appendices to the guidebook on the education and training … · the current publication, a...
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IAEA-TECDOC-526
APPENDICES TO THE GUIDEBOOKON THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING
OF TECHNICIANS FOR NUCLEAR POWERNATIONAL SYSTEMS, EXPERIENCE AND EXAMPLES
OF THE EDUCATION AND TRAININGOF TECHNICIANS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THEINTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1989
APPENDICES TO THE GUIDEBOOK ON THE EDUCATION AND TRAININGOF TECHNICIANS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
IAEA, VIENNA, 1989IAEA-TECDOC-526ISSN 1011-4289
Printed by the IAEA in AustriaOctober 1989
The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series.However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from
INIS ClearinghouseInternational Atomic Energy AgencyWagramerstrasse 5P.O. Box 100A-1400 Vienna, Austria
Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100,-in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service couponswhich may be ordered separately from the INIS Clearinghouse.
FOREWORD
Some of the most critical and costly problems which have been encountered in the course ofimplementing nuclear power programmes and operating and maintaining nuclear power plants haveresulted from having insufficient numbers of, and insufficiently qualified, technicians. There is a grow-ing awareness of the importance of highly qualified, well-trained technicians for the safe and reliableutilization of nuclear power.
The current publication, a supplement to the IAEA Guidebook on the Education and Training ofTechnicians for Nuclear Power, in conjunction with which it should be read, aims to assist MemberStates, especially the developing countries which are in the process of implementing, or intending toimplement, a nuclear power programme, to understand and meet their requirements for qualifiedtechnicians in the most effective and efficient manner. It specifically seeks to assist policy makers andplanners, as well as those designing and implementing education and training programmes. The Guide-book and this TECDOC complement the IAEA Guidebook on Manpower Development for NuclearPower, as well as the IAEA Guidebook on the Qualification of Nuclear Power Plant OperationsPersonnel.
This TECDOC supplements the Guidebook with valuable information on the national experienceof IAEA Member States in the education and training of technicians for nuclear power, as well asexamples of such education and training from various Member States.
EDITORIAL NOTE
In preparing this material for the press, staff of the International Atomic Energy Agency havemounted and paginated the original manuscripts and given some attention to presentation.
The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the governments of the Member Statesor organizations under whose auspices the manuscripts were produced.
The use in this book of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply anyjudgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of theirauthorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.
The mention of specific companies or of their products or brand names does not imply anyendorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.
CONTENTS
APPENDIX A. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
The education and training of technicians for the nuclear power programmein Czechoslovakia ................................................................... 7
Syllabi of selected courses ............................................................... 18
APPENDIX B. FRANCE
High level specialized nuclear education and training .............................. 23Specialized courses for training technicians for a nuclear power
programme ........................................................................... 27Detailed job requirements and capabilities for key functions and tasks
which technicians must perform in a nuclear power programme .......... 43
APPENDIX C. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Education of technicians for nuclear power .......................................... 77
APPENDIX D. INDIA
Station qualification procedures for maintenance personnel ofa 235 MW(e) PHWR .............................................................. 91
Diploma course in civil, civil and rural, mechanical and electricalengineering ........................................................................... 105
Standard training programmes for nuclear power technicians .................... 109
APPENDIX E. REPUBLIC OF KOREA
National system and experience in the education and trainingof technicians and teachers of technicians for thenuclear power programme ........................................................ 127
Courses for advanced technician functions ........................................... 142Specialized education and training of technicians for nuclear power ............ 156
APPENDIX F. SWEDEN
Education and training of technicians for nuclear power .......................... 163Computer-based education for nuclear power ........................................ 171
Appendix ACZECHOSLOVAKIA
THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF TECHNICIANSFOR THE NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1, BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE NUCLF.AR POWER PROGRAMME FM C/Ê.CHOSLOVAK1A
The construebion and operation of nuclear power plants in Chechoslovakiacomply with acts, decrees, guides and regulations on nuclear safety assuranceand with approvals issued by the State Regulatory Body of Nuclear Safety ateach stage of construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning.
Compliance with all requirements of nuclear safety during the constructionand operation of nuclear power plants is considered to be of primaryimportance in Chechoslovakia. There are several quality Factors whichcontribute to meeting these requirements: the quality of installations andcomponents important for nuclear safety, the quality op operating personneland the quality of operation proper which must adhere to operatingregulations, limits and conditions.
Ensuring the quality of professional personnel belongs to the mostimportant activities which may profoundly influence the nuclear safety and theoperations reliability of nuclear power plants.
The principles of staff preparation for the commissioning, operation andmaintenance of nuclear power plants; the qualification, health and other-requirements to be fulfilled by the staff; as well as the licensing and thestatus of the examination commission have been specified in the Act of StateSupervision of Nuclear Safety in generally applicable regulations andinstructions of the Czechoslovak Atomic Energy Commission and the FederalMinistry of Fuel and Power.
To minimize the possibility of human failure, the regulatory body takes anactive part in all activities dealing with the training of personnel.
The Czecholsovak nuclear power programme incorporates the elements shownin Fig. 1.
[ Research
I___Design
NPf% TomponentsManufacturing
JNPPs Siting
Nuclear PowerProgramme
Constructionand Assembly
RegulatoryBodies
CommissioningNPft OperationMaintenance
ecammlssioning
FIG.1 Nuclear power programme in Czechoslovakia
The use of nuclear energy in C£echoslovakia is based on close co-operationwith the USSR. At present eight PWR 440--MW units are in operation, Four PWR440-MW and four PWR lOGO-MW units are under construction (see Fig, 2).
9ERMANDEMOCRATIC
WEWH-IC
One unit of PWR
WWER-440 !WWWER-1000 MW
] n operation•
underconstructionoQ
une" e rconsiderationand site selection
* »*• »•* •À training centre
FIG.2. Nuclear power plants and training centres in Czechoslovakia.
On the basis of Soviet documents and drawings CSSR manufactures heavycomponents of the nuclear power plants (WPPs) such as reactor vessels, primarycircuit pipes, stearn generators, volume compensators, turbogenerators, andother secondary circuit components.
The structures are completed and the assembly works are carried out byCSSR organizations. Some special equipment is imported and assembled underthe supervision of the experts of the suppliers.
The start-up, operation and maintenance are carried out by CSSRorganizations as well. Fuel elements are imported from the USSR, the spentfuel is delivered to the USSR.
2, NATION AL SYSTEM AMD EXPERIENCE TIM THE EDUCATION AMD TRAINING 01-TF.CHN3GMANS AMD OF TEACHERS OF" TECHNICIANS FOR THE NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
The Czechoslovak educational system is oriented towards providing anextensive and profound general knowledge in the conventional fields of study(engineering, electro -engineering, construction, chemistry), with adequatespecialisation. The education system includes theoretical studies inmathematics, physics, chemistry etc., and theoretical and applied studies inthe field of specialisation, adequately supplemented by practical exercises.The State educational system is well advanced and comparable with educationalsystems in other countries, but the- rate of its specialisation in nucleartechniques is rather small.
Technical personnel working in the NPP start- up; NPP operation; and NPPmaintenance are prepared and trained under the uniform sj/s_tem_ of training NPP
Generally binding legal regulations stipulate the general principles ofpersonnel training in all the fields as well as the qualification and healthrequirements, the procedures of issuing certificates authorising a person tohandle equipment, and the examination statutes. It is worth mentioning thatspecial training of the technical personnel takes place within the frameworkof their professional training.
The personnel chart is defined first, specifying the duties of all nuclearpower employees arid taking into consideration the organisational scheme andthe flow of information. For all professional categories, detailed jobdescriptions are worked out. En this way an overall knowledge of alloperations and maintenance posts is gained.
Each nuclear power plant with four WWER--440 reactor units employs about2600 people. Many of these have to be trained in various professions and atvarious levels of qualification.
There are three training centres for the preparation of nuclear powerplant personnel in Czechoslovakia. The Research Institute of Nuclear PowerPlants at Bohunice was put in charge of the whole training system (sec Fig 2).
The training is organized in the form of regular college studies andon- the- job training with accommodation provided by the training centre Onlyin the case of excellent entry examinations may an applicant be allowed topass the phase a externally (see Fig, 3).
One training centre - with federal competence - is located at Trnava. Itis responsible for training and examinations of groups A, B, and C (graduates)(see Table I) in phases a, b and d.
The other two training centres - one at Brno and one at Piestany - aremanaged by the Czech Power Company and by the Slovak Power Company. Theytrain and examine groups D, E, F and G in phases a and b. Both trainingcentres have to follow the standard training system and to apply the methodselaborated and approved by the federal training centre at "Irnava.
Phases c, f and g are taken care of by the plant which is responsible forthe overall preparation of operations and maintenance personnel.
Phase+ /
a
b
c
e
Contentsof TrainingGeneralTheory
SpecialTheoreticalTraining
On- the-jobTraining
Preparationfor axaminationand Certificate
<nOJ-Pe -Hr1 c^3
hours
hours
weeks
days
T E C H N I C I JLIL5 ___________Workers
T r aD1340exam
255exam18
evaluation\8EXAM
n i n g gE
\3 0examI
255exam
ievaluation
8EXAM
r o u p sF1212exam!297exam
8evaluatior\5EXAM
+/G
255exam
6evaluatioi\5
EXAMApplicants are awarded certificates of final exam (training centre)
f
£
Shadow Trainingat the NPP
Activity inthe Plant ofFuture Employ-
weeks
weeks
13-5
evaluatioi]
30 30evaluatio
\2-5
evaluation\15
evaluatiot15
evaluatioiApplicants are issued certificates authorizing them to perform the
functions independently
Explanatory notes:
exam - Examination in individual subject by a teacher or boardof examiners of the training centre
J g * * , « 1 - Final examination by a board of examiners of the trainingcentre
F i I T I - Evaluation o f practical knowledge o f the applicant byEvaluation! instructors of the training centre or NPP
I - Proceeding from on" phase to the next is subject tosuccessful completion of the required exalninntion
+/ - Training fjroupr. A, B, nnrt C and the phase d (trainingon the simulator? *vrV J'or graduates only
FIG.3. Timetable for the training of technicians (maximum time requirements).
10
Table 1. Applicants for I\1PP Positions Grouped According to their Qualificationarid Anticipated Specialization
Group A: Management personnel of operating and technical units who do not workin shifts. A university degree is required (department directors,chiefs of sections - operations, maintenance, services)
Groyp_ B:
jGroup C:
Group D :
Groupât. :
Grpup__F
Grpup__G:
Operating personnel, working in shifbs, who service and/or operatetechnological installations and processes: shifts engineers, unitsupervisors, reactor operators, secondary circuit operators.According to the State Supervision over Nuclear Safety Act thiscategory oP personnel is classified as "selected personnel". Auniversity degree is required.Operating personnel of technical and maintenance units not working inshifts, who check the proper functioning of technologicalinstallations, carry out maintenance and elaborate economicappraisals of plant operations. A university degree is required.Operating personnel working in shifts who service and/or operatetechnological installations and processes: foremen and shiftForemen. Complète secondary vocational education is required.Operating personnel of technological and maintenance units notworking in shifts who check the proper functioning of technologicalinstallations, carry out maintenance and elaborate economicappraisals of plant operations. Complete vocational education isrequired.Operating personne) working in shifts and handling directly theoperations of the installations on-the-spot and/or technologicalprocesses by means of control panels. Complete vocational educationor vocational education is required.Technical maintenance personnel. Complete vocational education orvocational educabion is required.
All the centres make use of the most advanced training systems andteaching aids, such as colour TV circuits and a computer-based teachingsystem. Routine teaching aids, such as models of technological installations,colour charts, diagrams, tables, printed teaching texts, copies of operatinginstructions, and films on particular operations and maintenance, arefrequently used throughout the training courses.
The whole training system has been elaborated taking into considerationthe results of modern psychology and pedagogy. It has been discussed withexperts who have experience in operating WPPs. Recently (in IQS'S) aWWFR-440/213 simulator was put into operation.
The lecturers are recruited from among the previous graduates of thetraining courses as well as the operating personnel. All of them must begraduates of a university or technical college of the desired professionalorientation.
11
The preparation of teachers (lecturers) usually consists of:Training at the federal training centre at Trnava in any of thetraining groups A, B or C (for graduates); this implies that some ofthe lecturers (group B) haue to pass an examination before the StateExamination Commission and that they are authorized to handle andoperate the systems of the IMPP;Two-year post-graduate training course focussed on nuclear technologyand power;Two-year post-graduate training course focussed on education andtraining.
Additional preparaton of lecturers consists of:On-the-job training at Lhe IMPP at regular intervals, lastingaltogether 30 working days a year;Participation in regular internal seminars and lectures dealing withspecific problems of IVPP operations (usually once a month).
J_o_3®H§T§1._L -Çjm—feê-J1-8 Jmat®*tjy3at_J9neriEblrd of J:he, working time of thelecturers is devoted jt£ju_Bgj dj._Qg__yTiejj _ n gualif,i cat ion s.
The training centres use also external lecturers - members of theoperating personnel of the NPPs, They are usually well-qualified to performtraining. Sometimes they become permanent lecturers of the training centres;their knowledge arid experience can - in this way - be used for trainingpurposes.
3. STRUCTURE, GENERAL CONTENT AND TIMES REQUIRED FOR BASIC EDUCATION ANDTRAINING AMD FOR NUCLEAR SPECIALE/. A RON EDUCATION AMD TRAINING.3'! Basj c Education (see F"ig. 4)
School education in Czechoslovakia is based on a unified system of schoolsand training facilities; all of them accentuate polytechnical education.Throughout Czechoslovakia the schools of the same type and grade have the samecurricula.
In 1984 a 10-year obligatory school attendance was introduced by law; itapplies to all children in the age group of six to 16 years. The 10-yearattendance consists of a uniform primary school of eight years followed up byany of the following three types of secondary education facilities,
Vocational training centres (apprentice schools)Secondary modern schools (mainly technical schools)
- Secondary general schools (grammar schools)The above-mentioned facilities differ in terms of duration (from 2 to 4
years); they prepare young people either for practical activity immediatelyafter the school or for further study at a university or technical college.
12
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FIG.4. Structure of basic education and training of technicians in Czechoslovakia.
13
3-2 Vo£atio_nal__jrra_iriinc[_Rentres (Apprentice Schools)These facilities train young people to become qualified workers, There
exist in principle three alternatives for vocational training:Two-year vocational training (28 months)Three-year vocational training (40 months)Tour-year vocational education,
Vocational training of two and three years is completed by an examinationand confirmed by a Certificate of Apprenticeship, The four-year vocationaleducation is completed by a final examination before the board of examinersand confirmed by a General Certificate of Education. The four-year vocationaleducation is conceived for professions requiring very good technical knowledgeand capabilities. The school leavers can work in the technicallysophisticated fields of technician activities. Sometimes they may proceed tolower-level operating management positions.
S_chpol_sThe training at these schools takes four years; it is concluded by a final
examination before the board of examiners and certified by a GeneralCertificate of Education. As with the school leavers of the four-yearvocational education centres (see the category above), the school leavers ofsecondary modern schools also are considered to have acquired "completevocational education". The schools prepare the students for carrying outprofessional technical-economic, economic and other activities and selectedtechnician professions requiring theoretical background.
The contents of the education and training provided by the secondarymodern schools consists of two interdependent elements1
General polytechnical training- Theoretical and practical professional training.The professional training consists of a system to impart professional
knowledge and abilities. The composition oP subjects depends on theprofessional orientation of the school.
The nuclear programme may employ school leavers particularly from thefollowing fields of study: mechanical engineering, engineering technology,operating production facilities, electrotechnical equipment, communicationequipment, electrical systems, automation systems, microelectronics, chemicaltechnology, analytical chemistry, construction, building structuresprotection, economics, computers, data processing.
So far, there does not exist in Chechoslovakia any secondary modern schoolspecialx£ed purely in nuclear technology. Tn the vicinity of I\1PP sites theexisting secondary modern technical schools are extended to include thefollowing specialised branches of study in nuclear technology and power:
- Operation and maintenance of a IMPP (modified course of mechanicalengineering)Control and measurement techniques in a I\IPP (with emphasis onelectronics).
The above-mentioned lines of study are designed to master the followingproblems: design of nuclear power reactors, components of primary andsecondary circuits, application of electronics and its use for control andmeasurement purposes in IMPPs, dosimetry and radiation protection,
14
3 • 4 QSQin* L „?ecgndarjuL._Sch_qgl sThe education process takes four years; it is completed by a final
examination before a board of examiners and certified by a General Certificateof Education. General secondary schools provide polytechnical education andprepare the students for further study at a university.
The education provided by these schools includes vocational subjects aswell. Having passed examinations in these subjects, the school leavers areauthorized to apply for jobs in corresponding fields either immediately aftercompleting school or after some on -the-job training; on--the~job training ispartly included in tho curricula.
School leavers from all three types of school and training facilities arecapable, if employed at a I\IPP, of taking part in special theoretical andpractical training courses organized by nuclear training centres. Aftersuccessful completion of this training and subsequent on~the~-job training,they can work as technicians at the IMPP and carry out independently theprescribed operations (see below).
3 ^ E4£L§.ar._?J P_ij ^ ^3.5.1 Organization of Training
For organisational arid economic reasons, all applicants for jobs at theIMPP are divided into the groups given in Table I, according to theirqualification and anticipated specialization,
The training of IMPP personnel follows a uniform procedure: all groups passthrough the same training phases, which differ only in the detail and scope ofthe training contents. The different levels of detail arid the scope oftraining are specified for every single lesson.3.5.2 Contents of Training
Phase a -- General theoryGoal: To provide general theoretical knowledge and information on selected
areas from mathematics, nuclear physics, hydraulics, thermokinetics,reliability, theory and composition of nuclear reactors, IMPPmechanical and electrotechnical systems, operations, maintenance,economics, organization and management of a IMPP, measurement andcontrol of a IMPP, basic principles of nuclear chemistry, fuel cycles,nuclear safety, radiation safety etc.
Phase b -- Specialized theoretical training (IMPP-related course)
Goal : To provide complex knowledge in certain fields of technology of theprimary and secondary circuits, limits and conditions of safeoperation, operating procedures, operating regulations andinstructions, technical documentation, handling of outages andincidents ,
Phase c - On-the-job training in plant designated for trainingGoal: To acquire knowledge about the location of working places, purpose
and designation of technical systems, organization and workingprocedures at specific working places (posts), operating regulationsand handling of technical installations.
15
Phase d -- Training on the simulator (for graduates only)Phase e - Preparation and passing of fina] examinations for the CertificateGoal: To provide intensified training focussed on the examination and to
substantiate the knowledge of the personnel.Phase f - Shadow training at the IMPPGoal: To master independent implementation of the activities prescribed by
the job description: handling and operating technological equipmentand installations under supervision of an instructor,
Phase g - Work in the plant oF future employmentGoal: Upgrading of the acquired knowledge and skills, verification of the
ability to perform the entrusted duties and functions independently.For a tinip plan of training and examinations, see Fig. 3.
3,53 Preparation of Technical Personnel Participating in the Manufacturingof IMPP Components
Technical personnel in factories manufacturing IMPP components areclassified into four groups according to professional background; each groupundergoes special training which differs in terms of substance and duration,[n general all technical personnel involved in manufacturing IMPP componentshave to pass the training, irrespective of their own experience in otherfields. Having passed the examinations after the training organized by thecompany, personnel are authorised to take part in manufacturing IMPPcomponents. They may prepare and control welding and other work.
The training consists of lectures and studies of regulations and designdocumentation concerning WPP components and their manufacture. Training isorgani/ed in Pour groups:
TechnologyTechnical control of weldingTechnical control of machining and cuttingManufacturing
The trainees must prove their mastery of the subject by a writtenexamination and/or before an examination commission, The examinationcommission consists of specialists in the given fields; the composition of thecommission must be approved by the technical manager of the company.
4. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF IMUCLEAR POWER IIM THE CSSR
The development of nuclear power in Czechoslovakia requires that theestablished system of personnel preparation must be further improved andupgraded by: new training methods; the provision of better textbooks andtechnical support materials; and, last but not least, more qualified teachers.
The future of the Czechoslovak nuclear power programme is associated withWWER-1000 reactors, which will bring relevant modifications in theconstruction, commissioning and operation of WPPs, These changes will be
16
reflected in the training of personnel as well. It is thus intended toundertake an:
- Analysis of the present system of the personnel trainingAnalysis of curricula from the viewpoint of goals, forms and methodsof trainingAnalysis of the organi7ation and contents of coursesAnalysis of modes of knowledge certification.
The whole complex of training documentation must be worked out anew: thecurricula, syllabus, methodology, training of instructors, on-the-job trainingand shadow training programmes, computer-aided programmes, questions andwritten tests for final examinations, models and other training aids,
Instructors are expected to:Study all available technical documentation on the WWER--1000 reactorSpend some time with the manufacturers of components (inChechoslovakia)Undergo special training in the USSR in the fields of mechanical,electrical and electronics engineering, measurement and control,reactor physics, nuclear safety, operation systems, maintenance aridrepairBecome acquainted with the construction and assembly and with theresults of the tests oP technical components at the I\1PP Tpmelin (thefirst IMPP in Czechoslovakia with WI/CR-IOOO MW reactors),
As the deadline for commissioning the first WWI£R ~1000 P1W (start-up of thefirst reactor unit) is December 1992, the new personnel preparation programmemust be ready by 1989.
17
SYLLABI OF SELECTED COURSESPhase b: Specialized theoretical training*
Group E: Operating personnel of technical and maintenanceunits not wprkinc[ in shifts, who check the properfunctioning of the NPP technical installations, carryout maintenance and elaborate economic appraisalsof plant operations.
Group F: Operating personnel, working in shifts and handlingdirectly the operations of the technical installationson the spot and/or technological processes by.meansof control panels.
Operating Instrumentation and Control Personnel- Technicians -
Course: Instrumentation and Control
Subject1
measuringSystems
RegulationCircuits
Goals — Contents p.2
- measuring of nonelectricalquantities
- measuring of electrical quantities- measuring of mechanical quantities- measuring of chemical quantities- sensing elements, sensing units and
their location in the NFP- measuring instruments- marking and identification of sen-
sors and instruments in the NPPTotal:
- main /principal/ regulatorsin the NPP
- regulating systemsTotal
Hoursroup E
3
14334
_5130
55
: 10
F4
14334
149148
549
* From The Uniform System of Training NPP Technical Personnel; Technicians, groups E and F(see The Education and Training of Technicians for the Nuclear Power Programme in Czechoslovakia, Table Iand Fig.3).
18
1Systems ofReactor Pro-tection andRegulation
Centres ofControl
Informat ionand ComputingSystem
maintenanceof MeasuringSystems
2- systems characterization- systems description and theircharacterization in operation
- in-core measuring systemsTotal:
- control room, emergency controlroom, auxiliary control rooms
Total:
- purpose, design, principles,technical data, display system
Total:
- organization and managementTotal:
31
416
22
44
66
42
529
22
44
66
Operating Electrical Personnel - Technicians
Course: Electrotechnlcal Components of the NPP
1Distributionof HomeConsumption
Descriptionof NPP HomeConsumptionSystem
••"•••2
- main electrical scheme of the NPP- systems of power output and feeding
of home consumption- marking and identification
of electrotschnlcal systems- the 1st, 2nd and 3rd categories of
feeding, description of systemsTotal:
- home consumption main electricalequipment
- the NPP unit equipment: turbogenera-tor, exciters, auxiliary systems,main generator switch, unit powerhigh-voltage transformers, high-voltage and extra high-voltagedistribution
Total:
3
9
12
4
7
9
19
___1________ElectrotechnicalEquipment Han-dling, Operati-onal regimes
eîlectrical equipment Inspectionconnected with Its put intooperationthe NPP unit electrical equipmentand its put into serviceelectrical equipment operationthe NPP unit electrical equipmentshut down
Total: 11
The NPP Electro-technicalEquipment andInstruments
- systems characterization, descrip-tion and location
- marking and identification intechnical documentation
- switching devices and protection,fuses, disconnecting switches,circuit breakers, contactors ate,
- home consumption switchboards,Instrument transformers
- accumulators etc„- electrotechrical regulations,
first aid, electrotechnical equip-ment and instruments handling,Inspection, put into operation,operation and shut dowm
- measuring of insulating state- maintenance, handling and orga-
nizationTotal: 24 18
Selected equip-ment andSystems of theNPP Primary ardSecondaryCircuits
reactor orotection systems feedingreactor control systems feedingmain circulation pumps and fittingspressuriser heatersthe NPP accident disposal systemsemergency cooling systems andboron regulation systemsteamgenerator feedwater systemturbogenerator oil pumpturbogenerator auxiliary systemssystem of recirculatlng coolingwater, pumps _______
Total :
20
1Automatics,Blocking,ElectricalProtection
important electrical automaticsin the NPPregime automatics and blackinge elements of logical function,algorithm of control
• wiring/logical diagrams, theirreading and writting
« examples selected algorithmsof control
electrical protection in the NPP, set of electronic protections,description of each box, modesof testing and calibratingprotection system
» electrical protection of generatoro electrical protection of turbine, electrical protection of poweroutput
„ relay protections within the sche-me of home consumption power supply
the NPP operational regimes» operation with 2 turbogeneratorsc ooeration with 1 turbogeneratora 1 turbogenerator shut downo closing quick-acting fittingsof the last turbaccnarator inoperation
o elstrlc. ".1 nstwork disintegration- '.vit h h one consumot.i nn of cl-ctri-
-ity- with conolrite ftiliirE of homeconsumption supply system
Total:
15
32
45
11
24
Operating Che-r.ic?! Personnel - Technicians
Course: Chemlslry in the NPP1
Water ChemicalTreatment Plant
2
- water chemical treatment- water treatment plant- sediments handlino
Total:
3
2.51.00.54.0
4
2.51.00.54.0
21
1Fuel ElementsCladding Check
Decontamination
Partial Chemi-cal OperationalSets
2- purpose and principle- check during reactor operation- check during reactor shut-down
and refuellingTotal:
- preparation and distribution ofsolutions for decontamination
- dscontamination of NPP handlingequipment, devices, tools androoms
- decontamination units in the NPPTotal:
- system for continual purification- unit for waste water treatment— technical Junction of Waste
water collecting tanks- purification unit of spent fuel
storage pool water and reactorsafety 'systems tanks water
- purification unit for surfaceblowdown of steamgenerators
- purification unit for concentrateof boric acid
- preparation of chemical reagents- purification units deaeration,
venting systems- radioactive waste storage /deposi-tory/
Total:
3
4
2
1 .51.5
3
1
1
1.51
1 .5
214
4
4
2
1.51.5
3
1
1
1.51
1 ,5
214
22
Appendix B
FRANCE
HIGH LEVEL SPECIALIZED NUCLEAR EDUCATION AND TRAINING
NPP FULL-SCOPE SIMULATOR:
This education and training is intended to enable the technician to reachLevel V (Fig. 1).
Actual employment/performanceof nuclear power programmetasks and functions
Level V -High level specializednuclear E&T forcontrol room operators
!— Level IV-
E&T to retrain,refresh, upgrade, andexpand qualifications
III
On-the-job (plant) training andwork experience on nuclear (plant)equipment, systems, processes
— Level III-Specialized nuclear courses
Practical, hands-on trainingon nuclear (plant) equipment,systems, processes
L— Level
Basic nuclear power E&T
- Level I — — — —Upgrading conventional E&T
Practical!, hands-on trainingon conventional plantequipment, systems
L— Level 0 — —
(If necessary)
FIG.1. An approach to technician education and training for nuclear power.
23
1. NORMAL OPERATION
Goals:
- Mastery of dynamics and interactions of the systems, through theinformation available in the control room.Ability to operate in a control room, by using procedures, in normaloperation and in respect of general operating rules.
- Acquaintance with safety functions in regard to operationconstraints.
Duration: 2 weeksOrganization; 4 trainees/1 instructorLevel required; The trainees are supposed to have previously attended a
course on PWR operation and to be familiar with thesystems, the operating panels and the operatingprocedures.
Contents :- Observation of the control room for easier practice- Primary coolant temperature build-up
Pressurizer steam bubble formationPressure vs. temperature fields appropriation during the coolantheat-up
- Secondary circuit alignmentHot shutdown schemeSecondary plant chemistry work-out. Steam pipe heat-upPlant work-out from hot shutdown to hot zero power
- Plant work-out from hot zero power to synchronization to the maingridSynchronization to the main grid
- Increase plant output to full power- Contractual load transients- Decrease plant output to hot shutdown
Problems linked to xenon transients- Cooldown and primary depressurization
Residual heat removal system operationPressurizer steam bubble collapse
- Pressurizer cooling- Secondary circuit shutdown- Review
2. COMMON INCIDENTS
Goals;- Mastery of normal operation.
Capability, in the control room in case of an incident. to analyse the situation and maintain the plant in a safer state. to use the incident procedures.Acquaintance with the safety functions in regard to normal andincident operation.Ability to use the function of the safety panel to verify thediagnostics.
24
Duration: 2 weeksOrganization; 4 trainees/1 instructor
Level Required:- Training on a simulator for normal operation.- Complementary plant operation training on operational occurences.
Contents :Normal operation for review (e.g. from hot zero power to fullpower)Reactor trip and startup within 1 hourReactor trip and startup after 1 hour
- Normal operation with recovery from reactor failures (whichbrings about neither a reactor trip, a turbine trip, nor a safetyinjection, if the trainee's intervention is correct)
- Normal operation with recovery from secondary circuit failures- Review of some possible failures of the primary circuit- Disconnection from the HV network and standby on house load
operation- Plant output for separate networks- Reactor trip and station blackout, which leads to a cold shutdown
on diesel generators- Operation from hot shutdown to full power with recoveries from
failures of equipment necessary for start-up (control rodssystem, nuclear instrumentation system, etc.)Operation with safety injection circuit
- Miscellaneous failures. Trainees will seek certain answers toquestions which may not have been covered during the trainingsession
- Review of essential points which may have been misunderstood.3. ABNORMAL INCIDENTS
Goals:
Very good mastery of normal and incident operation.Ability in an accident situation:. to analyse the situation. to use accident procedures.Mastery in the use of the safety panel in diagnostics and tocheck the operation.
