LP Gas storage is reflected in a relaxation of safety/separation distances in certain standards. The distances given in such reputable publications as NFPA 58 [refer: www.nfpa.org] and LPGA COP 1 (UK) [refer: www.lpga.co.uk] are empirical, not scientific. A more scientific approach, based on experimental tests and practical experience and using Hazard and operating studies (HAZOP) are often applied in the LP Gas industry.

7.4 Technical Options - Product Transfer 7.4.1 LP Gas transfer is potentially hazardous - an activity where things can and sometimes do go wrong because of equipment

or procedural failure.

7.4.2 Pipelines for the transfer of refrigerated LP Gas are insulated to protect the product against unwanted heat gain. Product temperatures should not be below the design and material specifications. When refrigerated LP Gas is to be transferred to non-refrigerated storage, an inline product heater may be employed. At coastal locations in warm or temperate climates, seawater may be used as the heating medium.

7.4.3 The most common bulk transfers are between depot tanks and rail tank cars/road tankers or, in the case of automotive LP Gas, between station and vehicle tanks. Road tankers and rail tank cars may be loaded by weight or by volume, singly or in groups. All such transfers must be monitored to ensure that maximum fill limits are not exceeded. It should be constantly borne in mind that cold LP Gas will expand as its temperature rises.

7.4.4 Articulated loading arms are preferred for in-depot transfers but flexible hoses are currently the only practical option for bulk delivery to consumers and for automotive refueling.

7.5 Safety Systems for Operation 7.5.1 The first rule of safety is to avoid any uncontrolled leakage of LP Gas. All systems should be designed with this prime

objective of containment in mind.

7.5.2 The traditional approach to safety is based on generous use of space and of water deluge systems for emergency response. Increasingly, this approach is giving way to the concept of passive safety (including the use of passive fire protection [PFP] in the form of coatings) and to fail-safe valving and control systems. The passive safety concept is evident in mounded and underground tanks. Passive fire protection can be used where ground conditions are not suitable for burying or mounding vessels. A modern valve control system will be capable of automatic and/or remote operation. It will ensure that main valves are closed unless they are required to be open and only while that requirement lasts and that they close in case of emergency or alarm.

7.5.3 High and low-level alarms fitted to plant storage tanks can be a useful defence against overfilling but they should not be seen as an alternative to proper supervision.

7.5.4 With their emphasis on safety management systems, risk assessment, training and periodic inspections, regulations derived from the European Directive 96/82/EEC (Seveso II Directive) can be a valuable part of a plant safety programme.

7.5.5 Many plant incidents take place outside normal working hours, often during maintenance operations. After hours security and supervision of maintenance work are crucial for safety. All critical works or works done in critical areas should be subject to a risk assessment and a permit to work

7.5.6 Static electricity discharge is a cause for concern and so steel structures and pipework should be securely earthed. Road tankers should be bonded to earth before LP Gas transfers commence and remain so until the operation is complete and the hose is disconnected.

7.5.7 Road tankers admitted to the plant should be equipped to the standard specified in national regulations or in a reputable code, such as ADR. Vehicles should be immobilised during transfer operations and equipped to prevent untimely movement. Loading/unloading bays should be protected against impact. Both company-owned and contractors’ vehicles should comply.

7.5.8 Fire-resistant coatings can provide a useful means of improving safety in vessels. They have the advantage that they can be applied to existing tanks to augment an existing safety system. However the selection and application of such coatings should be entrusted to specialists.

7.5.9 Sections of pipework and storage systems that can be isolated with valves or blinds should be equipped with safety valves to protect against possible damage as liquid LP Gas expands with increases in temperature.


Chapter Eight

Cylinder Filling and Handling

Cylinders should be filled with the intended product – Butane, Propane or specific LP Gas mixtures – and should never be over-filled.

Cylinders should be checked before and after filling to ensure that they are fit to fill, have been correctly filled, are gas tight and will be trouble-free in service.

A mishandled cylinder can cause injury and damage, or result in an uncontrolled release of LP Gas.

Handling of LP Gas cylinders should as far as practical be mechanised to prevent injury.

8.1 General 8.1.1 Cylinder filling plants vary in scale and sophistication from simple single-station operations filling small numbers of

cylinders on demand, to high-technology plants serving hundreds of thousands of consumers.

8.1.2 LP Gas is sold by weight in cylinders and too often accuracy of filling means ‘not being underweight’ to both consumer and filler. It is not always appreciated that an overfilled cylinder, i.e. one which may become liquid-full, can be highly dangerous with small increases in temperature as liquid LP Gas expands ten times greater than water.

8.1.3 Ownership of cylinders can have an important bearing on safety. They should be manufactured and maintained in accordance with recognised technical standards. Non-compliant cylinders should not be re-filled although this can lead to difficulties when the consumer owns the cylinder and he may suspect a motive in a refusal to fill it. The consumer will have little appreciation of the safety checks which the professional re-filler carries out as a routine part of his work.

8.1.4 Cylinder maintenance and repair are potentially hazardous activities and when undertaken in a filling plant can become disruptive of cylinder filling operations. Maintenance and repair should be carefully planned in order to avoid such disruption.

8.1.5 Filling plants handling more than one grade of LP Gas should be designed and equipped accordingly. They should have the physical and procedural controls to ensure that one is not mistaken for another.

8.2 Cylinder Filling and Checking 8.2.1 Cylinder filling operations should be carried out in accordance with a reputable technical standard or code such as ISO

10691 [refer: www.iso.org]

8.2.2 The initial check is to ensure that the cylinder is fit for refilling, i.e. that when filled it will not create a problem for either the refiller or the consumer. This initial check is also for compliance with any national or industry revalidation rules.

8.2.3 The cylinder valve is normally dual purpose in that it is used both for re-filling and to supply gas to the consumer. The condition and performance of the valve is crucial for safety.

