145

Appendices

Appendix 1 : Ongoing Hydroelectric Projects and Thermal Projects (Private Sector) in Kerala

Table A.1.1 Ongoing Hydroelectric Projects in Kerala

Name of the Project

Installed

Capacity

MW

Energy

Potential

MU

Major

Works

Started

in

Original

Estimate

in Rs.

lakhs

Latest

Estimate

in Rs.

Lakhs

Remarks

Azhutha Diversion, Idukki 57 1987 290 1446 Partially Commissioned

Kuttiadi Tail Race, Kozhikode 3.75 17.10 1989 397 1494 Commissioned.

Vazhikkadavu Diversion,

Idukki 24 1989 186 1599 Commissioned.

Kuttiadi Additional Extension 100 240.5 2000 6200 22050 Commissioned.

Bhoothathankettu, Ernakulam 16 61.5 1994 3283 Private Sector

Ullungal 7 34 Private Sector

Karikkayam 15 72.7 1994 3860 Private Sector

Kuttiyar Diversion 37 1991 214 2900 Commissioned

Sengulam Augmentation 85 2001 4763 5000 To be completed in 2013

Thottiyar 40 99 13679 20704 To be completed in 2012

Athirappally 163 386 2001 10254 31590 MoEF withdraws clearance

Vadakkepuzha Diversion 12 131 514 Commissioned

Neriamangalam Extension 25 58.27 2003 3506 4776 Commissioned

Sengulam Tail Race 3.60 12.57 To be completed in 2011

Mankulam 40 82 To be completed in 2011

Pallivasal Extension 60 164.87 2007 17500 31000 To be completed in 2012

Adayanpara 3.5 9.01 2007 2132 2132 To be completed in 2010

Barapol I & II 25 60 To be completed in 2011

Chalippuzha 90 Project Report ready

Thoovalar 4 Project Report ready

146

Alamparathodu 3 Project Report ready

Sabarigiri Additional Capacity 35 154.51 94.64 Renovation of Sabarigiri Project

KakkadamPoyil 1 20 55

KakkadamPoyil 2 5 11 To be completed in 2011

AnackamPoyil 7.50 22.63 On the drawing board

Kandappanchal 5 On the drawing board

Pathamkayom 4 On the drawing board

Olickal 4.5 10.18 28.09 On the drawing board

Chathankottu Nada 2 6 14.76 To be completed in 2010

Vilangadu 7.5 22.63 To be completed in 2010

Maniyar Tail Race 4 16 To be completed in 2010

Perunthenaruvi 10 25.77 To be completed in 2010

Marumala 5 On the drawing board

Pathrakadavu, Silent Valley 70 214 24706 Controversial EIA, as good as

abandoned

Poozhithodu 4.80 10.97 2009 2949 3950 To be completed in 2010

Achankovil 30 75.80 To be completed in 2011

Chinnar 24 78 To be completed in 2011

Perunthenaruvi 6 25.77 To be completed in 2010

Chembukadavu III 6 14.92 53.53 On the drawing board

Poovarathodu 2.7 5.88 20.46 On the drawing board

Koodam 4.5 10.5 37.59 On the drawing board

Poringalkuthu 24 Cabinet clearance received

MW- Megawatt; MU- Million units; 1 million=10 lakhs

147

Table A.1.2 Thermal Projects (Private Sector) in Kerala

Name of the Project Installed Capacity

MW

Energy Potential

(MU) Remarks

DCP, Kasaragod 105 749 Work under way

Kannur Power Corporation 513 Work to be started

SASIN, Kochi 679 Work to be started

Cochin Refineries,

Ambalamugal 621 Joint Sector

Source: power system statistics,2009

148

Appendix 2: Industrial Codes

Table : A.2.1 Description of industry codes

Industry

Code

Production, processing and preservation of meat, fish, fruit vegetables, oils and

fats.

151

Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products, and prepared

animal feeds

153

Manufacture of other food products 154

Manufacture of beverages 155

Manufacture of tobbaco products 160

Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles. 171

Manufacture of knitted and crocheted fabrics and articles 173

Manufacture of footwear. 192

Saw milling and planing of wood 201

Manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials 202

Manufacture of paper and paper product 210

publishing 221

Printing and service activities related to printing 222

Manufacture of refined petroleum products 232

Manufacture of basic chemicals 241

Manufacture of other chemical products 242

Manufacture of rubber products 251

Manufacture of plastic products 252

Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. 269

Manufacture of Basic Iron & Steel 271

Manufacture of structural metal products, tanks, reservoirs and steam generators 281

Manufacture of other fabricated metal products; metal working service activities 289

Manufacture of general purpose machinery 291

Manufacture of special purpose machinery 292

Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers 311

Manufacture of insulated wire and cable 313

Manufacture of electric lamps and lighting equipment 315

Manufacture of medical appliances and instruments and appliances for measuring,

checking, testing, navigating and other purposes except optical instruments

331

Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c. 359

Manufacture of furniture 361

149

Appendix 3 : Global and National Energy Scenarios

Appendix 3 contains detailed analysis of global and national energy scenarios.

A.3.1 World Energy Production

A.3.1.1 Fossil fuels

The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980

and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%. According to the US Energy Information

Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as

follows, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy: Coal fueled the industrial

revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the

spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The

growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920

until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5

to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil. Coal, natural gas, and nuclear

became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy

efficiency. From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the

energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal, which is one of the dirtiest sources of

energy, was the fastest growing fossil fuel.

A.3.1.1.1 Coal Reserves

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. This was the fuel that launched the industrial revolution

and has continued to grow in use; China, which already has many of the world's most polluted

cities, was in 2007 building about two coal fired power plants every week. Coal is the fastest

growing fossil fuel and its large reserves would make it a popular candidate to meet the energy

demand of the global community, short of global warming concerns and other pollutants.

According to the International Energy Agency the proven reserves of coal are around 909 billion

tonnes, which could sustain the current production rate for 155 years, although at a 5% growth

per annum this would be reduced to 45 years, or until 2051. In the United States, 49% of

electricity generation comes from burning coal.

150

Coal was the fastest growing fuel in the world for the fifth consecutive year. Global consumption

rose by 4.5%, above the 10-year average of 3.2%. Consumption growth was widespread, with

growth in every region except the Middle East exceeding the 10-year average. Chinese coal

consumption rose by 7.9%, the weakest growth since 2002 but still sufficient to account for more

than two-thirds of global growth. Indian consumption rose by 6.6% and OECD consumption rose

by 1.3%, both above-average figures. Coal use in the world increased 48% from 2000 to 2009.

A.3.1.1.2 Oil

Current oil consumption is at the rate of 0.18 ZJ per year (31.1 billion barrels) or 85-mbd. There

is growing concern that peak oil production may be reached in the near future, resulting in severe

oil price increases. World crude oil production (including lease condensates) according to US

EIA data decreased from a peak of 73.720 mbd in 2005 to 73.437 in 2006, 72.981 in 2007, and

73.697 in 2008.

Global oil consumption grew by 1.1% in 2007, or 1 million barrels per day (b/d), slightly below

the 10-year average. Consumption in the oil-exporting regions of the Middle East, South and

Central America and Africa accounted for two-thirds of the world‟s growth.

A.3.1.1.3 Natural Gas

World natural gas consumption grew by an above-average 3.1% in 2007. The US accounted for

nearly half of the world‟s gas consumption, driven by cold winter weather and strong demand for

gas in power generation. Natural gas accounted for nearly all the growth in energy consumption.

Chinese consumption grew by 19.9% accounted for the second-largest increment to global gas

consumption.

Gas consumption rose by 3.1% in 2007, slightly above the 10-year average. The US accounted

for the largest incremental growth in both production and consumption.

In the IEO 2011 Reference case, natural gas is the world‟s fastest-growing fossil fuel, with

consumption increasing at an average rate of 1.6 percent per year from 2008 to 2035.

151

A.3.1.2 Nuclear power

In 2005 nuclear power accounted for 6.3% of world's total primary energy supply. The nuclear

power production in 2006 accounted 2,658 TWh (23.3 EJ), which was 16% of world's total

electricity production. In November 2007, there were 439 operational nuclear reactors

worldwide, with total capacity of 372,002 MW. A further 33 reactors were under construction,

94 reactors were planned and 222 reactors were proposed. As of December 2009, the world had

436 reactors. Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid-1950s, 2008 was the first year

that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in

2009.

Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing

1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the world's electricity

demand.

A.3.1.3 Nuclear fusion

Fusion power is the process driving the sun and other stars. It generates large quantities of heat

by fusing the nuclei of hydrogen or helium isotopes, which may be derived from seawater. The

heat can theoretically be harnessed to generate electricity. The temperatures and pressures

needed to sustain fusion make it a very difficult process to control. Fusion is theoretically able to

supply vast quantities of energy, with relatively little pollution. Although both the United States

and the European Union, along with other countries, are supporting fusion research .According

to one report, inadequate research has delayed progress in fusion research for the past 20 years.

A.3.1.4 Renewable energy

In 2008, renewable energy supplied around 19% of the world's energy consumption. The

renewables sector has been growing significantly since the last years of the 20th century, and in

2009 the total new investment was estimated to have been 150 billion US dollars. This resulted

in an additional 80 GW of capacity during the year. Renewable resources are available each year,

unlike non-renewable resources which are eventually depleted. A simple comparison is a coal

mine and a forest. While the forest could be depleted, if it is managed it represents a continuous

supply of energy, vs the coal mine which once has been exhausted is gone. Most of earth's

152

available energy resources are renewable resources. Renewable resources account for more than

93 percent of total U.S. energy reserves. Annual renewable resources were multiplied times

thirty years for comparison with non-renewable resources. In other words, if all non-renewable

resources were uniformly exhausted in 30 years, they would only account for 7 percent of

available resources each year, if all available renewable resources were developed . As of 2010,

about 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from

traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New

renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for

another 2.8% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is

around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new

renewables.

A.3.1.4.1 Hydropower

Hydroelectric generation increased by 1.7%, slightly below the 10-year average. Increased

capacity in China and Brazil, along with improved hydro availability in Canada and Northern

Europe, was partially offset by drought-related declines in the US and southern Europe.

Worldwide hydroelectricity installed capacity reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of

large plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10.9 GW was

added by China, Brazil and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) in

small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the world's small hydro

plants are now located. China is the largest hydro power producer in the world, and continues to

add capacity. In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity

in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due to environmental concerns.

The trend in both Canada and the United States has been to micro hydro because it has negligible

environmental impacts and opens up many more locations for power generation. In British

Columbia alone the estimates are that micro hydro will be able to more than double electricity

production in the province.

In 2005, hydroelectric power supplied 16.4% of world electricity, down from 21.0% in 1973, but

only 2.2% of the world's energy.15 It is the most widely used form of renewable energy,

accounting for 16 percent of global electricity consumption, and 3,427 terawatt-hours of

153

electricity production in 2010, which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between

2003 and 2009.

A.3.1.4.2 Biomass and biofuels

Until the end of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a

small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was

estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in

Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating

(in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of

biomass fires for cooking is excluded.

World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion

US gallons), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of

consumption in Brazil. Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 billion litres (1.03 billion US gallons),

making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in

Germany.

A.3.1.4.3 Wind power

According to the World Wind Energy Association, the installed capacity of wind power

increased by 29% from the end of 2007 to the end of 2008 to total 121 GW, with over half the

increase in the United States, Spain and China. Doubling of capacity took about three years. The

total installed capacity is approximately three to eight times that of the actual average power

produced as the nominal capacity represents peak output; actual capacity is generally from 13-

40% of the nominal capacity.

The available wind energy estimates range from 300 TW to 870 TW. Using the lower estimate,

just 5% of the available wind energy would supply the current worldwide energy needs. Most of

this wind energy is available over the open ocean. Wind power is growing at the rate of 30%

annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 238351 megawatts (MW) at the end of 201135

and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States. Several countries have achieved

relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production

154

in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, 14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010. 36. As

of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.

A.3.1.4.4 Solar power

The available solar energy resources are 3.8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0.02% of available

resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear power as an energy source.

