app hvac applications v2

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HVAC applicationsMotion & Drives Training


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2Schneider Electric - Motion & Drives t ra in ing - HVAC Applications V1 30/05/2008Summary

HVAC ApplicationsSummary

> Introduction> HVAC Systems

> Energy Savings> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions> Quiz


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> Energy Savings> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions> Quiz


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IntroductionWhat is HVAC ?

HVAC stands for

High Voltage

AC drives ?

These 3 functions are closely interrelated in buildings.

Pumpingfunctions are also often used in Buildings applications.

HVAC is based on the basic principles ofthermodynamics, fluid mechanics

and heat transfers.

H HeatingHV , VentilationHVAC , AirConditioning


5/845Schneider Electric - Motion & Drives t ra in ing - HVAC Applications V1 30/05/2008

Summary

IntroductionWhy HVAC ?

Provide thermal comfort

Provide acceptable indoor air quality

Improve the commissioning of installations

Reduce the maintenance costs

The aims of HVAC applications are

In every kind of buildings



Summary

IntroductionHVAC market

The HVAC Market is strictly regulated by law :

Few regulation :

Only one contractor who sizes,

selects, builds and sets up HVAC

systems and equipments.

Building services designers and engineers arerequired by law :

1. Analyze, design and specification of HVAC

systems by engineering services.

2. Building and commissioning by specialty

mechanical contractors.

Building permits and code compliance inspections of the installations are required
http://www.salebete.net/archives/imagesaout06/immeubles42erue.JPG



Summary

IntroductionWhere is HVAC market ?

HVAC Market :

20% OEM

Mc Quay , Carrier , York , Trane , Wolf,

80% Mechanical contractors

Our main competitor in HVAC :

Danfoss , ABB , Yaskawa ,


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IntroductionHeating and Cooling

Heating and Cooling solutions :

Water Stage.

Air Stage.

Water stage :

The most efficient and cheapmedium that we can cool (through

a chiller) or heat (through a boiler)

Air stage :

The medium for heat exchange in

the building, Can be cooled or heated through

coils.


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> Energy Savings> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions

> Quiz


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HVAC Systems

Pumping

Ventilation Heating

Air Conditioning


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HVAC SystemsVentilation


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HVAC SystemsVentilation

Ventilation is the process of "changing" or replacing of air in any space

to remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust and airborne bacteria.

Methods for ventilating a building may be :

Mechanical or forced ventilation (with fans)

Natural ventilation (without fan)


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HVAC SystemsVentilation : How to move and mix the air ?


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HVAC SystemsVentilation : Air Handler Unit


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HVAC SystemsVentilation : Other units

Pipes, Ducts and Diffusers Cooling tower fans


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HVAC SystemsHeating and Air Conditioning


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HVAC SystemsHeating

Heating is the process to maintain a closed area to a certain temperature

with a cool external atmosphere.

Heating systems may be central orlocal.

Heat Production. Boilers, furnaces or heat pumps to heat water, steam or air.

Heat transfersystems.

Ductwork or Piping.

Heating elements to transfer the heat to the air Radiators or Vents.


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HVAC SystemsHeating : Boilers

Dual fuel Boilers Gas Boilers


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HVAC SystemsAir Conditioning

Air Conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat.

Cold = absence of heat.

All air conditioning systems work on basic principle of removing heat.

The aim is to maintain temperature with a comfortable range.


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HVAC SystemsRefrigeration : The states of the matter

Heat must be added to a substance tomake it changes of state :

From solid to liquid.

From liquid to gas.

Heat must be removed to a substance tomake it changes of state :

From gas to liquid.

From liquid to solid.

liquidsolid gas

gas

liquid

solid


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HVAC SystemsRefrigeration cycle

A refrigerant

Liquid or gas

absorbs heat from one area and

relocates it to another one.

A compressor

Gas pressure , A condenser

, vapor condenses to a fluid. An expansion valve

Fluid pressure

An evaporator

, the fluid evaporates.

The refrigeration cycle consists of 5 essential elements to create a cooling effect :

HVAC S


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HVAC SystemsAir Conditioning : Chillers

Function : Generate cooling for removing heatfrom a building.

2 main types of chillers :

Air cooled chiller :

Located outside the building.

Reject heat to the atmosphere.