8.2.4 National regulations may determine the permitted filling tolerances. While complying with these the refiller must ensure that the correct grade of LP Gas is filled and that the maximum permitted fill volume for the cylinder is not exceeded, i.e. that there is no risk of the cylinder becoming liquid-full.


8.2.5 Post-filling checks are specified in the Code of Practice referred to in 8.2.1 above. The objective is to provide the consumer with a cylinder which has been correctly filled, will be trouble-free in use and meets all national or industry labelling requirements. The photo below shows LP Gas cylinders on an automatic filling carousel.

8.2.6 Post-fill procedures should include leak-testing, check weighing and, in the absence of fixed protection (e.g. a shroud) the fitting of a suitable form of cylinder valve protection if this is not already provided for in the valve design. Increasingly LP Gas marketers are fixing a tamper-proof seal to the cylinder valve after re-filling to reassure consumers of the integrity.

8.2.7 Both full and empty LP Gas cylinders can cause serious injury during manual handling and, where possible, handling should be mechanised. Manual handling of cylinders should be done with proper personal protective equipment.

8.3 Care and Maintenance of Cylinders 8.3.1 An LP Gas cylinder is a pressure vessel which may, during the process of distribution and end use, be subjected to rough

treatment. Nevertheless its integrity is essential for safety and therefore it must be properly maintained

8.3.2 Where the LP Gas marketer retains ownership of cylinders - and the empties are returned for refilling - the marketer is also responsible for care and maintenance.

8.3.3 The consumer, as the owner of the cylinder, may assume – probably unwittingly – responsibility for maintenance. In this case, compliance with cylinder re-qualification requirements can be very difficult. The cost of re-qualification (to be borne by the owner-consumer) and problems of access to re-qualification facilities are likely to be contributing factors. The owner-consumer system also carries the risk of a do-it yourself approach to cylinder valve repair/replacement. It is imperative that legislation and regulations are consistent with the standards and codes of practice relating to cylinder re-qualification.

8.3.4 In the absence of national regulations, there are reputable standards, such as ISO 10464 which specify intervals for inspection and re-qualification. Cylinder filling standards such as ISO 10691 codes (e.g. COP 12) [refer: www.iso.org] include acceptance/rejection criteria for damaged cylinders. The LP Gas marketer filling the cylinder must be responsible for checking for compliance with these criteria. Under certain conditions, the ADR allows for the period of inspection and recertification for steel cylinders to be 15 years.

8.4 Technical Options for Cylinder Filling 8.4.1 Although the leading equipment manufacturers also offer volumetric filling machines, most LP Gas cylinders are filled by

weight, i.e. by reference to individual tare weights and a specified fill, or weight, of LP Gas. At high volume, the challenge

Fig. 8.1 An automated carousel for filling of LP Gas Cylinders


for the equipment manufacturer is to provide speed and accuracy for both filling and checking together with flexibility to deal with different types of cylinder and different grades of LP Gas. At low volume, accuracy of filling and checking are equally important for safety. Generally, a check weigh scale is needed for ‘weights and measures’ compliance with 100% check weighing becoming the norm.

8.4.2 Essentially, the technical options for cylinder filling are:

• A small number of high volume plants

• A larger number of low volume plants

• High automation/few employees and vice-versa.

8.4.3 Filling large numbers of cylinders manually is heavy, monotonous work and the risk of injury inherent in a labour intensive plant should be evaluated against that of a well-managed, automated plant. In markets where the local regulations permit the manual handling of cylinders, the personnel handling cylinders manually should be trained for minimising the risk of injuries to themselves and others. Management of safety should always be appropriate to the number, size and type of plants.

8.4.4 Advances in electronics, in metering and in data management systems have moved the technology of cylinder filling forward and have helped to make LP Gas operations safer. However, any programme to automate should ensure that safety systems are updated as filling procedures change.

8.5 Storage and Handling 8.5.1 LP Gas cylinders can cause serious injury during manual handling and, wherever possible, handling should be mechanised.

Manual handling of cylinders should be done with proper personal protective equipment.

8.5.2 Conveyors and other parts of a mechanical handling system should be earthed to discharge static electricity. As with all rotating machinery they can also lead to incidents and should be designed to avoid employees being trapped and stop when an employee is trapped.

8.5.3 Fork lift trucks are invaluable cylinder handling aids. They should be equipped with spark-suppressing features (flameproof) and observe any hazardous zone restrictions within the filling plant or depot.

8.5.4 Training should be provided for those involved in cylinder handling in order to minimise the risk of injury to employees and of damage to the cylinders.

8.5.5 The storage of cylinders should be systematic with full and empty cylinders segregated and confined to designated areas. Specific guidance can be found in COP 7 – Storage of Full and Empty LP Gas Cylinders and Cartridges, by the LP Gas Association (U.K.) [www.lpga.co.uk].

8.5.6 Cylinders requiring maintenance, repair or fill correction should be dealt with urgently by trained and properly supervised employees. Such cylinders are potentially hazardous and a backlog should never be allowed to accumulate within the cylinder filling area. Should cylinders be unserviceable, then recycling of the different metal components is to be encouraged.

8.6 Safety Systems for Operation 8.6.1 A cylinder filling plant has many potential trouble spots which, in a large plant, may be some distance apart. Plants should

incorporate an emergency shutdown system to stop the flow of LP Gas, pumps and filling equipment. An alarm system capable of operation from key locations and of actuating emergency response measures is considered an essential part of the plant safety system.

8.6.2 Clear signage (including road marking) and effective gatehouse control over vehicle and individual access to the hazardous areas are also considered essential.

8.6.3 Many plant incidents take place outside normal working hours, often during maintenance operations. After-hours security and supervision of maintenance work are crucial for safety. All critical work or work done in critical areas should be subject to a risk assessment and a permit to work.