Duration: 2 weeks
Organization: 4 trainees/1 instructorLevel Required:
Training on a simulator for normal operation.Complementary plant operation training on operational occurences.
- Incident operation training on a simulator (common incidents).- Learning accident procedures.
25
Contents :
Review of control room and systemsSafety functions and circuitsRecovery from failures on nuclear steam supply systems andsecondary circuitEGGS* and containment spray system operation during a RCS* heat-upMain steamline breakSteam generator tube failureReactor coolant pump rotor lockingApplication: Increase plant output then perform a hot shutdown tocold shutdownEmergency control panel operationOffset loadPressurizer steamline breakDemonstration of double-ended loss-of-coolant accidentStation blackout operation with major plant accidents (EGGS andcontainment spray system in operation)Review
*RCS: Reactor coolant systemEGGS: Emergency core cooling system
26
SPECIALIZED COURSES FOR TRAINING TECHNICIANSFOR A NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
(Electricité de France)
27
tooo BASIC OPERATION TRAINING
COURSE No. ClDURATION : 4 WEEKS
EDF COURSELOCATION : NUCLEARPLANT
PURPOSE
This training concerns skilled field operators andstaff members whose work is related to operation (chemistry,automatisms)
tests.
CONTENTS1 - Understanding of the operation. applied nuclear physics. heat transfer process, cooling. main regulation systems. residual power of spent spent fuel elements. fuel storage and cooling
2 - Operation enterions of the main circuits. heat generation : reactor control and monitoring, coreloading or unloading
. steam generation : cooling circuitselectric power generation . secondary circuits,alternator, transformer
. spe,nt fuel cooling safety of the cooling circuits
. various topics (chemistry, ventilation, safe electricalcircuits)normal operation .- operation enterions, disturbances
PRACTICAL WORK ON EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR
COURSE No. C2DERATION : 1 WEEK EDF COURSE LOCATION . I.N.S.T.N.
PURPOSE :
Render participants familiar v.ith tne nuclear aspects of reactoroperation. Give a broad outline of the overall operation of aPWR nuclear power station, witn the help of the minisimulator.
CONTENTS :. Practical work with the expenme-tal reactor and tre pwp
minisimulator.
. Experimental reactor .
. Approach to criticality and divergence
. Flux and power plot
. Rod calibration
. PW? minsimulator
. Kinetical approach to cri t icali ty of a hot reactor
. Distorsion of the axial offset flux
, Long-tera. effects (poisoning and burn-up)
. Saall load variations
. House load operation - loading
HEALTH PHYSICS TRAINING - LEVEL 1
COURSE No. C3DURATION : 1 WEEK EOF COURSE LOCATION- NUCLEAR PL/iKT
PURPOSE :
Provide training on the basic ideas of health physics, on meansof protecting human beings against the effects of radiation, andon how to evaluate risks witnui the framework of day-to-day pro-tection procedures.
COOTENTS :
. The concepts of dose and dose rate
. Definition of risks
. External exposure
. Contaminanion
. Protection principles
. Risks assessments (measurements to be roade, basic racictionconceots anc outline of the relevant standards/codes)
. Systematic reasurenients (principles anc techniques)
. Pratical training : protection (clothes and masks) , systematicmeasurements (training on a typical workyard)
. General information about health physics in its technicalaspects
PEDAGOGIC TRAININGCOURSE No. C4DURATION : 2 WEEKS EDF COURSE - LOCATION : EOF TRAINING
CENTER
PURPOSE :
This course provides staff members with general and practicalpedagogical training.
CONTENTS :
- Discussion between the trainees related to their individualexperience as instructors
- Main pedagogical methods
- Exchanges inside the group of trainees
- Study of the relationship between instructor and trainees
- Group discussion
- Use of pedagogical aids : video-tapes, slides, models, overheadprojectors, ...
- Practical works with groups of trainees
OJo ON-SITE QUALITY ORGANIZATIONSPECIFIC PLANT OPERATION TRAINING ON SIMULATOR
PART 1: NORMAL OPERATIONCOURSE No. C5DURATION : I WEEK
EDF COURSE LOCAT10M :NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
CONTENTS
PrinciplesApplication of quality assurance to nuclear plantsQA aspects in documentation, quality control ar.d staff recruitmentand trainingQA procedures including those related to documentation, personneltraining qualification, quality control and surveillance, plantoperation, maintenance, testing, effluent release and nuclear fuel.
DOURSE No. C6DURATION : 2 WEEKS PUR OPERATION TRAINING ^""TWINING CENTER
Goals:Mastery of dynamics end interactions of the systems, through theinformation available in the control room.Ability to operate in a control room, by using procedures, in normaloperation and in respect of general operating rules.Acquaintance with safety functions in regard to operationconstraints.
Duration: 2 weeksOrganization: 4 trainees/1 instructorLevel required; The trainees are supposed to have previously attended a
course on PWK operation and to be familiar with thesystems, the operating panels and the operatingprocedures.
Contenta :Observation of the control room for easier practicePrimary coolant temperature build-upPressurizer steam bubble formationPressure vs. temperature fields appropriation during the coolantheat-upSecondary circuit alignmentHot shutdown schemeSecondary plant chemistry work-out. Steam pipe heat-upPlant work-out from hot shutdown to hot zero powerPlant work-out from hot zero power to synchronization to the maingridSynchronization to the main gridIncrease plant output to full powerContractual load transientsDecrease plant output to hot shutdownProblems linked to xenon transientsCooldown and primary depressurizatlonResidual heat removal system operationPressurizer steam bubble collapsePressurizer coolingSecondary circuit shutdownReview
SAFETY AND PREVENTION
COURSE No. C7DURATION : 2 WEEKS
EOF Course LOCATION : E.D.F. TRAINING CETTE
CONTENTS
Discussions and observntions based on practical exercises in thefollowing subjects :
- Mechanical tagging- Electrical tagging- Handling- Overhead work- Site visits
Conferences and discussions on the following points :
- Organisation of safety and accident prevention methods- Work organisation and safety- Nuisances : noise, dangerous materials, industrial radioactive
sources- Regulations- Fire prevention- First aid : what to avoid- New method of accident analysis- Legal aspect of responsibility- Role of the hierarchy : the function of the foreman in the
hierarchy.
Reflection : documentation research methodology, communicationproblems.
SPECIFIC PLANT OPERATION TRAINING ON SIMULATORPART 2: COMMON INCIDENTS
COURSE No. C8DURATION : 2 WEEKS PWR OPERATION TRAINING T RAIN IN G CENTER
Goals:
Mastery of normal operation.Capability, in the control room in case of an incident. to analyse the situation and maintain the plant in a safer state. to use the incident procedures.Acquaintance with the safety functions in regard to normal andincident operation.Ability to use the function of the safety panel to verify thediagnostics.
Organization: 4 trainees/1 instructorLevel Required:- Training on a simulator for normal operation.- Complementary plant operation training on operational occurences.
Contents:Normal operation for review (e.g. from hot zero power to fullpower)Reactor trip and startup within 1 hourReactor trip and startup after 1 hourNormal operation with recovery from reactor failures (whichbrings about neither a reactor trip, a turbine trip, nor a safetyinjection, if the trainee's intervention is correct)Normal operation with recovery from secondary circuit failuresReview of some possible failures of the primary circuitDisconnection from the HV network and standby on house loadoperationPlant output for separate networksReactor trip and station blackout, which leads to a cold shutdownon diesel generatorsOperation from hot shutdown to full power with recoveries fromfailures of equipment necessary for start-up (control rodssystem, nuclear instrumentation system, etc.)Operation with safety injection circuitMiscellaneous failures. Trainees will seek certain answers toquestions which may not have been covered during the trainingsessionReview of essential points which may have been misunderstood.
UJ HEALTH PHYSICS — LEVEL 2COURSE No. C9DVRATJO:: : 1 WEEK EDF COURSE
LOCATION' :NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
This course leads t=> an individual test for professional authorizatioi
CONTENTS- Review anc further study on the fundamental knowledge taught
during the course "PRACTICAL HEALTH PHYSICS - FIRST LEVEL"
- Tneory on health physics oeasure-.er.ts on nuclear site :
. assessments of the risks related to external irradiation
. assessments of the risks related to airborne contanraination
. assessments of the risXs related to surface contanir.stior.relevant collective and individual protective methods
- Location and trends of the risks in a r.uclear power plant
- Information on speciel measurements (g«», iodine, tritium)
PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
- Practical monitoring measurements using the theory coveredin class
- Practice on location and trends on « training work site
SPECIFIC PLANT OPERATION TRAINING ON SIMULATORPART 3: ABNORMAL INCIDENTS
COURSE No. CIODÏRATION : 2 WEEKS PWR OPERATION TRAINING LOCATION :
E.D.F . TRAINING CENTER
Goals:
Very good mastery of normal and incident operation.Ability in an accident situation:. to analyse the situation. to use accident procedures.Mastery in the use of the safety panel in diagnostics and tocheck the operation.
Duration: 2 weeksOrganization; t tralnees/1 instructor
Level Required!- Training on a simulator for normal operation.- Complementary plant operation training on operational occurences.- Incident operation training on a simulator (common incidents).- Learning accident procedures.
Contents:
Review of control room and systemsSafety functions and circuitsEecovery from failures on nuclear steam supply systems andsecondary circuitECCS* and containment spray system operation during a RCS* heat-upMain stearoline break.Steam generator tube failureReactor coolant pump rotor lockingApplication: Increase plant output then perform a hot shutdown tocold shutdownEmergency control panel operationOffset loadPressurizer steamllne breakDemonstration of double-ended loss-of-coolant accidentStation blackout operation with major plant accidents (ECCS andcontainment spray system in operation)Review
*RCS: Reactor coolant systemECCS: Emergency core cooling system
COMMON TECHNICAL TRAINING ON PWR
COURSE No. CllDURAT1OH : 4 KEEKS EDF COURSE LOCATION : NUCLEAR PLANT
PURPOSE :
Provide general trair.ir.ç or. the PWR reactor systen and act as acoranon introductory course.
CONTEfJT? :
. Description of the Nuclear Sttera S-ptly System and its inter-action with the Steam-Water Systc-n
. Outline of the most iraportant of the correspondir.= physicsproblems
. Essential items of aitm systems
. Associated control functions
Theoretical concepts =re introduced and explained as necessary,to ensure correct understanding.
f\ fen factory visits may be included.
IMPROVEMENT IN PWR CHEMISTRYCOURSE No. C12
DURATION : 1 WEEK EDF COURSELOCATION :
E . D . F . T R A I N I N G CENTER
CONTENTS
- Primary coolants system conditioning-- Water decontamination by means of der.ineralization, nuclear resins- Secondary system conditioning- Secondary system monitoring- Auxiliary systeœ conditioning- Kaste treatmentPRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
Groups composed of 3 trainees work on :- Titrimetry : boron titration- Gaseous phase chroraatography : hydrogen titration- Atonic absorption : lithium and calciun titration- Practical problems on assessment of leakages flows in the roamcondenser
MEASUREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL HEALTH PHYSICSCOURSE No. C13DURATION : 1 KEEK EOF COURSE
LOCATION :E.D.F .TRAINING CENTER
Thi* course leads to an individual test for professionalauthorisation
CONTENTS
- Detection principle reminder- Gamma radiation and neutron measurements- Surface contamination measurements- Airborne contamination measurement» (gases and particulates)- Particular laboratory measurements (iodine and tritium measurements,gams» EDectrometry• alpha spectrometry)
- External «xrosure personal dosimetry ;film badges, pocket dosimeters,•tc.)
PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
- Choice of measurement apparatus- Set-up and standard procedures- Energy response
IMPROVEMENT IN AUTOMATED CHEMICAL SYSTEMSCIURSE No. C14
DURATION : 1 Week EOF Course LOCATION :E. D . F . T R A I N I N GCENTER
CONTENTS
THEORETICAL TRAINING
- Chemical control of the steam water system of a modern plant- Use of self-regulated chemical systems- pH meter- Conductivity meter- Colorimetry- Dissolved oxygen dosing- Use of Technicon apparatus- Sodiura dosing (specific electrodes).
PRACTICAL TRAINING
- Putting into service and calibration of various types of apparatus- Demonstration on the various types of apparatus : setting up,
maintenance (with the participation of the manufacturers).
OPERATION TRAINING FOR PWRCOURSE No. C15DURATION : 4 WEEKS EDF COURSE LOCATION :E. D . F . T R A I N I N G
CENTER
PURPOSE:
Provide detailed knowledge on the operation of PWR nuclear powerplants.
CONTENTS:
. Detailed study of the various parts of the Nuclear Steam Supply-System.
. The operation of a nuclear power plant and various operationaloccurrences.
HEALTH PHYSICS — INSTRUCTOR TRAININGCOURSE No. C16DURATION : 1 WEEK
LOCATIOM :E.D.r. COURSE E.D. K . T R A I N I N G CENTER
PURPOSE :
The traxnees will becone instructors, in the field of healthphysics, either on site or in a training center
The trainings offered later on by these instuitcrs themselveswill be health physics trainings - 1st and 2nd step -Therefore, they will teach all staff me.Ti>ers and lacour concernedby work in the radiation controlled area
The trainees will get aquainted with the pedagogical methodsto be applied for this peculiar teaching
The trainees must have - already - a good knowledge oftheoretical and practical health physics
OJo\ NOISE MEASUREMENT — LEVEL 1 NOISE MEASUREMENT - LEVEL 2COURSE No. C17
DURATION : 1 Week LOCATION -. E.D.F.TRAINING CENTER
CONTENTS
- Basic theories
. physical acoustics
. physiological acoustics
- Sound measurement
- Acoxistic testing codes - Standard guide
- Regulations
- Practical work and «ctual case studies.
COURSE No. CISDURATION : j week EDF Course LOCATION E. D . F . T R A I N I N G
CENTER
CONTENTS
Practical workStudy of actual case situations encountered by the participants.Analysis of official standards and documents concerning noise con-trol.Review of basic notions required for proper noise control.
APPLIED METALLURGY IMPROVEMENT TRAINING IN PWR VALVES MAINTENANCE
OJ
OURSE No. C19URATION : 2 WeeXs EOF Course LOCATION : E.D. F . T R A I N I N G
CENTER
CONTENTS
This consists mainly of a theoretical and technical Instruction on
- Structure and chemistry of metnls
- Standard ferrous metals. Carbon steels
- Treatment of austenite.
- Metal alloys
- Normalisation, physical nnci mechanical properties
- Hent treatment, weldability, surface finishing
- Metals and recharging compounds, metallisation
- Sampling technique?
- Metal corrosion
- Plastic materials
- Inspection techniques.
COURSE No. C20DURATION : 2 KEEKS EOF COURSE
LOCATION : E . D . FTRAINING CENTER
PREVIOUS TRAINING : Course C 29. Advanced course on valves
CONTENTS :
- Theories lectures or. physical characteristics of steam and oniretallurgy topics
- Review of valve technology : categories, design, specialization(safety valves) and selection criteria
- Static and dynamic leaktightness (theory, technology and discus-sion of problems encountered in power plants
- Information provided by manufacturers : description of equipnent,operating principles ani special problems.
OJoo AUTOMATED LOGIC SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE OF DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
COURSE No. C21DURATION : 3 Weeks EOF Course LOCATION : E . D . F . T R A I N I N G
CENTER
CONTENTS
- Combinational logic : elementary functions and the basic universaltheories - function simplification methods.
- Sequence logic : simple system analysis - filpflops - registers -counters.
- Timing systems : calibration systems - contact systems.
- Diagram reading and logic eo.uation determination for trouble-shooting.
- Logic circuit technology.
COURSE No. C22DURATION :lil WEEKS
«.««. ^,m™ LOCATION :E.D.F.EDF COURSE TRAINING CENTER
For technicians who will run the maintenance of real timedata processing equipment
CONTENTS
BASIC PRINCIPLES
- Application of boolean algebra to counters and register*- Computer operators and architecture- Central processing unit (CPO)- Addressing nodes- Input/output instructions- Connection of « peripheral device in priority program node
CPU DESCRIPTION
- Data structure- Analysis of instructions- Exercices in analysis and programming- Prograa phases- Processing with an assembler-written listing- Operating system (library, file manageoent program, ...)
PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT
- Data interchange- Conventional peripheral equipment- Interrupted systems- Coupling- Bardware and software examples- Industry peripheral equipment including protective devices- Maintenance of peripheral devices- Test programPRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
For each unit studied.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND REAL-TIME ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE STATIC AND DYNAMIC SEALING
OJ
COURSE No. C23DURATION •2+2 WEEKS
EOF COURSELOCATION • E . D . F
TRAINING CENTEF
CONTENTS
- System analysis technique- Computer internal structure- Assembler language- Input/output facilities- Operating software and real tine monitor- Programming techniques and memory management- Interupt programs - tasks- Peripheral equipment and programming- Introduction to software maintenance
COURSE No. C2ADURATION : 2 WEEKS
EDF Course LOCATION : E. D . F . T R A I N I N GCENTER
CONTENTS
- Static seals
. Different types of assemblies
. Different types of joins
. Tightening methods
. Applications : valvp fittinsrs. sight levels
. Installation information : turbine cylinder, PWR tank cover
. Leak repair : risks and solutions.
- Dynamic seals
. LeaktiRhtness problems posed by fluids, moving parts
. Different seal solutions : seals, rings mechanical gaskets
. Dam fluids, floating rings, labyrinth seals. Applications : valve fittings, feed pumps, fuel pumps, etc.
A large amount of practical work is included in this course. Also,prevention problems are emphasized.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION REAL-TIME PROCESS COMPUTERSCOURSE No. C25DURATION : 1 WEEK
I . N . S . T . N .LOCATION :——I . N . S . T . N .
For technicians who are up to nuclear technology and electronic
CONTENTS
- Measure choices- Transducers : ionization chambers, scintillation detectors, semi-
conductor de tec tors , etc.- Nuclear measurements in power plants- Signal conditioning and transmission : pul$e amplifiers, current
amplifiers, ar.plifiers for specrroneters. fast electroniccircui t ry, etc.
- Signal processing : counters and counting rateneters, pulseheightdiscrimination, spectrun display, etc.
- React iv i ty meters, period meters, doubling time Beters, radiationcom tors, etc.
- Nuc lea r instrumentat ion in advanced reactor systems
COURSE No.DURATION :
C2612 WEEKS EOF COURSE LOCATION : E.D.F.
TRAII.T.NG Ca.TE?,
PURPOSEAfter this training, the technicians may participate to the
operation, the maintenance, the sofware modifications, theperipheral modifications on real time computer
CONTENTS
TechnologySoftwareLanguagesInput/output facilities
PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATIONS
Alaroe part of this teaching consists in practical workson a sir-ulator and on a computer
A project is studied by the trainees and criticized, thetopic of" the project concerns a remote data processing systeas
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSCOURSE No. C27
DURATION : 1 Week EPF Course LOCATION : E.D.F. TRAININGCiNJ'LK
CONTENTS
- Atmosphere pollution
- Heat sink problems :
. thermal waste
. atmospheric coolants
- Noise
- Nuclear xvaste
- Impact and procedures dossier
- Biolopc."] effects of ionising rays
- Vvaste recycling
- Aesthetics of plants and electrical power transmission structures
- Radio-ecology.
During the course, a visit is organised to the National HydraulicsLaboratory at Chatou.
ENGINEER SIMULATOR TRAININGCOURSE No. C28-DURATION : 2 WEEKS
[PUR OPERATION TRAINING LOCATION :EDr TRAINING CENTER
The trainees are technicians who are directly concerned by operation.Previous courses (like course Cll ) should prepare then to attend thetraining on simulator)CONTENTSREACTOR STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN- Simulator general description- Various operations performed or. sir-ulator- Temperature buildup in reactor coolait systen- Steam cushion generation in the pr^ssunzer- Secondary system preparation - vacuui creation- Reactor divergence- Changeover fron pain to auxilisr,- boner feeouater systen- Rolling of hot turbine- Connection to the KV networ'-- Power buildup- Contractual loan changes- Beginning of reactor coolant system cooldo.'n and depressunzation- Elniration of steam cushion in the pressi.rizer- Beginning of pressurizer cooldou-nOPERATIONAL OCCURESCES
- Prinary incidents on various s>stens : chemical and volume controlsysten. full length rod control svstec and reactor coolant system(incidents not requiring reactor trip, safety injection or houseload operation)
- Secondary incidents (also not requiring reactor trip, safetyinjection or house load operation) in the feedwater plant,electrical systems, etc.
- Load reduction due to the hV networx- House load operation- Reactor trip with startup less than or over one hour later -Series of reactor trips with detailed analysis
- Safety injection- Selected incidents
to ADVANCED COURSE ON VALVES
COURSE No. C29DURATION : 1 WEEK
EOF COURSE LOCATION ! E.D.F.TRAINING CE ITER
This program is designed to provide • large view concerning valvesand fitting problem in nuclear power plants.CONTENTS- Metallurgy review - properties of stainless »teel valve components
- Tightness physical approach
- Testing facilities inside EOF :
. Purpose for testing
. Types of teste
. Results - analysis
- Valves maintenance s preparation, survey, repair
- Valves incidents during opération of plant
DETAILED JOB REQUIREMENTS AND CAPABILITIES FOR KEY FUNCTIONS AND TASKSWHICH TECHNICIANS MUST PERFORM IN A NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
(Electricité de France)
Ï - PROJECT ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT, QUALITY ASSURANCE, AND QUALITYCONTROL, PLANT CONSTRUCT ION AND COMMISSIONING————————————
Kind of jobs References(Duty No.)
Reactor vessel ultrasonics Inspector technicianReactor vessel operation foremanReactor vessel shift data collecting technicianReactor vessel mechanics maintenance supervisorReactor vessel mechanics maintenance technicianReactor vessel electronics maintenance supervisorReactor vessel electronics maintenance technicianReactor vessel auxiliary examination technicianReactor vessel radiographie examination technicianSteam generator date analysis technicianSteam generator inspectorSteam generator electronics maintenance technicianSteam generator mechanics maintenance technicianSteam generator operation foreman technicianSteam generator data collecting technicianPrimary piping weld examination technicianLeak detection technicianFabrication or assembly inspector
E lE 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E 12E 13E 14E 15E 16E 17E 18
43
II - OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Kind of jobs References(Duty . No. )
- Senior control room operator- Chemistry assistant technician- Testing and performance assistant- Scheduling and spare part assistant- Measurement and control supervisor- Computer and relays supervisor- Electrical supervisor- Mechanical supervisor- Training instructor- Shift health physics supervisor- Control room operator- Assistant operator- Radio chemistry foreman- Conventional chemistry foreman- Environmental chemistry foreman- Nuclear testing foreman- Conventional testing foreman- Electricity planning assistant- Mechanics planning assistant- Measure and control foreman- Computer foreman- Relay Foreman- Electricity foreman- Mechanics foreman- Service section assitant- Inquiry foreman- Documentation officer- Industrial safety supervisor- Health physics foreman- Shift health physics technician
OM 1OM 2OM 3OK 4OM 5OM 6OM 7OM 8OM 9
OM 10OM 11OM 12OM 13OM KOM 15OM 16OM 17OM 18OM ISOM 20OM 21OM 22OM 23OM 24OM 25
OM 26OM 27OM 28OM 29OM 30
44
JOB DESCRIPTION SHEETS
REACTOR VESSEL ULTRASONICS INSPECTIONTECHNICIAN Duty no. E 1
During the preparation phase, this highly qualified technicianparticipates 1n the setting-up of the data collecting and dataanalysis systems. He verifies the good functioning of the datarecording system.
During the operation phsse, he ir.akes sure of proper data recordingand performs data analysis under the supervision of the ultrasonicinspector.
He also assists the latter in the writing-up of the finalexamination report.
Specia1i7ed courses with practical trainingfn laboratprieT
. Ultrasonic controls technics
. Principles and functioning of the MIS
. Data collecting systems
. Data analysis
. Radiation protection
"Show-how" training
. Participation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection
. Setting end development of radiographiefilms
g weeksl1i12
8 weeks
REACTOR VESSELOPERATION FOREMAN DuLy no. E 2
The operation foreman 1s responsible during his shift for ell datacollecting and data processing operations on the reactor vessel. Heshall ensure the proper observance to the corresponding examinationprocedures.
He 1s in charge of the data Togging during operation.He verifies the quality of the collected examination signals and ofthe data recording with proper item identification.
He is in charge of having the calibration and result Interpretationengineer or any H.I.S. maintenance tean called for when necessary.
The 4 operation foreman are to be chosen among the trainees attendedthe training programme associated with the Reactor VesselExamination oeprators.Specialized courses with practical trainingi n l a b o r a t o r i e s ^ " ~ 5 weeks. Ultrasonic controls technics 1. Principles and functioning of the MIS 1. Dsta collecting systens 1. Data analysis 1. Radiation protection 2
"Show-how" training ß wee|<s. Participation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection. Setting and development of radiographiefilms
o\ REACTOR VESSEL SHIFT DATACOLLECTING TECHNICIAN Duty no. E 3
During the preparation phase, this highly qualified technicianparticipates 1n the setting-up of the data collecting end dataanalysis systems. He verifies the good functioning of the datarecording system.He establishes all documents necessary during operation (operationsequence manual, calibration sheets...).During the operation phase, he makes sure of proper data recording.
Specialized courses with practical trainingTn laboratories 6 weeks
. Ultrasonic controls technics
. Principles and functioning of the MIS
. Data collecting systems
. Date analysis
. Radiation protection
"Show-how" training 8 weeks. Participation in a nuclear power station
actual inspection
. Setting end development of radiographiefilms
REACTOR VESSEL MECHANICSMAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR
Duty no. E 4
The head of the Mechanics Maintenance section is responsible for andcoordinates «11 activities of the personnel of his section.
Preparation phase
This engineer is responsible for the proper implementation and thereadiness of the mechanics equipment of the in-service inspectionwchine (HIS).
In particular, he 1s responsible for the good positioning of thecalibration systems during calibration at rest.
Execution phase
This engineer 1s responsible for the handling work during theimplementation of the inspection machine inside the reactorcontainment.
He is responsible for the assembly, dismantling and the overallimplementation of the H.l.S.
He verifies the oood functioning of the mechanical parts of theM.I.S.
He is responsible for ell corrective maintenance works on mechanicalsystems. He Is In charge of the overall organization of themaintenance follow-up of mechanical equipment.
He is responsible for the decontamination operation of the M.I.S.after inspection.
Part of this duty shall be devoted to the training of the personnelof his section.
REACTOR VESSEL MECHANICSMAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR
pecialized courses with practical trainingn laboratoriesUltrasonic controlsInspection machine MIS : principles andfunctioningSpecific mechanics
. Fluid mechanicsRadiation protection"Show-how" training. Participation in on-site equipmentcalibration. On-site maintenanceParticipation in shift in an actuelinspection
Duty no. E 4
10 weeks
42 weeks
REACTOR VESSEL MECHANICS MAINTENANCETECHNICIAN Duty no. E 5
This highly qualified technician Is specialized in the mechanicalequipment of the M.I.S.
He is in charge of corrective and preventive maintenance works onmechanical systems. He-.participates in setting up and dismantling ofthe equipment.
He is in charge of the on-site maintenance of specific equipment ofthe HIS.
During data collecting this technician participates in shifts inmaintaining mechanical examination equipment.
Specialized courses with practical trainingin laboratories—————————————— 6 weeks
. Ultrasonic control technics
. Principles and functioning of the HIS
. Specific mechanics and fluid mechanics
. Radiation protection
"Show-how" training
Participation in
. On-site maintenance
. On-site operation
. Setting and development of radiographiefilms
8 weeks
REACTOR VESSEL ELECTRONICSMAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR Duty no. E 6
The head of the Electronics maintenance section 1s responsible forand coordinates «11 activities of the personnel of his section.Preparation phaseThis engineer 1i responsible for the proper Implementation and thereadiness of the electronics equipment of the In-service inspectionmachine (M.I.S.) as well as the good functioning of the analysis anddata processing apparatus for calibration purpose.Execution phaseThis engineer 1s responsible for ell adjustments of the M.I.S.control systems. He verifies the good functioning of the variousdata processing systems.He is responsible for ell corrective maintenance works onelectronics equipment.He is in charge of the overall organization of the maintenencefollow-up of electronics equipment.Part of his duty shall be devoted to the training of the personnelof his section.Specialized courses with practical trainingin laboratories—————————————— 10 weeks. ultrasonic controls. inspection machine (MIS). instrumentation and control. data collecting and analysis systems. radiation protection"Show-how" training
I124Z
42 weeks. Participation in on-site equipmentcalibration
. On-site maintenance
. Participation in shift in an actualinspection
REACTOR VESSEL ELECTRONICSMAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN Duty no. E 7
This highly qualified technician 1s specialized in electronicsequipment of the MIS.
He 1s charge of corrective end preventive maintenance works onelectronics systems. He participates In setting up and dismantlingof the equipment.
He is in charge of the on-site maintenance of specific equipment ofthe MIS.
During data collecting this technician participates in shifts inmaintaining electronic examination eauipment.Specialized courses with practical trainingin laboratories. Ultrasonic control technics. Principles and functioning of the MIS. Data collecting systems. Radiation protection"Show—how" trainingParticipation in. On-site maintenance. On-site operation. Setting and development of radiographiefilms
6 weeks
8 weeks
REACTOR VESSEL AUXILIARYEXAMINATION TKMHCIAN Duty no. E B
This technicien is In charge of performing the examination of thereactor vessel heed, the studs er,<J the nuts.