Water cooled chiller :

Located within the building.

Use cooling towers outside to reject the heat.

More efficient than air-cooled.

Air cooled

Centrifugal Water cooled

HVAC S t


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HVAC SystemsAir Conditioning : Cooling Tower Fan

Cooling towers are important parts of many

HVAC systems.

Their fans remove heat from water.

The fan speed is controlled to maintain the

optimal condenser water temperature.

HVAC S t


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HVAC SystemsHeat Pump

Machine or device that moves heat from one

location to another one.

Reversible device.

Cooling mode,

Heating mode

HVAC S t


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HVAC SystemsHeat Pump : Cooling Mode

HVAC S t


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HVAC SystemsHeat Pump : Heating Mode

HVAC S stems


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HVAC SystemsHeat Pumps

HVAC Systems


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HVAC SystemsExample : Chilled Water System

HVAC Systems


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HVAC SystemsExample : Chilled Water System - Where are the Drives ?

Chiller

Fan

Cooling tower

Chilled

WaterPump

PumpPump

Condenser Pump

Compressor

HVAC Systems


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HVAC SystemsPumping

HVAC Systems


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HVAC SystemsPumping

Pumps are used in a lot of HVAC applications : Water circulation in central heating.

Chiller compressors.

Chilled pumps.

Condenser pumps.

Pumps are also used in buildings for other pumping applications

Water distribution.

Green watering.

Industrial washing machines.

Waterworks.

HVAC Systems


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HVAC SystemsPumping : Compressors

Different types of compressors : Reciprocating (Piston) :

more common, cheaper

smaller sized units

Rotary screw :

Compact

Power range : 150 to 1500 kw

Rotary scroll :

10% more efficient than the other types

smaller sized units such as unitary heat pumps Rotary centrifugal :

used for large chillers, above 500kw

HVAC Applications


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> Energy Savings> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions

> Quiz

Energy Savings


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Energy SavingsElectricity Consumption

For the processes and the building utilities :

72 % of consumed electricity are used to turn motors

63 % of this energy is used for the fluid applications

In a typical building :

50% of all energy is used is for HVAC operations.

Electricity consumption growth for air conditioning was around 55% in the

last 10 years.

Compression

30 %

Pumping

20 %Ventilation

13 %

Process

37 %

Energy Savings


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Energy SavingsLaws for Centrifugal Loads

It s pure physics : due to the laws that govern centrifugal fans and pumps,the volume of air or water decreases directly with fan or pump speed.

Affinity laws of centrifugal loads :

So, a small reduction in speed produces a significant reduction in power.

Relevant applications : fans, pumps, compressors.

Flow = f (motor speed)

Pressure = f (motor s peed)

2

Power = f (motor s peed)3

Energy Savings


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Energy SavingsConventional Installation

Motor supply : direct on line.

Motor speed = nominal speed

Flow variation is obtained by device of

restriction or pressure loss - valve, incliner...

The flow reduction makes fall very little the

absorptive power.

Energy Savings


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Energy SavingsInstallation with VSD Drives

Motor supplied with a Variable Speed Drive.

Elimination of the restriction device.

Flow variation is obtained directly by

varying the motor speed.

The flow reduction drops considerably the

absorbed power.

Energy Savings : Fans


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Energy Savings : FansThe Fan Power Curve

Conventional installation :

Variation in flow obtained by a load loss system (outlet or suction valve). Fixed motor speed.

Outlet valve Suction valve

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Flow

Power

100 %

90 %

80 %

70 %

60 %

50 %

40 %

30 %

20 %

10 %

0 %

Outlet valve

Suction valve

Energy Savings : Fans


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Energy Savings : FansThe Fan Power Curve

Variable speed drive installation :

Variation in flow obtained by varying the motor speed.