The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global

final energy demand after 2060, while CO2 emissions would be reduced to very low levels‟‟.In

2007 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing energy source, with

installations of all photovoltaics increasing by 83% in 2009 to bring the total installed capacity to

15 GW. Nearly half of the increase was in Germany, which is now the world's largest consumer

of photovoltaic electricity (followed by Japan). Solar cell production increased by 50% in 2007,

to 3,800 megawatts, and has been doubling every two years.

A.3.1.4.5 Geothermal

Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries. In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57

TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ of

geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global

capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating,

including extraction by geothermal heat pumps.

A 2006 report by MIT that took into account the use of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)

concluded that it would be affordable to generate 100 GWe (gigawatts of electricity) or more by

2050, just in the United States, for a maximum investment of 1 billion US dollars in research and

development over 15 years. The MIT report calculated the world's total EGS resources to be over

13 YJ, of which over 200 ZJ would be extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2 YJ

with technology improvements - sufficient to provide all the world's energy needs for several

millennia. The total heat content of the Earth is 13,000,000 YJ.

A.3.1.5 World Energy Consumption

World Energy Consumption refers to the total energy used by all of human civilization.

Typically measured per-year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source we use,

155

applied towards humanity's endeavors across every industrial and technological sector, across

every country. Being the power source metric of civilization, World Energy Consumption has

deep implications for humanity's social economic and political sphere.

According to International energy agency data from 1990 to 2008, the average energy use per

person increased 10% while world population increased 27% (Table 3.3.2.1). Regional energy

use also grew from 1990 to 2008: the Middle East increased by 170%, China by 146%, India by

91%, Africa by 70%, Latin America by 66%, the USA by 20%, the EU-27 block by 7%, and

world overall grew by 39%.

In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474×1018 J=132,000 TWh).

This is equivalent to an average power use of 15 terawatts (1.504×1013 W). The potential for

renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh),

geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh) hydropower, 50 EJ

(14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).

In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (-1.1%) or 130

MTOE, as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009). This

evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous

in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption

was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North

America, Europe, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% respectively due to the slowdown in

economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its

consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy

source (33%)despite its share has been lowering over time. Coal posted a growing role in the

world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

156

Table A.3.1.5: Regional energy use (kWh/capita &TWh) and growth 1990–2008 (%)

Kwh/capita Population (million) Energy Use

(1,000 TWh)

1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth

USA 89,021 87,216 – 2% 250 305 22% 22.3 26.6 20%

EU-27 40,240 40,821 1% 473 499 5% 19 20.4 7%

Middle

East 19,422 34,774 79% 132 199 51% 2.6 6.9 170%

China 8,839 18,608 111% 1,141 1,333 17% 10.1 24.8 146%

Latin

America 11,281 14,421 28% 355 462 30% 4 6.7 66%

Africa 7,094 7,792 10% 634 984 55% 4.5 7.7 70%

India 4,419 6,280 42% 850 1,140 34% 3.8 7.2 91%

Others* 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23% 36.1 42.2 17%

The

World 19,422 21,283 10% 5,265 6,688 27% 102 142 39%

Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank

Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh

A.3.1.5.1 Energy intensity of different economies

The Figure A.3.1.5.1 shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries.

GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation. From the

figure it is clear that India had very low energy intensity among the different economies

157

Fig A.3.1.5.1 Ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries

Source: key world energy statistics 2010

A.3.1.5.2 Sectoral Energy Consumption of the World

Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of

the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating,

lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of

commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total.

The other 27% of the world's energy is lost in energy transmission and generation. In 2005,

global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of

electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around

38%. The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%.

Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.

158

From the table A.3.1.5.2.1, it is seen that in 2008, total world energy use per sector of industry is

28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. The residential and service sector had a

higher share in world energy use than that of other sectors.

Table: A.3.1.5.2.1 World Energy use per Sector

Sector 2000 2008 2000 2008

TWH TWH % %

Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 27.8

Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 27.3

Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 36

Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 8.9

Total 81,970 98,022 100 100

Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectors.

Table A.3.1.5.2.2: Trends in world Primary energy consumption MTOE

Year Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear

Energy

Hydro

Electricity Total

1980 3024.1 1296.4 1966 172.9 433.6 6459.4

1981 2918.3 1312.1 1959.1 203.2 443.2 6392.7

1982 2820.3 1308.9 2002.2 222.7 460 6354.1

1983 2797.3 1325 2039.2 248 482 6409.5

1984 2843 1426.5 2114.5 297.7 498.7 6681.7

1985 2826.5 1474.7 2209.6 350.9 510.2 6861.7

1986 2905.2 1487.4 2262.6 377.4 519.9 7032.6

1987 2948.4 1557.8 2341.9 406.6 5340.3 7254.4

1988 3037.5 1662.1 2241.5 488.4 183.7 7429.5

1989 3087.5 1737.4 2272.2 502.3 183.3 7599.4

1990 3134.5 1770.5 2244.5 516.7 189.4 7666.2

1991 3133.6 1802.8 2189.7 541.4 194.6 7667.5

1992 3163.2 1805.3 2171.8 545.6 193.9 7685.9

1993 3134.6 1844.5 2162.4 564.4 204.4 7706

1994 3193.8 1853.4 2174.1 574.6 206.1 7795.9

1995 3234.7 1911.7 2206.7 599.9 216.2 7953

1996 3313.6 2004.7 2284.5 520.9 219.1 8123.7

1997 3386.3 1990.3 2265.8 616.5 223.4 8258.9

1998 3406.6 2015.4 2243.2 626.9 224.8 8292.1

159

1999 3469.7 2065.1 2159.9 651.5 226.6 8345.6

2000 3503.6 2164 2186 668.6 230.4 8522.2

2001 3517.1 2219.5 2243.1 601 584.7 8580.7

2002 3562.6 2285.8 2412.3 610.8 593 9464.5

2003 3641.2 2343.2 2613.5 5987.2 604.1 9800.8

2004 3798.6 2425.2 2798.9 625.1 643.2 10291

2005 3836.8 2474.7 2929.8 668.7 627.2 10537.1

2006 3910.9 2558.3 3041.7 634.9 697.2 10843

2007 3952.8 2637.7 3177.5 622 709.3 11099.3

2008 3959.9 2717.3 3286.4 620.2 731.4 11315.2

2009 3882.1 2653.1 3278.3 610.5 740.3 11164.3

Source: B.P Amoco Statistical review of world energy, June 2010

A.3.2 National Energy Scenario

Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic growth

and human development. There is a strong two-way relationship between economic development

and energy consumption. On one hand, growth of an economy, with its global competitiveness,

hinges on the availability of cost-effective and environmentally benign energy sources, and on

the other hand, the level of economic development has been observed to be dependent on the

energy demand. Energy intensity is an indicator to shows how efficiently energy is used in the

economy. The energy intensity of India is over twice then that of the matured economies, which

are represented by the OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development)

member countries. India‟s energy intensity is also much higher than the emerging economies.

Energy is an essential input to the overall development of the economy. It provide light and fuel

to millions of households, electricity to industry, agriculture, commerce, all service sectors and

so on. Since energy is a critical component, development of conventional and non-conventional

forms of energy is necessary for meeting the growing demand of the society.

Availability and access to energy are considered as catalysts for economic growth. With high

economic growth rates and over 15 percent of the world‟s population, India is a significant

consumer of energy resources. In 2009, India was the fourth largest oil consumer in the world,

after the United States, China, and Japan. Despite the global financial crisis, India‟s energy

demand continues to rise.

160

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), coal/peat account for nearly 40 percent of

India‟s total energy consumption, followed by nearly 27 percent for combustible renewable and

waste. Oil accounts for nearly 24 percent of total energy consumption, natural gas six percent,

hydroelectric power almost 2 percent, nuclear nearly 1 percent, and other renewable less than 0.5

percent. Although nuclear power comprises a very small percentage of total energy consumption

at this time, it is expected to increase in light of international civil nuclear energy cooperation

deals. According to the Indian government, nearly 30 percent of India‟s total energy needs are

met through imports.

India is both a major energy producer and a consumer. India currently ranks as the world‟s

seventh largest energy producer, accounting for about 2.49% of the world‟s total annual energy

production. It is also the world‟s fifth largest energy consumer, accounting for about 3.45% of

the world‟s total annual energy consumption in 2004. Since independence, the country has seen

significant expansion in the total energy use in the country with a shift from non-commercial to

commercial sources. The share of commercial energy in total primary energy consumption rose

from 59.7% in 1980–81 to 72.6% in 2006–07. It must be noted, however, that India‟s per capita

energy consumption is one of the lowest in the world. India consumed 455 kilogram of oil

equivalent (kgoe) per person of primary energy in 2004, which is around 26% of world average

of 1750 kgoe in that year.

A.3.2.1 Energy Sector of India

The average growth rate of India‟s gross domestic product (GDP) during the period 2008-09,

was about 8.6 per cent. The corresponding average growth rates of net national income and

personal disposable income were 14.5 per cent and 14.7 per cent, respectively. The average

growth in the index of industrial production (IIP) during this period was 7.2 per cent. IIP growth

was 10.2 per cent in 2009-10. A high growth economy has resulted in increasing demand for

energy. In terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), Indian economy is the fourth-largest in the

world. The country accounts for over 17 per cent of the total global population and about 7 per

cent of world‟s GDP.

However, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), India‟s energy production

accounts for just 4 per cent of the global energy production. The country accounts for 5 per cent

161

of the total global energy consumption. According to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA),

the average per capita electricity consumption in India is about 704 kWh as compared to global

worldwide per capita consumption of 2,752 kWh. The Government of India is keen to increase

per capita consumption of energy to raise living standards in the country. An average Indian

consumes 0.53 tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) of energy compared to the global average of 1.82

(TOE). Higher economic growth is driving income growth, which in turn is driving up industrial

investment and fuel consumption. In general, demand exceeds supply and there is a broad-based

energy shortage, which is either met by imports or remains unmet.

An invariable economic development growth chart has chronicled India as one of the fastest

growing economy in the world. It is the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power

parity, with a GDP growth rate of 6.7%, marked in fiscal year 2009. To complement the

country‟s growing economy, India‟s energy sector is presenting a steady growth from last few

years, it recently witnessed significant developments, aided by both interest of foreign investors

and a change in government policy. In 2008, energy sector contributed more than 7.2% of the

GDP. India‟s energy requirement are enormous and the demand is growing, constant demand of

approximately 1.1 billion people makes the fifth largest energy consumer in the world.

Table - A.3.2.1.1 Macro Economic Profile of India at Constant Prices 1999-2000

Indicators 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

GNP at factor

cost (Rs

billion)

1776861 1847842 1957384 2033781 2208196 2593160 28749838 3114846

Annual

growth rate of

GNP %

4.6 6.1 4.2 8.5 7.5 9.6 9.8 9.3

Population(mi

llion) 1014 1027 1036 1049 1065 1094 1129 1140

Per capita net

national

product

(Rupees)

16223 16910 17281 18517 19649 20858 22553 25494

Source: Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme

Implementation, New Delhi.

162

Table A.3.2.1.2 Sectoral composition of India‟s GDP

Year Agriculture Industry Trade Finance services GDP at factor cost

1980-81 305906 183970 133906 65041 101666 798506

1990-91 444880 325450 237736 155165 180564 1347889

2000-01 592227 570571 506742 329271 343963 2342774

2009-10 766734 1163711 1197213 769883 610096 4507637

Source: CSO At constant 2004-05 prices (Rs Crore)

Table A.3.2.1.1 gives an economic profile of India and table A.3.2.1.2 gives the contribution of

agriculture, industry, transport and commercial sectors to the GDP.

From the table A.3.2.1.2 the share of agriculture in the economy is lower than that of the share of

industry and services sector. From the table A.3.2.1.2 it is clear that apart from the share of

agriculture, the industry also had a significant share in GDP.

A.3.2.2 Sectoral Commercial Energy Consumption

Table A.3.2.2.1 reflects the growth pattern of the energy consumption in different sectors of the

economy since the 1980s. Transport sector shows high energy consumption growth throughout,

though the industrial sector records high growth in energy consumption among all sectors.

