appendix 1 – metals ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Environmental benefi ts of recycling
Appendix 1 – Metals
Aluminium, copper and steel
Disclaimer
The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW has made all reasonable eff orts to ensure that the contents of this document are free from factual error. However, the DECCW shall not be liable for any damage or loss, which may occur in relation to any person taking action or not on the basis of this document.
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DECCW 2010/58 ISBN 978 1 74232 530 9 June 2010© Copyright Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW June 2010
The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW is pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 1
Table of contents
Understanding network diagrams ............................................................................................... 4
Aluminium cans and scrap........................................................................................................... 5
Process description...................................................................................................................... 5
A) Kerbside collection system..................................................................................................... 6
Processes considered............................................................................................................ 6
Results................................................................................................................................... 7
Key assumptions ................................................................................................................... 7
Data quality table and comment............................................................................................. 9
B) C&I and C&D collection system ............................................................................................. 9
Processes considered............................................................................................................ 9
Results................................................................................................................................... 9
Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 10
Data quality table and comment........................................................................................... 11
References .................................................................................................................................. 12
Network diagrams — Kerbside collection ...................................................................................... 13
Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection............................................................................... 17
Copper ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Process description.................................................................................................................... 21
Results................................................................................................................................. 21
Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 22
Data quality table and comment........................................................................................... 23
References .................................................................................................................................. 24
Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection............................................................................... 25
Steel packaging cans and scrap................................................................................................ 29
Process description.................................................................................................................... 29
A) Kerbside collection system ................................................................................................... 30
Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 30
Results................................................................................................................................. 31
Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 31
Data Quality table and comment .......................................................................................... 33
B) C&I and C&D collection system ............................................................................................ 33
Processes considered.......................................................................................................... 33
Results................................................................................................................................. 33
Key assumptions ................................................................................................................. 34
Data quality table and comment........................................................................................... 35
References .................................................................................................................................. 35
Network diagrams — Kerbside collection ...................................................................................... 36
Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection............................................................................... 40
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 2
List of tables and figures
Figure 1: Sample network diagram. ............................................................................................. 4
Figure 2: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources...................................................................... 6
Table 1: Benefits and impacts of recycling of aluminium cans from kerbside sources (per 1 tonne of waste cans collected)............................................................................ 7
Table 2: Inventory for recycling aluminium cans, kerbside source (1 tonne) ............................... 8
Table 3: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of aluminium cans, kerbside source .................................................................................. 9
Table 4: Benefits and impacts of recycling aluminium waste from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). ................................................................................................................. 10
Table 5: Inventory for recycling aluminium waste from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)............. 11
Table 6: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of aluminium waste from C&I and C&D source ............................................................... 12
Figure 3: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ...................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. ....................................................................................................... 14
Figure 5: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. .......... 15
Figure 6: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. ..................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 7: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator............................................................................................................ 17
Figure 8: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. ........................................................................................... 18
Figure 9: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .... 19
Figure 10: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. ..................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from C&I and C&D sources......................................................................................... 21
Table 7: Benefits and impacts of recycling copper from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). ..... 22
Table 8: Inventory for recycling copper from C&I and C&D (1 tonne)........................................ 23
Table 9: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of copper, from C&I and C&D (1 tonne) .......................................................................... 24
Figure 12: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. ........................ 25
Figure 13: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 26
Figure 14: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. ............................................. 27
Figure 15: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 28
Figure 16: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and CI&CD sources.............................................................................. 30
Table 10: Benefits and impacts of recycling steel cans from kerbside sources (per tonne) ......... 31
Table 11: Inventory for recycling steel cans, kerbside source (1 tonne) ...................................... 32
Table 12: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of packaging steel cans, kerbside source (1 tonne) ........................................................ 33
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 3
Table 13: Benefits and impacts of recycling steel scrap waste from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne) .................................................................................................................. 34
Table 14: Inventory for recycling of steel waste from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne) ................. 34
Table 15: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of scrap steel, C&I and C&D source (1 tonne) ................................................................ 35
Figure 17: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. ........................ 36
Figure 18: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............ 37
Figure 19: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator .............................................. 38
Figure 20: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator...................................... 39
Figure 21: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator ......................... 40
Figure 22: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator............. 41
Figure 23: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. ............................................. 42
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 4
0.97 MJ
Additional ref inery
processing
0.0834
0.189 MJ
Australian av erage
electricity m ix, high
0.0514
0.00136 m 3
Petrol, unleaded,
2001-02 AU, -
0.459
0.000516 m 3
Crude oil, 2001-02
AU, - energy
0.0741
0.000765 m 3
Crude oil, 2001-02
AU, - energy
0.139
0.189 MJ
Electricity , high
v oltage, Australian
av erage 2001-02
0.0514
2.53 MJ
Oil & gas production
2001-02 AU, -
energy allocation
0.187
0.00136 m 3
Petrol, prem ium
unleaded, 2001-02
0.542
1 kg
Petrol, prem ium
unleaded, at
0.544
6.88 tkm
Shipping, oil
transport
0.0317
Process flow
Process name
Cumulative indicator value (kg CO2-eq)
Arrow thickness represents indicator value
Understanding network diagrams This appendix presents the data sources and assumptions used in modelling the life cycle stages. Most of the data is contained and modelled in LCA software and consists of hundreds of individual unit process processes. To help provide transparency on the inventories used for the background processes, process network diagrams are presented.