Power

100 %

90 %

80 %

70 %

60 %

50 %

40 %

30 %

20 %10 %

0 %

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Flow

Outlet valve

Suction valve

VSD drive

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Flow

Outlet valve

Suction valve

VSD drive

Power

100 %

90 %

80 %

70 %

60 %

50 %

40 %

30 %

20 %10 %

0 %

Flow regulation : 80% of nominal flow

Outlet valve

The power consumption is 95% of

nominal power

Variable speed drive

The power consumption is 50% of

nominal power

Energy Savings : Centrifugal Pumps


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Energy Savings : Centrifugal PumpsIntroduction

Centrifugal pumps cover a very wide spectrum in terms of power, flow rate

and pressure

They are used in a host of applications, notably in the water sector

This is the most widespread type of pump

60% to 90% of pumps are centrifugal pumps

Surface Pump

Submersible Pumps

Main Applications :

Fluid transfer

Water supply

Irrigation

Flood control



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e gy Sa gs Ce uga u psPrinciple

The principle involves actuating an impeller that transfers mechanical energy

to the fluid, which is then converted into :

Potential energy (represented by the pressure)

Kinetic energy (represented by the flow rate).

Their resisting torque varies with the

square of the speed T= kNTorque

NnStartingTorque

Nominal

Torque

50%

25%

Tn

50%

70% Speed



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gy g g pFundamental Characteristics

The major parameters used in pumping are :

Flow rate Q : Volume of fluid transported per unit oftime

(m3/s)

Head H : Pressure at a given point of circuit expressed in

m as the height of the fluid in vertical column

A pumps Total Dynamic Head TDH represents the

pressure differential between the inlet and the outlet

expressed as the fluid column height

Pressure P expressed in Pascal (Pa)

Pu = g H Q : density of the fluid (kg/m3)g : acceleration due to gravity (9,81 m/s)

Mechanical power : P = (1 / ) Pu The pumps efficiency which varies with the flow rate.

Best Efficiency PointBEP

BEP



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gy g g pOperating Point

Simplified distribution circuit :

Z : Water column height between the suction point and the point

at which the fluid is used.

R : Head loss due to frictions in the conduits.

Proportional to the square of the flow rate.

Operating Point : intersection between circuit and pump curves.



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gy g g pVarying the Flow Rate at a Fixed Speed

Use of downstream valves from the pump :

Reduction of the effective cross-section of the

pipe downstream from the pump

Increase in head loss in the circuit

Pressure increases at the outlet

Dissipation of energy in the fluid

Using a by-pass circuit :

By-pass valve which returns some of pumped

fluid back to the source

Flow rate is closely controlled

Drawback : low energy efficiency

Energy Lost

A

C

A

C

B



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gy g g pVarying the Flow Rate at a Variable Speed

Use a variable speed drive :

Reduction of the flow rate by altering the pumps rotational speed

The TDH curve at lower speed has homologous form (parabola) than nominal curve

We can observe a significant reduction in power in the variable speed

configuration

A

C

A

C

B

Energy Saved compared

to Downstream ValveEnergy Saved compared

to By-Pass Valve

Energy Savings : Other Pumps


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gy gRotodynamic Pumps

Lob Pumps

Gear Pumps

Screw Pumps, cavity pumps

Peristaltic

Pump



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Rotary Volumetric Pumps

Their torque characteristic is not quadratic.

We can consider as constant torque load T=kN

The real torque profile depends on the pumps technology

ATV61 can be adapted to this load if the starting torque is < 110% - 120%

Example : Torque profile for a screw pump

Speed

Torque

Nn

StartingTorque

NominalTorqueTn

Main Applications :

Viscous fluid transfer (Oil)

Compressors

Vacuum Pumps



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Reciprocating-type Pumps

Piston pumps

Torque constant load and high starting torque ATV61 is not adapted to this load. Its a ATV71s domain

Main Applications :

Dosage

High Pressure

Nn

Cn

Speed

Torque High Starting TorqueNominalTorque



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Energy Savings

With non centrifugal pumps the savings are less than with centrifugal pump. But, anyway, the fact to reduce the speed for varying the flow rate allows

energy savings compared to fixed speed pumps.

A

C

Energy Savings


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The Drive Benefits

The Benefits to use variable speed drives are :

An optimized electric consumption.

Savings in electricity costs between 15 and over 50% are achieved.

Enhanced performances.

More comfortable utilization.

Easier installation.

Significant reduction of noise pollution.

Allow to save money.

Very quick return on investment : between 9 and 24 months.

Energy SavingsECO 8 S ft


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ECO 8 Software

ECO8 software :

Demonstration of Electric Savings.

Help for sales promotion.

Estimation based on on the motor characteristics

and the operating cycle.