Table A.3.2.2.1 Sectoral Commercial Energy Consumption (in MTOE) in India

Sector 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2007-08

Agriculture 1.6 2.4 4.9 8.4 15.2 15.1 17.8

Industry 36.9 49.2 62.9 77.5 77.4 96.2 105.9

Transport 17.4 21.7 28 37.2 33.5 36.5 42.3

Residential & Commercial 5.6 8.9 12.6 15.3 24.1 32.6 37

Other-energy uses 1.9 2.7 3.9 6.8 13.4 18.7 16.5

Non-energy Uses 5.3 7.9 12.6 14.1 28 17.5 19.4

Total 68.7 92.8 124.9 159.3 191.6 216.5 238.9

Source: Teri: Energy Data Directory and year Book 2009

From the above macroeconomic profile of India it is obvious that India is developing and

attaining higher growth. With the implementation of the new economy policy, India now has

become one of the major developing countries in the world. The industrialization process in the

country has supported the economy to grow rapidly. So energy consumption is an important

163

factor for the growth of any economy it is important to study the energy use pattern in India, to

investigate the nature and trend of the energy consumption. The next section deals with different

sources of the energy consumption and production.

A.3.2.3 Energy Overall Production and Consumption

India lacks sufficient domestic energy resources and imports much of its growing energy

requirements. In addition to pursuing domestic oil and gas exploration and production projects,

India is also stepping up its natural gas imports, particularly through imports of liquefied natural

gas.

India is both a major energy producer and consumer. India currently ranks as the world‟s

eleventh greatest energy producer, accounting for about 2.4% of the world‟s total annual energy

production, and as the world‟s sixth greatest energy consumer, accounting for about 3.3% of the

world‟s total annual energy consumption. Despite its large annual energy production, India is a

net energy importer, mostly due to the large imbalance between oil production and consumption.

India's Total Primary Energy Production (TEP) and Consumption (TPEC) is shown in Table

A.3.2.3.1

Table A.3.2.3.1: India‟s Total Primary Energy Production and Consumption (in Peta joules)

Year Production Consumption

1970-71 2,936 3,859

1975-76 3,888 5,074

1980-81 4,808 6,393

1985-86 6,777 9,470

1990-91 8,939 13,312

1995-96 10,508 18,188

2000-01 11,506 22,198

2005-06 13,874 28,298

2006-07 14,868 31,040

2007-08 15,547 34,428

2008-09 16,277 36,329

CAGR from 1970-71 to2008-09 4.43% 5.94%

Source: Energy statistics 2011

164

Table A.3.2.3.1 depicts the production and compound annual growth rate of production of

energy resources of the country from 1970 to 2008-09. From the table A.3.2.3.1 it is clear that

the production of the total primary energy resources has considerably increased from 1980 till

2009. However, over the time phase production of the energy resources has increased but the

growth rate was not more rapid. The consumption of total primary energy resources has been

increasing from 1970 at a faster rate. The Fig A.3.2.3.1 and Fig A.3.2.3.2shows the trends in

production and consumption of energy from 1970 onwards. While comparing the figures

A.3.2.3.1 and A.3.2.3.2 It is evident that consumption of energy in India exceeds production.

Figure A.3.2.3.1 Trends in Production of energy in India by Primary Sources from 1970-71 to

2010-11

165

Figure A.3.2.3.2 Consumption of Conventional energy in Petajoules from 1970-71 to 2010-11

A.3.2.4 Per capita Energy consumption

Per-capita Energy Consumption (PEC) during a year is computed as the ratio of total energy

consumption to the mid-year population of that year. From the per capita energy consumption it

is found that it was increasing gradually every year. The per capita consumption of energy

resources is increasing , but the compound annual rate of growth from 1970-71 to 2008-09 of

per capita consumption is 3.44% indicates a slow growth in per capita energy consumption.

166

Table- A.3.2.4: Per capita consumption of energy resources from1990-2008

Year

Per capita Energy

Consumption in Kwh

1970-71 1204.39

1875-76 1361.74

1980-81 1471.09

1985-86 1928.51

1990-91 2232.5

1995-96 2593.58

2000-01 3047.81

2005-06 3497.59

2006-07 3727.24

2007-08 3928.16

2008-09 4171.56

CAGR 3.44%

Source: Energy statistics 2010

A.3.2.5 Sectoral composition of Power consumption

With enhanced economic activity, the demand for commercial energy has been increasing over a

period of time in India. Table A.3.2.5 depicts the sectoral power consumption in the country, for

the past two decades. The commercial energy consumption has increased times during the period

from 1990-2008.

The industrial sector continues to be the largest consumer of commercial energy. The increase in

power consumption in the agricultural sector is the result of the increase in the irrigation pump

sets energized and a sharp increase in the usage hours of pump sets and also due to the high level

of subsidy provided. From 2005 it is seen that there is declining trend in the consumption of

power in agriculture.

167

Table A.3.2.5 Sector wise power consumption of India (in Mkh), (figures in bracket- percentage)

Year Domestic Commercial Industry Railways Agriculture

Public

Services Others Total

1990-91 31982.4 11181 84209 4112 50321.4 5291 3260 190357

(16.8) (5.9) (44.2) (2.2) (26.4) (2.8) (1.7) (100)

1995-96 51733 16996 104693 6223 85732 7501 4149 277027

(18.7) (6.1) (37.8) (2.2) (30.9) (2.7) (1.5) (100)

2000-01 75629 22544 107621 8213 84729 10465 7396 316597

(23.9) (7.1) (34) (2.6) (26.8) (3.3) (2.3) (100)

2005-06 100090 35964 151556 9943 909292 15435 8603 412520

(24.3) (8.7) (36.7) (2.4) (22) (3.7) (2.1) (100)

2007-08

120918 46684 189424 11108 104181 17922 11737 501974

(24.1) (9.3) (37.7) (2.8) (20.8) (3.6) (2.3) (100)

Source: CEA

A.3.2.6 Petroleum

India's proved oil reserves are currently estimated (January 2005) at about 5 billion barrels, or

about 4.5% of the world total. Most of these reserves lie offshore near Mumbai and onshore in

Assam state. However, exploration is still happening, and India's off-shore and on-shore basins

may contain as much as 11 billion barrels. India presently ranks as the 25th greatest producer of

crude oil, accounting for about 1% of the world‟s annual crude oil production. About 30% of

India's energy needs are met by oil, and more than 60% of that oil is imported. A strong growth

in oil demand has resulted in India‟s annual petroleum consumption increasing by more than

75% from what it was a decade ago. India is currently the world's sixth greatest oil consumer,

accounting for about 2.9% of world's total annual petroleum consumption. Table A.3.2.6.1

shows the petroleum production and consumption in India.

168

Table A.3.2.6.1 Petroleum Production and Consumption in India (in thousand barrels per day)

Year Production Consumption

1995 770 1575

1996 751 1681

1997 780 1765

1998 761 1844

1999 765 2031

2000 770 2127

2001 782 2184

2002 813 2320

2003 815 2429.61

2004 851.4 2512.43

2005 835.16 2690.8

2006 860.35 2845

2007 887.28 2962

2008 889.67 2981

Source : EIA 2009

A.3.2.7 Natural Gas

India's natural gas reserves are currently estimated (as of January 2005) at about 29-32 trillion

cubic feet (tcf), or about 0.5% of the world total. Most of these reserves lie offshore northwest of

Mumbai in the Arabian Sea and onshore in Gujarat state. India does not yet rank in the top 20 of

the world's greatest natural gas consumers, but that will soon change. Natural gas has

experienced the fastest rate of increase of any fuel in India's primary energy supply; demand is

growing at about 4.8% per year and is forecast to rise to 1.2 tcf per year by 2010 and 1.6 tcf per

year by 2015. The natural gas production and consumption in India is shown in Table A.3.2.7.1

169

Table A.3.2.7.1 Dry Natural Gas Production and Consumption in India, 1995-2008 (in trillion

cubic feet)

Year Production Consumption

1995 0.63 0.63

1996 0.7 0.7

1997 0.72 0.72

1998 0.76 0.76

1999 0.75 0.75

2000 0.79 0.79

2001 0.85 0.85

2002 0.88 0.88

2003 0.96 0.96

2004 0.99 1.09

2005 1.06 1.27

2006 1.09 1.37

2007 1.11 1.46

2008 1.13 1.51

A.3.2.8 Coal

At the current level of production and consumption, India's coal reserves would last more than

two hundred years. India is currently the third-largest coal-producing country in the world

(behind China and the United States), and accounts for about 8.5% of the world's annual coal

production. India is also currently the third-largest coal consuming country (behind the China

and the United States), and accounts for nearly 9% of the world's total annual coal consumption.

More than half of India‟s energy needs are met by coal, and about 70% of India's electricity

generation is now fueled by coal. The annual demand for coal has been steadily increasing over

the past decade, and is now nearly 50% greater than it was a decade ago. Even though India is

able to satisfy most of its country's coal demand through domestic production, less than 5% of its

reserves is coking coal used by the steel industry. As a result, India's steel industry imports

coking coal, mainly from Australia and New Zealand, to meet about 25% of its annual needs.

Coal production and consumption in India is shown in Table A.3.2.8

170

Table - A.3.2.8 Coal Production and Consumption in India, 1990-2008 (in thousands of tons)

Year Production Consumption Imports Exports

1990-91 214057 214987 4900 100

1991-92 232818 232338 5920 110

1992-93 241995 45255 6250 130

1993-94 248687 256327 7100 100

1994-95 257770 269180 8270 120

1995-96 273415 284043 8870 89

1996-97 286080 298621 13177 480

1997-98 297169 306824 16469 541

1998-99 292270 310738 16536 787

1999-2000 300043 315047 19700 1156

2000-01 313696 325448 20930 1292

2001-02 327787 343124 20548 1903

2002-03 341272 361745 23260 1517

2003-04 361246 379405 21683 1627

2004-05 382615 404691 26128 1374

2005-06 407013 432271 36869 1329

2006-07 430832 462353 43081 1546

2007-08 457082 502818 49794 1627

2008-09 478093 541607 57571 1798

Source : Office of the Coal Controller, Ministry of Coal , Energy Statistics 2010

A.3.2.9 Electricity

In 2007, India had approximately 159 Giga Watts (GW) of installed electric capacity and

generated 761 billion kilowatt hours. Nearly all electric power in India is generated with coal,

oil, or gas. Conventional thermal sources produced over 80 percent of electricity in 2007.

Hydroelectricity, a seasonally dependent power source in India, accounted for nearly 16 percent

of power generated in 2007. Finally, nuclear energy produced roughly 2 percent of electricity

during the same year, while geothermal and other renewable sources accounted for

approximately 2 percent. In July of 2010, India and Bangladesh signed a 35 year power import

deal whereby India will import up to 500 megawatts beginning in late 2012. India also imports

some electricity from Bhutan and Nepal. However, these electricity imports are not likely to

prove sufficient to make up for India‟s lack of electric generation capacity.

171

India suffers from a severe shortage of electricity .India is presently the sixth-greatest electricity

generating country and accounts for about 4% of the world's total annual electricity generation.

India is also currently ranked sixth in annual electricity consumption, accounting for about 3.5%

of the world's total annual electricity consumption. Overall, India's need for power is growing at

a prodigious rate; annual electricity generation and consumption in India have increased by about

64% in the past decade, and its projected rate of increase for electricity consumption is one of the

highest in the world. A summary of electricity generation and consumption in India is shown in

Table A.3.2.9 Electricity Generation and Consumption in India(in millions of kilowatt-hours)

Table A.3.2.9 Electricity Generation and Consumption in India (in millions of kilowatt-hours)

Year

Generation Consumption Imports Exports

Utilities+

non utilities

Utilities+

non utilities

Utilities Utilities

1990-91 74698 211499 1440 62

1991-92 78366 231201 1506 53

1992-93 82375 246672 1352 146

1993-94 87475 265431 1547 101

1994-95 92332 289339 1480 57

1995-96 95081 309467 1572 50

1996-97 97874 315294 1577 84

1997-98 102106 334191 1385 321

1998-99 107226 350893 1385 270

1999-2000 113220 360957 1540 201

2000-01 117782 368285 1497 202

2001-02 122191 379456 1511 198

2002-03 126239 393460 1520 175

2003-04 131423 418334 1748 58

2004-05 137529 447993 1735 40

2005-06 145755 474451 1763 209

2006-07 154664 525671 2957 216

2007-08 168047 577960 5230 290

Source: Central Electricity Authority, Energy Statistics 2010

A.3.2.10 Renewable Energy Sources

India is richly endowed with renewable sources of energy such as sunlight, wind, and Bio mass.