He performs the equipment calibration prior to the examination andduring operation he ensures the observance to the adequate operationprocedures.
He is in charge of writing-up result sheets and final examinationreports.
He is responsible for the good functioning of his equipment.
Specialized courses 1 weeks
. Stud examination technics 2
. Nut examination technics 1
. Vessel head televisual examination 2
. Radiation protection 2
"Show-how" training 10 weeks
Participation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection
. Preparation and equipment maintenance
. Adjustements
. Calibration
. Data collecting
. Data analysis
REACTOR VESSEL RAD10GRAPHICEXAMINATION TECHNICIAN Duty no. E 9
This highly qualified technician is particularly in charge of :- the preparation of the examination equipment- the organization of the examination team 1n relation with the
operation superintendent.- the technical management of the carrying out of examinations- the interpretation of radiographie film- the drawing-up of examination reports- the management Of examination equipment
Specialized courses 5 weeks. Radiographie examination 3. Radiation protection 2"Show-how" training 18 weeksParticipation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection «s :. Operator for radiographie examination. Responsible of radiographie examination
technician
U)o STEAM GENERATORDATA ANALYSIS TECHNICIAN Duty no. E 10
This highly qualified technician supervises «11 data analysisoperations.He is responsible for the proper data recording and data analysis.He 1s responsible for writing-up the SG examination result sheets.During operation this technician supervises the adjustment of thedata analysis system and controls the quality of the collectingsignals.
Specialized courses vnth practical trainingjn laboratories". Eddy current technics. Examination specific equipment. Data analysis and result interpretation. Radiation protection"Show-how" training
Participation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection successively as. A data collecting section head. An inspector. A data analysis technician
9 weeks
43 weeks
STEAM GENERATOR INSPECTOR Duty no. Ell
This Inspector 1s 1n charge of performing graphic data recording.Under the supervision and authority of the data analysis technicianhe performs the analysis of the recorded data.
Specialized courses with practical trainingin laboratories ——
. Eddy current technics
. Examination specific equipment
. Radiation protection
"Show-how" training
Participation in e nuclear power stationactual inspection successively as. A data collecting section head. An inspector
4 weeks
8 weeks
STEAM GENERATORELECTRONICS MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN DuLy no. £ 12
This technician 1s 1n charge of the maintenance of the electronicsequipment associated with the SG tube examination.He Is called in for on-site maintenance by the Operation Foreman andshall report to the member of the SG inspection management teanresponsible for the on-site equipment overall.
Specialized courses with practical trainingjn laboratories' ~ 16 weeks. Eddy current technics. Examination specific equipment. Equipnent maintenance. Radiation protection"Show-how" training 10 weeksParticipation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection successively es. A data collecting section head. An electronics maintenance technician
STEAM GENERATORMECHANICS MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN Duty no. E 13
This technician 1s 1n charge of the maintenance of the mechanicalequipment associated with the SG tube examination.
He 1s celled In for on-site maintenance by the Operation Foreman andshall report to the member of the SG inspection management teamresponsible for the on-site equipment overall.
The two trainees coming to France to atteno the MechanicsMaintenance training programme shall subsequently train theirteammates on-site.Specialized courses with practical trainingin laboratories. Eddy current technics
. Examination specific equipment
. Equipment maintenance
. Radiation protection
"Show-how" training
Participation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection successively es. A data collecting section head. An mechanics maintenance technician
6 weeks
6 weeks
to STEAM GENERATOROPERATION FOREHftN TECHNICIAN Duty no. E 14
This technician 1i responsible for the work of the data collectingteara. He 1s 1n charge of the conventional end nuclear safety.He calls in the adequate maintenance personnel when necessary.
Specialized courses »/Un practical training^f\ laboratories 6 weeks. Eddy current technics. Examination specific equipment. Maintenance introduction. Date analysis. Radiation protection"Show-how" trainingParticipation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection successively as. A data collecting section head. An inspector. An operation foreman
6 weeks
STEAM GENERATORDATA COLLECTING TECHNICIAN Duty no. E 15
Under the authority of the Operetion Foreman this technician is 1ncharge of the proper functioning of the data collecting system.He performs the examination of the SG tube according to the adequateoperation procedures. He makes sure of the good data recording «ndfills up the data logging operation book.He is responsible for the equipment he uses «nd the timing of -hiswork.Specialized courses with practical trainingi n l a b o r a t o r i e s " 4 weeks. Eddy current technics. Examination specific equipment. Radiation protection"Show—how" trainingParticipation in a nuclear power stationactual inspection as a memberof a data collecting team.
8 weeks
PRIMARY PIPING WELDEXAMINATION TECHNICIAN Duty no. 16
OJ
This technician 1s 1n charge of performing the gairo« radiographieexamination of the primary piping welds.He performs his work according to the adequate operation procedures.One of this A - nember team shall become the head of the team and assuch shall be responsible for writing-up result sheets and finalexamination reports.
Specialized courses. Examination equipment. Date analysis system. Radiation protection"Show-how" training. Equipment implementEtion
. Dcts collecting system set-up and controls
. Data analysis
5 weeks
9 weeks
LEAK DETECTION TECHNICIAN Duty no. 17
This technician Is In charge of performing the leak detectionexamination of the prinary coolant system.He performs his work according to the adequate operation procedures.One of this 4 - member team shall become the head of the team and assuch, shall be responsible for writing-up result sheets and finalexamination reports.
Specialized courses 4 weeks. Leak detection methods and practical work 2. Radiation protection I"Show-how" training 5 weeks. Equipment preparation. Data collecting system. Oeta analysis
FABRICATION OR ASSEMBLY INSPECTOR
. Non-destructive controls («11 technics)
. Ultrasonic examination (level 1)
. Industrial radiographie examination
. Eddy current examination
. Magnetic examination
. Dimensional control- Planned fabrication surveillance andnon conformance control
- Reference documents and technical rules. for the Nuclear Island. for the Conventional Island
"Show-how" training in constructors'.manufacturing units and in nuclear powerstation sites. EOF control section (SCF). EOF nuclear power station on erection
DuLy no. E 18
0,5
1
20 weeks
FABRICATION OR ASSEMBLY INSPECTOR Duty no. E 18
The assignment of this Fabrication or Assembly Inspector 1s tosupervise equipment fabrication or assembly fron both technical andquality assurance points of view.
In particular, the general follow-up of works includes progressduring manufacturing and lets, each inspector, large initiative.
In the framework of the planned fabrication surveillance, theFabrication or Assembly Inspector :
- supervises the writing-up and the management of all contractualfabrication documents,
- supervises the general conditions of technical operations (thermaltreatments, welding, forming...),
- is present during specific manufacturing operations andcontractual equipment examinations for which he snail be called inby the constructor,
- supervises the writ^ing-up and contents of the nonconformance ordeviation reports.
The inspections he performs as part of the general follow up ofworks and of the planned fabrication surveillance, take place at theconstructors' or subconstructor' premises in PRC.
Specialized courses
- Quality Assurance
- Radiation protection
. Level 1
. Level 2
- Technical training
. Procurements
. Metallurgy introduction
. Welding technology
13 weeks
0,5
2
Senior Control Room Operator Duty no. OM 1
The Senior Control Room Operator Is responsible for operating oneUnit and the common Auxiliaries from the corresponding control Room.More specifically he :- ensures 1n strict compliance with safety Instructions operation ofthe Unit and thus stops end starts up all the necessary equipment(reactor, turbine, generator, auxiliaries, etc.); connects theUnit to the main grid according to Dispatching Centre requests;carries out emergency operations as well as normal operations ofthe Unit under optimum economic conditions,
- takes all immediate steps to ensure protection of personnel andsafeguard of equipment in case of incident,- directs the work of the assistant operators and field operators ;commands in particular all operation maneuvers on power-generating installations or facilities Involved in safety andradiation protection, and has reports made on performance of suchmaneuvers as well as any abnormal situation noted locally,- carries out or has carried out operation tests according toestablished instructions,- keeps the control room log-book,
- participates in reloading operations during refuelling shutdown.PWR OPERATION TRAININGCourses :
Practical work complementary operationPractical work on experimental reactor
12 weeks
54
Specific Station Operation Training on Simulator l>Part 1 - Normal OperatingSpecific Station Operation Training cr Simulator SsPart 2 - Cormon InciaentsSpecific Station Operation Training on Simulator J_Pert 3 - Abnormal Incidents
Senior Control Room Operator Duty no. OM 1
SPECIFIC TRAINING"Show-How" TrainingMain items to be studied :. Oroanization of the operation section andsharing out of tasks in the shift team. Instructions related to safety and radiationprotection. Quality organization in operation
. Equipment and systems of the Station
. Control diagrams and flow charts
. Control room layout
. General and detailed operating proceduresStartup tests
. Periodical tests in operationFollow-up of normal operation ana transientsAnalysis of abnormal situationsMitigating the consequences of accidents
. Procedures in case of emergency
. Documentation and reportsSpecialized Courses
EDF CoursesHealth Physics - Level 1
On-Site Quality Organization
Health Physics - Level 2
Constructors' Courses
22 weeks
10 weeks
ONChemistry Assistant Technician Duty no. OM 2
Under supervision of the Chemistry Engineer, the Assistant :- prepares and organizes the section workload (routine radlochemicaland chemical Inspections, checks of automatic apparatus, specialInspections of circuits),- gets analyses made for the periodic samplings taken from theenvironment (grass, milk, water),- collects the results and updates chemical effluent and radioactivewaste records,- participates 1n the study of problems relative to his specialty,- directs and checks the work of the chemical personnel and, Inparticular, that security and radiation protection Instructionsare observed,- ensures personnel training 1n the section,- provides the Administration Division with the information requiredfor the management of personnel under his supervision."Show-How* TrainingMain items to be studied in nuclear powerstation and in EOF laboratory services :. Organization of the chemistry section. Instructions and documentation related tothe treatment and conditioning of main andauxiliary water and steam systems and pools. Functioning and monitoring of the watertreatment equipment. Functioning and monitoring of the liquidand gaseous treattwnt and storage equipment. Conditioning during shudown. startup end normaloperation. Functioning and maintenance of the fixedchemical measurement equipment
. Laboratory measurenents (apparatus -procedures - sampling and preparing). Particular problems related to sea watercooling
19 weeks
Chemistry Assistant Technician Duty no. OM 2
EOT CoursesHealth Physics - Level 1On-Site Quality OrganizationRadioactivity MeasurementsImprovement in PWR Chemistryimprovement in Chemical A
6 weeks
letting »nd Perforate« Assistant Duty no. OM 3
Under supervision of the Testing end Performance Engineer, the T tndf Assistant 1s responsible for conventional «nd nuclear testing »ndenvironment monitoring measurements.Accordingly, he :- prepares «nd organizes the work of the personnel in his team,- is responsible for running the nuclear «nd conventional testinglaboratories,
- compiles and updates systematic test programmes, in particular forperiodic tests related to safety arid monitors their correctexecution,- collects the results of the Inspections «nd «vonitors thecompilation of periodic statistics,- participates 1n studies of problems relating to his technicalspeciality,- checks the work of the personnel in the Section «nd supervisesobservance of Industrial safety and radiation protectioninstructions,
- ensures training of the personnel in the Section,- provides the Administration Department with the particulars neededfor their management."Show-How" TrainingMain items to be studied :. Organizetion of the testing andperformance section
. Instructions related to safety, radiaticnprotection and quality assurance
. Measurement equipment and procedures
. Routine and special test procedures
20 weeks
Testing »nd Performance Assistant Duty no. OM 3
. Emergency procedures (off and on-sitemeasurements)
. Statistics
. ReliabilitySpecialized Courses
EOF CoursesHealth Physics - Level 1Nuclear Safety during operationOn-Site Quality OrganizationRadioactivity MeasurementsHealth Physics - Level 2Vibrations on Rotary Machine
Constructors' CoursesHeutronic Measurement Equipment
7 weeks
1 week
ooScheduling and Spare-Parts Assistant Duty no. OM 4
Placed under the authority of the Scheduling and Spare-PartsEngineer, the Scheduling and Spare-Parts Assistant :
- participates 1n the dispatching of work to the differentoperational crews,- follows the development of constraints relative to hold-over workorders (necessity for stopping installations, lack of supplies, orother causes},- ensures the liaisons necessary with the Administration Section,the warehouse and purchasers,- helps In the procurement, storage and distribution of spare partsand supplies needed In the Station (except for nuclear fuel),- provides the Administration Section with the particulars neededfor management of the personnel he controls.
"Show-How" TrainingMein items to be studied :
. Organization of the Maintenance Department
. Practical organization related to safetyradistion protection and quality assurance
. Updating of equipment records and technicaldocumentation
. Refuelling outage planning
. Follow-up maintenance and test procedures
. Follow-up of day-to-day works
. Procedures of spare partsEOF Courses
Health Physics - Level 1
Nuclear Safety during operation
On-Site Quality Organization
Health Physics - Level 2
15 weeks
A weeks
Measurements and Control Supervisor Duty no. OM 5
Under the authority of the Instrumentation and Control Engineer, theMeasurements and Control Supervisor :
- carries out the planning of maintenance work on equipment forwhich he 1s responsible,- Is responsible for equipment troubleshooting 1n the event ofoperating fault,
- compiles and updates systematic test programmes, particularlythose concerning periodic tests and checks related to safety(resctor protection system), and monitors their correct execution,- establishes the list of spare parts and consumable Hems to beordered, the minimum quantity to be kept In stock and monitors theorders according to previsions.
- distributes and coordinates the work of technicians In hisService,- ensures the supervision of work in progress and especiallymonitors observance of general safety, industrial safety andradiation protection instructions,
- ensures training of personnel 1n his Service,- provides the Administration Department with the particulars neededfor their management."Show-Hew" TrainingHain items to be studied :
. Organization of the instrumentation section
. Practical organization related to safetyquality assurance and radiation protection
. Preparation of periodical maintenance,systematic checks and repeir of measurementand control equipment
. Follow-up and study of results of these works
16 weeks
Measurements »nd Control Supervisor
. Updating of equipment record and technicaldocumentation
. Refuelling outage planning
. Spare-parts planning
. Localization of instrumentation equipment
. Systems and equipment of the units
. Control room layout. Technology of equipment end proceduresfor maintenance and tests (measurement,control, 1n-core instrumentation, controlrods, neutron power, neutron measurementconnection with computers, measurementand control related to steam generation,fuel handling and noclear auxiliaries)
. Workshop equipment
. Special tools for maintenance and inspections
. Analysis of results and incidentsSpecialized Courses
EOF CoursesHealth Physics - Level 1Nuclear Safety during operationOn-Site Cuslity OrganizationHealth Physics - Level 2
Constructors' Coursesfieutronic Measurement EquipmentIn-core instrunentationControl-Rod EquipmentRod Position Control EquipmentProcess Instrumentation - Level 2Health Physics Equipment
Duty no. OM 5
13 weeks
1221
Computer and Relays Supervisor Duty no. OM 6
Under the authority of the Instrumentation and Control Engineer, theengineer 1n charge of computers »nd reley circuitry :
- carries out the planning of maintenance work on equipment underhis responsabilité,- 1s responsible for equipment troubleshooting in the event ofabnormal operation,- compiles and updates systematic testing programmes, In particularthose concerning periodic tests and checks related to safety(reactor protection system), and monitors their correct execution,- establishes the list of spare parts and consumable items to beordered, the minimum quantity to be ordered, and monitors theorders according to previsions.- distributes and coordinates the work of the staff in his Service,- ensures the supervision of work in progress and particularlychecks observance of general safety, industrial safety and
radiation protection instructions,- ensures training of staff in his Service,- provides the Administration Department with the informationrequired for management of personnel in his Service.
"Show-Hew" Training weeksMain items to be studied :. Organization of the instrumentation andcontrol section,
. Practical organization related to safetyquality assurance and radiation protection
. Preparation of periodic«! maintenance,systematic checks and repair of measurementand control equipment
. Follow-up and study of results of these works
Computer «nd Re1»ys Supervisor Duty no. OM 6
. Updating of equipment record end technicaldocumentation
. Spare-parts planning
. Localization of instrumentation equipment
. Systems tnd equipment of the units
. Control room layout. Iccnnoiogy Of equipment and procedures
for maintenance and tests
. Special tools for maintenance »nd inspections
. Analysis of results «nd incidents
Specialized CoursesEOF Courses
Health Physics - Level 1
On-Site Quality Organization
Maintenance of Processing Equipment
Numerical Ar.olysis and Real-TimeAssembler Language
Health Physics - Level 2Constructors' Courses
Protection Relay Maintenance 1 w
Computer Maintenance
Computer Software Training
Computer Operation
Process Instrumentation - level 2
Health Physics Equipment
1
1
6
4
1
4
2
2
2
1
25 weeks
Electrical Supervisor Duty no. OM 7
Under supervision of the Electrical Works Engineer and applying theguidelines of the Electrical Engineer, the Electrical Supervisor :
- carries out the preparation of small-scale operations,
- ensures equipment troubleshooting in case of abnormal operation,
- carries out systematic maintenance inspections,
- participates in work distribution in the Section,
- ensures the application of general safety, industrial safety endradiation protection instructions in the course of work done underhis supervision,
- participates in training personnel of the Section,
- provides the Administration Department with the informationrequired for management of the personnel under his «uthority.
*Show-Hcw" Training
Hain items to be studied :
. General organization of the Electricalmaintenance section
. Practical orger.ization related to safetyradiation and quality assurances
. Preparation of periodical maintenance,systematic checks and repair of electrics!power equipment and relays
. Follow-up and study of results of these works
. Updating of equipment records and technicaldocumentation
. Spare-parts planning
. Localization of electrical power equipment
22 weeks
Electrical Supervisor Dut-y no. OH 7
. Electrical power sources and distribution
. Technology and procedures for maintenancechecks end tests of the electrical equipment(switchgears, batteries. Inverters, motors,relays, fuel-hondling and transfer equipmentpower-supply system, pressuriier heatingsystem, grounding and cables...}
. Special tools for maintenance, tests andInspections
. Analysis of results and incidents
Specialized Courses 20 weeks
EDF Courses
Health Physics - Level 1 1On-Site Quality Organization 1
Constructors' CoursesHigh-Pressure Vessels 2Diesel Generator 2Polar Crane Control Equipment 2GEC's Maintenance Training 12
Mechanical Supervisor Duty no. OM 8
Under supervision of the Mechanical Works Engineer, the MechanicalSupervisor :
- carries out the preparation of small-scale operations,- ensures equipment troubleshooting 1n the event of abnormalsituations,- carries out systematic maintenance Inspections,- ensures the observance of general safety. Industrial safety andradiation protection Instructions 1n the course of work done underhis supervision,- participates in the distribution of work inside the Service,- participates 1n training personnel of the Service,- provides the Administration Department with the particulars
required for management of the personnel he directs."Show-How" TrainingMain Items to be studied :. General organization of the mechanicalsection
. Practical organization related to qualityassurance, safety anC radiation protection
. Preparation of periodical maintenance,systematic checks, in-service inspectionand repair of mechanical equiprent and pipesand valves
. Requalification of equipment
. Follow-up and study of results of these worfcs
. Updating of equiprent records and technicaldocumentation
24 weeks
toMechanical Supervisor
. Refuelling outage planning
. Spare-parts planning
. Localization of concerned equipment
. Systems
. Technology and procedures for maintenancechecks and tests of the electrical equipment,pipes and valves (reactor vessel end internalscontrol-rod drive mechanisms, in-core instru-mentation, pressurizer, reactor coolant pump,steam generator, safety injection pumps).. Fuel-handling and transfer equipment auxiliary
heat exchangers, nuclear auxiliary buildingequipment, special valves, taps and pipes,diesel generators, etc.
. Workshop equipment
. Specie! tools for iwintenctice anc in serviceinspections and retraining of maintenance staffrelateo to these special tools
. Analysis of results and incidentsSpecialized Courses
EOF Courses
Health Physics - Level 1 1
Nuclear Safety during operation 1
On-Site Quality Organization 1
Non-Destructive Examination Methods 1
Advanced Course on Valves 3
Maintenance Engineer Training 3
Duty no. OM
22 weeks
Mechanic«! Supervisor Duty no. OM 8
INSTN CoursesRadiation Effects NuclearReactor Materials
Constructors' CoursesHigh-Pressure VesselsReactor Coolant Pumps and MotorsSafety-Injection Pumps and AuxiliaryEquipmentSpecial ValvesControl-Rod Drive MechanismsIn-core instrunentationDiesel GeneratorRotary Compressor and Piston Compressor
22
112221
Tr»1n1ng Instructor Duty no. OM 9
Under supervision of the Training Engineer, the Training Instructorhss the task of helping In the preparation, coordination «ndfollow-up of training activities undertaken 1n the Station followingstartup :
- for the improvejnent courses «nd the development of knowledge ofthe personnel.- for training new personnel.
This activity concerns :
- prospecting and analysis of requirements (manpower, courses,progranroes» «tc.).
- distribution of possible training facilities,courses or Sessions adapted to
PUR OPERATION TRAINING
- projects for the choice ofparticipants.
Courses :Practical work complementary operationSpecific Station Operation Training or, Simulatorfart 1 - Normal OperatingSpecific Station Operation Training on SimulatorPart 2 - Common IncidentsSpecific Station Operation Training on SimulatorPart 3 - Abnormal Incidents
SPECIFIC TRAINING"Show-How" TrainingOn Shift at e PHR Unit 6
11 weeks
23 weeks
Training Instructor Duty no. OM 9
Main Items :, Sharing-out of tasks tn the shift teem. Instructions related to safety. Quality organization in operation. Equipment »t\d systems of the unit. Control diagrams «nd flow charts. Control roora layout. General trto detailed operating procedures. Stsrtup tests. Routine tests in operation. Follow-up normal operation snd transients. Analysis of abnormal situations. Procedures in case of emergency. Documentation «nd reports
Fossil and Nuclear Generation DivisionTraining Service
Station Training Center <Main items :. Pedagogical aids. Preparation and implantation of the lectures. Documentation
Constructors' CoursesOperation Training 7
ON
Training Instructor Duty no. OM 9
Specialized Courses
EDF CoursesHealth Physics - Engineer TrainingHealth Physics - Instructor Training
Constructors' CoursesOperation Training
Shift Health Physics Supervisor Duty no. OM 10
Working on Shift, under the authority of the Safety and HealthPhysics Engineer, the Shift Health Physics Supervisor :
- verifies periodically the individual protection apparatus and thestation emergency devices and maintains them as needed,- performs himself certain radiation protection measurementsrequiring a special technical ability,- assists the Maintenance Department with contaminated zone workpreparation and eventually its surveillance,- carries out, 1f needed, body decontamination for workingpersonnel,- provides the Administration Section Kith the Information necessaryfor Section personnel management.'Show-How" TrainingMain items to be studied in nuclear powerstation :. General organization of the station. Instructions related to safety, radiationprotection and quality organization
. Emergency instructions
. Equipment-systems - layout
. Technology, utilization and checks of HealthPhysics equipment (ventilation and fibrationsystem, radioactive waste systems, fixed andmobile rneasurerient equipment).
. Survey of individual dosinetry and works incontrolled areas
. Personnel decontamination
24 weeks
Shift Health Physics Supervisor Duty no. OM 10
. Equipment <Jecont*n1nat1on
. Survey of level of exposures In the station andlocal measures
. Survey of access of controlled »reas, workpermits end particular precautions
. In a specialized .CEA department and at «specialized CEA site
. Survey of »ccess to controlled areas, workpermit end particular precautions
. Decrease of radiation exposure
. Sharing-out tasks in the shift team
Specialized Courses
EOF Courses
Health Physics - Level 1Nuclear Safety during operationOn-Site Quality OrganizationRadioactivity MeasurementsMeasurements for Personnel Health PhysicsHealth Physics Instructor TrainingHealth Physics - Level 2
Constructors' CoursesHealth Physics Equipment
9 weeks
ON
Control Room Operator Duty no. OM 11
The Control Room Operator assists the Senior Control Room Operatorin the conduct of operations.
Höre specifically he :
- carries out from the Control Room, with the guidance of the SeniorControl Room Operator, the operation of equipment for which he hasbeen assigned responsibility.
performs certain operational tests at the request of the SeniorControl Room Operator,
carries out, if necessary, local radiological survey at therequest of the Shift Supervisor, Operation Engineer cr ShiftTechnical Adviser.
- participates in reloading operations during refuelling shutdown.Specialized coursesSuccessively coursesN°s ClC2
C3C4C5C6C7CZ8C8C9CIO
Practical training+ Study of special instructionsof plant (240 h)+ Study of functions (300 h).
o\Assistant Operator Duty no. OM 12
This technician backs up the control room operators of the Units inthe conduct of operations.
In particular he :
- carries out from the control room, under the guidance of thecontrol room operator, the operation of equipment for which he hasbeen assigned responsibility.
- ensures surveillance and inspection patrols,
- performs certain operational tests at the request of the controlroom operator,
- carries out, if necessary, local operational maneuvers at therequest of the control room operator, shift supervisor orOperation engineer,
- participates in reloading operations during refueling shutdown,
- participates in personnel training.Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s Cl
C3C5C7
Practical trainingStudy of functions, circuits, safety regulations
(morethan 300 hours)
Radio Chemistry Foreman Duty no. OM 13
Under supervision of the Chemistry Assistant he :
- prepares and organizes routine radiocheraical inspections, checkingof corresponding automatic apparatus and special inspections ofradioactive circuits,
directs and checks the work of the radiochemical personnel, and inparticular, the observance of security and radiation protectioninstructions,
is responsible for running the active chemical laboratories,personally performs certain special radiochemistry measurements,
- provides the Administration Section with the information requiredfor management of personnel under his supervision.Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s C3
CllC4C12C9C7C5C13
Conventional Chemistry Foreman Duty no. OM
Under supervision of the Chemistry Assistant he :
- prepares and organizes chemical inspections on non-radioactivecircuits and periodic checks on associated automatic apparatus,
- is responsible for running the non-active chemical laboratoriesand has various physico-chemical measurements performed(inspection of oils, etc.),
- directs and checks the work of the chemical personnel and, inparticular, the observance of security instructions,
- monitors the consumption of reagents and initiates relevantprocurements,
- provides the Administration Section with the information requiredfor management of personnel under his supervision.Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s ClC3
CHC12C5C7C9CIS
Environmental Chemistry Foreman Duty no. OM 15
Under supervision of the Chemistry Assistant he :
- prepares, collects samples and organizes chemical inspections onsite and off-site environment,
- checks levels of exposure and contamination inside and outside theStation.
collects and records radiation protection and contamination datain the Station and outside the Station, analyses results andupdates the related documents,
keeps the appropriate stationary and mobile instrumentation inproper condition,
directs and checks the work of the environmental chemistrypersonnel and, in particular, the observance of security andradiation protection instructions.Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s Cl
C3C14C12C5C7C9C13C27
ooNuclear Testing Foreman Duty no. OM 16
The Nuclear Testing Foreman :
- directs work of the technicians and workers 1n the nuclear testingservice,
- is responsible for running the nuclear testing laboratory andworkshops and for the condition of the measuring equipment used bythe team,
- personally carries out certain complicated tests,
- assists the Testing Assistant in training personnel,
- supervises application of the necessary security and radiationprotection instructions.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s ClC3
C14CISC2C7C16C9C17CIS
Conventional Testing Foreman Duty no. OM 17
The Conventional Testing Foreman :
- directs work of the technicians and workers in the conventionaltesting service.
- is responsible for running the conventional testing laboratory andworkshops and for the condition of the measuring used by the team,
- personally carries out certain complicated tests,
- assists the Testing Assistant in training personnel,
- supervises application of the necessary security and radiationprotection instructions.Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s ClC3C14
CISCZC7C16C9C17CIS
Electricity Planning Assistant Duty no. OM 18
Under the authority of the Electricity Planning Engineer, theElectricity Planning Assistant assists the former in all his tasks.
More specifically he :
- establishes maintenance work procedures,
- carries out the planning of electrical work,
- prepares and updates the systematic maintenance schedules,
- carries out important surveys and drafts the associated reports,
- estimates the security and consumable spare parts,
- compiles order proposal files relative to special procurements.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesNcs ClC3
C14C7C9
VO
Mechanics Planning Assistant Duty no. OM 19
Under the authority of the Mechanics Planning Engineer, theMechanics Planning Assistant Engineer assists the former in all histasks.
More specifically he :
- establishes maintenance work procedures,
- carries out the planning of mechanical work,
- prepares and updates the systematic maintenance schedules,
- carries out important surveys end drafts the associated reports,
- estimates the security and consumable spare parts,
- compiles order proposal files relative to special procurements.Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s ClC3
C14C9C7C19C20
Measure and Control Foreman Duty no. OM 20
Under supervision of the Measure and Control Supervisor, the Measureand Control Foreran :
- executes, alone or with the help of technicians, delicatetroubleshooting work, systematic maintenance, periodic inspectionand modification of measuring and control channels,- carries out the preparation of small-scale operations,- personally carries out certain highly technical work,- participates in the distribution of work within the Service,- ensures application of security and radiation protectioninstructions necessary for the work he directs or executes,- participates in training personnel of the Service.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s Cl
C3C14C15C2C9C7C21C5C22C23C25
Computer Foreran Duty no. OM 21
Under supervision of the Computer Engineer, the Computer Foreman :
- carries out the preparation of small-scale operations,
- ensures equipment troubleshooting in the event of abnormaloperation,
- has systematic maintenance inspection and periodic checks carriedout.
supervises observance of security and radiation protectioninstructions by the technicians under his supervision,
- assists the engineer in training personnel.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s CIC3
C14C15C7C16C26
Relay Foreman Duty no. OM 22
Under supervision of the Computer and Relay supervisor, the RelayForeman :- carries out preparation of small-scale operations,- executes, alone or with the help of technicians, delicate repairwork, systematic maintenance, periodic inspection and modificationof the Station relay circuitry,- ensures application of security and radiation protection measuresnecessary for the work he directs or executes,- participates in training personnel of the Service.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s Cl
C3C14C9C7C21C22CZ3
Electricity Foreman Duty no. OM 23
Under supervision of the Electricity Supervisor, the ElectricityForeman :
directs work of the technicians and workers who are at hisdisposal for the tasks executed under his -supervision,
personally executes certain complicated work or certain delicateinspections (i.e. setting the protective devices of importantequipment),
ojpervises application of security and radiation protectioninstructions required for the operations he directs or executes.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s ClC3
C14C7C5
to Mechanics Foreman Duty no. OM 24
Under supervision of the Mechanics Supervisor, the MechanicsForeman :
- directs the work of technicians and workers who are at hisdisposal for the work to be done under his supervision,- personally executes certain complicated tasks or certain delicate
inspection checks (adjustment of large shaftings, distortionreadings, etc.)- supervises application of security and radiation protectioninstructions related to the work he directs or executes.Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s ClC3
C14C9C7C5C19C20
Service Section Assistant Duty no. OM 25
Under the authority of the Service Section Engineer, the ServiceSection Assistant assists the former in all his tasks.