Result sheets :

Power consumption with and without drive

Savings made

Time for return on investment

HVAC ApplicationsS


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Summary

> Introduction> HVAC Systems> Energy Savings> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions

> Quiz

Altivar 21


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Altivar 21 is a range of Drives specially

designed for HVAC applications in

Residential market

Power range from 0,75 to 75 KW

Altivar 21Main Features


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Main Features

IP54

IP20 Benefit from all indispensable functions for fans

and pumps functions.

Variable Torque offer for 3-phases asynchronous

motors :


3-phases 200-240V and 3-phases 400-480V.

UL type 1 / IP20 or IP54 ranges.

Integrated EMC class A or B filters.

Harmonic less technology.

THDI < 30% without added devices.

International Standards and Certifications :

CE, UL, CSA, C-Tick



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Main Features

Economical.

Specially designed to optimize HVAC needs. Energy Savings.

Special Energy Savings law for Motor Control.

Harmonic less technology.

Simple.

Easy to use :

Plug and Drive usage.

Adaptive tuning of ramps.

Remote Terminal.

Compact.

Easy integration in the machines.

Safe.

Protections of the motors and the drives.

Altivar 21Open communication Option


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Open communication - Option

Modbus protocol integrated as standard.

Optional communication board for main types

of bus used in building management :

LonWorks

BACnet METASYS N2

APOGEE FLN

LONWORKS

METASYS N2

BAC NET

APOGEE FLN

Altivar 21ATV 21 Ventilation functions


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ATV 21 Ventilation functions.

Energy Savings : Management of Electricity consumption.

V/Hz Energy Saving law.

Monitoring :

Diagnostics, alarms.

Noise reduction : Jump frequencies.

Safety :

Detection of fan belt breakage.

Automatic Restart, catch on the fly.

Built-in protections

Altivar 21ATV 21 Pumping functions


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ATV 21 Pumping functions.

Energy Savings :

Management of Electricity consumption.

Quadratic law command for centrifugal

pumps (Kn).

Monitoring :


Continuity of service :

Fallback position,

Automatic/manual operation.

Safety and protection of pumps :

Over-current detection.

Limitation of operating time at low speed.

Protection of pumps overheating.

Altivar 21ATV 21 Heating and Air Conditioning functions


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ATV 21 Heating and Air Conditioning functions.

Energy Savings :

Management of Electricity consumption. V/Hz Energy Saving law.

Quadratic law for centrifugal pumps.

Monitoring and safety :


Adjustment of flow rates on

the basis of actual needs. PID Regulator

Noise and resonance reduction :

Adjustable switching frequency up to

16kHz during operation.

Jump frequencies.



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Summary

> Introduction> HVAC Systems> Energy Savings> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions

>Quiz

Altivar 61


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Altivar 61 is a range of Drives specially

designed for HVAC applications andPumping in industrial and commercial

buildings.




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IP54

IP20 ATV 61 is an ideal Solution for fluid processing

installations with numerous functions for climateand hydraulic applications.

Variable Torque offer for 3-phases asynchronousmotors :


3-phases 200-240V and 3-phases 400-480V.

New range : 3-phases 690V up to 1200 KW

UL type 1 / IP20 or UL type 12 / IP54 ranges.

Class A or B EMC filters and DC Choke can be

integrated or in option depending on each size

type. International Standards and Certifications :

CE, UL, CSA, C-Tick, DNV, NOM 117, GOST,



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Economical.

Special Motor Control laws to reduce the energy consumption.

Several Energy Savings laws.

Simplicity and user-friendliness.

Simply Start menu.

Macro-applications.

User-friendly dialogue tools :

Remote graphic display. Physical values (bar, l/s, C, )

Power Suite software.

Service.

Numerous built-in maintenance, monitoring and diagnostics functions.



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Flexibility and performances.

Numerous integrated options to adapt the drive for advanced functions.

Configurable logic and analogue I/O.

Safety.

Protections of the motors and the drives.

Protection of the installation.

Machine and human safety.

Power Removal function to prevent motor starting accidentally

(EN954-1, category 3 and IEC/EN 61158 , SIL 2)

Installation safety.

Altivar 61Open communication - Option


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Modbus and CANOpen protocols integratedas standard.