These sources have started contributing in the national electricity mix. The share of renewables

172

in total electricity generation in India increased from 0.15% in 2001-02 to 0.54% in 2006-07. The

present contribution of renewable energy is small, existing capabilities offer the flexibility to

respond to emerging environmental and sustainable development needs. Renewable energy

technologies (RETs) have a vast potential and have the advantage of being environmentally

sustainable. The county has been able to achieve significant capacity addition in recent years due

to renewable energy sources. Table A.3.2.10.1 gives a detailed estimated potential for RET in

India.

Table: A.3.2.10.1 Estimated Potential for RETs in India

Source /System Estimated Potential Cumulative Achievement

Power from renewable

Grid -Interactive renewable Power

Bio Power 16881MW 605.80MW

Wind Power 45195 MW 7844.52MW

Small hydro power(up to 25 MW) 15000 MW 2045.61 MW

Co generation-Bagasse 5000 MW 719.83 MW

Waste to energy (urban and industrial) 2700MW 55.25MW

Solar Power 2.12MW

Sub total (in MW)(A) 847676MW 11272.13MW

Captive /CHP/distributed renewable

power

Biomass 95.MW

Biomass gasifier 86.53MW

Energy recovery from waste 23.7MW

Subtotal(in MW)(B) 205.23MW

Total A+B 847676MW 11477.36MW

Source: MNRE 2008

A.3.2.10.1 Small Hydro Power

Hydro based power generation up to 25 MW capacities, classified as small hydropower, and

offers a number of advantages for electricity generation. It has been one of the earliest known 16

renewable energy sources, in existence in the country. Estimates place the small hydro potential

in India at 15,000 MW. Since a large potential of this technology exists in remote hilly areas,

development of small hydropower for decentralized power generation leads to rural

electrification and local area development. The gestation period of the technology is low and the

indigenous manufacturing base is strong.

173

A.3.2.10.2 Wind Power

India is positioned among the top five countries in wind power installation after Germany, the

USA, Denmark, and Spain. Wind power capacity reached nearly 7844 MW by December 2007.

Private projects constitute around 95.5 percent of the total capacity and the rest are

demonstration projects. Out of the total energy generated, about 80 percent of consumption is for

captive purpose while the rest is sold to the grid. Wind energy is one of the clean, renewable

energy sources that hold out the promise of meeting energy demand in the direct, grid-connected

modes as well as stand-alone and remote „niche‟ applications (for instance water pumping,

desalination, and telecommunications) in developing countries like India. Estimates place the

economical wind energy potential in India at 45,000 MW .

A.3.2.10.3 Biomass-based Power Generation/Cogeneration

Biomass, consisting of wood, crop residues and animal dung continues to dominate energy

supply in rural and traditional sectors, having about one-third share in the total primary energy

consumption in the country. Cogeneration technology, based on multiple and sequential use of a

fuel for generation of steam and power, aims at surplus power generation in process industries

such as sugar mills, paper mills, rice mills, etc. The aggregate biomass combustion based power

and sugar-cogeneration capacity by the end of December 2007 was 205 MW, with 186 MW of

cogeneration and the rest biomass power. In the area of small-scale biomass gasification, a total

capacity of 35 MW has so far been installed, mainly for stand-alone applications.

A.3.2.10.4 Solar Technologies

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) contributes at present around two and a half percent of the power

generation based on renewable energy technology in India. Solar photovoltaic systems with an

aggregate capacity of 50 MW have been deployed for different applications that include solar

photovoltaic power projects for providing voltage support in rural areas and peak load shaving in

urban areas. Solar thermal technologies have a very high potential for applications in solar water

heating systems for industrial and domestic applications and for solar cooking in the domestic

sector. Solar Thermal Power Generation potential in India is about 35 MW per Sq. Km.

174

A.3.2.10.5 Nuclear power

Nuclear power generation in India dates back to October 1969 when India‟s first nuclear reactor

at Tarapur Atomic Power Station commenced commercial operations. At present there are six

nuclear power plants with a total capacity of 4120 MW. These stations together generated 16957

Million units of electricity in 2007-08. India has adopted a three – stage nuclear power

programme, which is based on closed nuclear fuel cycle. The first stage focuses on natural

uranium based pressurized heavy water reactors and enriched uranium based light water reactors.

Thirteen pressurized heavy water reactors and two boiling water reactors are already in

operation, five PHWRs and two Russian Vodo-Vodyaqnoi Energe7tichesky reactors are under

construction. In the second stage, India will focus on Plutonium – based FBRs .A 40 megawatt

thermal fast breeder test reactor has been operating since 1985. A 500 MW prototype fast

breeder reactor is under construction. The third stage is likely to be based on thorium based

breeder reactors. A 30 kilo watt thermal pilot reactor already operating. India‟s nuclear energy

programme is expected to get a boost with the signing of the agreement for cooperation between

the Government of India and the Government of USA to ensure peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

175

Appendix - 4 : Global and National Industrial Energy Consumption

Appendix 4 provides a detailed account of the global and national industrial energy consumption.

A.4.1 Global Industrial Energy Consumption

A first step in evaluating global industrial energy intensity is to take stock of how energy is

consumed. Industry uses fossil fuels in manufacturing processes and as a raw material (to

generate power). In the 134 economies analysed for the report of International energy Agency

2010, energy used to power manufacturing processes accounted on average for about 76 percent

of industrial energy consumption over 1990–2008 in both developed and developing economies;

feedstock accounted for the rest (Figure A.4.1.1).

Figure A.4.1.1 Split in Industrial Energy consumption between manufacturing Processes

and feed stock (1990-2008) Giga tonnes of oil equivalent

Source: IEA 2010

Total final energy consumption grew at an annual average of 0.1 percent in the early 1990s, 1.4

percent over the next decade, and an unprecedented 2.7 percent thereafter; resulting in a 1.7

percent average annual rise over the period (Figure A.4.1.2).1 Growth in energy consumption per

capita was slower. Energy consumption per capita stagnated at around 1.2 tonnes of oil

176

equivalent (toe) until 2002 and then increased gradually to 1.3 toe in 2008, an annual growth rate

of 0.4 percent.

Figure A.4.1.2 Growth in energy consumption and energy consumption percapita, by economic

sector, (1990-2008) Source: IEA 2010

Developing economies are driving the global increase in final energy demand, with annual

average growth of 0.7 percent in the early 1990s, 1.2 percent over 1994–2001, and a rapidly

accelerating 4.5 percent since 2002 (see Figure 3.2). In 2008, industry accounted for the largest

share of final energy consumption (36 percent), followed by residential (28percent) and transport

(18 percent). The three top consuming industrial sectors are metals, chemicals and chemical

products, and non-metallic minerals. Average annual energy consumption per capita fell 0.5

percent over 1990–2001 and then increased rapidly, as did industrial production relative to total

output. In 2008, average annual energy consumption per capita stood at 0.9 tonnes of oil

equivalent– an annual increase of 3.2 percent since 2001.

Industry, by far the largest energy consumer among the seven economic sectors studied, accounts

for about 31 percent of global final energy consumption in 2008. Transport and residential uses

177

follow, at about 24 percent each. Within industry, the metals sector uses the most energy,

followed by chemicals and non-metallic minerals (Figure A.4.1.3).

Figure A.4.1.3 Industrial energy consumption by sector(1990-2008)

Developed economies, with just 15 percent of the world‟s population, are the largest energy

consumers per capita, accounting for 42 percent of final energy consumption in 2008. Total

energy consumption from the early 1990s to 2004 grew 1.3 percent. But demand has since

stabilized–at 3.4 gigatonnes of oil equivalent Gtoe) and 3.5 toe per capita. Transport consumes

the most energy (32 percent), followed by industry (24 percent) and residential uses (19 percent).

The three highest consuming industrial sectors are metals; chemicals and chemical products; and

paper, pulp and printing.

A striking trend is the annual 2.3 percent growth in developing economies‟ total energy

consumption over 1990–2008, more than 2.5 times the 0.9 percent annual growth in developed

economies. And with emerging market economies poised to grow faster than the more advanced

economies, energy demands in developing economies are poised to rise even more.

178

A key driver of these differences in growth of energy consumption is the disparity between

developing economies‟ 0.6 percent annual rise in industry‟s share of energy consumption and

developed economies‟0.7 percent annual decline. Driving the increase in developing economies

are population growth and a shift towards more energy-intensive activities–Such as paper and

plastics– and construction activities for infrastructure and housing. In addition, production

capacity in many sectors is shifting from developed to developing economies, which are

producing goods for export to developed economies. Over 1990–2008, the final energy

consumption of industry rose 11 percent (0.6 percent a year) in developing economies while

remaining fairly stable in developed economies. As economies grow, the allocation of energy

resources shifts– usually towards services and away from industry and energy .

A.4.1.1 Global energy intensity of industries

Global industrial energy consumption fell 0.3 percent a year over 1990–1995, recovered over

1995–2002, and has been rising since at 3.8 percent a year (Figure A.4.1.1.1). MVA had a

sustained increase over the period, averaging 3.1 percent annual growth.3 While average

industrial energy intensity fell 26 percent over 1990–2008 – an average decline of 1.7 percent

annually–two distinct phases are evident: a marked decline in 1990–2001, averaging 2.6 percent

a year, and a leveling off at a 0.2 percent annual decline since. Thus, MVA was decoupled from

industrial energy use during 1990–2001. That means that industry produced considerably more

value added from a relatively small increase in energy consumption. Since 2001, global

industrial energy intensity has stabilized at around 0.35 toe per $1,000 of MVA.

179

Figure A.4.1.1.1: Global trends in Manufacturing Value added, Industrial energy Consumption

and Industrial energy intensity (1990-2008).

Source : IEA 2010

Although average industrial energy intensity in developing economies is five times that in

developed economies, it fell 46 percent over 1990–2008 in developing economies (an average

annual decline of 3.4 percent), compared with 31 percent in developed economies (2.0 percent

annually). Among developing economies, lower and upper middle-income economies reduced

their energy intensity the most (58 percent and 46 percent). The biggest overall declines came

during the 1990s, except in high-income developing economies.

A.4.1.2 Energy intensity differs by industrial sector

Average values for industry as a whole give wide variations in energy intensity among industrial

sectors. Here energy intensity is measure in tons of oil equivalent per 1,000 manufacturing value

added in terms of 2000 prices. Of the 10 (or 11, if non-specified is included) sectors examined, 3

180

dominate global industrial energy consumption.4 Industrial sectors generally fall into one of

three groups.

Most energy intensive: Process sectors such as metals, non-metallic minerals, and chemicals and

chemical products are the most industrial energy intensive globally and in all income groups

considered. The global mean for 1995–2008 is 1.6 toe per $1,000 MVA for metals, 0.9 for non-

metallic minerals and 0.6 for chemicals and chemical products, each above the global industry

average of 0.35.

Least energy intensive:. Discrete product sectors such as machinery and transport equipment are

the least energy intensive, with global averages of 0.06 and 0.07 toe per $1,000 MVA. Energy

constitutes a small share of input costs in these sectors.

Intermediate energy intensity: Somewhere between the high and low ends are the intermediate

energy intensive sectors of petrochemicals (0.3 toe per $1,000 MVA), paper, pulp and printing

(0.3), wood and wood products (0.3), food and tobacco (0.2) and textile and leather (0.2; see

Figure A.4.1.2.2). Technologically and economically, they combine characteristics of process

sectors (carbonated drinks and beer or paper pulp) and discrete product sectors (clothing,

footwear and furniture). Some plants share continuous and discrete processes, some plants

produce goods in bulk, while others convert or “package” bulk inputs into individual products.