8.6.4 More detailed guidance of safety systems for operation can be found in COP 12 [refer: www.lpga.co.uk].


Chapter Nine

Distribution in Bulk

Bulk LP Gas distribution requires equipment and skills which differ from those required for cylinder distribution.

The consumer’s installation and the bulk delivery vehicle should be correctly designed, equipped and maintained.

The driver/operator must be properly trained and equipped to handle both normal operations and emergencies.

9.1 General 9.1.1 In the LP Gas industry, ‘bulk distribution’ generally refers to supply by road tanker into a fixed storage tank or tanks. LP

Gas is sometimes distributed in bulk using demountable or containerised tanks but this is an exception not the rule. All accepted alternatives will be dealt with in these Guidelines.

9.1.2 Bulk distribution may be ‘full-load’, where the customer has sufficient storage to accept the contents of the supplying road tanker, or ‘part-load’, where the tanker’s LP Gas cargo is shared among a number of customers. Full-load distribution may be by weight or by volume while part-load is often by volume, measured by a tanker-mounted metering system. The system should include a temperature correction feature to take account of changes in volume arising from changes in LP Gas temperature.

9.1.3 The possibility of a release of product during transfer may involve both the delivery tanker and the fixed storage vessel.

9.1.4 Bulk distribution is popular with consumers as it often means a higher level of convenience than cylinders. Sometimes, because of the quantity involved, it is the only practical method of supply.

9.1.5 Bulk distribution and the bulk installation which is a necessary part of the system call for technical, operational and safety expertise which may not be available in a cylinder-only LP Gas market.

9.1.6 Bulk distribution may have the effect of reducing the number of trucks employed in transporting LP Gas (when compared with cylinders) reducing the traffic accident hazard. On the other hand, the amount of LP Gas being carried on each truck will be greater with potentially more serious consequences in the event of a major traffic accident. Technical standards for tanker construction, on-board safety systems and driver skills should be of a suitably high order.

9.2 Technical Options 9.2.1 The technical options for bulk distribution of LP Gas are:

• Demountable or containerised tanks

• Road tankers without LP Gas transfer equipment

• Road tankers with on-board LP Gas transfer equipment.

9.2.2 Demountable tanks may be relatively small capacity (i.e. 1 tonne and upwards) and are sometimes used to distribute chemical grade LP Gas or where physical access to the consumer is difficult or where the quantity for distribution does not justify the expense of a road tanker. Containerised tanks are mounted within a standard ISO container frame (see fig. 9.1 on following page). Both demountable and containerised tanks require specialized handling equipment and are probably at highest risk during handling operations.


9.2.3 Road tankers without LP Gas transfer equipment are generally used for full-load deliveries and are unloaded using a fixed pump or compressor at the receiving location. These are rated as low-risk operations because transfers are usually made in controlled environments.

9.2.4 Road tankers with transfer equipment, usually a pump driven by the truck’s engine and an in-line flow meter, are an essential part of bulk LP Gas distribution. Making frequent deliveries through a flexible hose requires more elaborate safety equipment. A comprehensive hose inspection/renewal programme should be implemented. One-man operation is normal but this demands consistent and comprehensive training of the driver/operator but only by a properly trained driver-operator.

9.3 Bulk Supply and Delivery 9.3.1 Tanks used on LP Gas road tankers are specially designed and constructed for this duty as are skid-mounted and

containerised tanks. A tank intended for static storage should not be used for deliveries.

9.3.2 Tank nozzles and valves are fitted internally, recessed into the tank shell or positioned so as to minimise the risk of impact damage and to prevent unauthorised access

9.3.3 Road tankers may be loaded by volume or by weight but should always retain a safety margin, or ullage, to protect against the tank becoming liquid-full of LP Gas.

9.3.4 The time of delivery, i.e. connection, pumping and disconnection, is normally the time of highest risk requiring the full attention of the driver - operator as well as due care on the part of the consumer.

9.4 Safety Systems for Operation 9.4.1 The bulk distribution system requires the driver-operator to spend some time at the tank and some at his tanker during

delivery. Ideally, there should be a clear line of sight and unimpeded access between them. Where sight or access are impeded, the driver-operator should be able to shut off the road tanker’s engine and close the liquid outlet valve while stationed at the consumer’s storage tank and monitoring the filling process. The truck should be safely parked and signaled to avoid traffic accidents and allow easy departure in case of emergency. The transfer area should be free from ignition sources.

9.4.2 The vehicle should be equipped with a number of externally-mounted shutdown devices to enable the driver to stop pumping operations quickly and to secure the vehicle in an emergency. It is normal to fit a remote shutdown switch or button on the end of the delivery hose so that the driver can halt pumping without the need to return to the vehicle. Sometimes, a ‘dead man’s handle’ is incorporated so that pumping can continue only in response to a positive action of the driver. In some areas a radio frequency device with a transmitter is used to remotely shut off the engine and the liquid outlet of the road tanker.

Fig. 9.1 LPG ISO Container


9.4.3 The vehicle should be protected against moving, or being driven away, with the hose connected to the stationary tank. Standard systems include wheel chocks, alarms in the driver’s cab and pneumatic interlock devices to immobilise the vehicle while the hose is unhoused. The driver-operator should remain in attendance (see paragraph 9.4.1) while transfer hoses are attached.

9.4.4 The vehicle must be securely ‘earthed’ before the filling/unloading hose is connected and remain so until the hose is disconnected (see also clause 7.5.6). Fire extinguishers should be carried on the vehicle and kept ready for use during delivery operations.

9.4.5 The bulk delivery driver should be carefully selected, properly and comprehensively trained and accorded status in accordance with his responsibilities.

Fig. 9.2 LP Gas Vehicle parking and protection against movement


Chapter Ten

Consumer Installation and Usage

Technical and safety standards should be established, maintained and enforced for LP Gas appliances and appliances and for consumer installations, including refrigeration and air conditioning appliances.