Optional communication board for main

types of bus used in building management :

LonWorks

BACnet

METASYS N2

APOGEE FLN

Optional communication board for main types

of industrial protocols : Ethernet TCP/IP, Uni-Telway, Modbus +,

Profibus DP, DeviceNet, InterBus , Fipio.

Altivar 61Option Cards


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One or two option cards can be integratedsimultaneously.

I/O extension card.

Communication cards (see previous page)

Multi-pump card for the management of

several pumps.

Controller Inside programmable card toadapt the drive to specific customer

application.

Altivar 61Multi-Pump Card


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ControllerInside ATV61

Contactor orsoft starter

Non returnvalve

Pressuretransducer

Isolatingvalve

Optionalflow switch

Jockey / joker pump (1 only)

Optionalflow meter

Variablespeedpump

Fixed speed pump(Maximum of 3)

Altivar 61External Options


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Braking units and resistors.

DC chokes, line chokes and passive filters.

To reduce harmonics.

Additional EMC inputs filters.

Motor chokes and sinus filters.

For long cable runs.

To remove the need for shielding.

Altivar 61ATV 61 Ventilation functions.


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Energy Savings :

SVCU NOLD Energy Saving law Calculation of energy consumed.

Monitoring :


Air flow regulation. PID Regulator

Noise and resonance reduction :

Modulation on the fly of switchingfrequency.

Jump frequencies.

Safety :

Forced operation.

Smoke extraction. Built-in protections.

High inertia fans :

Automatic Restart, catch on the fly.

Braking with resistances.

Altivar 61ATV 61Pumping functions.


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Energy Savings :

Quadratic law for centrifugal pumps

Calculation of energy consumed.

Monitoring : Diagnostics, alarms.

Pressure and flow regulation.

PID Regulator Monitoring of speed reference.

Water distribution :

Multi-pumps card control.

Safety :

Detection of zero flow with a sensor.

Limitation of flow with a sensor.

Wake up / sleep function.

Under-load and overload detection.



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> Introduction> HVAC Systems> Energy Savings> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions> Quiz

Our MarketsThe Markets we serve.


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Residential

Commercial /

Institutional /

Industrial

Customers we sell :OEMs, System Integrators, Mechanical Contractors, Building Automation Companies ...

Machines we apply solutions for (targeted applications) ...

Cooling Towers

Air Handling Units

Chillers

BoilersRooftop Units

Window

Split

Our MarketsType of Drives required.


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Centrifugal, rotary scroll, single screw and twin-screw :

Low starting torque : ATV21 or ATV61 (30 to 200hp)

Reciprocating compressors (Piston) :

Typically, 160% starting torque : ATV71 (1 to 600hp)

Fans :

Variable torque (110% Tn max) : ATV21 or ATV61

Pumps :

Variable torque (110% Tn max) : ATV21 or ATV61



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> Introduction> HVAC Systems> Energy Savings

> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions> Quiz

ConclusionsWhy using Variable Speed Drives in HVAC applications ?


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Messages for OEM.

Save Mechanical Costs.

Get More Flexibility.

Interface with Building

Automation Systems.

International Certifications and Standards.

Easy Commissioning.

Built-in Protections.

Built-in EMC Improvements.

Best Reliability.



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Messages for Mechanical Contractors.

Best Reliability. Less Maintenance.

Machine and Human

Safety.

International Certifications and Standards.

No Specific Electrical Knowledge.



M f E d


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Save your Money !

Messages for End-users.

Reduce the Operating Costs.

Save a lot of Energy.

Reduce the Maintenance Costs.

Short Payback Period of the Investments.


M f E d


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Save your Installation !


Reduce the Motor Wear.

Adaptation to theLoad Request.

Reduce the Mechanical Stress.

Tone Down the Starts. Built-in Protections.


M f E d


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Improve your Performances !


VSD

One of The Most Effective Technology in HVAC.

Interface with Building Automation Systems.

Accurate Control of Flow. Maximize Efficiency.


M f E d


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Improve your Comfort !


Best Accuracy.

Get More Flexibility

Reduce the Noise of Fans.




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> Introduction> HVAC Systems> Energy Savings

> Altivar 21> Altivar 61> Our Markets> Conclusions> Quiz

QuizSub chapter title


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Question 1

Text question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

HVAC Applications


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uestions and Answers

Motion & Drives t ra ining


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Thanks

for your attention

app hvac applications v2

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