181

Figure A.4.1.2.2 Energy Intensity by Industrial sector and income group, 1995-2008

182

There is considerable regional variation, however. For example, industry uses on average 4.7

times more energy to produce a unit of MVA in developing Europe than in Latin America and

the Caribbean.7One reason is the vintage of industrial facilities. There have been continual

improvements in nearly every aspect of industrial activities, so countries with newer industries

tend to have newer, more efficient facilities. Many non–OECD European countries have

inherited inefficient, coal-based, energy-intensive industries that operate at a small fraction of

their output capacity. The most energy-intensive industrial region has been developing Europe

(averaging 2.2 toe per $1,000 MVA over 1990–2008), followed by sub-Saharan Africa (1.8) and

South and Central Asia (1.6). Industry in East Asia and the Pacific (0.9), the Middle East and

North Africa (0.8) and Latin America and the Caribbean (0.5) has been considerably less energy

intensive.

Industrial energy intensity fell substantially over 1990–2008 in developing Europe, East Asia

and the Pacific, and South and Central Asia. In East Asia and the Pacific, industrial energy

intensity dropped 46 percent, as a 160 percent rise in industrial energy consumption

accompanied a 381 percent jump in MVA. Industrial energy intensity fell slightly in Indonesia

and Malaysia (less than 5 percent), while rising 273 percent in Hong Kong SAR China. And

though South and Central Asia registered a 51 percent increase in industrial energy consumption,

MVA grew rapidly (173 percent), reducing industrial energy intensity 45 percent. India and

Kazakhstan contributed most to this success. Reductions in industrial energy intensity were far

lower (7–33 percent) in Latin America and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle

East and North Africa.

Regional energy intensity trends have been affected by international shifts in the location of

industrial activity. For example, the United States has seen much of its labour-intensive

industrial sectors move to the Republic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China, Mexico and China.

Industrial energy consumption, still growing in developed countries, is soaring in developing

countries. Developed countries remain the largest per capita users of both total energy and

industrial energy, but developing countries are quickly catching up– satisfying domestic

demands for improved living standards and import demands from developed countries–and

becoming large energy consumers.

183

A.4.2 Energy Consumption in Indian Industries

Industry is a diverse sector encompassing about half a million manufacturing, mining,

agriculture, fishing, and forestry establishments and a like number of construction sites. These

many facilities, ranging from small die-casting shops, to family farms, to steel mills, to appliance

manufacturers, and to semiconductor producers, vary greatly in their activities, size, and

technological sophistication. Energy use in industry is likewise heterogeneous. Each facility uses

a different mix of fuels for a variety of purposes in converting raw materials into salable

products. Around a fifth of global income is generated directly by manufacturing industry, and

nearly half of household consumption relies on goods from industrial processes. People‟s needs

for food, transportation, communication, housing, health and entertainment are all met by

industry. Since the Industrial Revolution, waves of innovation have shaped how people work and

live. During the 19th and 20th centuries, developed countries relied on manufacturing to spur

economic growth. Today, developing countries are counting on industrialization to reduce

poverty and improve the quality of life of its growing populations. But improvements in the

standard of living made possible through industrialization have come at an environmental cost.

Before the late 1960s, energy consumption per capita had increased nine-fold over the previous

200 years. Since then, energy consumption per capita has increased by a further 25 percent.

Industries vary greatly in their overall level of energy use, because of differences in their output

and energy intensity (energy use per unit of output).

Energy consumption in India is comparatively lower than the world standards. In the year 2004-

05 the per capita consumption of energy in India was only 530 kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe)

whereas the world average was 1,770 kgoe (GOI 2008-09). Much of the total commercial energy

available is consumed by the industrial sector (share of industry in total energy consumption in

2006/07 was 45% (TERI Energy Data Directory 2009)). Figure A.4.2.1 shows a comparison of

sectoral shares of industrial energy consumption in India and the world.

184

Fig A.4.2.1. Sub-sectoral share of industrial energy consumption (India vs. World)

Source: IEA 2009a; IEA 2009b

India has the fifth lowest energy efficiency in the world (IEA 2008). However, by using simple

measures such as better housekeeping, use of energy efficient devices, process modifications,

energy saving potential can be further exploited. Electricity, oil, coal, biomass and gas are the

main energy products consumed in India. The industry and the residential sectors are the largest

energy users but they differ in the type of fuel used. The residential sector is characterized by a

large share of biomass energy use, while the industry primarily thrives on electricity for meeting

its energy requirements. The industrial sector in India comprises of several energy-intensive

industries (e.g. iron and steel, chemicals, petroleum refining, cement, aluminium, pulp and

paper) and light industries (e.g. food processing, textiles, wood products, printing and publishing,

and metal processing). The energy intensive industries represented 63% of the total energy

consumed in the sector in 2005. While the absolute energy use in the steel, cement, fertilizer,

aluminium and pulp and paper industries in India grew between 1990 and 2005, the specific

energy consumption was reduced significantly.

India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption and needs to accelerate developments

in energy sector to meet its growing needs. The country is rich in coal and other renewable

185

energy resources (like solar, wind, hydro and bio-energy) but has very small hydrocarbon

reserves (0.4 percentage of the world‟s reserve) and hence is forced to import over 25 percent of

its primary energy needs as crude oil and natural gas . Industrial sector consumes nearly 50% of

the total commercial energy. Hence, it is essential to improve the efficiency levels; for this, one

has to understand past trends in energy use and assess the factors that contribute to changes in

energy consumption and measure the performance of energy-related policies. The three main

factors that determine the level of energy consumption in an economy are: overall activity or

production levels, structure of the economy, and the output or activity per unit of energy use.

This last component is referred to as energy intensity, and reduction in it occurs when the level

of service/activity/output are enhanced for a given amount of energy inputs. Since it is relatively

easy to understand the relationship between the amounts of energy needed to produce one

physical unit of some good, changes in physical indicators are likely to provide reliable estimates

of changes in energy efficiency. Energy intensity is inversely related to efficiency; less the

energy required to produce a unit of output or service, the greater is the efficiency. A logical

conclusion, then, is that declining energy intensities over time may be indicators of

improvements in energy efficiencies. A more useful indicator of energy intensity may be the

ratio of sectoral/sub-sectoral energy use to the output or activity of the sector/sub-sector.

A.4.3 Changes in Energy Consumption of Indian Industries

The attempt here is to understand the pattern of energy consumption at the industries level and

specifically to look at the changes in energy consumption and energy intensity. This will help us

to link with the changes in the energy intensity as we are considering changes in production for

these industries as well. Table- A.4.3.1 summarizes the Annual Growth Rate changes in the

energy consumption of India from 1998-99 to-2008-09.

186

Table- A.4.3.1 Annual Growth Rate of Energy Consumption of industrial sectors from

1998-99 to 2008-09

Industry

codes

1999-

2000

2000-

01

2001-

02

2002-

03

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007-

08

2008-

09

151 -2.2 -4.0 0.9 15.4 5.2 9.8 16.6 26.8 8.4 -3.9

153 40.8 -1.2 7.6 10.1 3.7 14.9 14.5 9.8 10.6 -4.8

154 8.2 12.9 1.2 7.7 6.6 16.0 18.0 15.8 5.5 -2.6

155 21.0 30.5 0.0 5.8 17.3 8.3 11.8 21.0 21.2 -8.7

160 18.6 35.3 -19.5 28.6 7.6 -1.4 24.8 2.1 3.1 -1.5

171 27.5 9.5 -10.1 10.7 3.3 9.9 11.1 18.0 5.4 -2.6

173 75.4 15.2 -19.7 64.5 19.6 25.9 17.4 25.1 -59.6 73.9

192 31.3 20.4 44.2 -16.0 2.7 24.7 8.4 9.1 7.2 -3.3

201 -2.9 14.3 34.2 -2.6 13.5 37.9 -14.1 12.9 3.3 -1.6

202 81.5 5.3 29.5 -11.6 30.8 8.7 11.6 29.3 -3.2 1.7

210 25.9 4.9 -3.5 14.1 -3.0 6.7 4.9 5.6 24.8 -9.9

221 21.9 22.1 14.0 -2.5 15.7 12.7 14.2 9.8 37.1 -13.5

222 -2.0 12.6 16.0 9.6 -9.2 24.2 30.1 19.2 4.2 -2.0

232 2.6 -16.3 -29.7 -44.7 312.2 41.6 39.8 18.7 2.5 -1.2

241 40.0 24.2 1.3 3.5 0.6 8.1 10.5 9.5 5.7 -2.7

242 34.3 -14.3 2.3 10.8 6.9 8.5 22.1 10.5 6.6 -3.1

251 23.3 -6.9 0.4 11.7 9.4 8.9 12.3 17.8 6.3 -3.0

252 15.4 12.8 14.8 2.2 17.4 23.7 -3.6 16.4 22.9 -9.3

269 34.4 -9.7 10.3 3.6 15.0 18.3 9.4 20.4 22.5 -9.2

271 10.6 5.6 5.9 29.6 17.8 20.8 16.5 29.8 11.1 -5.0

281 6.1 20.3 -8.9 6.5 1.2 20.6 18.7 50.6 54.2 -17.6

289 16.3 25.2 -1.4 14.6 1.2 10.8 27.6 48.1 3.3 -1.6

291 2.7 11.8 3.9 6.1 7.2 14.6 5.9 22.0 25.6 -10.2

292 18.2 4.3 -8.4 3.8 16.1 22.1 11.3 20.8 8.9 -4.1

311 -4.2 7.0 4.7 12.3 3.2 11.5 12.7 1189.3 -1.0 0.5

313 16.7 -13.6 15.9 2.8 -16.7 5.5 23.7 15.5 37.1 -13.5

315 38.9 -16.6 -20.8 44.8 -1.5 3.3 28.8 22.3 31.8 -12.1

331 29.6 19.6 3.2 11.1 18.2 11.8 21.4 9.4 18.1 -7.7

359 42.0 10.2 1.9 7.9 10.1 15.7 27.9 38.2 -28.6 20.0

361 28.0 58.1 6.7 8.4 14.5 18.9 30.1 16.6 5.8 5.1

Source: computed from ASI

187

Figure- A.4.3.1 Annual Growth Rate of Energy Consumption of industrial sectors from

1998-99 to 2008-09

A.4.4 Sectoral Share of Output of industries

The changing pattern of the sectoral share of the each industry is given in the Table A.4.4.1

given below. The sectoral share of output of industries is in between 2% and 18%.The industries

232 and 242 contributes major share than all other industries.

This gives an idea of the changing pattern of the output share of the sub industries to the total

manufacturing industries. Here it is noticed that, the sectoral share of the output of the industries

changes over the period of time. This means output of an industry is an important determinant of

the energy intensity of the industry.

-80.00

-60.00

-40.00

-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

151 154 160 173 201 210 222 241 251 269 281 291 311 315 359

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

188

Table- A.4.4.1 Sectoral Share of Output of the industrial sectors in India 1998-99 to 2008-09

(in percentage)

Year 98-99 1999-

2000

2000-

01

2001-

02

2002-

03

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007-

08

2008-

09

151 5.17 3.88 3.44 3.66 4.84 4.04 3.41 3.05 3.19 3.64 2.88

153 3.97 4.32 3.64 3.95 3.64 3.25 3.05 2.77 2.64 2.88 2.33

154 5.09 5.12 5.66 5.19 4.44 3.70 3.24 3.62 3.60 3.02 2.76

155 0.99 1.26 1.07 1.07 0.97 1.08 0.93 0.94 1.03 1.14 0.92

160 1.06 1.21 1.32 1.11 1.16 1.00 0.77 0.71 0.63 0.54 0.49

171 8.29 7.52 8.24 7.22 6.23 5.94 5.27 5.12 4.84 4.59 3.94

173 0.47 0.66 0.78 0.58 0.67 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.48 0.48

192 0.54 0.61 0.64 0.65 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.46 0.37

201 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03

202 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.21 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.16

210 1.54 1.70 2.20 1.92 1.89 1.69 1.50 1.42 1.27 1.39 1.12

221 0.57 0.38 0.35 0.29 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.21 0.27 0.20

222 0.35 0.27 0.30 0.27 0.32 0.25 0.24 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.23

232 5.37 6.65 9.00 11.60 14.09 15.04 15.63 16.62 17.30 16.98 14.37

241 8.00 8.67 10.26 8.71 7.79 7.36 7.06 6.11 6.01 5.56 4.84

242 7.79 7.55 6.89 7.14 6.77 6.54 5.78 1.13 5.73 5.28 4.60

251 1.34 1.59 1.28 1.39 1.25 1.28 1.18 1.77 1.13 1.05 0.91

252 2.17 1.93 1.88 2.10 2.06 2.01 2.14 2.79 1.81 1.92 1.57

269 2.80 3.49 3.33 3.37 2.97 2.99 2.99 10.31 3.06 3.40 2.72

271 7.97 7.95 7.43 7.59 8.61 9.59 11.86 1.13 11.55 12.20 9.99

281 0.95 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.67 0.75 0.84 1.50 1.33 1.19 1.05