Only qualified installers and servicemen should be permitted to undertake LP Gas installation work.

Consumers should be informed about potential hazards in using LP Gas and about the safety features of appliances and their installation.

Consumers should exercise due care in the use of LP Gas.

Consumers should insist that LP Gas installers and servicemen are properly qualified for such work.

10.1 General 10.1.1 The versatility of LP Gas and its range of applications are reflected in the diversity of installation. These include leisure

or household applications employing less than a kilogram of LP Gas to industrial installations supported by hundreds of tonnes of LP Gas in on-site storage.

10.1.2 For the purposes of these Guidelines, the installation comprises of a LP Gas supply vessel (cylinder or tank), connected to one or more appliances or to a dispenser. The connection may be direct from vessel to appliance through a flexible hose or through lengths of pipe work to a multiplicity of appliances. Transport applications for LP Gas, including automotive LP Gas and forklift trucks, also fall within this overall classification.

10.1.3 The LP Gas supplier may also be the supplier and/or installer of the appliance. More often however these activities are separate and the LP Gas supplier may not know exactly where and how the product is being used.

10.1.4 Consumer safety depends on the performance of the installer as well as the standard achieved by the supplier of the LP Gas and of the appliance. It also requires an appreciation on the part of the consumer of the importance of such performance and a willingness to demand and pay for it.

10.1.5 Most accidents, including fatalities, occur at or near the point of use. Prompted by this authorities are increasingly regulating the activities of installers and setting appropriate standards for installations.

10.2 Role and Duty of the Installer 10.2.1 It is the role of the installer to bring together the LP Gas supply and the LP Gas consuming appliance and having

connected them ensure that the system is working correctly.

10.2.2 The role of the installer is crucial for LP Gas safety and therefore should have achieved and maintained a specified level of proficiency i.e. be qualified by training and experience.

10.2.3 The installer has a duty to ensure that his work conforms to all statutory or code requirements and to draw attention to any defect in the LP Gas supply or in the appliance which he is instructed to install.


10.2.4 The installer should instruct the consumer in the correct use of the LP Gas installation with regard to safety features, including the provision of adequate ventilation, servicing/maintenance needs and any action to be taken by the consumer in the event of difficulty.

10.2.5 Recognising the importance of good installation practice some national authorities regulate the activities of installers. An example may be seen in the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations of the UK [refer: www.opsi.gov.uk].

10.3 Appliance Installation, Inspection, Servicing 10.3.1 The LP Gas supplier and the appliance manufacturer may not know where the appliance is installed but they nevertheless

have a key role in its safety. They should exercise this role by promoting good installation standards and insisting on qualified installers.

10.3.2 A formal system of information exchange between LP Gas producers and marketers, appliance manufacturers and installers can be a highly effective safety measure.

10.3.3 LP Gas delivery personnel should be instructed to inspect the external installation at each visit to their consumers and to report any defects. Marketers must be prepared to follow up such reports promptly.

10.3.4 Delivery personnel responding to ‘out of gas’ calls should additionally check the operation of controls and any pilot lights in the internal installation and if necessary attach a written warning not to turn on the LP Gas supply until a qualified person has tested the system for safety.

10.3.5 Servicing is especially important for appliances which are used seasonally or which may have remained unused for a long time. LP Gas producers and marketers should actively promote an internal inspection and servicing programme for their consumers in association with qualified installers. It may be counter-productive to announce a programme unless it is adequately resourced and managed.

10.3.6 Builders and consumers should be made aware of the need to have LP Gas installations inspected when carrying out construction or alteration work which could affect safe operation, paying particular attention to ventilation and the removal of the products of combustion.

10.3.7 Inspectors should pay special attention to the number of spare LP Gas cylinders at consumers’ installations and the storage arrangements for them. Spare cylinders, full or empty, are potentially hazardous and their numbers should be kept to the minimum required for continuity of supply.

10.3.8 Operating, service and safety instruction literature should be kept up-to-date and widely disseminated usually in a multimedia format.

10.4 Domestic and Commercial Applications 10.4.1 The diversity of LP Gas applications means that sometimes LP Gas is only one of several hazardous substances present.

In others, such as aerosols and refrigerant applications, the consumer may be unaware of the presence of LP Gas.

10.4.2 The use of LP Gas cylinders indoors is normal, accepted practice in some countries. LP Gas safety programmes should emphasise the need for care, especially when exchanging LP Gas cylinders indoors.

10.4.3 Water heaters are frequently involved in domestic incidents with LP Gas, notably carbon monoxide poisoning. Because they are high-output appliances and are often installed in small bathrooms adequate ventilation to remove combustion products is especially important for consumer safety. Flues should be checked regularly for obstructions, e.g. snow and nests.

10.4.4 LP Gas is an indispensable part of commercial cooking but there is a tendency to place cylinders in out of the way places where they may constitute an unseen hazard. Cylinders should never be installed or stored in basements, at exits, or in congested or poorly ventilated places.

10.4.5 An efficient delivery service can contribute to safety by removing the need to hoard cylinders in unsafe conditions.

10.4.6 Providing the correct grade of LP Gas and of equipment can be an effective safety measure by deterring dangerous practices. A high-off take application which may be difficult to fuel using Butane is more likely to be trouble-free with Propane, due the latter’s higher vapour pressure over a wide temperature range.


10.5 Automotive 10.5.1 The automotive application, i.e. the use of LP Gas as a transportation fuel, has demonstrated very rapid market growth

in several countries where market conditions are right.

10.5.2 Specific safety measures apply to automotive LP Gas equipment. For example the UN/ECE Regulation 67 [refer: www.unece.org] defines the minimum requirements for automotive LP Gas equipment fitted on vehicles. It is extremely hazardous to operate a gasoline engine using a household LP Gas cylinder and hose. LP Gas should never be used in this way on a vehicle.