More specifically he :
- directs and coordinates the work of teams ensuring maintenance ofthe buildings, gardens and roadways of the Station as well as careof Station work clothing and standard Station clothing,
- ensures the observance of security and radiation protectioninstructions in the course of work done under his supervision,
- is responsible for utilization and maintenance of Station notorvehicles and automobiles.
- is responsible for receipt of new fuel snd oeparture of spentfuel,
- supervises decontamination work and replacement of filters.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s Cl
C3C14C9C5C7
Inquiry Foreman Duty no. OM 26
Under supervision of the Quality Assurance Engineer, the InquiryForeman carries out :
- systematic checks of quality assurance sheets or equivalentdocuments, which enable certain activities of the Section to befollowed,
- random checks of compliance with specifications,
- quality audits, programmed or requested by top management andconcerning groups of activity.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN's CZ4ClC9
C5
Documentation Officer Duty no. OM 27
Under supervision of the Quality Assurance Engineer, theDocumentation Officer is in charge of :
- editing, updating and storage of all official documents concerningoperation and maintenance of the power units.
- ensuring the proper circulation of all official documents in allservices of the Station,
- ensuring the distribution and the updating of official docunentsin the satellite documentation organization,
He is also responsible for the proper use and the maintenance of allcopying equipment.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesCl5C9CZ4
Industrial Safety Supervisor Duty no. OM 28
The Industrial Safety Supervisor backs up the Safety Supervision, hetakes in charge In particular :
- the implantation of all Security and Safety regulations,
- monitoring observance of safety and administration rules,
- leading random inspections of the condition of maintenance andoperation works.
Specialized training
Succèsively courses
N°s C3C7C5C16C4
Health Physics Foreman Duty no. OM 29
Under supervision of the Health Physics Engineer, the Health PhysicsForeman :
executes or has executed the narking, packing, and distribution ofnew dosimetric films,has films after use developed and read,regulates and maintains the associated laboratory equipment.
Specialized training
Successively courses
N°s C3C7C5C16C4
CD
T3SD(QCD
CT!D
Shift Health Physics Technician Duty no. OM 30
Under supervision of the Shift Health Physics Supervisor, andworking in rotation with him, this technician :
- analyses »nd operates the stationary health physics measurementfacilities.
- performs monitoring and supplementary measurements using mobileinstrumentation,
- monitors the health physics equipment,
- performs the normal body decontamination of personnel.
Specialized trainingSuccessively coursesN°s C3C7
C5C16C4
Appendix CFEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
EDUCATION OF TECHNICIANS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
1. EDUCATION AND TRAINING SYSTLM FOR TECHNICIANS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OFGERMANY
In the Federal Republic of Germany, the education of technicians is basedon both practical experience and application-oriented theoretical training.
A typical general curriculum for a technician is given in Fig. 1.Usually, a technician has had either 9 or 10 years of general school
education. He must leave school with a final certificate. In the case of anine year course, this final certificate is called "Hauptschulabschluss". Fora 10-year course it is the certificate of "Mittlere Reife".
After school, most young people pass an apprenticeship of at least threeyears for professional education. This education basically consists of"on-the-job training" In a workshop or in industry. The correspondingworkshop or factory must be qualified or licensed for the education ofapprentices. This requires Ihe recruitment of specialised masters orengineers and a variety of qualified activities that have to be carried out bythe workshop. If the variety is not large enough, additional training atother companies or at a technical school has to be provided.
Besides this, the apprentice has to go to a vocational school for at leastone day per week. At this school ho gets the theoretical knowledge that isrequired For practice of the craftsman's profession.
After he has passed his final examination he has reached the level of aqualified craftsman.
Candidates who want to become a technician and have not reached the"Mittlere Reife" level (ten years of school) usually go to a technical schoolfor onr year to acquire a general upgrading of their knowledge in subjects(e.g. mathematics, German, physics, chemistry) that are essential for thecollege of technology. Through this, candidates reach the level of"Fachschulreife" (technical college level) which is similar to the level of"Mittlere Reife".
Usually, after having reached this level, candidates acquire a few yearsof practical professional experience before they enter the college, but thisis not compulsory.
The technicians course at the college is two years long. The subjectstaught are not only related to the field of study, but also cover generalsubjects such as German, economics, English etc.
An example of the subjects covered by a technicians course for mechanicalengineering is given in Appendix I. The level of knowledge and the itemscovered by the different subjects is also given in Appendix I (seecurricula). "Ihe technicians course ends with a final examination.
77
oo
Hauptschula(9-year sch
>
9 yearsgeneral school education
bschluß level of eraool certificate)
f \
3 yearsapprenticeship
ftsman Fachsi(TechnicCertif
/ \
Tech-nical(practice
1 yeartech-nicalSchool
:hulreife Techniciaial College.cate )/ ^
Tech-nicalpractice
2 yearsTechniciansSchool
Mittlere Reife level of craftsman(10-year-school certificate)
Technician
^
10 yearsgeneral school education
t \
3 yearsapprenticeship
' s
2 yearstechnicalpractice
2 yearsTechniciansSchool
H———I———I———I-10 15 years
FIG.1. Curricula of technicians in the Federal Republic of Germany.
2. ROLF OF TECHNICIANS IW THF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY OF" THF FEDERAL REPUBLIC OFGERMANY
In addition to the technician there is the level of the so-called"Meister" (master craftsman or master) in the Federal Republic of Germany. Amaster has to have at least five years of practical professional experience,before he can attend a master course for one year. Compared to thetechnician the master generally has more practical experience with lesstheoretical education.
Therefore, masters are generally preferred for tasks which are moreclosely related to the practical work of craftsmen (such as running aworkshop, supervision of craftsmen or manufacturing processes, education ofapprentices), whereas technicians are preferred for tasks that are moreclosely related to the work of professional engineers. That is whytechnicians play a very important role in the nuclear industry and research ofthe Federal Republic of Germany.
Table I gives examples of the most important nuclear activities in whichtechnicians are working and typical types of technicians that hold responsiblepositions in these fields.
3. TRAINING COURSF.S FOR SPECIALISATION OF TECHNICIANS ll\l NUCl FAR TECHNOLOGY
The subjects that can be studied at a college of technology are allconventional. Therefore, nuclear specialisation courses are necessary fortechnicians to take over responsibilities in the nuclear power programme.This additional training is offered by different organisations. The followinggives a summary of such courses:Organisation/Courses for technicians :
Schulei für• )<erntechnjLk Kar 1 s ru heCourse on radiation protection for technicians and laboratorytechnicians2 weeksCourse on handling of closed and open radioactive sources3 weeks
- Course on radiation protection in a NPP2 weeks
— Course on basic nuclear knowledge for shift personnel of WPP11 weeksCourse on modern techniques for analysis for laboratory technicians2 weeksCourse on microcomputers2 weeks
KraftwerksschuleCourse on basic nuclear knowledge for shift personnel of a NPP11 weeksCourse on process techniques in a NPP11 weeksCourse on control and electrical systems in a NPP7 weeks
79
Table I. IMPORTANT "I ASKS AMD FUNCTIONS FOR TECHNICIANSEN THK NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
FIELD OF ACTIVITY______________________
Design:Drawing and layout of flow sheets
and other drawings.Design of piping.Selection of smaller components andspare parts.
Compilation of design documents.Manufacturing:Survey of manufacturing processes.Quality controlCompilation of manufacturing documents,Construction :Survey of construction works andcontrol of construction progress.
Coordination of activities ofdifferent working groups.
Quality assurance, quality control.Compilation of QA- and QC-documents.Commissioning and Operation:Commissioning assistance.Operation of systems and A1PP
(operators).Carrying out health physics measurement.Radiation monitoring.Operation of electrical switchgearFault analysis for electronics equipment
Maintenance :Planning and preparation of
maintenance activities.Fault analysis.Quality assurance, quality control.Compilation of maintenance document.Design of maintenance facilities.Research and testing:Operation and control of test
facilitiesEvaluation of test results
APPROPRIATE TYPES OF TECHNICIANS
Mechanical and electrical technicians
Mechanical or electrical technicians
Mechanical, electrical, civiltechnicians
Mechanical techniciansnaval—mechanical technicians,electrical technicianselectronics technicians
Mechanical technicians,electrical technicians, electronicstechnicians, naval-mechanicaltechnicians*
Chemica1 and phy s i c a1 1aboratories :Laboratory technician in
chemical and physical laboratoriesAdministration:Compilation and handling of all sortsof documents.
Quality assurance of documents.
Mechanical technicians,electronics technicianselectrical technicians,chemical technicians,physical techniciansChemical technicians,physical technicians,electronics technicians
Technicians who have been trained Por the operation of ship propulsionplants
80
Special training course- on mechanical maintenance of a W P P for powerplant master craftsmen5 weeksCourse on health physics in a I\IPP for shift personnel and technicians1 weekCourse on radiation measurement for radiation technicians2 weeks
. _ „ _G.ese n jchaf t .„m_b_b_ LKCG). _ andGesel"ïscha tfür ~
Basic simulator courses for BWR and PWR operators2 courses, 4 weeks eachSimulator course for continuous operator training for BWR and PWRoperators] weekOther simulator courses on request.
Fa c h h o c h s c h u l e , U ImCourse on basic nuclear knowledge for shift personnel of a IMPP3 months
K U.C? 8J-.e tte _ d er F _ar h ho ch s c hu Ija _Aac he n j_ Jü liehcourse on basic nuclear knowledge for shift personnel of a W P P] 6 weeksCourse on health physics
basic course - 1 week- special course on handling of closed radioactive sources - 2 days
- special course on handling of open radioactive sources - 1 weekCourse for specialists in radiation protection4 weeksCourse on radiation protection in a I\IPP2 weeks
Kraftwerk .Uni_on (KWJJ_)_, _Kar_lste_inKWU offers a variety of courses covering all aspects of KWU-LWRdesign, operations and maintenance. Also simulator courses for PWRscan be provided on request.
Jn addition to these courses, which are open to the public-, many trainingcourses are provided by the larger organisations for their own personnel.Becuase of this, there is no general rule for the type of courses a technicianmust pass before he can take over a certain responsible position.
Only 1 he education of reactor operators is more or less standardised,because there is a regulatory guideline issued by the Federal Ministry of theEnvironment, Natural Protection and Reactor Safety which defines all subjectsa reactor operator must know. Also, a written and an oral examination arerequired for reactor operators according to this guideline.
81
In order to meet these requirements, a curriculum has been developed bythe VBG (an organisation of utilities), which is shown in Fig. 2 and whichconsists of the following main steps:
1. After enrolment the technician works in cooperation with variouscolleagues that are in responsible positions at a IMPP for at least 12weeks. During this time the candidate gets a general acquaintance withthe different acitviti.es at a I\1PPIn addition to this cooperation in a WPP, the technician gets generalbasic knowledge on machine-techniques for 4 weeks.
Operator Examination
12 Simulator courses 2x
4 weeks
1Plant-specific education 14 weeks
Course on control and electricalsystems 7 weeks
On-the- jobtrainingin a
NPP:
18 months
Course on process techniques 11 weeks
Course on basic nuclear knowledge 11 week s
General basicknowledge 4 weeks
Cooperation in a NPP 12 weeks
FIG 2. Curriculum for specialization of reactor operator technicians.
82
2. Then follows a period of about 18 months during which the candidatebecomes familiar with the different tasks of the operating personnel by"on~-the-job training". This period is interrupted by the followingtheoretical courses:2.1 Course on basic nuclear knowledge for shift personnel. The duration
of this course is 11 weeks. It ends with a final examination.Courses are offered by
Kraftwerksschule, EssenFachhochschule, UlrnSchule für KerntechnikFachhochschule Flachen
The main subjects are: nuclear physics, reactor physics, principlesof reactor operation and reactor safety,thermodynamics, and thermodynamics shielding,health physics.
2.2. Course on process techniques. The duration of this course is 11weeks.Courses are offered by
Kraftwerksschule, EssenKraftwerk Union, Karlstein
The main subjects are: characteristics of LWRs, LWR systems, watertreatment with radiochemistry, methods ofradwaste handling and treatment, componentsfor WPPs, operational behaviour of IMPPs.
2.3 Course on control and electrical systems. The duration of thiscourse is 7 weeks. Courses are offered by
Kraftwerksschule, EssenKraftwerk Union, Karlstein
The main subjects are: measurement techniques; instrumentation,control and reactor protection systems;electrical systems.
3. After this general education in reactor technology, a period of at least14 weeks follows, during which the candidate is educated on the technologyand operation of the specific plant he is designated for (plant-specificeducation), This education is usually provided by the teaching staff ofthe corresponding I\IPP. Courses can also be provided by KWU.
4. The plant-specific education is interrupted or followed by simulatortraining consisting of two courses. Each course is four weeks long.During the first course the emphasis is placed on the operation andmalfunctions of systems, whereas the second course deals with theoperation of the whole plant and the training for accident situations.Thus, a total of more than two years is necessary for the additional
education for a technician to become a reactor operator.
83
Appendix 1TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (TWO YEARS)
I . GENERAL1 • P u rpo s e of t ra i n i n$
The technician, as a representative of middle management, has to fill thegap which is found in industry between the skilled craftsmen or journeyman andthe professional engineer (graduierter Ingenieur or Diplomingenieur), bybuilding on the work techniques of the trade he has learned, to performtechnical tasks for which he is personally responsible to a specified extentand to learn new techniques.
School: four semesters full-time (approx . 36 hours per week).
(a) Successful completion of vocational school(b) Successful completion of vocational training corresponding to the
special subject at the technician's school(c) Previous experience in the trade learned or for which training has
been received.
Schedule of special subjects in mechanical engineering(full-time school)
Subject (No. hours/week)
Elements of MechanicalEngineering
Total hours
Semester:
Genua
Economics, SocialStudies «nd Law
English
Ma the »a tic«
Physic»
Technical Mechanics
Cheaistry
Materials Science
Electrical and Elec-tronic Engineering
Technical Drawing
I
3
3
3
7
3
3
2
2
3
2
ii in rv3 -
3 -
3 1 1
7 -
3 -
3 -
2 -
2 2 2
3 -
2 -
120
120
160
280
120
120
80
160
120
80
160
84
Subject (No. hours/week)Semester: j jj jjj
Total hours
Industrial Manage-ment
ManufacturingTechnology
Design
Automatic ControlTechnology
IV
Strength ofMaterials
Han at Wort
2 2 -
- 2 2
80
80
280
h 200+/320'H-
1 160
37 37
Emphasis on manufac tur ingEmphasis on development
II. CURRICULA
30 30 2.680
1. GermanTreatment of grammatical questions, exercises in speech anddiscussion, critical text analysis, introduction to literature.
2. Economics, Social Studies and Law
History of economics, basic concepts of economics, civil law, labourlaw, social security, social systems.
3. English (basic knowledge is desirable)Extension of vocabulary, technical English, grammar.
4. MathematicsAlgebra: the four fundamental operations, slide rules, factoring,linear equations with one or two unknowns, system of coordinates(linear functions, graphic solutions), powers and calculations withpowers, quadra tic equations with graphic solutions, roots, logarithms,logic of propositions. Geometry arid Trigonometry: basicconstructions, triangles, quadrilaterals, regular n--angles, circles,radii, trigonometric functions (sine and cosine). Analyticalgeomebry: point calculation in rectangular co-ordinate system.Womography : nornograrns and curve charts. Fundamentals of mathematicalstatistics. Introduction to the binary system.
85
b. Physics (25% laboratory practicals)Fundamental concepts of physics: dimension systems, basic mechanicalquantities and their measurements. Fluid mechanics: hydrostaticpressure, basic physics of hydraulics. Mechanics of gases: gaspressure, physical foundations of pneumatics, Thermal studies:temperature and its measurement, heat Iransport, amount of heat,mixing temperature, aggregate states, vapour pressure,refrigerators. Energy and its conversion: processing machines andmotors used as examples of applications. Introduction to theory ofoscillations: mechanical, acoustic and optical waves. Optics, lightmechanics. Sound and heat insulation.
6. Technical MechanicsStress: parallelogram, force diagram, string polygon, behaviour offorces, simple lattices, rigidity, Friction, inclined plane, screws:static, sliding and rolling friction, inclined plane with friction;forces and moments on the screw. Work, output, efficiency.Kinematics: uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed, free fall,gears. Dynamics: fundamental law of dynamics, energy, momentum,directed motion,
7. Chemistry (approx. 40% laboratory practical s)Wuclear Structure: types of binding, periodic systems, isotopes andtheir uses. Avogadro number, molecular volumes1 stochiometrictasks Redox processes. Acids, leaching agents, saltsneutrali?ation, hydrolysis, ions, dissociation and co-efficients ofdissociation. Electrochemistry: electrochemical series of elements,electrolysis, pH value. Water and its preparation. Selected partsof inorganic chemistry. Basic features of organic chemistry.
8. Materials Science (approx. 40% laboratory practicals)Metallography: lattices, grains, structures, melting andsolidification with single-material system, alloys, iron-carbondiagram, Iron and steel: manufacture, types, treatment. l\lon--ferrousmetals and alloys thereof. Sintered metals. Protection againstcorrosion. Plastics. IMonmetallic materials and agents: insulationmaterials, grinding and polishing materials, lubricants, coolantsetc. Materials testing: review, static processes, dynamic processes,technological processes, other processes.
9. l-;Jectrical Engineering (approx. 20% laboratory practicals)Basics of electricity. The unbranched electrical circuit: basicelectrical quantities, Ohm's law, Basic circuits with resistances.Electrical work and output: Magnetism: magnetic effects ofelectrical current. Induction; principle of the transformer.Alternating current: basic concepts, basic circuits with capacitancearid induction, output, idle power and operating power, compensation.Three-phase current: linkage. Electrical machines: fundamentals andapplications.
86
10. Technical DrawingRepresentation and dimensioning in accordance with (German Industrial(DIM)) standards. Drawing of machine components: free-hand sketches,manufacturing drawings in accordance with standards, intersectionsand developments. Drawing of individual components from overalldrawings: dimensioning in accordance with function and manufacturingprocesses, Overall drawings from drawings of given individualcomponents: including part list. Schematic representation andoutline sketches.
11. Elements of Mechanical EngineeringIntroduction; basic concepts of fitting. Threads and screws: basicconcepts, standards, calculation. Studs and bolts: types, standards,calculation. Drive connections: friction--and form-lockingconnections, calculation. Buckling. Welded, soldered and gluedjoints and rivets: formation, calculation. Axles and shafts:fabrication, calculation. Friction and roller bearings; designs,application, standardization, formation calculation. Clutches andbrakes: types, application. Drives: types, application,calculation. Springs.
12. Strength of MaterialsBasic laws and characteristic material parameters. Traction andpressure. Shearing. Surface moments. Bending. Torsion. Fatiguestrength. Combined effects.
13. Man at WorkIndustrial sociology. Industrial and labour psychology. Humanjudgement. Working with colleagues. Instructions to workers.Ergonomics,
14. Industrial Management (approx. 10% practical exercises)Organisation and orders.Introduction to organization: types of order and their fulfilment.Preparation of work: planning of manufacturing, design with a view tomanufacturing, time investigation methods including rnultimomentstudies [where not in RUFA (Association for Labour Studies)].Remuneration systems. Organization of work: introduction to time andmotion studies and minimum-time methods. Order control: deadlines.Project planning and control: fundamentals, methods. Electronic dataprocessing: introduction to information science. Servicedepartments: machines, organization of resources, transport.Materials and stores. Enspection.CostsBreakdown of costs according to origin, accounting and considerationsof economic viability. Common costs: origin, drawing-up.Introduction to accounting: accounts, balances, profits and loss.Financial computations and calculations : types of calculation, spheresof application, Performance cost accounting; tasks, cost sections,distribution of common costs, paying authority accounting. Space
87
costs and facility accountJng depending on the degree of employment:dividing up, overall piece costs, hourly rates for machines.Economic viability calculations for operating resources andprocesses: time-cost comparisons, maximum piece number, economicviability, capacities. Introduction to value analysis.
15. Manufacturing TechnologyLength testing technology: mechanical testing means, opticalmeasurement devices, length measurement machines, pneumaticmeasurement devices, electronic measurement convertors (digital,(analogue), testing procedures. Procedures: division, spheres ofapplication, Separation; cutting with geometrically determined blade(fundamentals, turning, planning and percussion, drilling,counter-si riking, abrading, milling, broaching), cutting withgeometrically undetermined blade (fundamentals, grinding, honing,lapping). Removal: electro-erosive processes, electrochemicalprocesses, energy beam processes. Machine tools: foundations, gears,classifications, copying devices, special machines. Mass production:feed devices, linkages. Cog-wheel and thread manufacturing:cog--wheel manufacturing, thread manufacturing (separation, pressuremoulding). First shaping: casting - foundations, casting with deadmould, casting with dead mould and model, casting with permanentmould, rules of shaping, casting faults, powder metallurgy, accidentprevention. Remoulding: introduction after review, pressure mouldingrolling, free forming, die casting, crushing, indentation, kneadinground, extrusion. Punching technology: shaping with separating tools(basic concepts, procedures, cutting tools, shoulder formation, feedlimitation). Shaping with reshaping tools (review, bending, stampingand deep drawing tools, pressing and ironing tools). Rubber drawing,multiple and hydraulic shaping processes, combined tools. High-speedre- shaping. Joining: by pressing, welding, soldering, glueing,remoulding. Surface treatment and coating: review, preparatory work,coverings.
16. DesignIntroduction: principles of design, design sketch, design drawing,manufacturing or overall drawing; fabrication of construction ,components in accordance with materials and manufacturing processes:cast components, welded components, other components. Design ofoperating resources: devices, operating resources for tool handling,tools for punching technology, Selected examples from manufacturingdesign: gears, small machines and plant,
17. Automatic Control TechnologyDifference between control and regulation. Control technology: basicconcepts, types of control, functional diagrams, basic logfunctions,mechanical control, pneumatic and hydraulic control,electrical and electronic control, combined control (controlsystems), numerical control: foundations, construction, pathmeasurement systems, coding, information, programme. Regulationtechnology: basic concepts, regulation circuits, regulation elements,transition function, regulators, types of regulator, criteria ofcapacity for regulation,
88
ni • yiEM7,„Pfl.ICCHi\!iciAi\!S.. SCHOOLS
Type of equipment and devices.4 jathos (5--30 kW) with accessories, tools for thread manufactureand for finishing, various measuring instruments,2 Universal milling machines (2.5-5 kW) with accessories, deviceFor producing cogwheels using the roller method, various tools.Horizontal percussion machine (2.5 kW) with accessories, dril]measurement bench, various measurement and cutbing tools andadditional equipment.Surface grinding machine (2,5 kW) with accessories, twist drillgrinding machine and steel grinding machine, each with accessories,2 hydraulic presses (200-250 k!M), each with accessories, eccentricpress (250 kl\l) with accessories.General fixtures of rooms, e.g. tool cupboards, benches withtools, etcDevices with equipment for experiment rooms for control technologyand automation. Single-spindle automatic lathe, lathe,l\IC-controlled drilling and milling machine, milling machine withcrossbar distribution panel, approx . 25 building sets forpneumatic control with extensive accessories, 3 hydraulic gaugeunits with corresponding electrical control and circuit devicesfor hydraulic control, testing system for regulation circuit(simulator for PD, DI, PR behaviour), 4 work places forsmall-scale rationali^ation of human work places, variousequipment and accessories.
Equipment for central store, metal for materials, standardisedcomponents etc. with various machines.
Next page(s) left blank 89
Appendix D
INDIA
STATION QUALIFICATION PROCEDURESFOR MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL OF A 235 MW(e) PHWR
(Nuclear Power Board, Department of Atomic Energy)
1. INTRODUCTION
This Office Order provides the standardised procedures for qualificationof maintenance personnel (Main Plant and FHS, in future 2x235 MWe PHWRstations starting from NAPP.). The existing procedures in Rajasthan AtomicPower Station and Madras Atomic Power Station shall be gradually adjusted toeventually implement this Office Order by June 1986 at the latest.
2. POSITIONS FOR QUALIFICATIONS IN PHWR STATIONS
The following maintenance positions are to be manned by formallystation-qualified personnel. The discipline and the levels of qualificationsto which each position belongs are also shown below.
PositionsSenior Maintenance
AbbreviationSME
LevelI
Discipline*F/M/E/I
EngineerMaintenance EngineerAssistant Maintenance
Engineer
M.EA.M.E
II
III
M/E/I
M/E/I
(a) MaintenanceSupervisor
(b) Senior MaintainerMaintainer
M. Sup.Sr. Maint.
Maint.
IVIVV
M/E/IM/E/I
M/E/I
* Legend: M:E:I:F:
Mechanical MaintenanceElectrical MaintenanceInstrumentation and Control MaintenanceFeil Handling Equipment Maintenance
91
3. PRE-REQUISITES FOR STATION QUALIFICATION
3.1 Qualification and experienceThe following requirements of background are to be
for qualifying the candidates to each of the above positions.met
Position
SHE
M.E
AcAte1» Training and field experienceB.E. or
voient
AME
(a) B.E orequivalent
(b) DiplomaHold-ers
(a) B.E. orequivalent
(b) DiplomaHolders
Maint. Sup,./ (a) DiplomaSr.Maint. Holders/
B.Sc.
(b) HSC/SSC+ITI
Maintainer (a) Diplomaholders
(b) SSC/ITI(c) SSC or
VIII Std.+ITI
8 years minimum including2 years as a qualified MEin the particular disciplineM/E/T6 years minimum including2 years as a qualified AMEin M/E/I20 years minimum including4 years as a qualified AMEin M/E/I4 years minimum experiencein maintenance includingTraining in M/E/I10 years minimum experience3 years as a qualifiedmaintenance supervisorin M/E/Iô years minimum experiencein maintenance including
minimum 2 years as aMaintainer in M/E/I12 years minimum experienceincluding 4 years as aMaintainer in M/E/I4 years maintainanceexperience including trainingin M/E/I8 years maintenance experienceincluding training in M/E/I12 years maintenanceincluding traning in M/E/I
The certification of adequate job knowledge and experiencein relevant areas shall be done through standardised field checklists at separate levels appropriate for engineers and theMaintainers. The experience and station qualification should bein one of the specified fields of maintenance which shall beindicated w i t h i n brackets to indicate the exact position andq u a l i f i c a t i o n to which the individual be 1ongs ,e.g.ME(M) forMaintenance Engineer (Mech) and so on.
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3.2 Station Qualification
The procedure for each position along with papers forwritten examinations and syllabi is available in a separatedocument and enclosed with this office order (for MAPS/NAPP)
No written examinations are at the moment stipulated forqualifying ME to SME positions but they shall be checked orallyfor their management and administrative orientation programme.
Following guidelines are to be followed in connectionwith the written examinations:-
Passing marks :Duration between twofinal interviews:Number of attemptsallowed for passinga particular papfrr :Time for eachexamination paper:
70%3 months (min)
3 times (max)3 hours (max)
3.3 Fuel Handling Maintenance Personnel
In view of the interdisciplinary nature of Fuel HandlingEquipment maintenance, the procedure for such personnel shall beas follows.
Level Pos it ion/Abbrn. Remarks on qualifyingprocedu re
I SME(F)
II M E ( M / I )
III AME(M/I)
I V M . S u p / S r M a i n t
V M a i n t
A q u a l i f i e d A S C E ( F ) w i t h2 years m i n i m u m exper iencei n F H S m a i n t e n a n c ei n c o n t r o l o r raech.
M o s e p a r a t e p r o c e d u r e i nm a i n t e n a n c e . Sha l l f o l l o wm e c h a n i c a l o r c o n t r o l main-t e n a n c e p r o c e d u r e s o f m a i np l a n t a s a p p l i c a b l e .
4 . R E Q U A L I F I C A T I O N
4 . 1 P e r s o n s q u a l i f i e ds t a t ion may be re q u a l i f i e dc h e c k - o u t w i t h i n 3 y e a r sconce rned .
f o r a p a r t i c u l a r p o s i t i o n i n o n eto the ; > a m e p o s i t i o n t h r o u g h an ora l
f r o m t h e d a t e o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n
93
TABLE-A
Q U A L I F I C A T I O N P R O C E D U R E F O R S E N I O R M A I N T E N A N C E E N G I N E E R S( S M E s )
T h e c a n d i d a t e s h o u l d h a v e p a s s e d a l l t h eexaminat ions prescribed for Maintenance Engineer and worked fora m i n i m u m pe r iod of two years as a q u a l i f i e d M a i n t e n a n c eEng inee r . The cand ida t e s s h o u l d have b e e n e x p o s e d to v a r i o u scour se s o n M a i n t e n a n c e M a n a g e m e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , S t o r e s a n dAccounts Procedures as also General Management*
T h e c a n d i d a t e s s h a l l b e i n t e r v i e w e d f o rau thor i sa t ion by a c o m m i t t e e cons t i tu ted by the Head of the Unit .The c o m m i t t e e wi l l a lso check the candida te ' s k n o w l e d g e in theabove areas.