289 1.50 1.30 1.48 1.42 1.37 1.44 1.29 2.44 1.54 1.67 1.35

291 2.54 1.97 2.07 2.14 2.01 1.89 1.88 2.12 2.22 2.43 1.96

292 2.31 2.23 2.04 2.00 1.72 1.83 2.06 1.58 2.13 2.35 1.89

311 1.08 1.07 0.88 0.99 1.02 1.06 1.00 0.75 2.07 1.52 1.49

313 1.17 1.02 0.89 0.93 0.74 0.62 0.54 0.16 0.95 0.79 0.72

315 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.22 0.14 0.13 0.11

331 0.34 0.44 0.37 0.52 0.45 0.47 0.45 2.42 0.45 0.49 0.40

359 1.55 2.00 2.08 2.32 2.29 2.32 2.55 0.22 2.48 1.72 1.73

361 0.15 0.21 0.23 0.29 0.17 0.22 0.22 0.09 0.17 0.17 0.14

Source: Computed

189

Fig A.4.4.1 Sectoral Share of Output of the industrial sectors in India 1998-99 to2008-09

(in percentage)

A.4.5 Energy Intensity

Energy intensity is defined as the ratio of the total industrial energy consumption to industrial

output. Energy intensity and energy efficiency are inversely related. Energy intensities of all

industries taken for study shows the value less than one. The industry 269 had high energy

intensities than that of all other industries(Table A.4.5.1). For the better performance of

industries the energy intensity should be reduced.

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

151 154 160 173 201 210 222 241 251 269 281 291 311 315 359

98-99

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

190

Table A.4.5.1 Energy intensities of industrial sectors of India from 1998-99 to 2008-09

Industry

Code

98-99 1999-

2000

2000-

01

2001-

02

2002-

03

2003-

04

2004-

05

2005-

06

2006-

07

2007-

08

2008-

09

151 0.028 0.036 0.038 0.035 0.026 0.029 0.029 0.033 0.032 0.026 0.028

153 0.024 0.030 0.034 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.033 0.035 0.033 0.028 0.030

154 0.031 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.042 0.043 0.039 0.037 0.039 0.038

155 0.044 0.041 0.062 0.060 0.059 0.055 0.054 0.051 0.046 0.042 0.044

160 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015

171 0.090 0.123 0.121 0.119 0.130 0.124 0.121 0.118 0.120 0.112 0.116

173 0.022 0.027 0.026 0.027 0.033 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.049 0.047 0.048

192 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.042 0.039 0.037 0.038 0.035 0.034 0.028 0.030

201 0.024 0.033 0.024 0.029 0.032 0.028 0.019 0.026 0.019 0.021 0.020

202 0.041 0.065 0.065 0.062 0.060 0.068 0.067 0.059 0.066 0.049 0.057

210 0.160 0.179 0.142 0.151 0.148 0.142 0.134 0.127 0.121 0.117 0.119

221 0.016 0.029 0.038 0.049 0.050 0.050 0.051 0.054 0.045 0.040 0.042

222 0.034 0.044 0.043 0.054 0.042 0.042 0.043 0.035 0.038 0.037 0.037

232 0.034 0.027 0.017 0.009 0.003 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.013 0.011 0.012

241 0.088 0.111 0.114 0.132 0.129 0.121 0.108 0.117 0.106 0.102 0.104

242 0.038 0.052 0.047 0.045 0.045 0.044 0.042 0.224 0.040 0.039 0.039

251 0.065 0.066 0.074 0.066 0.070 0.066 0.061 0.039 0.059 0.057 0.057

252 0.045 0.057 0.065 0.064 0.056 0.060 0.055 0.035 0.050 0.049 0.050

269 0.249 0.262 0.243 0.255 0.254 0.256 0.238 0.064 0.212 0.198 0.204

271 0.122 0.132 0.146 0.146 0.142 0.132 0.102 1.054 0.109 0.097 0.103

281 0.026 0.032 0.039 0.035 0.035 0.028 0.024 0.013 0.019 0.019 0.019

289 0.054 0.071 0.077 0.076 0.076 0.065 0.063 0.036 0.069 0.056 0.061

291 0.025 0.032 0.033 0.032 0.031 0.031 0.028 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.021

292 0.022 0.027 0.030 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.023 0.028 0.020 0.017 0.018

311 0.018 0.017 0.021 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.018 0.070 0.008 0.041

313 0.021 0.027 0.026 0.028 0.031 0.027 0.026 0.093 0.014 0.020 0.017

315 0.062 0.073 0.072 0.065 0.064 0.065 0.063 0.024 0.070 0.085 0.078

331 0.020 0.019 0.027 0.019 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.004 0.017 0.016 0.016

359 0.026 0.028 0.029 0.026 0.024 0.023 0.019 0.241 0.024 0.021 0.022

361 0.028 0.024 0.035 0.028 0.043 0.034 0.032 0.041 0.022 0.039 0.031

Source: Computed

191

Figure A.4.5.1 Energy intensities of industrial sectors of India from 1998-99 to 2008-09

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

151 154 160 173 201 210 222 241 251 269 281 291 311 315 359

98-99

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

192

Appendix 5

Cost, Allocative and Technical Efficiencies of Energy Intensive and Non Energy Intensive Industries in Kerala

Table A.5.1: Cost, Allocative and Technical Efficiencies of Energy Intensive Industries in Kerala

Cost Efficiencies of Energy Intensive Industries

Year 171 173 192 202 210 232 241 242 251 252 269 271 289 315 359

1980-81 0.432 0.403 0.257 0.496 0.271 0.391 0 0.415 0.038 0.39 0.478 0.424 0.39 0.3 0.01

1981-82 0.405 0.369 0.278 0.413 0.152 0.329 0.37 0.316 0.284 0.31 0.325 0.354 0.34 0.279 0.4

1982-83 0.456 0.455 0.349 0.453 0.085 0.35 0.48 0.27 0.324 0.43 0.424 0.378 0.43 0.334 0.52

1983-84 0.349 0.396 0.398 0.265 0.105 0.455 0.44 0.307 0.305 0.44 0.387 0.304 0.26 0.391 0.44

1984-85 0.433 0.477 0.395 0.467 0.112 0.432 0.46 0.36 0.39 0.29 0.377 0.31 0.4 0.294 0.63

1985-86 0.371 0.524 0.499 0.58 0.169 0.487 0.61 0.002 0.359 0.42 0.188 0.279 0.46 0.239 0.06

1986-87 0.312 0.354 0.295 0.309 0.1 0.268 0.34 0.157 0.122 0.28 0.166 0.179 0.32 0.081 0.33

1987-88 0.503 0.493 0.002 0.647 0.238 0.582 0.71 0.093 0.412 0.63 0.334 0.265 0.52 0.165 0.19

1988-89 0.704 0.747 0.657 0.707 0.359 0.782 0.87 0.672 0.51 0.67 0.537 0.463 0.43 0.276 0.32

1989-90 0.318 0.426 0.459 0.303 0.257 0.46 0.26 0.395 0.355 0.39 0.226 0.266 0.27 0.111 0.32

1990-91 0.35 0.392 0.466 0.341 0.339 0.379 0.2 0.379 0.393 0.29 0.247 0.332 0.26 0.162 0.32

1991-92 0.369 0.44 0.525 0.365 0.304 0.969 0.3 0.352 0.499 0.42 0.315 0.383 0.37 0.223 0.26

1992-93 0.244 0.346 0.404 0.262 0.274 0.31 0.24 0.296 0.414 0.21 0.248 0.271 0.24 0.209 0.08

1993-94 0.235 0.334 0.323 0.288 0.222 0.277 0.18 0.28 0.281 0.2 0.234 0.225 0.25 0.186 0.09

1994-95 0.176 0.222 0.359 0.249 0.225 0.109 0.22 0.223 0.346 0.25 0.158 0.273 0.28 0.162 0.07

1995-96 0.204 0.294 0.313 0.212 0.251 0.256 0.23 0.259 0.28 0.24 0.188 0.237 0.26 0.21 0.15

1996-97 0.202 0.094 0.259 0.21 0.175 0.247 0.21 0.223 0.278 0.28 0.185 0.221 0.19 0.187 0.29

1997-98 0.256 0.11 0.333 0.205 0.213 0.293 0.23 0.241 0.321 0.27 0.181 0.236 0.26 0.283 0.09

1998-99 0.403 0.308 0.6 0.38 0.365 0.433 0.36 0.456 0.442 0.48 0.292 0.501 0.64 0.473 0.68

99-2000 0.344 0.269 0.463 0.284 0.245 0.338 0.35 0.476 0.404 0.38 0.267 0.443 0.42 0.142 0.44

2000-01 0.503 0.366 0.643 0.363 0.426 0.531 0.51 0.494 0.719 0.47 0.421 0.618 0.43 0.632 0.36

2001-02 0.363 0.295 0.42 0.279 0.321 0.41 0.36 0.421 0.529 0.49 0.313 0.452 0.37 0.553 0.32

193

2002-03 0.424 0.287 0.427 0.281 0.536 0.325 0.37 0.436 0.353 0.21 0.411 0.449 0.3 0.482 0.25

2003-04 0.251 0.188 0.271 0.154 0.218 0.289 0.25 0.253 0.335 0.29 0.207 0.268 0.29 0.257 0.21

2004-05 0.167 0.137 0.177 0.106 0.149 0.187 0.17 0.157 0.212 0.18 0.143 0.193 0.17 0.144 0.15

2005-06 0.263 0.206 0.278 0.156 0.238 0.265 0.25 0.283 0.298 0.29 0.24 0.293 0.24 0.267 0.24

2006-07 0.349 0.61 0.412 0.295 0.308 0.431 0.38 0.349 0.505 0.5 0.309 0.6 0.32 0.351 0.31

2007-08 0.518 0.863 0.833 0.571 0.609 0.692 0.47 0.474 0.748 0.47 0.448 0.649 0.49 0.651 0.24

2008-09 0.037 0.12 0.2 0.188 0.11 0.316 0.24 0.108 0.344 0.16 0.088 0.21 0.14 0.159 0.05

Mean 0.342 0.362 0.389 0.334 0.254 0.399 0.4 0.315 0.372 0.36 0.387 0.347 0.34 0.282 0.27

CV 38.75 49.01 42.19 44.48 48.83 44.95 45 44.66 39.33 36.5 39.01 37.38 33.5 52.99 62.8

Allocative Efficiencies of Energy Intensive Industries

Year 171 173 192 202 210 232 241 242 251 252 269 271 289 315 359

1980-81 0.45 0.494 0.257 0.544 0.271 0.42 0 0.464 0.312 0.4 0.478 0.441 0.44 0.329 0.02

1981-82 0.45 0.457 0.278 0.489 0.195 0.382 0.41 0.399 0.284 0.39 0.325 0.366 0.41 0.318 0.45

1982-83 0.519 0.578 0.349 0.563 0.128 0.441 0.48 0.316 0.324 0.45 0.424 0.419 0.46 0.383 0.52

1983-84 0.41 0.425 0.398 0.299 0.147 0.473 0.48 0.386 0.305 0.49 0.387 0.359 0.38 0.391 0.44

1984-85 0.506 0.577 0.395 0.661 0.112 0.491 0.52 0.377 0.39 0.41 0.377 0.406 0.47 0.294 0.63

1985-86 0.667 0.818 0.499 0.797 0.169 0.611 0.79 0.032 0.404 0.59 0.26 0.401 0.62 0.287 0.27

1986-87 0.337 0.38 0.295 0.38 0.1 0.29 0.34 0.186 0.128 0.29 0.166 0.219 0.34 0.102 0.33

1987-88 0.704 0.738 0.445 0.802 0.331 0.675 0.71 0.093 0.412 0.7 0.448 0.458 0.69 0.317 0.27