10.5.3 The opening of an automotive LP Gas market should be accompanied by a determination to set and enforce appropriate safety standards, i.e. to ensure that a motorist is at no greater risk using LP Gas than when using gasoline. For example, CEN, the European Standards Organisation, considered the minimum safety requirements for LP Gas vehicles, the equipment, components and their installation, as well as the distribution of automotive LP Gas.

10.5.4 Some countries insist on separate re-fuelling stations for LP Gas while others allow LP Gas dispensers on gasoline forecourts. Good equipment and procedures will ensure safety for both systems.

10.5.5 More detailed guidance can be found in publications such as the Regulations for LP Gas service stations and road tank trucks in the Netherlands and draft CEN standards on automotive LP Gas re-fuelling stations and in the LP Gas Automotive Retail Outlets Code of Practice for Safe Operation [refer: www.cen.eu].

10.6 Consumer Safety Awareness 10.6.1 LP Gas is sold on the basis of benefits, i.e. that it is better than competing fuels for certain applications. It is also

hazardous and most LP Gas-related incidents occur at or close to the point of use. In effort to win and retain consumers the marketer seeks to create safety awareness without undermining his product.

10.6.2 The LP Gas industry must address the safety issue directly and enlist the support of national regulatory authorities and consumer organisations to create safety awareness. Together, they should publicise the steps which consumers should take, and those to avoid, in the interest of safety, e.g. by providing Material/Safety Data Sheets.

10.6.3 As consumer safety depends on the appliance and the installation as well as the LP Gas supply, authorities should set standards for all three components and make consumers aware of them. An example is the CE mark which is mandatory on appliances sold in EU member states.

10.6.4 Cylinder labels, marketing letters, point-of-sale notices can all be effective in raising consumer safety awareness. To maintain awareness, messages and presentations should be refreshed from time to time. Brief, timely campaigns are especially useful for seasonal users.

10.6.5 The use of detectors and alarms should not be discouraged but neither should consumers become over-dependent on them. Such devices can be particularly useful in warning against a build-up of CO and for the safety of consumers with an impaired sense of smell.

Fig. 10.1 Automotive LP Gas re-fuelling station


Chapter Eleven

Managing Safety

In any organisation, the most senior management should accept responsibility for safety and should ensure that the resources are available for the safety management programme.

Safety management should be knowledge - based and should operate within a formal structure of policy and action plans.

Safety programmes should be regularly updated on the basis of systematic reviews and advances in technology.

Accident experience can be instructive and should be shared for the benefit of all.

11.1 General 11.1.1 LP Gas is potentially hazardous from the time of production until it has been used and the products of combustion have

been safely disposed of. The management of safety is correspondingly wide-ranging.

11.1.2 Management of the hazards associated with LP Gas starts with an understanding of the product and with the exercise of control under all conditions. In the event of a fire affecting LP Gas in storage, particular care is required to prevent the development of conditions which could lead to a BLEVE. If, under abnormal conditions, control is lost then the management task is to regain it with the minimum loss. LP Gas in isolation is not hazardous but even a small leakage must be dealt with immediately.

11.1.3 The safety management programme should also address hazards incidental to the manner in which LP Gas is distributed and used.

11.1.4 At the beginning of the distribution chain LP Gas is usually stored and handled in sufficient quantity to constitute a major industrial hazard and is regulated accordingly. Further along the distribution chain LP Gas will pass through less skilled hands but the safety management task remains.

11.1.5 At the point of use LP Gas may be a culprit or an innocent party to an incident arising from deliberate misuse of the product or through a faulty appliance or installation. Such exposures further complicate the management task.

11.2 Safety Management Programme 11.2.1 The Safety Management Programme (or System) should be aimed at taking an active role to manage the safety within

the business.

11.2.2 The Safety Management Programme needs to address issues such as the business and system resources, plant design and layout, the environment, on site and off site risks, recruitment and training of personnel, managing change within the business, dealing with emergencies (including links with emergency services departments), the capacity to deal with events etc.

11.2.3 When properly implemented, a The Safety Management Programme should significantly reduce the incident potential and the number and severity of accidents.


11.3 Management Commitment and Leadership 11.3.1 Effective safety management requires a clear commitment from proprietors, and their appointed top managers, to put

safety among their key concerns and priorities.

11.3.2 Top management should demonstrate that commitment through unequivocal leadership, sanctioning and implementing the actions required for a safety programme appropriate to the company’s role in the LP Gas industry.

11.4 Policy, Objectives, Action Plans, Resources 11.4.1 Participants in the LP Gas industry should publish a safety policy for their companies, explaining its objectives and

action plans to their employees and business partners. The manner and format in which safety policy is promulgated will vary from company to company and may be determined, in part, by national and regional regulations.

11.4.2 Larger organisations should introduce clear, written definitions of the role of managers at all levels. Individual responsibilities and objectives should be specified in respect of the safety programme.

11.4.3 Safety policy lacks credibility without specific action plans and the resources required for implementation. Where licensing of LP Gas operations is required, the responsible authorities should give due consideration to this.

11.5 Laws, Standards and Codes 11.5.1 Laws provide the legal basis for regulations intended to safeguard the safety of the general public and consumers.

There may be a law specifically enacted for LP Gas but the product is sometimes brought within the scope of broader legislation.

11.5.2 The public interest requires a measure of safety regulation over hazardous substances, including LP Gas. Participants in the LP Gas industry should co-operate with government authorities by making their expertise available to ensure that safety regulations are soundly based.

11.5.3 LP Gas standards and codes embody the technical expertise of a mature industry which constantly seeks to improve its safety image and performance. There are many such standards and codes listed in Appendix Three together with web site references. Consideration should be given to adopting standards and codes which have achieved international recognition rather than undertake the necessarily laborious work of preparing, or up-dating, national standards.