TABLE-B
QUALIFICATION P R O C E D U R E S FOR M A I N T E N A N C E ENGINEERS ( M E s )
1. The candidates should have comple ted all the examinat ionsp r e s c r i b e d f o r Ass i s t an t M a i n t e n a n c e E n g i n e e r a n d s h o u l d haveworked for a m i n i m u m period of 2 years as Assistant MaintenanceE n g i n e e r in case of d e g r e e h o l d e r s and 4 yea r s in case of D i p l o m aholders.
2. In addi t ion he should clear the checklsts specif ied belowa n d pass t h e f o l l o w i n g w r i t t e n e x a m i n a t i o n s f o r a c q u i r i n g t h eposit ion of Main tenance Engineer .
2.1 CHECKLISTS
Atleast 80% and p r e f e r a b l y 100Z of checklist modules asspecif ied below m u s t be comple ted .The modules of checkl is ts aregiven below.
M E C H A N I C A L C H E C K L I S T M O D U L E S1. Reac tor Sys tems and U p g r a d i n g Plant E q i p m e n t2. TG and Feedwater E q u i p m e n t3. S t andby Power , C o m p r e s s o r s , C h i l l e r a n d W a t e r System E q u i p m e n t4. Fuel Hand l ing E q u i p m e n t5. Weld ing , Inspec t ioa and mach ine tools6. Auxi l i a ry and se rv ice E q u i p m e n t
E L E C T R I C A L C H E C K L I S T M O D U L E S1.Reactor Sys tems2.TG Feedwater and Purophouse E q u i p m e n t3.Stand Power S u p p l y E q u i p m e n t4.Main G e n e r a t o r a n d O u t p u t S y s t e m E q u i p m e n t5. Class IV to Class I Switchgear6.Service E q u i p m e n t
I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N & C O N T R O L M O D U L E1.Reactor C o n t r o l s , P H T ins t .2 .Rad ia t i on 4 a n a l y t i c a l I n s t r u m e n t s and DAS c o n t r o l sS . M o d e r a t o r i n s t , a n d d o u s i n g » V a p o u r s u p p r e s s i o n c o n t r o l s4 .Fue l H a n d l i n g C o n t r o l s5 . T G . T u r b o v i s o r y , B o i l e c cont ro l 3 , F e e d w a t e r i n s t . c o n t r o l s6.Service E q u i p m e n t i n s t .
94
TABLE £QUALIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR ASSISTANT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS(AMEs) LEVEL III
1.The candidates should have completed one year's initialtraining as applicable to engineers and have acquired RPT GreenQualification.2. The Diploma Holders and Supervisors coming from ScientificAssistants level/FM level should complete all the generalexaminations that are being done by the engineers during theirinitial one year training as indicated below.M-7 1.Nuclear GeneralM-9 Z.Turbine Generator£Mechanical General(for MM)
ORElectrical Equipment General(for EM)
ORInstrumentation&Control General(for CM)
ORFuel engineering and Fuel Handling Systems (General)
M-57 RPT GeneralWRITTEN EXAMINATIONS
M-12 I.Technical SpecificationsM-13 2,3Checklist Oriented Papers (Any Two)M-14 ( FOR EM ONLY)M-15 a.Reactor EquipmentsM-16 b.TG,Feedwater&Pumphouse Equipment
c.Standby Power supply & Service Equipmentd.Main Generator,0utput System and Switchgear
Equipment(FOR MM ONLY )
a.Reactor Systems Equipmentb.TG & Feedwater Equipmentc.Standby Power,Water System and Service Equipment,Welding, Inspection & Machine tools
d.Fuel Handling Equipment(FOR CM ONLY)
a.Reactor Controls, Protection PHT& mod. inst.b.Fuel Handling Controlsc.Radiation,Analytical and DAS Equipment Controlsd.Boiler,TG.Turbovisory and Service equip, controls
M-17 4. Standard Protection CodeM-58 5. Radiation Protection & Emergency ProceduresM-ll 6. Safety and ReliabilityM-12 7. Technical SpecificationsM-10 8. TG & Mechanical Systems Specifics (for MM) OR
Electrical Systems Specifics (for EM)OR
Instrumentation and Control Systems Specifics (for CM)OR
Fuel Handling Systems SpecificsChecklists
The candidates should complete 4 out of 6 checklist modulesas per discipline mentioned in 2.1 of Table-B.Module 6 is
compulsory.In addition he should appear for a walk-through test and
interview
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TABLE-D
____ ' I C A T I O N P R O C E D U R E S F O R M A I N T E N A N C E S U P E R V I S O R S / S E N I O R'MÄTffTAINERS
The candidate should have comple ted init ial t ra iningas a p p l i c a b l e t o t he D i p l o m a H o l d e r s and w o r k fo r two y e a r sm i n i m u m as a M a i n t a i n e r . He shou ld have o b t a i n e d R a d i a t i o nT r a i n i n g G r e e n Q u a l i f i c a t i o n a n d c o m p l e t e d f l e l d check l i s t s a sappl icab le«
B A S I C S K I L L S : These c h e c k l i s t s w h i c h a r e d i s c i p l i n eo r i e n t e d shou ld have b e e n c o m p l e t e d by t he M a i n t a i n e r s d u r i n gtheir initial part of t ra in ing as app l i cab le .However ,pe r sons whohave n o t u n d e r g o n e in i t ia l t r a i n i n g s h o u l d c o m p l e t e t h e bas ic
as appl icable«
H i g h e r S e c o n d a r y p a s s e d c a n d i d a t e s a n d p e r s o n s h a v i n gSSC+ITI c e r t i f i c a t e shou ld h a v e c o m p l e t e d i n i t i a l m a i n t a n c et r a i n i n g a s a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e m and w o r k fo r 4 y e a r s a s aMainta iner . He should have ob ta ined Rad ia t ion P r o t e c t i o n Tra in ing (RPT)G r »en Q u a l i f i c a t i o n and c o m p l e t e d s y s t e m f i e l d c h e c k l i s t s asapplicable.
C H E C K L I S T S : He s h o u l d c o m p l e t e any 3 out of 6 m o d u l e sg t y e n in 2 .1 o f Tab1e - B .M öd u l e N o . 6 ( S e r v i c e E q u i p m e n t ) i sco*puls o ry . ( f or S u p e r v i s o r s ) For S e n i o r M a i n t a i n e r s ,all the 6discipline o r i en ted checklis t m o d u l e s are to be comple t ed . (Type -It)
WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS:H* should complete all the 8 examinations specified for Level-
listed above.(For Supervisors).Following written examinations should be completed for
Maintainers.( FOR MM ONLY )
p4pers 1 to 5 compulsory and any 3 from 6 to 10M-18 1. D20 Handling.
2. Standard Protection Code.M-19 3. Elementary RPT.M-20 4. Station Orientation.M-21 5. Auxiliary/Service epuipment and Material Handling.M-22 6. Reactor System Equipment.M-23 7. Fuel Handling Equipment.M-24 8. TGA and Feed water Equipment.M-25 9. Standby Power Supply, Chiller Compressor and Water System.M-26 10. Welding, QC&I and machine tools.
(FOR EM ONLY)1. ^2° Handling.2. Standard Protection code.3. Elementary RPT.4. Station Oriention.
M-27 5. Auxiliary/Service équipement.M-28 6. Winding & cable jointing.M-29 7. Main Generator & Switchyard.M-30 8. Class IV to Class I Switchgear.M-31 9. TG & Feedwater system.M-32 10. Reactor Systems Equipment.
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(FOR CM ONLY )1. D20 Handling.2. Standard Protection Code.3. Elementary RPT.4. Station Orientation.
M-33 5. Auxiliary/Service Equipment Instrumentation SwagelokQualification.
M-34 6. Test Equipment and Measurements.M-35 7. PHT, Moderator, Dousing, Vapour & Suppression System & Reactor Controls.M-36 8. Data Logging & CTM.M-37 9. Radiation Monitors.M-38 10. Fuel Handling Controls.
The candidate would have to undergo walk-1h rough andfinal Interview.
97
TABLE-E
QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL(MAINTAINBR) t ( L E V E L - V )
The cand ida t e should have c o m p l e t e d the Ini t ia ltraining as applicable to SSC/ ITI /S t ipend ia ry Trainees and shouldh a v e c o m p l e t e d t h e c h e c k l i s t s o n B a s i c Ski l l s a n d B a s i cE q u i p m e n t s aspar t of his initial t raining programme.
Out of the 6 M o d u l e s ( d i s c ip l i ne o r i e n t e d as per M M , E Mor CM) g iven in 2.1 of Table-B he shou ld c o m p l e t e any 3 m o d u l e swith module No.6 as compulsory .The checklists per ta in ing to thesemodules will be of Type-II ( T r a d e s m e n level)
He shou ld pass t he f o l l o w i n g c o m p u l s o r y and e lec t iveexaminat ions at T r a d e s m e n level:
P a p e r s no. 1 to 5 are c o m p u l s o r y and any 3 of no.6 to10.(For all CM, EM & M M ) .
( FOR EM O N L Y )1. D 2 0 H a n d l i n g .2. S tandard P r o t e c t i o n Code.3. E l e m e n t a r y Rad ia t ion P r o t e c t i o n .4. S ta t ion Or ien ta t ion .
M-39 5 . A u x i l i a r y / S e r v i c e E q u i p m e n t & M a t e r i a l H a n d l i n gE q u i p m e n t .
M-40 6. Main Generator and Switchyard.M-41 7. Winding and Cable Jointing.M-42 8. Class-lV to Class-I Switchgear.M-43 9. T.G. & Feedwater Systems.M-44 10. Reactor Systems Equipment.
( FOR MM OKLY )1. U2Û Handling.2. Standard Protection Code.3. Elementary RPT.4. Station Orientation.
M-45 5. Auxiliary/Service Equipment and Material Handling.M-46 6. Reactor System Equipment.M-47 7. Fuel Handling Equipment.M-48 8. TGA and Feedwater Equipment.M-49 9. Standby Power Su p p l y , Chiller Compressor & Water
System.M-50 10. Welding, QC&I and machine tools.
(FOR CM ONLY)1. D20 Handling»2. Standard Protection Code.3. Elementary RPT.4. Station Orlention.
M-51 5. Auxiliary/Service Equipment Instrumentation i SwagelokQualification.
M-52 6, Test Equipment & Measurements.M-53 7. PHT,Moderator,Dousing and Reactor Controls.M-54 8. Datalogging & CTM.M-55 9. RAdiation Monitors.M-56 10. Fuel Handling Controls.
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LIST OF EXAMINATION PAPERS FOR ALL POSITIONS
LEVEL I
Oral Examination on Management «Administration and Accountsprocedures.(After Level II Qualification)LEVEL II
M-l Reliability and MaintainabilityM-2 PHWR Equipment Failure AnalysisM-3 Maintenance Management (PHWR Equipment)M-4 Radiation Protection (Advanced)
(Same as Paper 6 of Operations)M-5 Discipline Oriented papers based on checklists coveredM-6 (Not done by the Engineer at Level III (AME)
LEVEL III
M-7 Nuclear GeneralM-8 Nuclear Systems SpecificsM-9 TG Mechanical General
ORElectrical Equipment General
ORInstrumentation & Control General
ORFuel Engineering & Fuel Handling Systems General
M-10 TG & Mechanical Systems SpecificsOR
Electrical Systems SpecificsOR
Instrumentation & Control Systems SpecificsOR
Fuel Handling Systems SpecificsM-ll Safety & ReliabilityM-12 Technical specificationsM-13 Checklist Oriented PapersM-l4 any twoM-l 5M-l 6M-17 Standard Protection Code.
LEVEL IV
M-18 0,0 Handling.M-19 Elementary RPT.M-20 Station Orientation.
(FOR MM ONLY)M-21 Auxiliary/Service Equipment & Material Handling.M-22 Reactor System Equipment.M-23 Fuel Handling Equipments.M-24 TGA and Feed Water Sysema.M-25 Standby Power Supply, Chiller Compressor and Water
SystemsM-26 Welding, QC&I and machine tools.
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(FOR EM ONLY)M-27 Auxiliary/Service Equipment.M-28 Winding and Cable Jointing.M-29 Main Generator and Switchyard.M-30 Class IV to Class I Switchgear.M-31 TG and Feedwater System.M-32 Reactor System Equipments.
(FOR CM ONLY)M-33 Auxiliary/Service Equipments Instrumentation and Swagelok
Qualification.M-34 Test Equipments and Measurements.M-35 PHT, Moderator, Dousing and Reactor Controls.M-36 Datalogging and CTM.M-37 Radiation Monitors.M-38 Fuel Handling Controls.
LEVEL V
(FOR EM ONLY)M-39 Auxiliary/Service Equipment and Material Handling.M-40 Main Generator and Switchyard.M-41 Winding and Cable Jointing.M-42 Class IV to Clas-s I Switchgear.M-43 TG and Feedwater System.M—44 Reactor System Equipments.
(FOR MM ONLY)M—45 Auxiliary/Service Equipment anJ Material Handling.M-46 Reactor System Equipment.M-47 Fuel Handling Equipment.M-48 TGA and Feedwater Systera.M-49 Standby Power Supply , Chi Her Compressor and Water SystemM-50 Welding and QCI.M-51Auxiliary/Se rvice E q u i p m e n t Instrumentation & Swagelok
Qualification.M-52 Test Equipment and Measurements.M-53 PHT, Moderator, Dousing and Reactor Controls.M-54 Datalogging and CTM.M-55 Radiation Monitors.M-56 Fuel Handling Controls.
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SYLLABUS OF WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS FOR QUALIFYING PHWR MAINTENANCE PERSONNELWITH MODIFICATIONS TO SUIT DESIGN CHANGES TO SIMILAR FUTURE STATIONS
SYLLABUS FOR STATION QUALIFICATION EXAMINATIONS FOR MAINTENANCEPERSONNEL - LEVEL I (SHE)
I . P o s i t i o n : S E N I O R M A I N T E N A N C E E N G I N E E R( M E C H A N I C A L , E L E C T R I C A L , C O N T R O LOR FUEL HANDLING)
Z . L e v e l : N O W R I T T E N E X A M I N A T I O N . O R A LI N T E R V I E W S AT SENIOR E N G I N E E R L E V E L
3 .Con ten t : The sy l l abus is m e a n t to p r o v i d es u f f i c i e n t a p p r e c i a t i o n o fa d m i n i s t r a t i v e / a c c o t r n t s a n dmanagement concepts to qual i f ied MEsbeing p r e p a r e d fo r the p o s i t i o n o fSME.
The topics are:
1.Administration:(a) Atomic Energy Act,Factory Act,Indistrial Disputes Act.(b) Central Civil Services Rules(CCA)- CCS(Conduct) rules -
Leave Rules- Promotion SRecruitment Procedures, CRs andAdverse Remarks.
(c) Stores and Purchase Procedures.2.Personnel Management:
Staffing- Training -Career Plans -Motivation - GrievanceHandling - Problem Solving - Co-ordinating Work - Decisionmaking - Communicating.
S.Management Courses:Exposure to courses on Maintenance Planning, Budgetary cost
control, proper utilisation of Human and other resources.
101
SYLLABUS FOR STATION QUALIFICATION EXAMINATIONS FOR M A I N T E N A N C EPERSONNEL LEVEL II ( M E )
I.Position: Maintenance Engineer (Mechanical ,Electr ical ,Controlor Fuel Handling)
Z.Level : Engineer3.Content :
M A I N T E N A N C E MANAGEMENT
Basic concep t s o f m a i n t e n a n c e , Fai lure R a t e , A v a i l a b i l i t y ,Rel iabi l i ty , Prevent ive , Cor rec t ive , P red ic t ive and B r e a k d o w nM a i n t e n a n c e , Role of des ign in m a i n t e n a n c e , M a i n t e n a n c e Po l i cyand Organisation, Control and Evaluat ion of Maintenance, E lementsof Maintenance jobs and actions Diagnostics for P.M. MaintenancePlanning.
Spares and Inventary Control , Maintenance problems in NuclearP l a n t s , M a i n t e n a n c e d o c u m e n t a t i o n , Se l f d e v e l o p m e n t f o rMain tenance Engineer, Computers in Maintenance M a n a g e m e n t , Aidsto Maintenance, Training for Maintenance.
T h e need f o r m a i n t e n a n c e P r inc ip l e s R e l i a b i l i t y , c o m p o n e n t sa n d f a i l u r e ra te , F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g m a i n t e n a n c e , P.M. a n d B r e a kd o w n m a i n t e n c e , H a l f S p l i t M e t h o d , A i d s t o m a i n t e n a n c e ,Funct ional Diagrams, Fault f inding techniques, Test equ ipmen t s ,T ra in ing f o r m a i n t e n a n c e , P r e c a u t i o n s f o r do ing m a i n t e n a n c e i nP H W R p l a n t s , C o m p u t e r i s e d p r e v e n t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e , V i s a d e xs y s t e m s , M a i n t e n a n c e p r a c t i c e s i n e l e c t r i c a l , m e c h a n i c a l a n dcontrol section.
Spare par t s management and inventory controlIn t roduc t ion , s ignif icance of main tenance i nven to ry , ABC VED and
o t h e r ana lys i s , Poisson's d i s t r i b u t i o n and s t o c k i n g po l i cy ,C o d i f i c a t i o n o f spa res , C o m p u t e r i s a t i o n , S t a n d a r d i s a t i o n a n dIndigenlsa t ion , Rec la imat ion by r epa i r s , r e b u i l d etc. Budge t ing ,M a i n t e n a n c e c o s t i n g , B o o k i n g o f M a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s , B u d g e t a r ycont ro l .
PHWR S Y S T E M A N D E Q U I P M E N T F A I L U R E
F a i l u r e A n a l y s i s w . r . t . S a f e t y , R e l i a b i l i t y i n d e s i g n , S a f e t yr e l a t e d a s p e c t s i n S y s t e m s , H o w E q u i p m e n t f a i l u r e a f f e c tn u c l e a r p l a n t o p e r a t i o n s , F a i l s a f e d e s i g n , R e d u n d a n c y ,E n g i n e e r e d s a f e t y F e a t u r e s , U n u s u a l o c c u r e n c e s a n d a n a l y s i s ,Design o f S ta t ion Service S y s t e m , Lessons learned f r o m acc identsand m a j o r fa i lu res .
S i n g l e f a i l u r e s , D u a l f a i l u r e , U n a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d t e s tin terva ls .
P r o b a b i l i t y o f f a i l u r e o f C l a s s - I I , Class-111, Class - I e tc .D e s i g n o f c o n t r o l P o w e r S u p p l y S c h e m e s . F a i l u r e a n a l y s i s o fc r i t i c a l e q u i p m e n t a n d s y s t e m s i n E l e c t r i c a l , M e c h a n i c a l ,In s t rumen ta t ion and Control and Fuel Handl ing disciplines.Mechan ica l e q u i p m e n t t h r o u g h v i b r a t i o n a n a l y s i s b a l a n c i n gcorrosion. Selection of materials for components .
RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINBILITY
I n t r o d u c t i o n , Re l i ab i l i t y , F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g re l iabi l i ty ,P r o b a b i l i t y o f s u r v i v a l , M T B F , R e l i a b i l i t y p r e d i c t i o n ,Mainta inabi l i ty , Factors a f f ec t i ng mainta inabi l i ty , Availability,I m p r o v i n g a v a i l a b i l i t y , M a i n t e n a n c e p l a n n i n g a n d s c h e d u l i n g
102
including ne tworks , Tribology and i ts appl icat ion, Works s tudy,Condit ion moni tor ing .
RADIATION PROTECTION (Advanced)
Review of Radia t ion Pro tec t ion Fundamen ta l s , For tnight ly andQ u a r t e r l y , Dose l i m i t s f o r s t a t i o n p e r s o n n e l d u r i n g n o r m a l a n de m e r g e n c y o p e r a t i o n , Over e x p o s u r e p r o c e d u r e s a n d p e r s o n n e lr a d i a t i o n r e c o r d s , M a n r e m b u d g e t i n g f o r o p e r a t i o n a l p e r s o n s ,E n t r y p r o c e d u r e s f o r s h u t d o w n access ib le a reas d u r i n g s t a t i o nope ra t i on , H a z a r d policies and pr incip les re lated to r ad i a t ionre lease a n d c o n t a m i n a t i o n c o n t r o l , T e c h n i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n sre la ted to r a d i o a c t i v e re lease , Radiat ion moni to r ing of zonal ande f f l u e n t m o n i t o r s , C a l c u l a t i o n o f e x p o s u r e l e v e l s / b o d y b u r d e n sunder pos tu l a t ed cond i t ions , Knowledge about discharge l imi ts andrate of p u m p i n g of d i f f e r e n t catagories of liquid waste.
S t a t i o n R a d i a t i o n P r o t e c t i o n a n d E m e r g e n c y P r o c e d u r e s .S t a t i o n A c c e s s C o n t r o l . S t o c k E f f l u e n t R a d i a t i o n M o n i t o r i n g .L i q u i d E f f l u e n t R a d i a t i o n M o n i t o r i n g . R a d i a t i o n R e l e a s e d u r i n gN o r m a l , Abnorma l and Emergenc ie s . S ta t ion Was t e M a n a g e m e n t .
S A F E T Y A N D R E L I A B I L I T Y
B a s i c T h e o r y : S a f e t y r e l a t e d n u c l e a r a s p e c t s o f p h y s i c s a n de n g i n e e r i n g , p roces s p r o t e c t i v e con ta inment sys tems.
S a f e t y R e l a t e d S y s t e m s : E m e r g e n c y core coo l i ng , S t a t i o ne m e r g e n c y p o w s r s u p p l i e s , r e a c t o r s h u t d o w n s y s t e m i n c l u d i n gr e c t o r t r i p s a n d s e t b a c k s , r e a c t o r c o n t a i n m e n t l i m i t i n gc o n d i t i o n s f o r f u e l p e r f o r m a n c e .
P o s t u l a t e d a c c i d e n t s , t r a n s i e n t s , a b n o r m a l o p e r a t i o n , u n u s u a lo c c u r a n c e s - t h t i i r a n a l y s i s a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s ( r e f e r e n c e s a f e t yr e p o r t s ) .
A n a l y s i s o f i m p o r t a n t s a f e t y r e l a t e d U O R s .R e l i a b i l i t y A n a l y s i s : A p p l i c a t i o n t o p r o c e s s a n d p r o t e c t i v e
s y s t e m s o f P H W R s t a t i o n s , R e d u n d a n c y a n d t e s t i n g f r e q u e n c y o fs y s t e m s based on r e l i a b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s .
S a f e t y r e l a t e d d o c u m e n t a t i o n : S a f e t y r e p o r t s , t e c h n i c a ls p e c i f i c a t i o n s , I A E A S a f e t y C o d e s a n d G u i d e s a n d U N S R C g e n e r a ldes ign c r i t e r i a and R e g u l a t o r y guides.S a f e t y o r g a n i s a t i o n i n D A E : S t a t i o n O p e r a t i o n Rev iew C o m m i t t e e s ,DAE SRC e tc .
Routine t e s t ing of s a f e t y systems- achievements of specif iedreliabil i ty»
NUCLEAR SYSTEM (Genera l )
Reiew of General nuclear Fundamenta l s and dis turbance of theReactor Steady State.
R e a c t o r T h e o r y ( T h e S t e a d y S ta te ) : The F u n c t i o n of theModera to r , Derivations of Equat ions Involved in Neutron SlowingD o w n C o n s i d e r a t i o n s , D i f f u s i o n o f N e u t r o n s , M a t h e m a t i c a lT r e a t m e n t o f N e u t r o n D i f f u s i o n , N e u t r o n Ba l ance a n d t h e FourFactor Formula , E f fec t ive Enr i tchment , Fuel Arrangement and Fuelburnup on the Four Factor Formula , Flux Dis t r ibut ion and CriticalSize, Funct ion and Proper t ies of the Reactor.
Reactor Theory (Dis turbance of the Steady State ) : R e v i e w ofT e r m s , L o w P o w e r C o n s i d e r a t i o n s , E f f e c t s D u e t o T e m p e r a t u r eChanges and Void F o r m a t i o n , E f f e c t s Due to Long I r r a d i a t i o n ,R e a c t o r C o n t r o l , The A p p r o a c h to Cr i t i ca l i t y and the Ra i s ing ofPower , Reac tor Phys ics M e a s u r e m e n t s , E x a m p l e s o f P r a c t i c a lReactor Behaviour, Reactor Stabil i ty, Safe ty Considerat ions .
103
The Function OF a Reactor, Reactor Class i f icat ion - Fast andT h e r m a l R e a c t o r s , R e a c t o r C l a s s i f i c a t i o n - T y p e of T h e r m a lR e a c t o r s , R e a c t o r C o n s t r u c t i o n . M.odera to r a n d h e a t t r a n s p o r tsys tems.Reactor Main and Auxiliary Systems.
S y s t e m o p e r a t i o n a t i n i t i a l c r i t i c a l i t y a n d a f t e r aprolonged shutdown. Chemis t ry requi rements of M o d e r a t o r and PHTSystems, Evaluation of containment integri ty and procedures andp r e c a u t i o n f o r leak r a t e t e s t s , T r a n s i e n t r e s p o n s e o f n u c e a rs y s t e m s , E n g i n e e r e d s a f e t y fea tu res . , S a f e t y r e l a t e d u n u s u a loecurances -ana lys i s a n d r e p o r t i n g , o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o remergency condit ions, unusual occurrences in M o d e r a t o r Sys t em,PAT s y s t e m , P r o b l e m o f p o w e r e s c a l a t i o n due t o s u b o p t i m a l f u e llo»ding pa t te rns .
Radiat ion damage to mater ia ls .
T U R B I N E G E N E R A T O R S Y S T E M S ( G e n e r a l )
R e v i e w o f T u r b i n e T h e o r y a n d G o v e r n i n g S y s t e m .S t a r t u p , rout ine checks , tes t ing r equ i r emen t s of TG sys tems a f t e rshort o r p r o l o n g e d s h u t d o w n s . T u r b i n e p e r f o r m a n c e , T u r b i n eo p e r a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s , G a i n s d u e t o r e g e n e r a t i v e f e e d h e a t i n g ,T u r b i n e c o m m i s s i o n i n g , G e n e r a t o r d e s i g n f e a t u r e s . C o o l i n gsyst em s , C o n d e n s e r Sys t em s , ope r a t i o n of c o n d e n s e r s , F e e d w a t e rs y» t em , ope r a t ion , c o r a m i s s i on ing , f eetures of f eed p u m p s »condense rcooling w a t e r , p r o c è s s w a t e r , d e m i n e r a l i s e d w a t e r and e m e r g e n c yw a t e r s y s t e m s a n d e q u i p m e n t s . T u r b i n e H e a t B a l a n c e . T u r b i n ev i b r a t i o n t h e o r y a n d ana ly s i s . S e a w a t e r s y s t e m s a n d e q u i p m e n t .
E L E C T R I C A L SYSTEMS A N D E Q U I P M E N T ( G E N E R A L )
C o m p o n e n t s o f a p o w e r s y s t e m , c o n c e p t s o f a g r i dnetwork, genera t ion and t r ansmis s ion s y s t e m s , F a u l t and load f l o ws t « d i e s , A C a n d D C t r a n s m i s s i o n , N u c l e a r p o w e r p l a n t .
104
DIPLOMA COURSE IN CIVIL, CIVIL AND RURAL,MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FIRST SEMESTER(Common to all Branches of Engineering)
Teaching Scheme
SerialNo.
1.11.21.31.41.51.6
Subject
CommunicationSkill-I
Mathematics IPhysics IChemistry I
Engineering Draw-ing-I
Workshop I
(Periods perLect- Pract./ures Draw
332 32 33 61 914 21
Total Periods .
week)Tutorials
1211. .
5. 40
Number ofpapers andDuration
1(3 hours)
1(3 hours)
1(3 hours)
1(3 hours)
1(4 hours)
Examination SchemePaper
7575757575
375Total
Tests Pract.
25
2525 5025 5025* • * *
125 100Marks ..........
T.W,
. .
252550100200.800
SECOND SEMESTER
2.1
2.2
2.32.42.52.62.7
CommunicationSkill-IIMathematics II
Physics IIChemistry of Engi-neering MaterialsEngineering Draw-ing-II
Workshop IIIndustrial Visits
(Common to all
333 32 32 61 9..
14 21Total Periods .
Branches
1211. .. .••5
. 40
of Engineering)
1(3 hours)
1(3 hours)
1(3 hours)
1(3 hours)
1(3 hours)
. .••
7575757575. .••
375Total
252525 5025 5025
• * * •50
125 150
. .
252550100
200.850
105
TYPICAL SYLLABI FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND SEMESTERSOF THE DIPLOMA COURSES
FOR TECHNICIANS IN MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
Duration of Course: 3 years (6 semesters)Mathematics: Irrational number operations. Quadratic equations.Logarithms. Progressions. Binomial theorem. Determinants.Trigonometry. Mensuration. Graphs. Elementary coordinate geometry,functions and limits. Derivatives. Integrals.Physics: Statics. Dynamics of motion. Principles of machines.Friction. Properties of matter. Heat. Optics. Acoustics. Electricityand magnetism. Atomic physics. Introduction to nuclear physics.Experiments in physics (see list).Chemistry: Classification of matter. Chemical change. Solubility.Atomic structure. Atomic weight, molecular weight and equivalentweight. Acids and bases. Catalysis. lonization-Electrolysis.Experiments in chemistry (see list).Communication Skills: Grammar. Parts of speech. Transformation ofsentences. Punctuation. Spelling. Text analysis. Comprehensionexercises. Antonyms and synonyms. Letter writing. Essay writing.Report writing.Engineering Drawing: Proper use of drawing equipment, geometricalconstructions, engineering curves. Various geometrical projects;sectional views and pictorial views of solids.Work Shop Practicals:* To enable the student to (1) identify the handtools and to select the proper tool(s) for the specific operation, and tomaintain tools; (2) acquire the necessary minimum hand skills in thebasic crafts: smithy, carpentry, filing and fittings, forging, welding,plumbing.Industrial Visits: To expose students to the industrial environment andactivities through visits to civil construction works, mechanical andelectrical engineering industries.