1988-89 0.9 0.961 0.657 0.972 0.359 0.849 0.87 0.672 0.51 0.71 0.685 0.624 0.57 0.514 0.32

1989-90 0.362 0.479 0.462 0.409 0.257 0.46 0.28 0.395 0.376 0.42 0.245 0.352 0.35 0.171 0.38

1990-91 0.405 0.563 0.472 0.494 0.339 0.379 0.2 0.452 0.456 0.4 0.247 0.392 0.39 0.236 0.41

1991-92 0.765 0.717 0.539 0.786 0.841 0.969 0.77 0.726 0.668 0.63 0.845 0.634 0.77 0.898 0.85

1992-93 0.333 0.465 0.404 0.356 0.274 0.31 0.24 0.349 0.414 0.28 0.248 0.409 0.37 0.275 0.11

1993-94 0.325 0.391 0.392 0.407 0.222 0.277 0.19 0.317 0.366 0.28 0.234 0.344 0.34 0.257 0.14

1994-95 0.292 0.222 0.359 0.327 0.225 0.112 0.22 0.258 0.348 0.28 0.158 0.313 0.31 0.234 0.07

1995-96 0.25 0.342 0.313 0.281 0.251 0.256 0.25 0.273 0.285 0.26 0.188 0.29 0.3 0.28 0.16

1996-97 0.289 0.121 0.273 0.341 0.175 0.247 0.21 0.263 0.287 0.33 0.185 0.28 0.29 0.284 0.36

194

1997-98 0.355 0.169 0.362 0.397 0.225 0.293 0.23 0.245 0.34 0.36 0.253 0.309 0.36 0.406 0.09

1998-99 0.654 0.499 0.607 0.69 0.43 0.433 0.53 0.601 0.63 0.65 0.292 0.58 0.64 0.796 0.68

99-2000 0.41 0.662 0.463 0.508 0.348 0.338 0.41 0.476 0.452 0.87 0.267 0.443 0.43 0.313 0.7

2000-01 0.678 0.585 0.643 0.626 0.426 0.531 0.51 0.515 0.719 0.67 0.578 0.618 0.76 0.632 0.47

2001-02 0.564 0.483 0.42 0.485 0.336 0.41 0.36 0.457 0.539 0.58 0.32 0.462 0.6 0.553 0.46

2002-03 0.582 0.489 0.693 0.317 0.536 0.361 0.42 0.489 0.575 0.29 0.46 0.449 0.34 0.53 0.25

2003-04 0.344 0.403 0.271 0.308 0.224 0.289 0.25 0.282 0.335 0.4 0.348 0.305 0.4 0.257 0.28

2004-05 0.225 0.34 0.291 0.319 0.254 0.187 0.21 0.277 0.212 0.26 0.322 0.199 0.27 0.164 0.21

2005-06 0.373 0.416 0.278 0.249 0.253 0.265 0.25 0.283 0.329 0.36 0.31 0.307 0.36 0.267 0.27

2006-07 0.464 0.646 0.48 0.466 0.308 0.431 0.38 0.365 0.505 0.53 0.309 0.6 0.47 0.351 0.41

2007-08 0.79 0.919 0.833 0.818 0.753 0.692 0.49 0.656 0.748 0.79 0.448 0.649 0.49 0.651 0.3

2008-09 0.072 0.207 0.264 0.28 0.161 0.316 0.26 0.124 0.344 0.24 0.1 0.234 0.19 0.159 0.05

Mean 0.464 0.501 0.427 0.495 0.298 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.413 0.46 0.341 0.409 0.44 0.367 0.34

CV 41.08 40.97 34.49 39.83 57.39 45.42 45.4 45.37 35.77 39 47.2 31.57 33.5 51.67 60.2

Technical Efficiencies of Energy Intensive Industries

Year 171 173 192 202 210 232 241 242 251 252 269 271 289 315 359

1980-81 0.959 0.815 1 0.91 1 0.931 0.75 0.894 0.122 0.98 1 0.962 0.9 0.914 0.5

1981-82 0.902 0.808 1 0.844 0.78 0.862 0.9 0.79 1 0.79 1 0.967 0.83 0.879 0.9

1982-83 0.878 0.787 1 0.805 0.66 0.793 1 0.856 1 0.96 1 0.9 0.93 0.872 1

1983-84 0.852 0.93 1 0.886 0.71 0.961 0.92 0.797 1 0.91 1 0.846 0.66 1 1

1984-85 0.855 0.826 1 0.707 1 0.88 0.88 0.953 1 0.72 1 0.764 0.85 1 1

1985-86 0.556 0.641 1 0.727 1 0.797 0.77 0.069 0.889 0.71 0.722 0.696 0.74 0.834 0.23

1986-87 0.925 0.933 1 0.814 1 0.923 0.98 0.844 0.954 0.98 1 0.817 0.95 0.794 1

1987-88 0.714 0.669 0.004 0.806 0.718 0.862 1 1 1 0.9 0.746 0.577 0.76 0.519 0.72

1988-89 0.783 0.778 1 0.727 1 0.921 1 1 1 0.94 0.784 0.742 0.76 0.537 1

1989-90 0.878 0.89 0.995 0.742 1 1 0.92 1 0.944 0.93 0.922 0.758 0.79 0.648 0.84

1990-91 0.863 0.695 0.988 0.691 1 1 1 0.838 0.862 0.74 1 0.847 0.67 0.685 0.78

1991-92 0.482 0.613 0.973 0.465 0.361 1 0.38 0.484 0.747 0.66 0.373 0.604 0.48 0.248 0.31

195

1992-93 0.733 0.744 1 0.735 1 1 1 0.847 1 0.76 1 0.663 0.66 0.761 0.73

1993-94 0.723 0.855 0.825 0.707 1 1 0.95 0.883 0.766 0.73 1 0.656 0.74 0.727 0.67

1994-95 0.605 1 1 0.759 1 0.972 1 0.864 0.993 0.89 1 0.873 0.92 0.694 1

1995-96 0.817 0.86 1 0.756 1 1 0.92 0.948 0.981 0.92 1 0.817 0.89 0.752 0.96

1996-97 0.699 0.776 0.948 0.616 1 1 1 0.848 0.969 0.86 1 0.789 0.67 0.658 0.81

1997-98 0.721 0.654 0.92 0.517 0.946 1 1 0.984 0.944 0.73 0.716 0.764 0.74 0.696 0.98

1998-99 0.617 0.618 0.989 0.551 0.85 1 0.69 0.759 0.702 0.74 1 0.864 1 0.594 1

99-2000 0.84 0.407 1 0.559 0.704 1 0.87 1 0.894 0.44 1 1 0.98 0.453 0.63

2000-01 0.741 0.626 1 0.581 1 1 1 0.959 1 0.71 0.729 1 0.56 1 0.77

2001-02 0.642 0.611 1 0.574 0.956 1 1 0.921 0.981 0.84 0.979 0.979 0.62 1 0.68

2002-03 0.728 0.587 0.616 0.885 1 0.902 0.87 0.891 0.614 0.74 0.893 1 0.89 0.909 1

2003-04 0.728 0.466 1 0.501 0.973 1 1 0.895 1 0.73 0.595 0.878 0.71 1 0.73

2004-05 0.743 0.403 0.608 0.333 0.587 1 0.83 0.568 1 0.71 0.443 0.967 0.62 0.877 0.72

2005-06 0.707 0.495 1 0.63 0.941 1 1 1 0.906 0.82 0.774 0.955 0.65 1 0.91

2006-07 0.752 0.944 0.858 0.633 1 1 1 0.954 1 0.93 1 1 0.69 1 0.76

2007-08 0.656 0.938 1 0.697 0.809 1 0.96 0.722 1 0.59 1 1 1 1 0.8

2008-09 0.509 0.579 0.758 0.671 0.685 1 0.92 0.865 1 0.66 0.877 0.898 0.72 1 0.98

Mean 0.745 0.722 0.913 0.683 0.885 0.958 0.96 0.842 0.905 0.79 0.881 0.847 0.77 0.794 0.81

CV 16.29 23.09 21.21 20.02 18.86 6.71 6.71 22.86 20.14 16.2 20.16 15.09 17.8 25.04 25.4

196

Table A.5.2: Cost, Allocative and Technical Efficiencies of Non Energy Intensive Industries in Kerala

Cost efficiencies of non-energy intensive Industries

Year 151 153 154 155 160 201 221 222 281 291 292 311 313 331 361

1980-81 0.564 0.51 0.49 0.356 1 0.318 0.094 0.224 0.207 0.468 0.064 0.332 0.429 0.151 0.395

1981-82 0.493 0.45 0.41 0.314 1 0.36 0.363 0.297 0.298 0.347 0.258 0.306 0.382 0.401 0.328

1982-83 0.546 0.47 0.43 0.362 1 0.313 0.388 0.495 0.297 0.201 0.298 0.249 0.361 0.403 0.408

1983-84 0.541 0.47 0.48 0.219 1 0.462 0.365 0.406 0.356 0.639 0.236 0.229 0.18 0.329 0.291

1984-85 0.584 0.43 0.49 0.403 1 0.259 0.414 0.397 0.247 0.35 0.263 0.27 0.207 0.272 0.316

1985-86 0.901 0.42 0.58 0.568 1 0.448 0.495 0.315 0.282 0.446 0.34 0.297 0.328 0.33 0.39

1986-87 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.309 1 0.196 0.309 0.334 0.299 0.233 0.191 0.238 0.253 0.172 0.174

1987-88 0.703 0.55 0.61 0.57 1 0.35 0.551 0.883 0.412 0.594 0.362 0.509 0.724 0.407 0.385

1988-89 0.938 0.82 0.78 0.775 1 0.542 0.738 1 0.664 0.925 0.46 0.675 0.617 0.597 0.496

1989-90 0.457 0.37 0.43 0.308 1 0.379 0.384 0.467 0.269 0.39 0.348 0.373 0.351 0.288 0.282

1990-91 0.441 0.4 0.48 0.361 1 0.422 0.343 0.451 0.344 0.555 0.355 0.416 0.493 0.307 0.265

1991-92 0.495 0.42 0.55 0.434 1 0.435 0.381 0.512 0.375 0.51 0.438 0.582 0.269 0.358 0.261

1992-93 0.301 0.32 0.37 0.345 1 0.342 0.298 0.31 0.271 0.348 0.254 0.346 0.207 0.276 0.152

1993-94 0.304 0.29 0.34 0.421 1 0.285 0.33 0.295 0.173 0.31 0.28 0.318 0.16 0.271 0.248

1994-95 0.251 0.23 0.26 0.267 1 0.342 0.323 0.23 0.313 0.319 0.302 0.32 0.394 0.257 0.233

1995-96 0.256 0.3 0.25 0.277 1 0.306 0.277 0.239 0.261 0.246 0.311 0.289 0.153 0.234 0.251

1996-97 0.24 0.28 0.25 0.192 1 0.291 0.349 0.305 0.348 0.276 0.377 0.283 0.12 0.274 0.195

1997-98 0.337 0.29 0.35 0.305 1 0.302 0.32 0.377 0.271 0.361 0.458 0.24 0.15 0.32 0.232

1998-99 0.479 0.58 0.51 0.414 1 0.547 0.598 0.462 0.472 0.525 0.526 0.587 0.633 0.441 0.598

99-2000 0.385 0.41 0.42 0.518 1 0.401 0.532 0.733 0.389 0.446 0.336 0.299 0.4 0.373 0.333

2000-01 0.656 0.71 0.63 0.519 1 0.571 0.644 0.723 0.576 0.456 0.471 0.489 0.601 0.551 0.397

2001-02 0.389 0.52 0.5 0.385 1 0.409 0.586 0.637 0.455 0.302 0.429 0.574 0.316 0.391 0.264

2002-03 0.431 0.41 0.45 0.31 1 0.352 0.772 0.4 0.382 0.359 0.462 0.292 0.254 0.421 0.261

197

2003-04 0.309 0.36 0.31 0.219 1 0.345 0.321 0.545 0.347 0.194 0.251 0.302 0.239 0.356 0.217

2004-05 0.172 0.22 0.21 0.142 1 0.218 0.189 0.362 0.168 0.133 0.21 0.367 0.196 0.115 0.136