11.6 Hazard Identification, Evaluation, Quantification, Mitigation 11.6.1 It is recognised that in a modern industrial society certain hazards are present and unavoidable as part of basic wants

and needs. This has prompted ideas of hazard evaluation and the tolerability of risk.

11.6.2 The LP Gas industry has taken the initiative in LP Gas related hazard identification, evaluation and quantification, using its expertise to encourage a science-based approach by the authorities responsible for safety regulation.

11.6.3 National Authorities and the LP Gas industry should maintain a dialogue about LP Gas related hazards and technical advances which might be employed in mitigating risks. Where possible, both parties should engage in international, as well as national, dialogue for this purpose.

11.6.4 Contacts between the LP Gas industry and the Authorities should not be confined to times of difficulty. The immediate aftermath of some tragic event or incident is probably not the best time to introduce, or to amend, safety regulations.

11.6.5 Leading participants in the LP Gas industry - marketers, equipment and appliance manufacturers - work constantly and constructively on safety management issues through improvements in technical standards, safety features and procedures. Regulatory authorities should encourage and support hazard mitigation by excluding participants who are not prepared to be part of this process.


11.7 Systematic Review, Corrective Action 11.7.1 Having published their safety policies and set their safety objectives, suppliers and marketers should put in place a system

of reviews to monitor progress towards achieving those objectives. The review should be seen as a high-level activity receiving top management’s attention. Operating companies should develop and update a corrective action and safety improvement plan.

11.7.2 The review should monitor all points of the marketer’s distribution chain and provide information feedback to appliance and equipment vendors and installers.

11.7.3 Where a licensing system operates, evidence of systematic safety review process should be a factor in the periodic re-licensing of LP Gas facilities.

11.7.4 There are often useful lessons to be learned from post-incident investigations and such experience should be shared.


Chapter Twelve

Emergency Planning and Response

Planning for emergencies should be an integral part of a safety management programme that also takes into account the national and local emergency requirements that may exist in the particular country, particularly any legal ones.

Planning and response should encompass every stage of the distribution chain as well as LP Gas in storage and in use.

An emergency at an LP Gas plant may have an impact beyond its boundary fence and the APELL (Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at a Local Level) process should be employed for preparedness at local level.

APELL is a programme developed by UNEP in conjunction with governments and industry with the purpose of minimising the occurrence and harmful effects of technological accidents and environmental emergencies. [refer: www.unep.fr]

12.1 General 12.1.1 Emergency planning and response is one component of an overall safety management programme. The concept and

procedures have been integrated into regulations for the control of major industrial hazards, prompted by such initiatives as the Seveso Directive which specifies ‘planning for emergencies’ as part of the safety management system.

12.1.2 In these Guidelines, emergency planning and response process for LP Gas plants of a size to be classified as ‘major hazards’ and LP Gas in bulk transport will be discussed.

12.2 The APELL Process 12.2.1 APELL is the acronym for Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level, a process developed by the UNEP

Industry and Environment Office in co-operation with industry and governments. With its emphasis on preparedness at local level, the APELL process recognises that the extent of an industrial accident’s impact depends heavily on the immediate response to an emergency at the plant site and in its immediate vicinity.

12.2.2 Alongside this emphasis on local preparedness APELL recognises the role of government authorities in formulating regulations and in providing the resources which local communities need. APELL neither replaces nor interferes with established emergency response provisions but seeks to increase awareness of such provisions and activities.

12.2.3 At local level there are three very important partners who must be involved if APELL is to be successful; local authorities, industry and local community/interest groups.

12.2.4 APELL acknowledges the need and the right of the local community to be informed about and to participate at all times in response planning for hazardous installations.

12.2.5 Details of the APELL process can be found in the publication APELL - Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level: A Process for Response to Technological Accidents, published by the United Nations Environment Programme, Industry and Environment. [refer: www.unep.fr]


12.3 Emergency Plan, Procedures 12.3.1 Expert hazard evaluation and quantification should form the basis of the emergency plan by:

• Identifying the on-site and off-site hazards

• Assessing the ability for the emergency plans to mitigate the impact of the accident or incident

• Quantifying the on-site and off-site impact of credible accident scenarios

12.3.2 Whether required to do so by regulation or not, the site owner or project promoter should provide the initial hazard evaluation and quantification. He / she should share this hazard information with the partners described in the APELL process and be prepared to provide independent verification if required.

12.3.3 The development of the emergency response plan should conform to any national or local regulatory requirements and ideally the procedures specified in the APELL process.

12.3.4 The emergency plan should provide for an escalating sequence of events and emergency procedures should be tiered accordingly.

12.3.5 Pipeline and rail operators will have emergency response procedures for the various hazardous product transported by them. LP Gas marketers and suppliers using pipeline and rail transport should ensure that the operators fully understand the emergency procedures for the products being carried and that transport vehicles display the appropriate product identification labels to warn and assist emergency response teams.

12.3.6 For more information on emergency response plan for transport, reference can be made to the publication “TransAPELL: Guidance for dangerous goods transport, Emergency planning in a local community” [refer: www.unep.fr/scp/publications/pdf/2679-TransApellEN.pdf]

12.4 Fire-fighting Principles, Procedures 12.4.1 The most effective way to fight an LP Gas fire is to shut off the LP Gas supply. If this cannot be done, it may be

safer to allow the fire to burn itself out, i.e. to burn until the LP Gas supply to it has been exhausted, unless the continuing fire will result in an escalation of the emergency. The photograph below shows an ignited LP Gas flame in controlled conditions.

12.4.2 Dry powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are effective against LP Gas fires.

12.4.3 Water is effective in cooling LP Gas vessels during a fire and in helping to keep the temperature of tanks and their contents below critical levels. Water spray can be useful in protecting fire-fighters attempting to close LP Gas supply valves in heat-effected areas and in dispersing LP Gas vapour.