106
List of Experiments in Physics
1st Semester1. Verification of law of parallelogram of forces2. Verification of law of moments3. M.A. and V.R. of simple wheel and axle4. Determination of coefficient of friction5. Determination of Young's modulus using Searle's apparatus6. Determination of surface tension by capillary rise method7. Determination of coefficient of viscosity by Poiseuille's method8. Measurement of temperature of flame using thermocouple9. Determination of thermal conductivity of a good conductor using
Searle's method10. Determination of luminosity of a source using photometer11. Determination of R.I. using spectrometer.
2nd Semester1. Determination of velocity of sound using resonance tube2. Determination of specific resistance using metre-bridge3. Verification of series law of resistance using metre-bridge4. Verification of parallel law of resistances using metre-bridge5. Comparison of E.M.F.s using potentiometer6. Determination of internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer7. Calibration of an ammeter by comparison method8. Calibration of voltmeter by comparison method9. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance10. Determination of J. by electrical method.
107
List of Experiments in Chemistry
1st Semester
1. Qualitative analysis of simple salt solution containing thefollowing radicals:Cu, Sn, Al, Fe (ous), Fe (ic), Zn, Mn, Ca, Ba, Mg, Nlfy, K, Na, CI,S, C03, 804,
2. Any one of the following exercises in gravimetric analysis:
a. Determination of solubility of salt in water at room temperatureb. Determination of equivalent weight of a metal by oxidation
methodThe practical examination is based on the experiments mentioned in 1.
2nd Semester
1. At least six exercises in volumetric analysis: (double tltrations)
a. Titration of strong acid and strong baseb. Titration of strong acid and weak basec. Titration of weak acid and strong based. Titration of ferrous sulphate and potassium permanganatee. Titration of oxalic acid and potassium permanganatef. Determination of chloride content in water
2. Any one of the following exercises:a. To estimate purity of iron filing (titration by standard
potassium permanganate)b. To estimate Ca (titration by standard potassium permanganate)The practical examination is based on the experiments mentioned in 1.
108
STANDARD TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR NUCLEAR POWER TECHNICIANS(Nuclear Training Centre, Rajasthan Atomic Power Station)
There are standard training programmes for entry level training fornuclear power technicians. The subjects of the training are:
- Plant operation- Mechanical maintenance- Electrical maintenance- Control maintenance- Fuel handling (operation)- Fuel handling (mechanical maintenance)- Fuel handling (control maintenance)- Quality control and inspection- Chemical controlThe one-year period for technicians training includes six months of formal
training and six months on-the-job training.
The training programs are shown in the figures. Abbreviations and termsused in the figures describing the training programs are as follows:RPT/green dot:
M-G set:
D-G set:
MV's:
PHT system:
MOD system:PROTN:
STD PROTN CODE:
RAPP welding:
Logic CRT:
F/M Bay system:Fuelling M/C:
Radiation Protection Training Green dot Qualification.This is a special high-level qualification in the field ofradiation protection, covering a broad range of subjectssuch as nuclear radiation, interaction of radiation withmatter, radiological protection, radiation detection andmeasurement, biological effects of radiation, and radiationsafety. It also covers specific station emergencyprocedures.Motor-generator set, source of most reliable standbyelectrical power supply.Diesel-generator set, source of standby electrical powersupply. In case of electrical power failure, it is capableof supplying electrical power to important subsystems.Motorized valves.
Primary heat transport system.Moderator system.Protection.
Standard protection codes. Procedures to be followed whileisolating or reverting back to normal operation of powerequipment.Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant Welding Procedures.Logic Circuit.
Fuelling machine bay system.Fuelling machine components.
109
IX Valving inand out:
POT Calibration:
SPC:
Electronic Assy:TL Cards:SWAGELOK
Qualification:R/B ventilation:Auxy:Rev. 1:Stn:
DIPL:Maintainers:TRG:Spell:
Ion exchanger column. Valving in and valving out ( to takethe chemical purification system on line or out of line) .Potentiometer calibration.
Standard protection codes.Electronic Assembly.Transistor logic cards.Special qualification for making leak-tight joints inheavy-water tubings.Reactor building ventilation.Auxiliary.Revision 1.Station.
Diploma holder.Maintenance technicians.Training.
Training period.
110
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) OPERATORS TRAINING PROGRAM (FIRST SPELL-25 WEEKS)INDUCTION(1 WEEK)
FUNDAMENTALS(7 WEEKS)
Batch NoL
Category
No of Trainees —
P Nos -
BASIC SKILLS• (EQUIPMENT) •
(6 WEEKS)
OPERATIONS i SKILLS• OttJXY I SERVICES)«
15 WEEKS)
OPERATIONS & SKILLS• (MAIN PLANT I •
(6 WEEKS)
NUCLEARSYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS(D WATER
SYSTEM(1)
REACTORAUXILIARY
CONV SYSTEMFUNDAMENTALS WATER TREATMENT V
CHUWNATXDN SYST(1)
COMPRESSEDAIR SYSTEM
(1)REACTOR
SYSTEMS( 2 )
BASICOPERATION
SKILLS(6)
RPTGREEN DOT
(3)
UPGRADE« 4,CLEAN-UP SYST
(1)
PLANT EQUIPTFUNDAMENTALS
t t ) ELECTRICALSYSTEM (PM)
(2)
INDUSTRIALSAFETY
(1 )
TO STATIONFOR
FIELD TRS
Notes —
1 (1 ) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2 START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW C$
3 PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPU OPERATORS TRAINING PROGRAM (SECOND SPELL-13 WEEKS)_ REINFORCEMENT• ( 1 WEEKS I
ADVANCEDFUNDAMENTALS
(«WEEKS)
OPERATIONS «.SKILLS• (MAIN PLANT) •
( & WEEKS)
BASIC• PROCEDURES •
(2 WEEKS)
Batch No-& :-
Category
No. of Trainees ;—
R Nos- :—
TURBINEGENERATOR
TURBINEAUXILIARY
FUELHANDLING
ELECTRICALSYSTEMS (PHI)
CONTROL ROOMPROCEDURES
COMMONSERVICES
STATIONCONTROLS
Notes :—
1. ( 1 ) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BEU)W C$
3. PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) MECHANICAL MAINTAINERS TRAINING PROGRAM (1st SPELL-25WEEKS)
INDUCTION(1 WEEK)
Batch No-& :-
Category
No- of Trainees
P Nos. :—
FUNDAMENTALS(7 WEEKS)
NUCLEARFUNDAMENTALS
(1)
CONV SYSTEMFUNDAMENTALS
(1)
RPTGREEN DOT
13)
PLANT EOUIPTFUNDAMENTALS
(1)
INDUSTRIALSAFETY
(D
BASIC SKILLS(ERECTION ) «(7WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS(COMPONENTS) •
(4 WEEKS]
BASIC SKILLS• (EQUIPMENT) «
(6 WEEKS)
BEARING tLUBRICATION (Vl) CYLINDERS t
ACTUATORS (£)
Notes '—
1. (1) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW
3. PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
TOSTATION
FORFIELD TRG
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) MECHANICAL MAINTAINERS TRAINING PROGRAM (2nd SPELL-3 MONTHS)
REINFORCEMENT(1 WEEK )
ADVANCED• FUNDAMENTALS
(4 WEEKS )
BASIC SKILLS[SYSTEMS)
* (6WEEKS)(ANY ONE CR.)
BASICPROCEDURES
( 1 WEEK )
FROM SIN- AFTERFIELD IRG-
TURBINE, FEEDWATER 8.AIXY
EQUIP!
CHILLED WATERj. COMPRESSED
AIR SYSTEM EQUIPT
Batch No-
,* & :~Category
No. of Trainees ;—
R Nos. ;-
TO STATIONFOR FURTHER
FIELD TRG.
1 (1) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS.
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW C> .
3. PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS .
4: FOR PIPE FITTERS, WELDERS &MACHINISTS SEPARATE SHEETS EXISTS
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
( DIPL) ELECTRICAL MAINTAINERS TRAINING PROGRAM (1st SPELL-25 WEEKS)-Rev 1INDUCTION(1 WEEK]
FUNDAMENTALSI? WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS• (ERECTION)
(3 WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS(COMPONENTS)
( 4 WEEKS )
BASIC SKILLS(EQUIPMENT) •
(10 WEEKS)
START
MOTORS &MVSID
TRANSFORMERSID
NUCLEARSYSTEMS
FUNDAMENTALS(1)
LOGIC CKTACONTROL CKT.HARDWARE i
CHECKS
CONV. SYSTEMFUNDAMENTALS
(I)MATERIAL HANDLING
AND CRANES(1)
RPTGREEN DOT
13)
WIRINGCABLING
ID
MECHANICALCOMPONENTS
111 D-6 t M-GEQUIPMENT
I t)INSULATION
TESTING(1)
TEST EQUIPMENTI
METERINGID
PLANT EQUIPT.FUNDAMENTALS
(1)ELECTRONIC DEVICES
1 CIRCUITS12)
INDUSTRIALSAFETY
(1)TUBING
FITTING11
PROCESS INSTRUME-NTATION APPLICABLETO &G,M-G SYSTEMS
111
Batch No •O ' - - - -
Category
No. of Trainees
P Nos. ' —
Notes ;—
1. ( I ) MEANS ID WORKING HOURS .
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW r£
3- PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS .
TOSTN.FOR
'FIELD TRG
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) ELECTRICAL MAINTAINERS TRAINING PROGRAM (2nd SPELL-13 WEEKS)
REINFORCEMENTt l WEEKS)
FROMSTATION
Batch No-A :-
Category
No. of Trainees :—
R Nos. :-
AD•
VAN{ S WEEKS)
ADVANCEDELECTRICAL .
MEASUREMENTS
ELECTRICALEQUIPMENTCONTROLS
PROTECTIVERELAYING
RAPS SYSTEMS
TEAM BUILDING
COMMUNICATION
MAINTENANCEENGINEERING
BASIC SKILLS• (SYSTEMS)
( 6 WEEKS)
SERVICE SYSTEMSEQUIPMENT
REACTOR AUXILIARYEQUIPMENT
TURBINE AUXILIARYEOU'PMENT
MODERATOR SYSTEMEQUIPMENT
FEED WATER SYSTEMEQUIPMENT (1)
D-Gt I M-G'i
MAIN GENERATOR
POWER SUPPLIESCOMMUNICATION
BASIC PROCEDURES11 WEEK)
TO STATIONFOR
FIELD TRG.
Notes :-
1. (1) MEANS «0 WORKING HOURS
Ï. SWtt-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW
3- PROGRAM ADJLIST.A8LE TOSPBCFIC REQUIREMENTS
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) CONTROL MAINTAINERS TRAINING PROGRAM (1st SPELL-25 WEEKS)
INDUCTION(1WEEK)
FUNDAMENTALS• (7 WEEKS) *
BASIC SKILLS• (ERECTION) •
12 WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS(COMPONENTS) •
(8WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS• (EQUIPMENT)
(7 WEEKS)
LOGIC CIRCUITSLOOP CHECKS
(1NUCLEARFUNDAMENTALS
(1)
PROCESSCONTROLSYSTEM
(1)PNEUMATIC CIRCUITS
t COMPONENTS(1)CONV SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS(1)
PNEUMATICCONTROL
EQUIPMENT(2)RPT
GREEN DOT13) INST INSTALLATION« GAUGES
SWITCHES(1)
ELECTRONICSCONTROL
EQUIPMENT(3)
ELECTRONIC ASSY (*)PLANT EQUIPT
FUNDAMENTALS(1)
ELECTRONICSCIRCUITS
(3) RADIATIONMONITORS
(1)
INDUSTRIALSAFETY
(1)TEST
EQUIPMENT(1)
TO STATIONFOR
FIELD TRG.
Batch No-& .-
Category
No. ot Trainees ;—
P Nos. :-
Notes :-
1. (1) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW
3. PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
oo NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) CONTROL MAINTAINERS TRAINING PROGRAM (2nd SPELL-13 WEEKS)ADVANCED
FUNDAMENTALSWEEKS)
Batch No-Ai .—
Category
No.of Trainees ;—
P Nos. '—
SYSTEMSPECIFICS •
(2 WEEKS)
QUALIFICATIONPROCEDURES
- WEEKS)
* DATAACQUISITION
SYSTEMS
RADIATIONINSTRUMENTSDIGITAL
LOGICS( 1 ) ANALYTICAL
INSTRUMENTSADVANCED
ELECTRONICS( 3 ) * REACTOR
REGULATING VPROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
STANDARDPROTECTION CODC
<*>PNEUMATIC
CONTROLINSTRUMENTS
( 2 1 SWAfiELOKQUALIFICATION
( 1 )
MODERATORSYSTEM
INSTRUMENTATIONPROCESSCONTROL
INSTRUMENTS( 2 ) PHT SYSTEM
INSTRUMENTATIONSTATIONINSTRUMENTATION
CONCCPTUALS( 2 ) MONITORING
SYSTEMS
TESTEO.UIPMENT
TO STATION
Notes I—
1. (I ) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS .
PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE 10 MCCTSPCCiriC REQUIREMENTS .
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajabthan Atomic Power Stat ion
:DIPDFUEL HANDLING OPERATORS TRAINING PROGRAM (1st sPELL-25WEEKS)-ReviINDUCTION11 WEEK)
Batch No
Category-
No- of Trainees
P Nos —
FUNDAMENTALS(7 WEEKS)
SYSTEM• CONCEPTS •
16 WEEKS)
OPERATIONS & SKILLS• lAUXY 8, SERVICES)«
(5 WEEKS)
OPERATIONS i SKILLS• ( MAIN PLANT ) •
(6 WEEKS)
NUCLEARSYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALSREACTOR SYSTEM
INTERFACINGFUEL HANDLING
(1)STATIONORIENTATION
(1)CONV SYSTEMFUNDAMENTALS
( I )FUELLINGMACHINE
( 2 )
FUELENGINEERING
( t )
MODERATORSYSTEM
(2 )FUEL TRANSFER
SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL,ELECTRONICS
ANDCONTROL
( 3 )
RPTGREEN DOT
t 3 >FUELLING
PROCEDURES 4.CONTROLS
III)INDUSTRIAL
SAFETYin
Notes •_
1 ( 1 ) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2 START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW C^
3 PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
tooNUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRE
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) FUEL HANDLING OPERATORS (OPERATION + MECH- MAINTENANCE)TRAINING PROGRAM (2nd SPELL-16 WEEKS )-Rev 0
. REINFORCEMENT' (2 WEEKS)
ADVANCEDFUNDAMENTALS
(GENERAL)(3 WEEKS)
Batch No •& •
Category
No- of Trainee j ;—
R Nos. :—
ADVANCED- FUNDAMENTALS Ä'(FUEL HANDLING *
SYSTEM)(4 WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS IOPERATION •(5 WEEKS)
BASIC• PROCEDURES •
U WEEKS)
\!*ULTOPERATION
SHUTTLERECEIVING»APS PHYSICS
(1)FUELING M/CCOMPONENTS
DETAILS(2 )
FUEL TRANSFER
FUEL MANAGEMENTFUEL TRANSFER
SYSTEMCOMPONENTS
(1)
MAINTENANCEENGINEERING
(1)
FUEL INSPECTION«JWfORCEMCNT(2) FAILED FUEL
DETECTION(1)
POWERGENERATOR
I t )
PURCHASE ISTORE
(1)F/M BAY ANDAUXY SYSTEM
COMPONENTS(1)
FUELTECHNOLOGY"
(1) IX VALVING IN IOUT<*>
Notes •_
t. ( 1 ) MEANS WORKING HOURS
TO STATIONFOR FURTHER
TRC.
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE OVEN BELOW
3. PROGBAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL)FUEL HANDLING OPERATORS TRAINING PROGRAM (FIRST SPELL-25 WEEKS)INDUCTION(1 WEEK)
Batch No.
Category
No. of Trainees
P Nos. ' —
FUNDAMENTALS(7WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS• (EQUIPMENT) •
( 6 WEEKS )
OPERATIONS t SKILLS• (AUXY (SERVICES)«
( 5 WEEKS)
OPERATIONS & SKILLS• (MAIN PLANT)
(6 WEEKS)
NUCLEARSYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALSID
FUELTRANSFERSYSTEM( *>STATION
ORIENTATION( I )
CONV SYSTEMFUNÛAMENTALS
( 1 ) FUELLINGMACHINE
MODERATORSYSTEM
( 2 )
BASICOPERATION
SKILLS( 6 )
FUELENGINEERING
( t )FUELLING
MACHINE SYSTEMOjO
(1*1
FUELLINGPROCEDURESt CONTROLS
11*INDUSTRIALSAFETY
TO STATIONFOR
FIELD TRG.
Notes -
1. (1) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BEIÛW £$
3 PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
N>NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRE
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) FUEL HANDLING OPS (OPRN & CONTL) TRG PROGRAM (2ndSPELL-16 WEEKS)REINFORCEMENT
UWEEKS)
Batch No •8. '—
Category
No. of Trainees
P Nos. ' —
ADVANCEDFUNDAMENTALS
(3 WEEKS)
ADVANCEDFUNDAMENTALS
i (FUEL HANDLING •SYSTEM)
BASIC• PROCEDURES
(4 WEEKS)
DRIVES AND
ITS CONTROLVAULT DOOROPERATION(V)DIGITAL LOGIC
(1)SHUTTLE RECIEVINGAND SENDING ( < )
ADVANCEDELECTRONICS
( 1 )
LOADING 1 INSPN.PROCEDURES(£)
CONTROL CKTS12)
POT. CALIBRATION ANDREINFORCEMENT(2) OTHER COMPONENTSIJ
ELECTRICALCABLING
DISTRIBUTION( 1 )
STORES ANDPURCHASE (1)MAINTENANCE
ENGINEERING0)
FUEL RACKING INSTORAGE SAY(^)
TO STATIONFOR FURTHER
FIELD TRG
Notes —
1. (!) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS .
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW C$
3 PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) CONTROL MAINTAINERS ( F/M} TRAINING PROGRAM (1st SPELL-25 WEEKS)
INDUCTION( 1 WEEK )
FUNDAMENTALS• (7 WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS• (ERECTION)
(2 WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS(COMPONENTS)
( 8 WEEKS )
BASIC SKIUSI EQUIPMENT )(7 WEEKS)
LOGIC CIRCUITS tLOOP CHECKS
(1 )PROCESSCONTROLSYSTEM
(1)
NUCLEARFUNDAMENTALS
( t ) PNEUMATIC CIRCUITSt COMPONENTS
(1!PNEUMATIC
CONTROLEQUIPMENT
CONV SYSTEMFUNDAMENTALS
( 1 )ELECTRONICS
CONTROLEQUIPMENT
1 2 )
RPTGREEN DOT
( 3 ) INST. INSTALLATION^ GAUGES iSWITCHES
(1)ELECTRONIC ASSY(^) FUEL
HANDLINGSYSTEM
(1 )
PLANT EQUIP!FUNDAMENTALS
(1)ELECTRONICS
CIRCUITS( 3 ) FUEL
HANDLINGCONTROLS
(1)INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY( i TEST
EQUIPMENT(1)
Batch No&
Category
No of Trainees —
R Nos :—
Notes .—
1 ID MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2 START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW C^
3 PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REO.UREMENT5.
NJ NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) CONTROL MAINTAINERS (F/M ) TRAINING PROGRAM (2nd SPELL-13 WEEKS)ADVANCED
• FUNDAMENTALS •SYSTEM
• SPECIFICS •(3 WEEKS)
PROCEDURES(i WEEKS) *
FROM STN. AFTERFIELD TRG •
Batch No.
Category
No. of Trainees
P Nos- : —
DIGITALLOGICS
( 1 )
ADVANCEDELECTRONICS
PNEUMATICCONTROL
INSTRUMENTS( 2 )
PROCESSCONTROL
INSTRUMENTS( 2 )
STATIONINSTRUMENTATION
CONCEPWALSLIMITED TO
PHT & PROTECTIONS(1)
STANDARDPROTECTION
CODEf>
SWAGELOKQUALIFICATION
( 1 )
FUELTRANFER
SYSTEM CONTROLS
TO STATION
Notes ; —
1. (I) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2 START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW ("fr .
3 PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.
NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
(DIPL) QUALITY CONTROL & INSPECTION TRAINING PROGRAM (2nd SPELL-3 MONTHS)
REINFORCEMENT(1 WEEK )
ADVANCED
FUNDAMENTALS •( 7 WEEKS)
BASIC SKILLS
• (PROCEDURES) •(4 WEEKS )
FROM STN.AFTERFIELD TRG.
REINFORCEMENT( 1 )
Batch No-
Category
No.of Trainees —
P Nos. —
PIPING CODES S,STANDARDS
(1 )
WELDING INSPECTORAND
WELDING QUAL.( I )
FACTORS AFFECTINGWELD QUALITY
(1 )
LEAK TESTING(1 1
RAOIOGRAPHICINSPECTN METHODS
(1 )
ULTRASONICINSPECTN METHODS
(1 )
EDDY CURRENTINSPECTN METHODS
( 1 1
ASMEO )
RAPP-WELDINGPROCEDURES
NP-P-643(1 )
INSERVICE INPECTN.REQUIREMENTS
( 1 )
TO STATIONFOR FURTHER
FIELD TRG.
to
Notes ;—
1 ( 1 ) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2 START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE GIVEN BELOW C^
3. PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE 10 MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
to NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTRERajasthan Atomic Power Station
CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS (B-Sc) TRAINING PROGRAM (25 WEEKS)INDUCTIONII WEEK)
Batch No.4 -
Category
No. of Trainees ;—
P Hos. :—
FUNDAMENTALS(11 WEEKS)
BASIC OPERATION• (AUXILIARIES) •
(4 WEEKS)
BASIC OPERATION• (MAIN PLANT) •
(9 WEEKS)
NUCLEARFUNDAMENTALS
(3 )REACTOR
AUXY.
CHEMICAL ITHERMAL PROTN
ID UP6RAOERI CLEANUP
(1)REACTORSYSTEMS
(2)R/BVENTILATION
(1)RPT
GREEN DOT(3 ) WATER
SYSTEMS(1)
WATERTREATMCNT
(1)PLANT EttUIPTFUNDAMENTALS
( 2 ) ,STN- CHEMISTRYt CHEMICAL
LAB. ROUTINES(3)CHEMICAL LAB.
EdUIPT.FUNOAMENTALS
( 2 )
TO STATIONFOR
FIELD TRG.
Notes ;—
1. (1) MEANS 40 WORKING HOURS
2. START-UP DATES OF EACH MODULETO BE OWEN B6LOW C^
3- PROGRAM ADJUSTABLE TO MEETSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
Appendix EREPUBLIC OF KOREA
NATIONAL SYSTEM AND EXPERIENCE IN THE EDUCATION AND TRAININGOF TECHNICIANS AND TEACHERS OF TECHNICIANS
FOR THE NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
1. IWIRODUCT10W
There are two nuclear training centers in Korea; Kori Nuclear TrainingCenter (KORÏ--WPC) under the framework of the Korea Electric Power Corporation(KEPCO) which is the sole power utility in Korea; and the Nuclear TrainingCenber (KAERI--I\ITC) under the Korea Advanced Energy Research Institute, acorporate body sponsored by the government. KEPCO is under the Ministry ofEnergy and Resource, whereas KAERI reports to the Ministry of Science andTechnology. Appendix T gives a brief overview of the current status and plansfor the nuclear power programme.
In addition to KORJ-WTC and KAERI--IUTC, six universities and one juniorcollege of technology (two years) have nuclear engineering departments inKorea. The nuclear technology program of Ulsan Junior College of Technologyfor technician training is closely related to control room operator training.KEPCO annually selects 40 students from Soodo Electrical Technology HighSchool for training at Ulsan Junior College of Technology. Nuclear trainingcenters and nuclear related universities in Korea are shown in Fig. 1.
Ministry ofEnergy and Resources
Korc-a ElectricI'owc- r Corp.
KQRINuclear Tniining Center
Soodo hlertrinilTechnology High School
Ministry of Scienceand Technology
Korou AdvancedKnerfly KosearchInstitute
KAhRINuclear Training Center
Ministry ofEducation
82
59
58
79
fir.
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Seoul Niitional University
Hanyang University
Kyunghee University
Chosun University
J«>ju Univ«rsity(Rndioisotope utilization only)
81 Ulsan Junior College of Technology
Established Years of Nuclear Engineering Department
Fig. 1 N U C L E A R T R A I N I N G CENTERS AND NUCLEAR-RELATED U N I V E R S I T I E S IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA.
127
KAI-IRI IM I"C was established in 1960 to train personnel in radioisotopeutilisation techniques in industry, agriculture and medicine. Since themid 19/0's, the center's (raining courses changed to nuclear power topics inan attempt to cope with the region's nuclear power development program.
KORI-IMTC was established In 19/8 when the first nuclear power plant, KORIUna t l\lo, 1, began comrnercia] operation, and has been operated as an in--housetraining center for control room operators, maintenance crow and constructionmanagement staff. fis of the end of 1987, KORT-IMTC provided curricula andtexts, and employed 27 f u l l - t i m e Instructors, among which 16 conduct controlroom operator training and the rest train maintenance crews and technicalstaff. Instructors for control room operator licenses or reactor operatorlicenses have completed more than six months training abroad, such as at theZion Nuclear Power Plant in the USA.2. OPLRA'IOR 1RA3l\m\IG
New employees receive a 10 week orientation course when they enter KEPCO'semploy. After the 10 week orientation course, KHPCO defines employee jobclassifi<ations such as thermal, hydro, nuclear power plants, etc. Thoseclassified as nuclear receive 20 weeks of common basic training, consisting ofphase 1 (Nuclear Fundamental Course for 10 weeks) and Phase II (Wucloar PowerPlant Systems and Operation for 10 wooks). After the 20--week course,employees to be assigned to a control room receive Phase TIT (SimulatorTraining) For another 20 weeks. After completing 40 weeks of lectures andsimulator training, they receive on the-job training at the control room of aspecific plant. The Korea Atomic Fnerqy Law defines the minimumqualifications for a reactor operator license examination to be a high schoolgraduate with one to three years practical experience and more than 10 weeksof specialized training. Tn practice, however, high school graduates areobliged to work as a control room trainee for a minimum of three years priorto applying to take the examination.
Control room operator? corne from three sources: (1) transfers to thenuclear power plants from related oil -fired power plants; (2) graduates of thetwo-year nuclear technology program of Ulsan Junior College after graduatingfrom Soodo Flectrical Technology High School; and (3) graduates of three-yeartechnical high schools or four-year engineering colleges.
?.. 1 Cqntro_]__Roqrn_p_p_erator_Re_trainingRetraining of control room operators has been required in Korea since
1983. Two types of retraining are available to control room operators; one by«CRT-WIG and the other by KAfIRl- WTC.
2 . 2 Re.train_inc[_by__the,_K_ORT^-I\ITC.Control^__Rjpom, PjDerator__P_rpgj2am
The retraining objectives are to upgrade operator qualifications andprevent accidents by exchanging operating experience, continued training, andstudy of foreign accident occurrences. Wuclear power operators at KEPCO areretrained sequentially in four week courses twice a year.2.3 Retraining_for_Reactor.„Operator_ yxense Hojtders_„by_ ]<AERl^WTC
In compliance with atomic energy requirements, each reactor is manned byone senior reactor operator and one reactor operator in each shift.Accordingly, at least five reactor operators staff each reactor. Theretraining of reactor operators is the responsibility of the Ministry ofScience and Technology, to assure the requisite quality standards.
128
The purpose of this retrainJng course is to upgrade accident-solvingcapability, The retraining sessions are given for two weeks every fiveyears. However, the licensees not actively working in a control room mustreceive retraining annually to keep their licenses current.2 • 4 Safety. Tra.ininoL_Prpgr_am8_
Safety- related training utilising foreign lectures was initiated in Ü979,one year aPber the commercial operation of the first nuclear power plant inKorea and the TMI accident. The five-week safety analysis review trainingcourse was given at KAKRI-WfC.2 , b BiJ.ateral_,C?oper_ati_ye .Trainiqcj
Korea Flectric F'ower Engineering Company (KOPLC), an architect-engineeringcompany, arranged on-the-job training with an overseas architect-engineerprime contractor. The trainees work at the contracted company in a staffcapacity and receive salaries on the basis of an appropriate grade afterorientation and special training to learn nuclear power plant design andengineering technologies. On-the-job training is one of the best methods toaccomplish technology transfer,
3. EDUCftTJOW SYS1LM IN KORLA
The training of personnel to operate and maintain nuclear power plantsrequires an "entry" level in respect of personnel to be trained, which isgenerally higher than that needed to begin initial training in conventionalpower plants, Et is considered appropriate, therefore, in outlining thebackground information, to mention the current educational system and thestages it takes.
In general, elementary education begins at the age of seven years. Thislasts for six years, at the end of which time children attend middle schoolfor a further three years. Thus, by the age of 36, all children w i l l havecompleted basic education,
Having successfully graduated from middle school, further education can boentered into, in one of these three ways:
Common High School, the successful completion of which leads to oneof the appropriate universities.
Technical High School, concentrating on further education related totechnical ski 1 Is.Business High School, concentrating on further education, commercialarid business skills,
Generally, High School curriculae are of three years' duration, althoughit is possible for the more technical subjects to have a five-year curriculum.