To interpret the process network, start at the top of the tree representing the functional output of the process (e.g. petrol premium unleaded, shown in Figure 1). The amount and unit of the process is shown in the upper number in the unit process box (1kg). The lower number (in the bottom left hand corner) represents an indicator value which, in this case, is set to show cumulative greenhouse gas contributions in kilograms of equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2 eq). The arrow thickness represents the indicator value (the thicker the arrow the more impact that process is contributing). Note that minor processes may not be physically shown in the process network if the indicator value falls below a specific cut-off level, though their contribution to the overall functional unit (the top box in the diagram) is still included. The network diagram may also be truncated at the bottom to improve readability of the networks. Finally, some diagrams may not show the process flows for confidentiality reasons.
Some network diagrams will include green process flow arrows. These arrows represent beneficial flows (negative impacts) and are common when viewing recycling processes. In recycling processes, negative cumulative indicator values (lower left hand corner) will typically be associated with avoided processes, such as avoided primary material production and avoided landfill.
Figure 1: Sample network diagram.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 5
Aluminium cans and scrap
Process description Aluminium cans and aluminium scrap are both considered in this inventory. Reprocessing is assumed to be undertaken in a similar fashion for both cans and scrap, however collection is assumed to differ for each form (cans being sourced from both municipal waste and C&I and C&D sources, whereas scrap tends to come from C&I and C&D sources only).
Aluminium cans are made from aluminium sheet with thin layers of lacquers on the inside and outside surfaces, along with ink on the outside surface. The cans have three components, the main can body, the lid and the opening tab. All of these components are made from aluminium. Reprocessing of aluminium is undertaken at Yennora NSW. The process involves remelting of used beverage cans with other external and internal scrap streams to produce aluminium ingots for aluminium sheet production.
Aluminium scrap has varied forms including window frames, furniture, manufacturing off-cuts etc. Once collected processing is assumed to be similar as aluminium cans, and is undertaken at the Yennora, NSW facility.
Two collection systems for waste aluminium were considered in the model:
A) Kerbside collection — municipal collection of aluminium cans in commingled form households and processing through a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
B) C&I and C&D collection — the segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any sorting process, or associated losses. Aluminium cans and scrap are collected through this system.
The unique nature of each collection system drives differences in the impacts associated with aluminium recycling. For this reason the aluminium recycling processes considered and impacts generated have been described separately in the following sections, according to the collection method used.
Figure 2 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of aluminium can recycling from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources, and aluminium scrap from C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the overall impact of the avoided processes (shown to the right of the vertical line).
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Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 6
Figure 2: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and C&I and C&D sources.
Collection and
transport to MRF
MRF
Baling of
aluminium
Transport to
reprocessor
Reprocessing into
secondary
aluminium ingots
Transport of waste
from sorting to
landfill
Collection and
transport of waste
to landfill
Treatment of
waste in landfill
Treatment of
waste in landfill
Primary
production of
aluminium
Recycling process Avoided processes
System Boundary
Modelled for Kerbside sources only
Waste collection
and transport to
reprocessor
Collection and
transport of waste
to landfill
Modelled for CI &CD sources only
A) Kerbside collection system
Processes considered
The kerbside collection system involves collection of waste for recycling from the kerbside and transport to a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) which sorts the commingled materials in the recycling stream. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts as well as sorting impacts incurred to bring the material from the kerbside to the MRF. During sorting, waste material is generated and transported to landfill.
Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into aluminium ingots. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. Figure 2 illustrates the processes considered (processes unique to kerbside collection have been shaded accordingly).
In order to determine the net benefit of recycling a material, it is also necessary to consider the processes avoided when recycling is undertaken. Figure 2 also illustrates the processes that would be avoided if waste aluminium cans were to be recycled (shown to the right of the vertical line). Two main avoided processes are considered; the collection and disposal to landfill of waste aluminium cans from the kerbside, and the primary manufacture of aluminium ingots from virgin resources.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 7
Results
Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure 2, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described inTable 1.