2005-06 0.284 0.35 0.31 0.198 1 0.299 0.297 0.427 0.378 0.172 0.322 0.302 0.307 0.352 0.283

2006-07 0.361 0.53 0.43 0.382 1 0.312 0.416 0.424 0.288 0.245 0.717 0.424 0.394 0.443 0.336

2007-08 0.651 0.75 0.7 0.722 1 0.936 0.799 0.793 1 0.297 0.502 0.654 0.6 0.66 0.302

2008-09 0.387 0.2 0.21 0.089 1 0.26 0.116 0.15 0.243 0.099 0.13 0.149 0.174 0.23 0.413

Mean 0.456 0.43 0.43 0.3684 0 0.15 0.413 0.454 0.358 0.37 0.343 0.369 0.341 0.344 0.406

CV 40.73 35.3 32.7 42.85 0 295.23 43.004 45.26 45.88 46.8 38.5 37.06 48.99 35.72 38.39

Allocative efficiencies of Non energy intensive Industries

Year 151 153 154 155 160 201 221 222 281 291 292 311 313 331 361

1980-81 0.564 0.54 0.69 0.356 1 0.359 0.11 0.233 0.232 0.512 0.069 0.332 0.429 0.151 0.395

1981-82 0.493 0.49 0.6 0.326 1 0.409 0.396 0.325 0.346 0.426 0.258 0.376 0.382 0.401 0.387

1982-83 0.546 0.51 0.74 0.451 1 0.409 0.41 0.495 0.375 0.201 0.298 0.352 0.361 0.403 0.453

1983-84 0.541 0.52 0.5 0.343 1 0.462 0.374 0.406 0.364 0.639 0.236 0.347 0.322 0.329 0.317

1984-85 0.584 0.51 0.59 0.403 1 0.35 0.414 0.412 0.296 0.357 0.263 0.29 0.218 0.272 0.36

1985-86 0.901 0.84 0.58 0.585 1 0.505 0.495 0.418 0.501 0.446 0.34 0.455 0.441 0.33 0.497

1986-87 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.309 1 0.264 0.309 0.334 0.299 0.269 0.191 0.312 0.253 0.172 0.215

1987-88 0.703 0.74 0.61 0.57 1 0.611 0.551 0.883 0.545 0.607 0.412 0.652 0.724 0.407 0.525

1988-89 0.938 0.91 0.97 0.775 1 0.817 0.775 1 0.803 0.925 0.548 0.675 0.685 0.597 0.627

1989-90 0.457 0.45 0.49 0.312 1 0.532 0.408 0.482 0.328 0.423 0.365 0.401 0.432 0.288 0.35

1990-91 0.475 0.46 0.63 0.361 1 0.698 0.437 0.536 0.381 0.555 0.384 0.485 0.493 0.307 0.359

1991-92 0.495 0.56 0.56 0.764 1 0.738 0.73 0.771 0.749 0.647 0.784 0.762 0.686 0.846 0.947

1992-93 0.348 0.36 0.43 0.357 1 0.515 0.336 0.379 0.358 0.348 0.254 0.346 0.239 0.276 0.221

1993-94 0.304 0.31 0.46 0.421 1 0.459 0.33 0.373 0.236 0.31 0.3 0.343 0.178 0.271 0.358

1994-95 0.251 0.23 0.39 0.268 1 0.431 0.323 0.272 0.349 0.319 0.333 0.32 0.394 0.257 0.298

1995-96 0.279 0.3 0.31 0.277 1 0.368 0.277 0.26 0.29 0.246 0.311 0.289 0.192 0.234 0.276

1996-97 0.269 0.28 0.35 0.224 1 0.377 0.349 0.318 0.348 0.316 0.377 0.34 0.161 0.29 0.251

1997-98 0.51 0.34 0.41 0.305 1 0.464 0.326 0.393 0.315 0.361 0.458 0.292 0.219 0.32 0.325

198

1998-99 0.554 0.58 0.75 0.601 1 0.785 0.598 0.699 0.617 0.528 0.588 0.682 0.633 0.791 0.852

99-2000 0.76 0.41 0.42 0.821 1 0.477 0.571 0.733 0.861 0.77 0.336 0.417 0.524 0.373 0.364

2000-01 0.7 0.71 0.68 0.534 1 0.757 0.683 0.834 0.816 0.54 0.64 0.728 0.721 0.701 0.85

2001-02 0.466 0.52 0.66 0.463 1 0.612 0.586 0.637 0.517 0.491 0.595 0.607 0.558 0.444 0.46

2002-03 0.465 0.47 0.59 0.38 1 0.581 0.772 0.4 0.629 0.474 0.462 0.612 0.461 0.447 0.27

2003-04 0.309 0.36 0.42 0.268 1 0.452 0.321 0.545 0.511 0.226 0.369 0.471 0.44 0.356 0.467

2004-05 0.228 0.22 0.21 0.215 1 0.297 0.209 0.362 0.3 0.133 0.26 0.367 0.232 0.353 0.296

2005-06 0.284 0.35 0.32 0.244 1 0.39 0.297 0.427 0.378 0.193 0.377 0.336 0.321 0.352 0.377

2006-07 0.361 0.53 0.48 0.472 1 0.513 0.416 0.424 0.288 0.245 0.717 0.469 0.445 0.443 0.453

2007-08 0.667 0.75 0.8 0.816 1 0.936 0.799 0.793 1 0.384 0.69 0.693 0.811 0.792 0.526

2008-09 0.387 0.22 0.23 0.104 1 0.341 0.116 0.15 0.278 0.139 0.193 0.162 0.25 0.23 1

Mean 0.49 0.48 0.53 0.425 0 0.38 0.438 0.492 0.458 0.414 0.393 0.445 0.42 0.394 0.474

CV 38.13 37.8 33.6 44.59 0 36.589 42.79 43.42 45.78 45.59 43.97 36.11 44.21 46.37 36.01

Technical efficiencies of Non- energy intensive Industries

Year 151 153 154 155 160 201 221 222 281 291 292 311 313 331 361

1980-81 1 0.94 0.71 1 1 0.887 0.857 0.965 0.894 0.914 0.928 1 1 1 1

1981-82 1 0.92 0.69 0.965 1 0.88 0.918 0.913 0.861 0.815 1 0.813 1 1 0.846

1982-83 1 0.92 0.58 0.803 1 0.765 0.946 1 0.792 1 1 0.708 1 1 0.9

1983-84 1 0.91 0.98 0.639 1 1 0.977 1 0.977 1 1 0.661 0.559 1 0.919

1984-85 1 0.84 0.83 1 1 0.739 1 0.963 0.835 0.98 1 0.932 0.949 1 0.88

1985-86 1 0.5 1 0.97 1 0.887 1 0.754 0.562 1 1 0.654 0.744 1 0.784

1986-87 1 1 1 1 1 0.741 1 1 1 0.868 1 0.764 1 1 0.808

1987-88 1 0.74 1 1 1 0.572 1 1 0.755 0.977 0.878 0.78 1 1 0.733

1988-89 1 0.91 0.8 1 1 0.663 0.952 1 0.827 1 0.839 1 0.901 1 0.79

1989-90 1 0.83 0.87 0.986 1 0.713 0.941 0.967 0.821 0.923 0.952 0.931 0.813 1 0.807

1990-91 0.929 0.87 0.76 1 1 0.605 0.785 0.841 0.901 1 0.925 0.859 1 1 0.738

1991-92 1 0.75 0.98 0.568 1 0.589 0.522 0.664 0.501 0.789 0.558 0.765 0.392 0.424 0.275

199

1992-93 0.864 0.88 0.86 0.967 1 0.663 0.889 0.818 0.758 0.999 1 1 0.867 1 0.685

1993-94 1 0.93 0.74 1 1 0.622 1 0.792 0.733 1 0.934 0.927 0.901 1 0.693

1994-95 1 1 0.67 0.997 1 0.794 0.999 0.845 0.895 1 0.906 1 1 1 0.781

1995-96 0.919 1 0.82 1 1 0.832 1 0.919 0.9 1 1 1 0.795 1 0.912

1996-97 0.893 1 0.7 0.855 1 0.77 1 0.958 1 0.873 1 0.834 0.745 0.947 0.774

1997-98 0.661 0.86 0.84 1 1 0.651 0.984 0.958 0.862 1 1 0.822 0.686 1 0.714

1998-99 0.864 1 0.68 0.689 1 0.697 1 0.66 0.765 0.994 0.895 0.86 1 0.558 0.702

99-2000 0.507 1 1 0.631 1 0.84 0.931 1 0.452 0.579 1 0.716 0.764 1 0.913

2000-01 0.937 1 0.92 0.973 1 0.754 0.943 0.867 0.707 0.844 0.735 0.672 0.834 0.785 0.467

2001-02 0.836 1 0.75 0.833 1 0.668 1 1 0.88 0.615 0.721 0.947 0.566 0.88 0.575

2002-03 0.927 0.88 0.76 0.816 1 0.605 1 1 0.608 0.757 1 0.477 0.551 0.942 0.964

2003-04 1 1 0.74 0.82 1 0.765 1 1 0.679 0.859 0.68 0.641 0.544 1 0.465

2004-05 0.754 1 1 0.661 1 0.732 0.901 1 0.56 1 0.806 1 0.847 0.327 0.46

2005-06 1 1 0.97 0.812 1 0.767 1 1 1 0.887 0.854 0.898 0.956 1 0.752

2006-07 1 1 0.9 0.809 1 0.608 1 1 1 1 1 0.903 0.885 1 0.741

2007-08 0.977 1 0.87 0.885 1 1 1 1 1 0.775 0.728 0.944 0.74 0.833 0.574

2008-09 1 0.93 0.92 0.848 1 0.763 1 1 0.874 0.715 0.67 0.917 0.697 1 1

Mean 0.933 0.92 0.84 0.88 1 0.528 0.949 0.927 0.806 0.902 0.896 0.842 0.818 0.92 0.858

CV 12.59 12.1 14.8 15.41 0 32.45 10.3 11.21 19.37 13.61 14.24 16.31 21.08 19.38 8.44

200

Appendix 6

Table A.6.1 TE, AE and CE in Ascending Order in the Decades of 1980‟s 90‟s and 2000

Year te Year ae

Year ce

1985-86 0.774 1986-87 0.298 1986-87 0.282

1987-88 0.815 1980-81 0.376 1980-81 0.343

1988-89 0.889 1989-90 0.404 1981-82 0.364

1980-81 0.891 1981-82 0.407 1989-90 0.364

1989-90 0.894 1983-84 0.415 1983-84 0.381

1981-82 0.896 1984-85 0.431 1984-85 0.391

1982-83 0.896 1982-83 0.445 1982-83 0.399

1983-84 0.903 1985-86 0.518 1985-86 0.413

1984-85 0.913 1987-88 0.578 1987-88 0.480

1986-87 0.936 1988-89 0.740 1988-89 0.658

Mean 0.881 0.461 0.408

Year te Year ae Year

1991-92 0.599 1995-96 0.296 1996-97 0.268

99-2000 0.803 1994-95 0.305 1995-96 0.275

1998-99 0.811 1996-97 0.306 1994-95 0.279

1997-98 0.845 1993-94 0.338 1993-94 0.288

1993-94 0.850 1997-98 0.348 1997-98 0.294

1990-91 0.862 1992-93 0.353 1992-93 0.306

1992-93 0.863 1990-91 0.447 1990-91 0.383

1996-97 0.866 99-2000 0.531 99-2000 0.408

1994-95 0.915 1998-99 0.632 1991-92 0.437

1995-96 0.924 1991-92 0.748 1998-99 0.506

Mean 0.834 0.430 0.344

Year te Year ae

Year ce

2004-05 0.749 2004-05 0.281 2004-05 0.209

2003-04 0.813 2005-06 0.341 2003-04 0.301

2002-03 0.827 2003-04 0.374 2005-06 0.303

2001-02 0.835 2006-07 0.466 2002-03 0.403

2000-01 0.837 2002-03 0.493 2006-07 0.424

2007-08 0.883 2001-02 0.521 2001-02 0.435

2005-06 0.890 2000-01 0.662 2000-01 0.550

2006-07 0.912 2007-08 0.715 2007-08 0.635

Mean 0.843 0.482 0.408