Upon completion of Technical and Business High School curriculae,successful students will go to college for either a two yoar or a four yearcourse of higher education, The four-year course leads to the award of anengineering degree, e.g. B,Se,
KEIPCO recruits graduates from college after the two and four yearcourses. It should be noted that at the graduation stage, none of thepersonnel concerned will have received any power--plant-related education.
129
3 •Some of the training establishments at college and high school level are
sponsored or organized by KEPCO. These are:- the Soodo Technical High School
the Ulsan Junior Engineering Collegethe KEPCO Technical High School.
The KEPCO Technical High School consists of five departments for powergeneration, mechanical, transmission and distribution, substation andelectronic application. KEPCO recruits the majority of these students; someof them are chosen to be sent to the nuclear engineering faculty of the UlsanJunior Engineering College for a further two years, The curriculum wasdeveloped by KEPCO (see Table 1),
Table I. CURRICULUM OF ULSAW- JUNIOR ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Nuclear Department)
Grade Curriculum
1st Grade
2nd Grade
Introduction to Wuclear EngineeringReactor TheoryRadiation DetectionPhysics, Chemistry, MathematicsThermal-Fluid EngineeringComputer ScienceElectrical & Electronics Engineering
Nuclear Engineering ExperienceBasic Engineering ExperimentReactor EngineeringWuclear Safety EngineeringWuclear Power engineeringReactor Thermal EngineeringHealth PhysicsRadioisotope EngineeringEngineering ManagementMaterials ScienceAutomatic Control
KEPCO also defined parts of the curriculum for the Soodo Technical HighSchool (see Table II).
130
Table II. CURRICUl UM OF THE. SOODO TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOl
Division
Power Generation
Transformation
Transmission andDistribution
Electronics
KEPCO-specific CurriculumTurbine engine, boiler, auxiliary equipment,water power, pump power, special generation,generation mechanics, generation electricalequipment, automatic control experiment,thermal fluid experiment.Transformation equipment, protectiveInstrumentation experiment, transmission anddistribution experierntn, transformationequipment experiment, in-door wiring equipmentexperiment.Transmission design, distribution design,underground design.Power communication, data transmission,super-high frequency wave, controlequipment, automatic control equipment,electronics application experiment.
Mechanics
Genoral Topics
Generation mechanics, drawing reading,generation equipment design, bhermalfluid experiment, material experiment,mechanical fabrication experiment.General engineering, electrical theory andelectronic equipment, industry introduction,electronics application measurement,electronics design, electric power, computercalculation, basic design, general mechanics,industrial safety.
There are also universities which have departments of nuclear engineeringand the following numbers of students:
Seoul National University 40 studentsHanyang University 40 studentsKyung Hoe University 30 studentsKorea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology 20 studentsThe Korea Advanced Energy Research Institute (KAKRI), located in Daejoeri,
is a center for promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Work carriedout at this center includes extensive programs on nuclear safety, reactortechnology, nuclear fuel technology, radiation application technology,fundamental research, manpower training, and the enhancing of internationalcooperation.
131
EJesides other courses, e.g. for engineers, technicians, college students,non-nuclear personnel, Kftl-RI offers four groups of courses:
Technology of nuclear generation including quality assurance andresearch reactor (five courses by external organizations, twenty byKAFRT)Radioisotopes (four courses)Welding and non -destructive testings (four courses)licensing courses, mandatory (five courses).
The most important technical training resources for KEPCO are the KORTNuclear Training Conter, and KAFRI. For other training purposes such asmanagement training or training in disciplines other than nuclear, othertraining facilities such as tho KEPCO Training Center in Seoul are available.
Overseas training is one of the main non-Korean training resources in thenuclear fiold for KEPCO. In 1987, 30 trainees had overseas training and, upto bhe end of 1987, 636 trainees were trained abroad. Overseas training isdivided into training at manufacturers, training at architect engineers'offices, training by the TAIIA, graduate courses with universities, variouscourses arranged on a case by case basis, and training within a technicalcooperation agreement. I he training time generally lasts from six to 24months. The training is mainly run by the constructors and consultants,
4. KORE IMUCI KAR I RAIN I IMG CFN fl-.R
4.] KQRI-WJC OrganJ.zationThe KORL-IM1C organisation is part of the KOR3 Nuclear Power Division
organisation and it is subdivided into throe sections, as follows:(see Pig. 2 . ) .
Training sectionInstructors sectionGeneral affairs sectionSimulator operation and maintenance section.
The Training Section is further subdivided into three subsections (SeeFig. ?_) for:
training programProgram implementationfrai ning mater i cd s
"Ihe Simulator Operation and Maintenance Section is further subdivided intosubsections for:
l\lo. ] Simulator softwarel\lo. 1 Simulator hardwareWo. ? Simulator softwarel\lo, 2 Simulator hardware
132
DIRECTORKOR1 NUCLEARPOWER DIVISION
I 1NPP
UNIT NO.) St 2
NPP GENERAL MANAGERUNIT NO. NUCLER QA
5 & 6 TRAINING CENTER
1 1
GENERALAFFAIRSSECTION
(8 persons)
-GENERAL ADMIN.
•General admin•Managing Jofmitocy•Procuring trainingmaterials Szspares
INFORMATION Si- MATERIALS
•Library management•Managing generalinformation &materials
TRAINING
SECTION
(10 persons)
-TRAINING PROGRAM
•Developing program•Scheduling courses•Establishing long-term trainingprogram
-PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
•Implementing courses•Training evaluation•Ma in la in ing training records•Supervising trainees
-TRAINING MATERIALS
SIMULATOR
0 & M SECTION
(13 persons)
-OPERATION
SIMULATOR"SOFTWARE Ü 1.
•DevelopiiiR &maintenance ofsimulatorsof mare
•Assist. OA
SIMULATOR" HARDWARE a 1.
•Maintenanceof simulator
1GENERALADMIN.
OFFICE
1
INSTRUCTOR1 S
SECTION
( 27 in i true tot29ai(ociateinstructors
• Operation
. I & C2 • Mechanics
• Healthphysics
• Reactortheory
• In- coremanagement
-, -QA»PHWR
2 «Computer
•s/
16/2/3/2/2/
I/
I/
I/
O/O/O/
•Developing and mansKi' iK trainingmaterials
• Developing training aids &equipments
Fig. 2. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE KORI NUCLEAR TRAINING CENTER.
The Instructors Section consists of:Chief instructor1 instructor
- ?. engineers— 25 engineers
The General Affairs Section is further subdivided into two subsections for:
General administrationInformation and materials
4.2 PersonnelThe courses provided by the KOR3-W1C are run by 2/ instructors including
the chief instructor. The Training Center is supervised by the Manager of theMew Project and Technology Department of KFf'CO. "Fhis organi7ation may changeas the number of instructors and the s i/o and the importance of the TrainingCenter increase. In addition to the full-time instructors there are a fewpart-time instructors from the plant.
133
The education of all the instructors is nearly the same, namely six yearsof elementary school, three years of middle school, three years of high schooland normally four years of college. Some have, in addition, a two-year courseat a graduate school in nuclear engineering. All of them haue overseastraining and haue gained practical experience on site.
The general strategy of KFPCO for building up instructors is either fromfresh personnel or from experienced personnel, Fresh personnel require threeto four years of education and practical experience (six months in the KORENIC, one year on-~the~job training, one to two years training abroad, and oneyear practical experience).
Experienced people would get one to two years overseas training to becomeinstructors.
Since KORI-IMTC is to become the central training center for all nuclearpower plants in Korea, the» instructors should be specialized in the variousfields and oriented towards the different power plant designs.
In accordance with the existing nuclear power programme in Korea, KI-IPCObuilt up a total of 27 instructors in KOR1-NTC in 3987. By 199] a total of107 instructors may be required.
The instructors are highly motivated and competent. The workingdiscipline of the staff, as in all of KF-IPCO, is of a very high standard. Theinstructors in «ORl-WIC haue a large amount of practical experience andoverseas training. Also the maintenance staff of the simulator has gained alot of experience in coping with the day-to-day maintenance problems ofsimulator operation. The fact that they succeeded to redesign and enlarge thecomputer complex from the initial, very limited version to the existingconcept is evidence of their ability.4 • 3 Training Courses p^py'l(jg^
The courses at KORI-WTC can be subdivided into new employee courses,standard or normal courses, special courses and maintenance courses. TableIII gives a survey of the various courses given or planned, indicating theduration of the individual courses.
The curricula for the various courses are given in Section 4.3. Table IValso gives the number of trainees per year, and it can be seen that over thelast five years the amount of trainees who have gone through the trainingcenter has almost tripled. This amount will further increase as the trainingneeds increase.
Assuming that an auerage of 2.2 instructors are required to perform onecourse, the instructors available in KORI WTC cover all the courses by workingovertime. If the planning is realised completely, in the opinion of theexperts about double the amount of instructors is required. The number of 2.2instructors per course is an average figure by experience which may not bedecreased without increasing the stress for the instructors or reducing thetime the instructors can spend for preparing their lessons.
134
Table III. KORI-NTC TRAINING COURSES
PhaseBas i ctrainingcourse
Developingtrainingcourse
SpecialcoursesCoursesforothernuclearpersonnel
*itTraining Courseso Générât orientation £ basic power generation training course(Seoul Training Center, 10 weeks)
o Nuclear fundamentals course ' 20 weeks ( Nuclear theory &systems du r ins 10 weeks respectively)Operators Technical & Maintenance Staff
o 8 weeks OJT for each local operation positiono 8 weeks OJT for technical supports of each
d i sciplineo retrainingcourse I8 weeks/yro NCRoperatorappl i cant 'scourse :20 weeks
o General mechanics & mechanicalsystem courses ' 2wks/eao General 1 & C,core instrumen-tation, digital rod position in-dication system, solid state pr-otection system and TBN control& supervisory system courses !
2wks/eao Plant computer course ' 2wkso QA control course ' 2wkso QA course : Iwko Environmental management,radwaste management and healthphysics courses .' 2wks/eao Plant sévi ce water, plant watertreatment and radiochemistrycourses .' 2wks/eao General electricity £ electricalsystem courses '. 2wks/eao In-core management course '3wks
ConstructionPersonnelo 16 OJT for
s i te f am i 1 i -arizationo Project
management.courseo Designcontrojcourseo Procurementmanagementcourse
o Manager course : 3wkso Technical supervisor courses ! 0.5wk/eao Nuclear introduction course I 0.5wko Emergency personnel d r i l l course ' O.Bwko Electric power group- KHIC
- KOPEC- KEPOS- KAERI- Korea Nuclear Fuel Manufacture Corp.
* as of December 1987.
135
Table IV. NUMBER OF TRAINEES PER YEAR OF THE KEPCO TRAINING CENTER
ItCi
Course
ßasic
Course
Oevc'J -opnent
Course
0Peraf.0r
TeGhDica!
Staff
Man&8ing
St
ff
•Special
Course
Other
Course
Nuclear Theory
PWR Nuclear System
PHWR Nuclear System
NCR Operator Applicant's
KNU1.2 Operator Retrain
KHU 3 Operator Retrain
KNU5.6 Operator Retrain
KNU 7 Operator tetrain
Mechar. i cal Maintenance
Instrumentation Control
Computer
HA Control
flua lily Asaurunco
Radiation Management.
Radio-Chemistry
Klcclric Mai nie natif -o
In-conj Management
Median i fs Supfrvisor
1 S C Supervisor
QA Sunfrvisor
Rad i at, i on Superv »sor
Ctewi stry Supervisor
El e,ctr i c i ty Suiwrv i sor
Supervisor
Manager
Nuclear Introduction
ftersency Personnel Brill
Other
Tola!
Period
<W>
10
10
10
4
4
4
•1
4
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
o.r>0.5
0.5
0-5
O-.-i
0.5
f.(2>
S(2)
0.5
0.3
Number of Trainees
'78-80
678
26
30
398
1,132
81
221
52
50
27
27
19
183
579
82
365
30
50
14
7
7
177
650
83
74
41
38
16
12
7
16
372
576
84
149
23
50
35
48
9
18
9
r.7
33
7
116
586
1396
R5
213
165
14
76
1G2
95
ID
10
14
11
il
14
29
17
34
38
275
1199
86
M
190
15
1ß
119
80
118
37
73
13
55
20
10
24
11
9
8
8
8
8
25
200
37
257
1410
87
62
BO
13
19
1'J7
107
223
143
71
58
35
25
:î627
23
41
10
7
8
10
(5
10
7
13
109
37
143
1530
Total
2.128
451
64
310
65Î
330
341
W
Ï27
16R
35
123
91
131
83
102
10
18
17
18
14
18
15
100
24
459
112
2,391
8,472
136
4 • 4 XbjppJCP tjLcäi _ Ir.§y_n insKOR3--WIC provides training in accordance with training schedules already
in existence or under development. The training schedules are prepared inKORI WIG and finally confirmed by the KEPCO Head Office in Seoul.
At the moment KORI l\lfC provides mainly theoretical training as well assimulator training and small amounts of on-the-job training.
Et has to be pointed out that the instructors are all capable and willingto perform excellent and effective training. The theoretical training is donein a way similar to university -style lectures. The instructor reads andexplains during the lessons, HP seldom receives feedback from the trainees onwhether they have understood the subject taught. The training material usedconsists mostly of purchased material in the English language.4 , '5 Jraini ncj _for„Operation
4.5.1 Basic 1 raining
"Ihe basic training of operations staff of nucloar power plants consists oftwo phases:
10-week thermal power plant orientation course in the KEPCO TrainingCenter in Seoul (all new KEPCO employees have to participate in thiscourse). 3f the new employees graduated from Soodo High School orUlsan Junior Engineering College, this course is shortened to fourweeks, because KFPCO influenced the curriculae of theseestablishments to emphasize topics of power plant engineering.20 week new employee course (for operations/construction) in KORTWucloar Training Center (KORI-MFC).
4 . "b , 2 Spec iali/ed Training
The specialised training for operations staff consists of the 20--weekinitial plant operation course and, later, the four-week pre-license reviewcourse for operator preparation. Both courses are provided in KORI I\ITC.4.'S. 3 Practical Training
The overall KEPCO training concept for operators calls for one year ofon--the-job training after the 20--week course and bePore the four-weekpro-license review course. IMewer concepts divide the 20-week course into afurther on-the-job portion of Pour weeks in conjunction with the simulatortraining portion.4.5,4 Retraining
Compared with the licensing requirements, KEPCO allocates much more timePor retraining of their shift personnel than required. The training programcalls for an eight week course every year, divided into two equal portions.
3n those cases where a license holder did not work in operations, he hasto attend a license review course aPter two years, otherwise after fiveyears. It lasts two weeks and uses basically the same material as thepre-license review course.
137
Maintenance in the mechanical and electrical fields is performed by KoreaHeavy Industries and Construction Co. Ltd. (KHIC) . Therefore, KHEC isresponsible for the qualily and the execution of the maintenance trainingprogram
Some additional theoretical courses are provided by KORI-WTC. Threetwo-week courses, different in level, are provided for the mechanics.
A three-week maintenance course for electricians and a four-weekmaintenance course for T & C technicians has been offered since 1984.
Normally, the maintenance personnel take part directly in the on- the-jobtraining during erection and commissioning, after having passed the 4-10 weekgeneral basic course for thermal power plants and the 10-week new employeescourse at KORI--I\J1C. The above -mentioned two to four week courses are givenduring the one-year on- the-job training.
As indicated above, KE PCO staff are reshuffled at regular intervals.There is a systematic training scheme for head office staff in addition to thebasic courses. Some of the staff receive training abroad. As personnel arepromoted to higher positions, only management training is provided in theKF.PCO Training Center in Seoul.
4 . 8 Xll'aîJltD9LJ2.f.__îll?.tliy.Ç_toJ'!l?.l\lo specific requirements are in force yet. The following training
sequence was used in general:- 4-10 week general basic thermal power plant course at KEPCO Training
Center in Seoul2.0- week new employees course at KORI~I\ITC20 -week initial plant operation course1 year on- the-job training in a nuclear power plant4-week pre-license course and licensing examinationseveral years of operating and practical experience6 month overseas instructor training
- license review course every 5 years.This training is sufficient to provide the technical background for normal
training requirements.There is a job rotation system in KEPCO which does not necessarily take
into account the individual wishes of the employees, such as the desire to betransferred to other sections (in operations, maintenance, chemistry orsafety). This, however, might be advisable for a more effective work.
In contradiction to the excellent and extensive training of theinstructors, the training especially for specialists (e.g. QA-personnel,computer maintenence, I & C maintenance) is very limited.
The main portion of training for maintenance personnel is the on-the-jobtraining. A typical example of this type of training is that for an I & Ctechnician: a 10-week new employee course in KAERT and a 10-week basic nucleartechnology course in KORI-IMTC.
138
_ StrategiesKEPCO has built up a database for all personnel working in the nuclear
area. This gives management a quick and sound feedback of the human resourcesin terms of the knowledge, background and expertise of their staff.
However, as already mentioned above, the fact that personnel arereshuffled without any direct or indirect apparent input on their desiredoccupation or practical experience seems to prove that the evaluation systemdoes not work properly yet. With more information, this certainly could havebeen elaborated more thoroughly.
4,10 KAERI_ l y Jl-TJl ij ^Manpower development is essential to the success in implementing nuclear
power projects, especially when the aim of maximum local participationreceives keen attention from every sector of industry. Bearing this in mind,KAE.RI founded the IMuclear Training Centre in 1960 to carry out in- housetraining for the KAI-IRI employees as well as open-door training for applicantsfrom nuclear- related organizations, by offering various courses (describedbelow) .
The total number of trainees who have taken courses so far in the areasof nuclear engineering, application of the technology of radioisotopes andradiation, and of nuclear fuel technology to reactor experiments for collegestudents is almost 12 000 as of the end of 1987. KAI-IRI has the largest sharein terms of the number of trainees and man-hours; the nuclear- relatedorganizations such as the power utility company, component manufacturers ,construction firms, radioisotope users, and regulatory and licensing body haveprovided the IMuclear Training Center with considerable numbers of trainees.
Since 1983, the Nuclear Training Center has been empowered by the requestof the government authorities for the examination and licensing of reactoroperators, special nuclear material handlers, radioisotope handlers and otherlicensees .
In addition to the regular courses, some ad hoc courses are organized forspecific topics from time to time under the auspices of internationalorganizations such as the IAEA, or foreign institutions.
The courses are:
IMuclear Power Generation Technology and IMuclear Materials Technology. Plants systems and major components and their functions. Safety analysis. Quality control, quality assurance and inspection technology, Laws, decrees, regulations, and codes and standards. IMuclear fuel technology and fuel cycle. IMuclear emergency preparedness.
- The Application of Radioisotopes and RadiationIMon-destructive Testing and Welding Technology
- Retraining for the Various Licensees in the IMuclear SectorReactor Experiments for College Students.
139
Appendix I.BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE. CURRENT STATUS AMD FLAWS FORDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
I HE NUCLFAR POWl
The first preliminary feasibility study for the implementation of anuclear power project was initiated in the early 1960s by the Office of AtomicEnergy which had been established in January 1959. The Korea Electric PowerCorporation has been responsible for the construction and operation of nuclearpower plants. , The construction of the first nuclear power project, KoreaNuclear Unit No. 1, commenced early in 1970 and went into commercial operationin April 1978. The Republic of Korea became the 21st country in the world touse nuclear energy for power generation. Since the country is poor in thedeposit of energy resources, it has committed itself to an ambitious nuclearpower development programme,
SI 'IT. 'S3 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 91 '92. '93 '94 -95- '96
Fig. A~l Power Generating Facilities
Seven nuclear power plants are currently in commercial operation, twonuclear power plants are now under construction, and another two nuclear power-plants are scheduled to be- in commercial operation by the middle of the1990s. Nuclear power generation capacity as of December 31, 1986 was 4 766MWe, 26.4% of total generation capacity, increasing to 36.3% in 1991, and to36.8% in 1996 (Soo Tables A I and A-3 I ) .
Table A-I. Installed Capacity Plan (MWe)
1986 1989 1993 1996
HydroOilCoalLNGNuclear
22244820370025504766
23464820370025507616
26124661453025507616
32123756940523009416
Total 18060 21032 21969 25589
*Based on the long-term power development plan ('86.8)
140
Table A-Il. Nuclear Power Development Program
Classification Capacity——————— Type _____
Methoâology
ManufacturerCommissioning
(MW) Reactor T/G
>-0)
je.cZ31-
>-u.yc3Hco-z.
\
1
3
4
56789
10
n12
PWRPWRPHWR
-
PWRPWRPWRPWRPWRPWR
PWRPWR
587650678.7
-
950950950950950950
10001000
W.H.(U.S.A.)W.H.(U.S.A.)AECL(Canada)
-
W.H.(U.S.A-)W.H.(U.S.A-)W.H.(U.S.A.)W.H.(U.S.A.)Framatome(France)Fratnatome(France)
KHIC/(C.E)KHIC/(CE)
G.E.C.(U.tC)G.E.C(U.K.)Parsons(Canada* U.K.)
-
G.E.C.(U.K.)G.E.C.(U.K.)W.H.(U.S.A.)W.H.(U.S.A.)Alsthom(France)Alsthom(France)
KHIC/KG.E)KHIC/(G.E)
'87.4'83.7'83.4
-
'85.9'86.4'86.8'87.6'88.9'89.9
'95.3'96.3
141
COURSES FOR ADVANCED TECHNICIAN FUNCTIONS
REACTOR OPERATION COURSE
GOAL
This course provides the student with the knowledge and practical skillsconsidered essential for a technician at a higher level in reactor operation.CURRICULA
Mathematics and ComputingAn introduction to matrix notation. Matrix product. Determinants.The consistency of sets of simultaneous equations.
- Iterative solution of polynomial and transcendental equations and of setsof linear equations. Use of desk calculators.
- Sequences. Limit of sequence.- Functions, limits, continuity. Differentiation, partial differentiation,
integration.- Curve sketching, maximum, minimum, inflexions, asymptotes, areas, volumes
centroids.Infinite series, simple treatment of convergence. Taylor and Maclaurinexpansions.General introduction to automatic computation: appreciation of digital,analogue and hybrid computation.
- Basic elements of a digital computer.Problem analysis. Flowcharts. Digital computer programming.Documentation of program.(84 hours, 1/2 experiments)
Nuclear Power Plant System EngineeringReactor coolant system and pumpsPressurizerCVCSControl rod drive mechanismSafety injection systcsmResidual heat removal systemCooling water system
- Radioactive waste disposal system- Refueling system- Electrical system- Process instrumentation system
Fire protection systemContainment
- Plant chemistry(360 hours)
Simulator System Engineering- Reactor coolant system
Reactor coolant systemReactor coolant pumpResidual heat removal
142
evesSafety injection system
- Reactor core componentsDrains systemBoron recovery systemGaseous waste treatment systemLiquid waste treatment system
- Radiation monitoring systemTurbine system
- Electric supply system- Emergency electricity system- Control rod system
Pressure control system(80 hours)
Simulator Operation- Reactor coolant system
Reactor coolant pumpResidual heat removalCVCS
- Pressure control- Steam generator system- Main water supply system and auxiliary supply system- Concentrated water system
Turbine and auxiliary system- EHC system- Turbine control and protection- Reactor startup- Reactor automatic control
Reactor tripControl rod accident
- Generator and auxiliaries- Electric system- Diesel generator
Radiation monitoring systemTurbine trip
- Containment vessel- Reactor coolant accident- Charging pump
Transient analysisSafety valves(300 hours, all operation exercises)
Technical Assignment
143
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COURSE
GOAL
This course provides the student with the knowledge and practical skillsin mathematics, computation and data analysis as well as disassembling,assembling and inspection of reactor vessel components, reactor coolant pumpsand valves, pressurizer components, steam generator components etc. Thecourse also provides practical skills considered essential for the training oftechnicians at a higher level in mechanical engineering.CURRICULA
Mathematics and Computing
- An introduction to matrix notation. Matrix product. Determinants.The consistency of sets of simultaneous equations.
- Iterative solution of polynomial and transcendental equations and of setsof linear equations. Use of desk calculators.
- Sequences. Limit of sequence.- Functions, limits, continuity. Differentiation, partial differentiation,
integration.Curve sketching, maximum, minimum, inflexions, asymptotes, areas, volumes,centroids.
- Infinite series, simple treatment of convergence. Taylor and MacLaurinexpansions.
- General introduction to automatic computation: appreciation of digital,analogue and hybrid computation.
- Basic elements of a digital computer.- Problem analysis. Flowcharts. Digital computer programming.- Documentation of program.
(84 hours, 1/2 experiments)
Physical Science- Wave motion.- Damped and undamped oscillations.- Heat as a form of energy.- Units of heat, calorific value calculations.- Specific heat, thermal capacity and enthalpy.
Law of mixtures and heat balance calculations.The gas law.(36 hours)
Manufacturing Technology/ Properties of Materials
- Role of the production engineer, production planning and control, workstudy and value analysis, operation sequences, manufacturing times andcosts, machine and production line loading, quality control in manufacture.Casting and moulding of metals and plastics.Design and use of basic machine tools.
- Formability of materials.Assembly techniques.
- Electrical and electronic production methods.Microprocessors in production.Steel and cast iron; non-ferrous materials; thermoplastics.
144
Metal cutting.Turning methods and lathe design.Production of fine-machined surfaces.
- Production of gears.Fabrication and assembly techniques.Statistical control of quality.Specifications and standardization for productionAlloys. Heat treatment of steels. Alloy steels.( 240 hours 1/3 experiments)
Electrical and Electronic Science and ApplicationsElectric fields
- ElectromagnetismNetwork theorems
- Alternating current theoryElectronic devices
- Electrical applications- Electronic applications
(110 hours)Mechanical Science Applications- Basic principles of applied mechanics- Statistics, dynamics and hydraulics- Static equilibrium of coplanar forces- Applications to plane frames.
Elasticity. Kinematics and kinetics of a rigid body.Statistics and dynamics of connected bodies.Properties of fluids.(120 hours)
Graphical Communications and Data Presentation- Drawing of engineering components and assemblies.- The preparation and interpretation of flow sheets, networks and logic
diagramsThe presentation of statistical and experimental data in the form ofcharts, diagrams, graphs and nomograms.(48 hours)
Instrumentation and Measurements- Measurements concepts.- Measuring instruments
Measuring techniques(96 hours, 1/3 experiments)
Mechanics of Materials and Machines- Plane stress- Plane strain
Strain energy
145
Design of coil springsStress analysisImpulsive forces and torquesBalancing of rotating massesPrimary and secondary forces and couplesBalancing machinesEnergy balance in machines
- Boundary lubrication(96 hours, 1/3 experiments)
Thermodynamics and Fluid MechanicsPositive displacement expanders and compressorPower cyclesRefrigeration cyclesTurbine and turbo compressors
- Steady flow of compressible fluidsViscous flow. Turbine flow. Water turbinesCentrifugal pumps
- Performance curvesCompressible flow(140 hours, 1/3 experiments)
Engineering DesignDesign methodology
- Industrial design(72 hours)
Assembling; and Disassembling; and Inspection TechniquesReactor vessel components
- Reactor coolant components- Reactor coolant pump motors, bearing- Reactor valves- Pressurizer relief valve, safety valve- Crane, manupulator
Snubber, gasket, o-ringFuel loading(120 hours)
Technical Assignment
146
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COURSE
GOAL
This course provides the student with the knowledge and practical skillsconsidered essential for the training of technicians at a higher level inelectrical engineering.
CURRICULAMathematics and Computing- An introduction to matrix notation. Matrix product. Determinants.
The consistency of sets of simultaneous equations.- Iterative solution of polynomial and transcendental equations and of sets
of linear equations. Use of desk calculators.Sequences. Limit of sequence.Functions, limits, continuity. Differentiation, partial differentiation,intégration.Curve sketching, maximum, minimum, inflexions, asymptotes, areas, volumes,centroids.
- Infinite series, simple treatment of convergence. Taylor and MacLaurinexpansions.
- General introduction to automatic computation: appreciation of digital,analogue and hybrid computation.Basic elements of a digital computer.Problem analysis. Flowcharts. Digital computer programming.
- Documentation of program.(84 hours, 1/2 experiments)
Circuits and Electronics
Basic measurements in electronics- Fundamentals of networks- Sinusoidal steady state analysis- Dynamics of first- and second-order networks
(120, 1/3 experiments)Signals and Systems- Unilateral laplace transform
Feedback- Linear time invariant system- Frequency domains- Discrete time systems and signals- Analog and digital filtering systems
Modulation systems(50 hours)
147
Electricity Networks
Electric power system generationTransmissionElements of electrical power systems
- GeneratorsTransformers
- Comsumption systems- Normal regimes
Frequency and voltage regulationSystem stabilityProtection of systems
- Methods of control(60 hours)
Automatic Control- Role of automatic control
Elementary control systems- Servomechanisms
Transfer functions- Accuracy of control systems- Non-linear control systems
(100 hours)Electromagnetic Engineering- Vector analysis
Coulomb force- Magnetic current- Maxwell equations- Electromagnetic waves- Conduction and polarization
(100 hours)Electric Power Technology- Electromagnetic conversion of energy
Rotating fieldSynchronous motorsInduction motors
- AC and DC motorsGeneratorsTransformersSwitch gearsTransmission lines
- Power systemsElectrical characteristics of power devices
- Linear and switched power amplifiers(200 hours, 1/3 experiments)
148
Nuclear Power Plant System Engineering- Reactor systems and components- Nuclear fuel materials- Cladding materials- Coolants- Pressure vessel- Influence of radiation
Heat generation- Heat transfer
Primary circuits- Heat exchangers- Pressurizers
Secondary circuits- Auxilliary components
Reactor operationCommissioning
- Startup test(120 hours, 1/3 experiments)
Technical Assignment
149
NUCLEAR ENGINEERING COURSE
GOAL
This course provides the student with the knowledge and practical skillsconsidered essential for a technician at a higher level in nuclear engineering.CURRICULAMathematics and Computing- An introduction to matrix notation. Matrix product. Determinants.