Table 1: Benefits and impacts of recycling of aluminium cans from kerbside sources (per 1 tonne of waste cans collected). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.
Collection, sorting
and reprocessing
Collection
and landfill
Primary
material
production
Total
avoided
impacts
Global w arming t CO20.70 -0.20 -16.4 -16.6 -15.9
Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 10.0 -2.83 -178 -181 -171
Water use kL H2O 0.99 -0.02 -183 -183 -182
Solid w aste tonnes 0.18 -1.00 -0.58 -1.58 -1.40
Net benefits of
recycling
Avoided process impacts
(Figure 1 - right side)
Impact category Unit
Recycling
process
impacts
(Figure 1 - left
side)
Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impacts listed in Table 1 are shown in Figure 3 to Figure 6. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).
Key assumptions
Table 2 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with recycling 1 tonne of aluminium cans from a kerbside source. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of aluminium cans are recycled.
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Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 8
Table 2: Inventory for recycling aluminium cans, kerbside source (1 tonne)
Item Flow Unit Comment
Recycling Process flows (Figure 2 — left hand side)
Waste collection and transport to MRF
19.8 m3 18m3/tonne plus 10% for other material collected with it but disposed of at MRF, Grant (2001a) Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.
Sorting of aluminium at Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
19.8 m3 18m3/tonne plus 10% for other material collected with it but disposed of at MRF, Grant (2001a) Energy inputs from Nishtala (1997) and estimated from equipment specifications
Baling of aluminium 0.90 tonne Estimated 10% loss at MRF Electricity inputs from Nishtala (1997), 12kWh per tonne.
Transport from MRF to reprocessor
20 km Emissions from transport based on an articulated truck, 15 tonne load on 30 tonne truck. Trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001)
Reprocessing into secondary aluminium ingots
0.90 tonne Recycled ingot produces around 5% less usable metal, so reprocessing 900 kg of aluminium waste ends up with 855 kg of reprocessed aluminium output. The process model developed is structured around input material so 0.9 tonne is used to describe the flow. Aggregated data from Australian Aluminium Council (1998)
Transport of waste from sorting to landfill
20 km Emissions from transport based on an articulated truck, 28 tonne load on 30 tonne truck. Trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001)
Treatment of waste in landfill
0.1 tonne Material discarded at MRF treated in landfill.
Avoided processes (Figure 2 — right hand side)
Collection and transport of waste to landfill
19.8 m3 Waste collection avoided by sending material to MRF above. Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.
Treatment of waste aluminium in landfill
1 tonne Operation of the landfill. Data derived from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Emissions factors from Nielson (1998). Model comprises fuel and electricity consumption associated with operating a typical landfill.
Primary production of aluminium
0.855 tonne Aluminium reprocessing is assumed to generate 950 kg of aluminium per tonne reprocessed (5% loss as described above). Therefore for 900kg reprocessed 855kg of aluminium is produced thereby avoiding 855kg of virgin aluminium production. Inputs in terms of energy and materials from Australian Aluminium Council (1998) Emissions factors based on 2002 National Pollutant Inventory (NPI), (2004) Transport to Sydney regional store taken into account (160 km)
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 9
Data quality table and comment
Table 3 presents a summary of the data quality for the main processes considered. It shows the data sources used; if they are general data or specific to a company; the age of the data; the geographic location that the data were based on; and, the nature of the technology considered.
Table 3: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of aluminium cans, kerbside source
Primary data
source Geography
Data Age
Technology Representativeness
Impacts of transportation modes
Grant, NGGIC (1997)
European data adapted to Australian conditions and Australian data
1997–2005
Average technology
Mixed data
Reprocessing aluminium
AAC (1998) aggregated data
Australia, NSW 1995–1999
Average technology
Data from a specific company and process
Avoided primary aluminium product
Australian Aluminium Council study(1998)
Australia 1998 Average technology
Mixed data
Avoided landfill impacts
Nielson (1998) Australia 1995–1999
Unspecified Mixed data
B) C&I and C&D collection system
Processes considered
In the case of the C&I and C&D collection system, it has been assumed that segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any sorting process, or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility. The model is essentially the same as that for kerbside collection, however collection processes are simplified, and loss rates adjusted. The system is also described in Figure 2 (processes unique to C&I, C&D processing have been shaded accordingly).
Results
Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure 2, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described in Table 4.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 10
Table 4: Benefits and impacts of recycling aluminium waste from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne).
Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.
Collection,
sorting and
reprocessing
Collection
and landfill
Primary
material
production
Total
avoided
impacts
Global w arming t CO20.46 -0.01 -18.2 -18.2 -17.7
Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 6.82 -0.13 -198 -198 -191
Water use kL H2O 1.01 0.00 -203 -203 -202
Solid w aste tonnes 0.08 -1.00 -0.64 -1.64 -1.56
Avoided process impacts
(Figure 1 - right side)Net benefits of
recyclingImpact category Unit
Recycling
process
impacts
(Figure 1 -
left side)
Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impacts listed in Table 4 are shown in Figure 7 to Figure10. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).