Fig. 12.1 An ignited LP Gas Flame in controlled conditions


12.4.4 Emergency response teams drawn from the plant staff should represent the first line of defense and should be trained for quick decisive action to contain emergencies before they develop and be trained to assist emergency personnel as any escalation of the emergency demands.

12.4.5 Emergency response to a fire on or close enough to threaten an LP Gas road tanker depends critically on the driver-operator. Therefore the quality of the equipment and training in its use are crucial to recovering control and mitigating the impact of the emergency situation.

12.5 Internal, External Responses 12.5.1 Most in-plant emergencies begin in a small way or as a result of failure to deal promptly and effectively with a minor

incident. Owners and managers should recognise the value of rapid response by trained teams confident in their ability to deal with emergencies. Good equipment, a team spirit and regular training are essential for the commitment and confidence which ensures an effective internal response.

12.5.2 External response may be from local authority emergency services or from a mutual assistance group set up to respond to emergencies.

12.5.3 The effectiveness of both internal and external response depends initially on the seriousness of the event and then on resources, preparedness and timing. Fire drills and rehearsals for emergencies are an essential part of safety management and should be practiced regularly. External response will be most effective when the team is totally familiar with the plant, its hazards and its defenses.

12.5.4 Internal and external communications are important factors in determining the effectiveness of emergency response. The slightest delay in reacting to an emergency can make the difference between success and failure. No one should be criticised for over-reacting to an emergency.

12.6 Investigation, Corrective Action, Follow-up 12.6.1 The purpose of post-incident investigation is to determine the causes, both immediate and underlying, in order that

lessons can be learned and corrective action taken. The investigating team should include an independent expert and should report to the owners, or to senior management. The licensing authority may wish to participate or to make an independent investigation.

12.6.2 An investigation may disclose the need for corrective action in respect of plant layout, equipment, systems, procedures or personnel. While the team should guard against developing an unrealistic ‘wish list’ senior management should be prepared to sanction their recommendations.

12.6.3 Senior management should be prepared to discipline anyone who causes or contributes to an incident by disregarding safety rules and procedures. They should also recognise those who respond well in an emergency.

12.6.4 Follow-up should include information feedback to the APELL partners. If relevant information has to be withheld or delayed for legal or other good reason this should be made clear to the partners.

12.6.5 If equipment or system defects contributed to an incident then equipment suppliers, installers and other plants known to be similarly equipped should be alerted.

12.6.6 Authorities responsible for re-licensing should pay particular attention to any LP Gas facility where a reportable incident has occurred or any facility which closely resembles a facility which has suffered a serious accident or incident.

12.6.7 Following a serious incident, plant management should set about maintaining and improving relationships with employees and the community and recognise that this may take time.


Appendix One

Product Classification and Labelling

Hazard Warning Notices and Signs (UN)Depending on the mixture, there are three UN classification numbers to be considered for LP Gas:

• Butane or Butane mixtures – UN 1011

• Propane or Propane mixtures – UN 1978

Or a common classification:

• Petroleum Gas, Liquefied or Liquefied Petroleum Gas – UN 1965

All these gases fall under the Hazard Classification (Transport): Class 2 Division 1, indicated as 2.1 and have to be marked with the label 2.1 ‘Flammable Gas’.

The colour of the placard or label is red.


Appendix Two

Glossary of Terms

Appliance LP Gas consuming device e.g. stove, water heater, space heater

BLEVE Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion

Bulk Supply LP Gas supply to a consumer’s tank

CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons

Cylinder Portable LP Gas container

Cylinder Supply LP Gas supply in cylinders

Equipment Device(s) connecting and/or controlling LP Gas supply from a tank/cylinder to appliances

Grade of LP Gas Type of LP Gas, e.g. chemical, commercial, high purity. Proportion of Butane/Propane in LP Gas mixture, e.g. Butane rich mixture

Hazard A threat which could cause an accident. (definition in APELL process)

Passive Safety Safety not dependent on active safety systems

Requalification Periodic inspection/testing to ensure that LP Gas cylinders and tanks remain fit for service

Risk Probability of an accident occurring within a certain time, together with consequences for people, property and the environment. (definition in APELL process)

Tank LP Gas container for bulk supply and transportation


Appendix Three

List of References

GeneralEuropean Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances (also known as the Seveso II Directive) European Union

Product Dossier 92/102: Liquefied Petroleum Gas. CONCAWE [refer: www.concawe.be]

LPG Safety: Quantified Risk Assessment for LPG Operations European LPG Association (AEGPL) [refer: www.aegpl.com]

APELL - Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level: A Process for Response to Technological Accidents UNEP [refer: www.unep.org]

HAZOP (A Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) is a systematic method for examining complex facilities or processes to find actual or potentially hazardous procedures and operations so that they may be eliminated or mitigated). [refer: www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasplantmod.htm]

TechnicalISO 9162: Standard for LPG International Standards Organisation [refer: www.iso.org]

K 2644-87: Standard for LPG Japanese Institute of Standards [refer: www.jisc.go.jp / www.jsa.or.jp]

Standard 2140: Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specification and Test Methods Gas Processors Association, US [refer: www.gasprocessors.com]

IS 4576: Indian Standard for LPG Indian Standards Association [refer: www.bis.org.in]

BS 4250: Standard for Commercial Butane and Propane British Standards Institute, UK [refer: www.bsi-global.com]

Standard D-1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), US [refer: www.astm.org]

Standard 54, National Fuel Gas Code National Fire Protection Association, US [refer: www.nfpa.org]

Technical Report No. 3: Storage of Hazardous Materials UNEP IE/PAC [refer: www.unep.org]

Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators [refer: www.sigtto.org]


Guidance Notes GS 40: The Loading and Unloading of Bulk Flammable Liquids and Gases at Harbours and Inland Waterways Health and Safety Executive, UK [refer: www.hse.gov.uk]