The consistency of sets of simultaneous equations.Iterative solution of polynomial and transcendental equations and of setsof linear equations. Use of desk calculators.Sequences. Limit of sequence.
- Functions, limits, continuity. Differentiation, partial differentiation,integration.
- Curve sketching, maximum, minimum, inflexions, asymptotes, areas, volumes,centroids.
- Infinite series, simple treatment of convergence. Taylor and MacLaurinexpansions.General introduction to automatic computation: appreciation of digital,analogue and hybrid computation.Basic elements of a digital computer.
- Problem analysis. Flowcharts. Digital computer programming.- Documentation of program.
(84 hours, 1/2 experiments)
Introduction to Nuclear EngineeringAtomic structureNuclei
- Neutron characteristics- Radiation and radioactivity
Nuclear reactionsNeutron flux and reactivitySeparation of isotopes
- Radioisotope productionAccelerators(120 hours)
Reactor ConceptsGeneral reactor theoryReactor structuresInteractions between radiation and materialChain reactionsNeutron characteristicsReactor criticality(120 hours)
150
Reactor Engineering- Reactor design concepts
Basic calculations- Nuclear fuel- Reactor materials- Reactor control- Instrumentation and control- Reactor heat removal- Reactor equipment
(90 hours)
Reactor Heat EngineeringStructure of reactor heat engineeringHeat transfer
- Heat generation in reactorTemperature distributionReactor heat analysis(120 hours)
Reactor Safety Engineering
Safety of radioactive materials in reactor- Safety design concepts- In-service inspection- Example of reactor coolant accident
Repair- Safety of reactor facility
(60 hours)
Nuclear Generation EngineeringNuclear power plants system
- Pressurized water reactor- Other reactors
Instrumentation and control of a nuclear power plantSafety of a nuclear power plantPlanning of a nuclear power plantConstruction and maintenanceEconomic aspects of a nuclear power plant
- Future aspects
(60 hours)Health Physics
Introduction to health physicsEffects of radiationPrinciples of radiation protectionRadiation managementRadiation shielding
- Radiation monitoring(90 hours)
151
Radiation Measurement- Properties of radiation- Principles of radiation protection- Methods of radiation measurement- Techniques of radiation measurement- Characteristics of radiation detectors
Radiation countingRadiation dosimetry
- Electronic circuits of radiation detectorsGamma spectrometry(80 hours, 1/2 experiments)
Radioisotope EngineeringRadiation chemistryNatural radioactive nuclei
- Artificial radioactive nuclei- Target chemistry- Radiochemistry
Radioisotope separationApplications of radioisotopes(80 hours)
Nuclear Power Plant System Engineering- Reactor systems and components- Nuclear fuel materials
Cladding materials- Coolants
Pressure vessel- Influence of radiation
Heat generationHeat transferPrimary circuits
- Heat exchangers- Pressurizers- Secondary circuits- Auxiliary components
Reactor operation- Commissioning- Startup test
(120 hours, 1/3 experiments)Technical Assignment
152
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL COURSE
GOAL
This course provides the student whith the knowledge and practical skillsconsidered essential for a technician at a higher level in instrumentation andcontrol engineering.CURRICULA
Mathematics and Computing- An introduction to matrix notation. Matrix product. Determinants.
The consistency of sets of simultaneous equations.- Iterative solution of polynomial and transcendental equations and of sets
of linear equations. Use of desk calculators.- Sequences. Limit of sequence.
Functions, limits, continuity. Differentiation, partial differentiation,integration.
- Curve sketching, maximum, minimum, inflexions, asymptotes, areas, volumes,centroids.
- Infinite series, simple treatment of convergence. Taylor and MacLaurinexpansions.General introduction to automatic computation: appreciation of digital,analogue and hybrid computation.
- Basic elements of a digital computer.Problem analysis. Flowcharts. Digital computer programming.Documentation of program.(84 hours, 1/2 experiments)
Electromagnetic Engineering
Vector analysis- Coulomb force
Calculation of condenser capacityMagnetic current
- Maxwell equationsElectromagnetic wavesConduction and polarization(60 hours)
Alternating Current Theory- Basic concepts of alternating current- Electronic circuits
Resistance- Inductance
Capacitance circuitsCalculation of series circuitsTransfer of electric powerCalculation of parallel circuits
- Resonance circuits- Mutual induction circuits- Equivalent circuits
(90 hours, 1/3 experiments)
153
Electronic EngineeringElectron motionEnergy band of transistorsFree electronsPN junctionCharacteristics of a PN diodeRectifiers
- Tuner and jener diode- Basic transistors- Signals
FET(90 hours, 1/3 experiments)
Semi conductors- Transistors biasing
Diode equivalent circuitsBJT equivalent circuitslow frequency amplification circuits
- FET equivalent circuits- High frequency amplification circuits
Oscillation circuits(90 hours, 1/3 experiments)
Introduction to Computing- Fundamentals of computer hardware and software- Modifying programs
Data for computer solution- digital computation
Algorithm formulationNumerical techniques
- Graphic display- Programming- Various languages
(120 hours, 1/2 experiments)Automatic Control
Elementary control sytemAnalog or digital
- Transfer functions- Electrical systems- Accuracy of control systems
Non-linear control systemsControl with carrier currents
- Thermal systems(120 hours, 1/3 experiments)
Electricity NetworkElectric power system generation
- TransmissionElements of electrical power systems
154
- GeneratorsTransformers
- Lines- Consumption
Normal regimesFrequency and voltage regulationSystems reliability(60 hours)
Reliability of Electrical and Electronic SystemsRedundancyReliability testingSystem reliability
- Reliability of electronic componentsMaintenability(60 hours)
Nuclear Power Plant EngineeringReactor systems and components
- Nuclear fuel materialsCladding materialsCoolantsPressure vesselInfluence of radiation
- Heat generationHeat transferPrimary circuits
- Heat exchangersPressurizersSecondary circuits
- Auxiliary componentsReactor operationCommissioning
- Startup test
(120 hours, 1/3 experiments)Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation
Instrumentation systemsInstrumentation components
- Control systems in a nuclear power plantProtection system
- Application of single failure criterionPhysical isolation requirements between redundant safety systemsReactor protection systemSafety-related instrumentation systems(90 hours)
Technical Assignment
155
SPECIALIZED EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
RADIATION INSTRUMENT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COURSE
Duration: 1 weekParticipants; From industries utilizing radioisotopesPrerequisite for Attendance: High school graduateCurriculum:
Subjects No. ofhours
Lectures andExperiments
Other
Introduction to radiation instrumentationHealth physicsRadiation detectorNuclear counting analyzerMicro-computerIndustrial uses of radioisotopesVideotape show and tour of facilitiesOther educational demonstrations
226798
23
Total 39
GENERAL COURSE IN NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Duration: 4 weeksParticipants: From nucleaa-related industriesPrerequisite for Attendance: High school graduateCurriculum:
Subjects No. ofhours
Lectures Radiation safety managementWelding techniquesMetallurgy and material scienceQuality assuranceOutline of non-destructive testingAtomic energy laws and regulationsUltrasonic testingMagnetic particle testingLiquid penetrant testingRadiographie testingEddy-current testingRadioisotope production and applicationsSpecial lectureNeutron Radiography
514143442074203212
156
Subjects No. ofhours
Experiments
Other
Radiographie testingUltrasonic testingMagnetic particle testingLiquid penetrant testingEddy-current testingVideotape show and other educational
demonstrations
212121212113
Total 137
SPECIALIZED COURSE IN RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
Duration: 10 daysParticipants:From nuclear-related industriesPrerequisite for Attendance; High school graduateCurriculum:
Subjects No. ofhours
Lectures
Experiments
Other
Introduction to radiographie testingWelding technologyMetal materialsClassification of flawsCodes and standardsRadiographie techniquesPreparation of reportsFilm reading and evaluationVideotape show and other educational
demonstrationsTotal
433210
1437
52
157
SPECIALIZED COURSE IN ULTRASONIC TESTING
Duration: 10 daysParticipants: From nuclear-related industriesPrerequisite for Attendance; High school graduateCurriculum:
Subjects No. ofhours
Lectures
Experiments
Other
Introduction to ultrasonic testingWelding technologyMetal materialsClassifications of flawsCodes and standardsPreparation of test proceduresTesting techniquesPreparation of reports
Videotape show and other educationaldemonstrations
5332105163
Total 52
BASIC COURSE ON NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Duration: 4 weeksParticipants: From nuclear-related industriesPrerequisite for Attendance; High school graduateCurriculum:
Subjects No. ofhours
Basic Theory
Nuclear PowerPlant System
Nuclear physicsRadiation safety managementReactor theoryRadiation measurement
Sub-total
PWR reactorReactor coolant systemC.V.C.S.Engineered safety featuresSteam and power conversion systemCooling water systemRadioactive waste disposal systemRefueling systemElectrical systemProcess instrumentation systemH.V.A.C. and fire protectionContainment
3332
11
642532422523
158
Subjects No. ofhours
Codes & Standards/Construction WorkManagement of a
NPP
PWR plant chemistry 2PWR operation 3PHWR reactor 4PWR system review 3NPP system videotape show (5)
Sub-total 52Plant engineering 3Plant siting and layout 3Nuclear materials 3Nuclear fuel 3Welding technology 3Codes and standards 4Atomic energy laws and nuclear regulations 4Introduction to NOT 5Outline of QA 2QA in construction 2Vendor qualification and supplier auditing 2Planning of nuclear plant construction work 4Mechanical and piping work 4Electrical and instrumentation work 4Civil engineering work 4Plan of NPP construction in Rep. of Korea 3Concrete technology 3
Sub-total 55NPP construction videotape show (KORI 1) 1Nuclear industry in France 1Domestic and foreign nuclear policy 1Tour of reactor irradiation facilities 3Test and evaluation 6Opening and closing sessions, etc. 6
Sub-total 18Total 136
Other
159
BASIC COURSE IN RADIOISOTOPE UTILIZATION
Duration; 4 weeksParticipants; From industries utilizing radioisotopesPrerequisite for Attendance; High school graduateCurriculum:
Subjects No. ofhours
Lectures
Experiments
Other
Nuclear Physics 6Radiochemistry 6Radioisotope production 3Interaction between radiation and matter 3Radiation measuring techniques and instruments 6Counting statistics 3Radiation dose, units and limits of exposure dose 3Health physics 6Radiation survey and safety management 5Personal monitoring 3Radwaste disposal 3Radiation shielding 6Health physics practice 3Radiation biology 3Industrial uses of radioisotopes 3Physical and chemical uses of radioisotopes 3Medical use of radioisotopes 3Agricultural uses of radioisotopes 3Atomic energy law 3Special law AGM counter and proportional counter 1Scintillation counter and gamma spectrometer 6Liquid scintillation detector 3Radiation detector 6Loss of radiation source and countermeasures 3Contamination accident countermeasures 3Radioanalysis 6Radiochemical separation and dilution 6Videotape show 7Other educational demonstrations 5
Total 121
160
RETRAINING COURSE FOR RADIOISOTOPE LICENSE HOLDERS
Duration; 1 dayParticipants; From industries utilizing radioisotopesPrerequisite for Attendance: Radioisotope license holdersCurriculum;
Subjects No. ofhours
Recent trends in radiation protection 2- Introduction to new technology in radiation protection- Current status of radiation protection- Uses of the new irradiation facilities and survey
equipment- Radwaste management- Emergency planning
Radiation protection regulation 2- Guidelines for safety management- Legal aspects of atomic energy laws- Management of measurement records- Responsibility in radiation accidents- Other
Workshop and discussion 3-——-————-———————-——-—•—-Total 7
Next page(s) left blank 161
Appendix FSWEDEN
EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
INTRODUCTION
1. Status of the Nuclear Power Programme of Sweden1.1 Power Plants
The Swedish nuclear power plants are summarized below:Unit Name
Barseback 1Barseback 2Forsmark 1Forsmark 2Forsmark 3Oskarshamn 1Oskarshamn 2Oskarshamn 3
Ringhals lRinghals 2Ringhals 3Ringhals 4
Reactor Type
BWRBWR
BWRBWRBWR
BWRBWRBWR
BWRPWRPWRPWR
Electrical Output Commercial OperationNet MW Year
5705709009001060
4405951060
750800915915
19751977
198119811985
197219751985
1976197519811983
1.2 Nuclear Power UtilitiesThe 12-reactor power programme is operated by four different utilities:
Name of Utility(Plant name)
Number of People
Sydkraft(Barseback)Forsmarkbolaget(Forsmark)OKG(Oskarshamnsverket)State Power Board(Ringhals)
Total
330
750
750
1100
2930
163
1.3 Other Organizations Related to the Nuclear Power Plants
Name of Organization Number of People(Main Actitity)
ASEA-ATOM 1200(construction, fuel manufacturing)Studsvik Energiteknik 200(R & D)
Nuclear Inspectorate 70(state authority)Radiation Protection Institute 20(state authority)Others 100
Total 1590
2. Education and Training; of Technicians for the Nuclear Power Programme.In Sweden there is no organized education for technicians entering the
nuclear power programme, except for control room operators (as described in aspecial guidebook).
The theoretical qualifications of the technicians are based on a four-yeartechnology line of the national Senior High School as in Fig.l. Studentswho have passed the four-year Senior High School (Engineering), or TechnologyLine are qualified for working as technicians in the nuclear power programme.A description of this education is given in the Appendix.
The technicians employed in the nuclear power utilities are given a2.5-week course in basic nuclear power engineering within about two yearsafter their employment. This is not compulsory but is taken by most of thetechnicians. Apart from this there is no upgrading or other organizededucation.
164
15
10
<acu«
TechnicalUniversity
Senior High-school(Sctenct)
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Senior High-school(Engineering)
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Practice
Senior Hi|hschoolOperation oriented
BASIC SCHOOL
FIG.1. Education of technicians for nuclear power plants in Sweden.
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AppendixEDUCATION AND TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS IN SWEDEN: FOUR-YEAR TECHNOLOGY LINE
ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
Leaving certificate from grade 9 of compulsory school (including specialEnglish and mathematics courses), or equivalent.STRUCTURE OF STUDIES
Grade 1 - Common courseGrade 2 - Common courseGrade 3 - Mechanical Engineering, Building, Electro-engineering and
Chemical EngineeringGrade 4 - Mechanical Engineering, Building (building and construction),
Electro-engineering (electro-power and telecommunications),Chemical Engineering.
DESCRIPTION
All students taking this line follow the same course of studies for thefirst two grades. In grade 3 the line divides into four branches: MechanicalEngineering, Building, Electro-engineering and Chemical Engineering. Furtherspecialization ensues in grade 4, with the division of the Building Branchinto a Construction variant and a Building variant and the division of theElectro-engineering Branch into Electro-power and Telecommunications variants.
Leaving certificates are obtainable at the end of grade 3.Job experience
Job experience is a compulsory ingredient of instruction in this line andcomprises school practice and field practice.
School practice totals 200 hours for the first two grades and involveson-timetable instruction in the school workshop.
Field practice involves paid probationary employment at workplaces andcomprises about six weeks during the summer following grade 2 and about sixweeks during the summer following grade 3, though this latter requirement onlyapplies to students intending to continue their studies in grade 4.
A student taking the instruction and activities compulsory for this lineand the branch opted for thereby takes a complete course of studies.
A student can also take one or more subjects over and above the completecourse of studies, in which case he or she is said to take an augmented courseof studies.
A student having appreciable difficulties in one or more subjects can beexempted from not more than two compulsory subjects, in which case he or sheis said to take a reduced course of studies.
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CONTENT
The main emphasis of instruction in this line is on the technical subjectsincluded in the time schedule for the various branches and variants in grades3 and 4 (see time schedule in Table A-l.) and on technology, mathematics,physics and chemistry. The distribution of subjects is shown in Fig.A-l.
TABLE A-l. TIME SCHEDULE
Subject
SwedishEnglishB-language (German/French)1
HistoryReligious knowledgeErgonomicsCivicsMathematicsPhysicsChemistryTechnologyOther technical subjects(see time schedules below)Business economicsPhysical educationReserve period1
No. ppw in grade
1
333'2
352.52.56
31
2
3232
5445
31
3
1 2
1 "
2
254
11.5
11.5
4
2
30
3
Mechanical Engineering Branch Building Branch
Technical subjects
Design MaEnergyProduction MaAutomatic control MaElectrical engineering MaSpecial project Ma
No. ppw in grade3
5.5
4
2
4
5.577.5325
Technical subjects
Building techniquesDesign ByProduction ByHousing and townplanningConstructionHeating, ventilationand plumbingElectrical engineering By
No. ppw in grade3
65 5
An J
86
3105
11 5
Hb
126
63 5
11 5
Electro-engineering Branch Chamical Engineering Branch
Technical subjects
ElectricityElectronicsMechanical engineering ElAutomatic control ElTelecommunicationsSystem engineeringElectrical machineryElectrical constructionFlftCtrical nower
No. ppw in grade3
72.52
tKr
6
5
910
Tt
8
584
5
Technical subjects
Physical chemistryOrganic chemistryElectrical engineering KeBiochemistryAnalytical and physicalchemistryChemical technologyTechnical chemistrySpecial project Ka
No. ppw in grade
3
3.562
4
3
12744
' B-language - German or French when takan bythe student at compulsory school. A B-language canbe exchanged (or a C-language. in which case thelatter is allotted 4 ppw
1 One of the two languages English and 6- (or C-language) is compulsory
' Reserve periods are applied to purposes not havinga direct bearing on any of tha other subjects includedm the line of studiesExamples, educational and vocational orientation,industrial and social affairs, cultural questions
Kr = Electro-power variantTt = Telecommunications variantAn — Construction variantHb = Building variant
Note: Duration of school year - 40 week* iv»iihsome deduction for public holidays days off tic I1 period par week (ppw) - 40 minutes pec week
Students have 10 work study lessons m gwie 3 overand above the time schedule
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The pie chart shows the timeallocations for different subjects inthe first three grades. Efforts aremade to integrate the various sub-jects.
Social subjects = history, religiousknowledge, civics.
Other subjects = physical educa-tion, reserve period.
FIG.A-1. Distribution of subjects.
Instruction in technology is designed to lay the foundations ofengineering working methods, at the same time providing the students with anelementary knowledge of technical subject fields which are common to allbranches. This instruction includes science of materials, mechanics, strengthof materials and draughtsmanship and projection. As a rule instruction isbased on practical working examples, such as a known structure which isinvestigated in various respects. In this way the theoretical argumentsacquire a practical application, and the students are given systematictraining from the very outset in technical working methods and acquire ageneral view of the different parts of the subject.Mechanical Engineering Branch (Ma)
The characteristic subjects of this branch are shown in the time schedule.
Instruction in design Ma includes, among other things, mechanics, strengthof materials, construction of apparatus, transport equipment, supportingconstructions, machinery construction and design tasks.
Energy familiarizes the students with such matters as the construction andprinciples of machinery, apparatus and facilities and various energy processes.
Production engineering; Ma comprises science of materials manufacturingtechniques and production engineering.
Special project Ma in grade 4 is intended to provide a deeper knowledge ofdesign and production and also to develop the student's capacity forindependent work based on engineering principles and methods.
Building Branch (By)
The characteristic subjects of this branch are shown in the time schedule.
In building technology students are taught about building materials andbuilding techniques and the construction of buildings.
Design By includes general strength of materials, various designs, soilmechanics and foundations.
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This branch divides into two variants in grade 4. Design By and housingand town planning are allotted somewhat less scope in the Constructionvariant, which instead provides relatively comprehensive instruction inconstruction. The main emphasis of the Building variant is on design By andon housing and town planning.Electro-Engineering Branch (El)
The characteristic subjects of this branch are shown in the time schedule.Instruction in electricity includes D.C. circuits, magnetic fields,
electric fields, A.C. circuits and measuring techniques.Electronics deals with electronic components and circuits, amplifiers
measuring techniques etc.This branch divides into two variants in grade 4. Automatic control El is
common to both these variants. Electronics (major course), telecommunications,system engineering and electrical power are peculiar to the Telecommunicationsvariant. Electronics (minor course), electrical machinery and electricalinstallation are peculiar to the Electro-power variant. Students completingthis variant can acquire theoretical qualifications for general eligibility aselectrical contractors.Chemical Engineering Branch (Ke)
The characteristic subjects of this branch are shown in the time schedule.This branch is very much concerned with experimentation and analysis and
with the mathematical treatment of various problems.Special project Ke in grade 4 is intended to provide students with an
opportunity of making in-depth studies of a chosen field of chemistry and alsoto develop their capacity for independent work according to the principles andmethods of engineering.
In addition to their ordinary instruction, grade 3 students in allbranches have to undertake a special project, either individually or on agroup basis. The main purpose of this project is to develop the student'scapacity for independent work. The subject field and title of the specialproject are stated in the leaving certificate, but no mark is awarded for it.HARKS
Marks are awarded for all subjects except where otherwise indicated. Nomarks are awarded, however, for school and field practice and work studies.Instead a note is made to the effect that the student has "Participated".Marks are awarded on a five-point scale, the maximum award being 5.FURTHER EDUCATION
The four-year Technology Line provides basic technical vocationaleducation.
This line can lead to various duties in design, production and worksupervision within the speciality chosen. It can also lead to planning,purchasing or sales duties. The aim is for the student to be able,immediately upon completion of these studies, to apply for employment or to goon to further technical education or studies of other kinds.
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The Electrical Power variant of the Electro-Engineering Branch can confertheoretical qualifications for general eligibility as an electrical contractor.
Students completing grade 3 of the Mechanical Engineering or BuildingBranch and also completing the prescribed vocational practice can apply forthe advanced specialized course Heating, Ventilation and Plumbing InstallationTechniques.
The following are additional examples of further education.
Business economics for engineers training as buyers.Business economics for sales engineer training.Training course for orthopaedic engineers.Persons with at least four years job experience in industry can applyfor training as safety engineers.Social administration course.Business economics course.
This line confers general eligibility for post-secondary studies andspecial eligibility for the majority of post-secondary education programmes.
Students completing the four-year Technology Line are commonly referred toas certified upper secondary school engineers.
Students aiming for an engineering degree can already apply forpost-secondary education programmes in the technical professional trainingsector (universities of technology) after grade 3.
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COMPUTER-BASED EDUCATION FOR NUCLEAR POWER
Since 1982 computer based education has been used in the Swedish nuclearpower education. This has increased the efficiency and improved the qualityof the education considerably.
The methodology has been developed and improved continuously by theexperience from many courses. Software material, based on classicalliterature, modern research results, results from advanced computer codes andthe experience of nuclear power plant operation has been developed.
This report gives a short presentation of some of the characteristics ofcomputer based education.
Fundamentals
The computer can be characterized by:
Having a wide perfect memoryAbility to perform mathematical operations very rapidlyAbility to present results graphically and digitally.
Because of these features the computer is well suited for use in educationin subjects having many mathematical formulations or when the handling of datais required. Examples of such subjects in nuclear power engineering are:
Reactor physicsThermal hydraulics
- Reactor dynamicsRadiation shieldingNuclear reactor safety
In the subjects mentioned above such mathematics as the following isfrequently used:
- IntegralsDifferential equationsCoupled differential equationsComplicated empirical correlationsSystems of equations with feedbackHandling of data.
The Use of Computers in Education
The use of computers have been integrated into the education given by RKS(The Nuclear Safety Board of the Swedish utilities) since 1982. This hastaken place successively and the experience is very positive. Throughcomputer-based education the following has been achieveds
1. The students become familiar with an extensive analysis ofmathematical problems by the use of the computer.
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2. The students are working continuously and actively by analyzing avariety of engineering problems.
3. This education involves an active instead of the passive traditionalmethod. After a course the students have individually been workingon all the essential parts of the course content and have thus notsimply listened to what a teacher has been saying.
The Set up of Computer-Based EducationIt has appeared to be optimal to use one computer for every two students.The performance is as follows:1. The students get a short introduction to the use of the computer, how
to solve mathematical problems numerically and how to programdifferent problems, such as integrals and differential equations.
2. The parts of the different subjects, for instance in reactor physics,are presented by the teacher. At first a qualitative presentationand after that a quantitative presentation is given. The studentsthen analyze problems on the computer, either by using their ownprograms or by use of programs already developed.
3. The influence of different parameters are studied and essentially allresults are presented as graphs on the display.
4. The results from one analysis are then used in later problems so thatthe students will see the interrelation between the different partsof the subject.
Realistic Calculations and Analyses are PossibleIn contrast to the traditional methods, in which only simple equations can
be solved, the computer-based method permits realistic calculations to beperformed. In this way the students get a more thorough understanding ofdifferent physical phenomena and interrelationships. After a course, thestudents also have tools for various calculations.The Material for Computer-Based Education
Besides the computers, extensive material adapted to this specific methodhas to be developed. Equations (eventually with experimental data), computerprograms which are pedagocically well developed etc., have to be supplied.
In the education at the RKS essentially all important equations found inthe nuclear engineering literature have been programmed for use in thecomputer-based education.Research Results are Introduced in the Education
The introduction of computers for education opens up new possibilities tomake use of the most relevant and modern R & D results along with theclassical information. Thus, research results from national and internationalresearch organisations are presented in the computer-based education courses.
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METHODOLOGY IN COMPUTER BASED EDUCATION
1 A problem is presented by the teacher
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3 Input values for a solution are given
2 A solution is generated by the students assistedteacher and computer
4 The results of the analysis are presented on thescreen for conclusions
Appendix
COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR COMPUTER-BASED EDUCATION
Some simple examples in the beginning are intended for simple "hand"calculations only (no programming). For each of the problems listed belowthere is a program.
Reactor physics
Size of atomic nucleus and number densitiesFission energyFission processRadioactivityProduction and decay rates for radionuclidesRadioactive decay:
core heat-up if coolant is lostboil-off rate and necessary auxiliary feed-water flow to avoid coreheat-uppressure build-up in suppression pool if decay heat is transferred toan uncooled suppression pool.
Fission neutron spectrumNeutron moderationThermal neutron spectraNeutron reaction ratesNeutron transmissionThermal fission factor, influence of enrichmentFast neutron fission in U-238Resonance escape probabilityThermal utilization factorMultiplication factorNon-leakage probabilityMigration length and its void dependenceEffective multiplication factorsCriticalityFuel temperature coefficientModerator temperature coefficientVoid coefficientReactivity effects of boron in coolantConversion factorNeutron flux distribution in a fuel rodRadial neutron flux in the reactorAxial neutron flux in the reactor
Xenon poison at steady state power at beginning of life and end of lifeXenon poison following a power variation
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Thermal-hydraulics
Steam quality distribution in a BWRCoolant temperature distribution in a PWRNatural circulation in a PWRVoid distribution in a BWRAverage void dependence on:
feed-water temperaturecoolant flow ratereactor powerreactor pressure
Calculation of void including sub-cooled void and void flow-rate dependenceMixed steam-water level during boil-offTwo-phase flow pressure dropPressure drop an hydrodynamic instabilityTemperature distribution in a fuel rodFuel clad temperature after dry-outDry-out prediction for PWRDry-out prediction for BWRInfluence of internal power distribution on dry-out marginPost-dry-out temperatureCritical flow ratesReactor dynamicsReactor dynamics with delayed neutronsAnalysis of transients for various reactivity insertion ratesBWR-dynatnicsPWR-dynamicsReactor response by change in:
coolant flowfeed-water temperaturepressurereactivity
Boron injection for reactor shut-downCoast-down operation for BWRCoast-down operation for PWR
Radiation shielding and dose rate calculationsDose rates outside a shielded point sourceDose rates outside a shielded line sourceDose rates outside a shielded surface sourceDose rates outside a shielded volume sourceThe problems above are analyzed by use of different textbooks and other
materials supplied by the teacher, such as results from advanced computercodes, power plant operation and research.
This is a special feature that has a positive impact on the motivation ofthe students. In this way the R & D results are transferred to a wider groupof students than would be the case if traditional methods were used.
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Number of Students in a ClassBased on experience from numerous courses it has been found that
computer-based education can be performed with a high efficiency in classeshaving up to about 14 students. With this number of students the teacher cangive individual instruction to the students without letting the them be idle.
Teaching Time as Compared to Traditional Education
In contrast to the traditional lecture-type education, where 2-3 hourlectures are given, the computer-based education requires a substantially moreintense effort from the teacher. It thus requires that:
- The teacher covers wider subject areas to clarify and explain theinterrelation between different disciplines
- The teacher has relatively long teaching periods to allow time forqualified problems to be analyzed. It has appeared to be efficientto have 6-7 hours per day for the "computer teacher".Relatively long total teaching time for the "computer teacher" isavailable. In the RKS courses a teaching time of about 100 hoursduring 3 weeks has been found to be efficient.
Experience from Computer-Based TrainingBy comparison with about 20 years of education there is a significant
improvement in the results of education when the computer-based training wasintroduced in nuclear power engineering. Various tests and evaluations afterabout 15 courses given in 1981-86 have clearly shown improvements of educationefficiency. Among the students a frequent spontaneous comment is: "How didthey manage to learn this without the use of a computer?" And the answer issimple: "They did not learn this much before computers were introduced in theeducation."Software for Computer-Based Education
On the basis of the education experience obtained, teaching materials havebeen continuously developed. From evaluations and tests the material has beenmodified and extended such that it covers the essential physical phenomena, isgiven a proper time for presentation and is adapted to the background of thestudents. A listing of the main parts of the software is given in theAppendix. It should be observed that the computer programs used are of ageneral nature and can be used for many different applications. It shouldalso be observed that with each program there is back-up information presentedby the teacher.
It should be stressed that the method presented here is not intended togive the students simply answers to different questions but to enable them tounderstand physical phenomena, to see interrelationships between differentphenomena and to make quantitative evaluations.
ID9
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