Safe Transport, Handling and Storage of Dangerous Substances in Port Areas International Maritime Organisation [refer: www.imo.org]

Ship-to-Ship Transfer Guide (Liquefied Gases) ICS, OCIMF, SIGGTO [refer: www.sigtto.org]

Publication 2218 API [refer: www.api.org]

Underground and Mounded Vessels Standards EEMUA standard 190 [refer: www.eemua.co.uk and www.eemua.org]

Safety Guide for Terminals Handling Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk.OCIMF T14 NFPA 307 [refer: www.nfpa.org]

Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of Marine Terminals, Piers and Wharves National Fire Protection Association, US [refer: www.nfpa.org]

NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code National Fire Protection Association, US [refer: www.nfpa.org]

COP 1 The Storage of LPG at Fixed Installations UK (LPGA) [refer: www.lpga.co.uk]

Model Code of Safe Practice No. 9 - Liquefied Petroleum Gas Volume 1, Large Bulk Pressurised Storage and Refrigerated Storage Energy Institute, UK [refer: www.energyinst.org.uk]

ADR - European Agreement concerning the International Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road [refer: www.unece.org]

RID - Regulations concerning the International Transport of Dangerous Goods by Rail [refer: www.unece.org]

Regulations for LPG service stations and road tank trucks in the Netherlands [refer: www.nen.nl]

Code of Federal Regulations - Transportation CFR 48 Department of Transportation, US [refer: www.dot.gov]

Guide to Propane Transportation. National Propane Gas Association, US [refer: www.npga.org]

COP 2 Safe Handling and Transport in Bulk in Road Tankers and Tank Containers LP Gas Association, UK [refer: www.lpga.co.uk]

AS 2809: Road Tank Vehicles for Dangerous Goods Part 1: General and Part 3: LPG Road Tankers Australian Standards [refer: www.standards.org.au and www.saiglobal.com]

ASME section VIII: Rules for the Construction of Pressure Vessels American Society of Mechanical Engineers, US [refer: www.asme.org]

PD 5500: Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels British Standards Institute, UK [refer: www.bsi-global.com]

Title 49 CFR Parts 171 - 190 Transportable LPG Cylinders Department of Transportation, US [refer: www.dot.gov]

EN 1142: European Standard for LPG Cylinders CEN [refer: www.cen.eu]

UN/ECE Regulation 67 European Standards for requirements for automotive LP Gas equipment fitted on vehicles [refer: www.unece.org]


BS 5045 (or the equivalent EN Standard): Welded Cylinders up to 130 Litres Water Capacity British Standard Institute, UK [refer: www.bsi-global.com]

Directive 84/527/EC: Welded Unalloyed Steel Gas Cylinders [refer: www.unece.org]

BS 5355 (and EN 13099): Filling Ratios and Developed Pressures for Liquefiable and Permanent Gases British Standards Institute, UK [refer: www.bsi-global.com]

COP 7: Storage of Full and Empty Cylinders LP Gas Association UK [refer: www.lpga.co.uk]

COP 12: Recommendations for Safe Filling of LPG Cylinders at Depots LP Gas Association, UK [refer: www.lpga.co.uk]

49 CFR Parts 107-180 Hazardous Material Regulations, Requalification of DOT cylinders Department of Transportation, US [refer: www.dot.gov]

49 CFR Parts 350-399 Motor Carrier Safety Regulations Department of Transportation, US [refer: www.dot.gov]

LP Gas Safety Handbook National Propane Gas Association, US [refer: www.npga.org]

COP 1 Installation and Maintenance of Bulk LPG Storage at Consumers’ Premises LP Gas Association, UK [refer: www.lpga.co.uk]

The Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations (latest edition) Health and Safety Executive, UK [refer: www.hse.gov.uk]

Aerosol Conversion Technology Handbook UNEP IE [refer: www.unep.fr]

Hazardous Substances Risk Assessment: A Mini-Guide for Municipalities and Industry Major Industrial Accidents Council, Canada [refer: www.ccep.ca]

Uniform provisions concerning - Approval of specific equipment of motor vehicles using liquefied petroleum gases in their propulsion system TSE ECE R 67

Fireproofing practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Plants 2218 API [refer: www.api.org]

Guide for the Design, Construction and Use of Mounded Horizontal Cylindrical Vessels for Pressurised Storage of LPG at Ambient Temperatures Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (EEMUA) 190 [refer: www.eemua.co.uk and www.eemua.org]


Appendix Four

LP Gas Distribution Chain

oil and gasproduction

off / onshore

natural gas liquids processing

unit

pipeline enilepipreknat sag plreknat lio edurc

oil refinery refrigerated or pressurisedstorage terminal

undergroundstorage terminal

enilepiprac knat daor klubrac knat liarreknat latsaoc

lp gas cylinder filling plant bulk sub depot

bulk road tank car

cylinderdelivery truck

cylinder retailer / dealer agricultureservice

station piped gas small andlarge industry

petchemplant

cylindermanufacturing

lp gas appliancesand equipment

engine use lp gas equipment

tank manufacturing

domestic

equipmentmanufacturesCompanies around the world provide filling, storage, controlling and safety equipment as well as services to the LPGas industry and end users.rail tank car

cooking

crude oil lp gas

engine use

Disclaimer

This publication is not a UNEP publication,

but is supported by UNEP. UNEP cannot be

held responsible for the content and use of

this document. Any use of the information

contained in these guidelines is under the user’s

full responsibility.

Production & Copyright

This Review has been prepared by the World

LP Gas Association. No part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system

or transmitted, in any form by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording

or otherwise, without the prior permission of

the World LP Gas Association.

© 2008

World LP Gas Association

All rights reserved.

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Communication SARL, a subsidiary of the World

LP Gas Association. Copies of this publication

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