Key assumptions
Table 5 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the recycling of 1 tonne of aluminium waste from C&I and C&D sources. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of aluminium waste is recycled.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 11
Table 5 Inventory for recycling aluminium waste from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)
Item Flow Unit Comment
Recycling Process flows (Figure 2 — left hand side)
Waste collection and transport to reprocessor
20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney, refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed by the Centre for Design, incorporating trucking data from Apelbaum (2001), Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.
Reprocessing into secondary aluminium ingots
1 tonne Recycled ingot produces around 5% less usable metal, so reprocessing 1000 kg of aluminium waste ends up with 950 kg of reprocessed aluminium output. The process model developed is structured around input material so 1 tonne is used to describe the flow. Aggregated data from Australian Aluminium Council (1998)
Avoided processes (Figure 2 — left hand side)
Collection and transport of waste to landfill
20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney, refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed by the Centre for Design, incorporating trucking data from Apelbaum (2001), Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.
Treatment of waste in landfill
1 tonne Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998 Emissions factors from Nielson (1998)
Primary production of aluminium
0.95 tonne Aluminium reprocessing is assumed to generate 950 kg of aluminium per tonne reprocessed (5% loss as described above). Inputs in terms of energy and materials from Australian Aluminium Council (1998) Emissions factors based on 2002 National Pollutant Inventory (NPI), (2004) Transport to Sydney regional store taken into account (160 km)
Data quality table and comment
Table 6 presents a summary of the data quality for the main processes considered. It shows the data sources used; if they are general data or specific to a company; the age of the data; the geographic location that the data were based on; and, the nature of the technology considered.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 12
Table 6: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of aluminium waste from C&I and C&D source
Primary data
source Geography
Data Age
Technology Representativeness
Impacts of transportation modes
Apelbaum consulting group (2001)
Australia 2001 Average Average from all suppliers
Transportation distances
Estimate Sydney 2009 Average Estimate based on simple radial transport model
Reprocessing aluminium
AAC (1998) aggregated data
Australia, NSW
1995–1999
Average technology
Data from a specific company and process
Avoided primary aluminium product
Australian Aluminium Council study(1998)
Australia 1998 Average technology
Mixed data
Avoided landfill impacts
Nielson (1998) Australia 1995–1999
Unspecified Mixed data
References Apelbaum Consulting Group (2001), Australian Transport facts 2001 Tables in Excel Format, Blackburn, Victoria.
Australian Aluminium Council (AAC) (1998), Australian Primary Aluminium Life Cycle Inventory
DEH (2004), National Pollutant Inventory Data for year 2002, Department of Environment, Canberra.
Grant, T., James, K., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., (2001a), Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in Victoria, EcoRecycle, Melbourne
Grant, T., James, K.L., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., Beavis, P. (2001b), Report for Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in New South Wales, NSW Environment Protection Authority, Sydney
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (1997), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1995 with Methodology Supplement, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia
Nielson, P., Hauschild, M., (1998): Product Emissions from Municipal Sold Waste Landfills. Part 1: Landfill Model. Int J LCA 3 (3) 158–168, Landsberg
Nishtala, S., Solano-Mora, E., (1997), Description of the Material Recovery Facilities Process Model: Design, Cost, and Life-Cycle Inventory, Research Triangle Institute and North Carolina State University
Wang, F. (1996). Solid Waste Integrated Management Model. PhD Thesis in the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. Melbourne, RMIT.
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Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 13
Network diagrams — Kerbside collection
Figure 3: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
-1 .67E3 kg
�
Alumina /AU U
�
-2.2 t CO 2e
�
-1 .05E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
v oltage , Australian
�
av erage /AU U
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-0 .286 t CO 2e
�
-191 kg
�
Caustic soda /AU U
�
-0 .216 t CO 2e
�
1.08 E4 s
�
Collecting
�
Recy clables /AU U
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0 .17 t CO 2e
�
-747 kg
�
Crude oil , Australian
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av erage /AU U
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-0.197 t CO 2e
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-3 .25E4 MJ
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v oltage , Eastern
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Australian /AU U
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-9 .48 t CO 2e
�
-4 .39E4 MJ
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Electricity mix for
�
aluminium
�
smelting /AU U
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-11.5 t CO 2e
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-1 .05E3 MJ
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v oltage , Australian
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av erage ,
�
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Australian ,
�
-9 .48 t CO 2e
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-1 .21E4 MJ
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Electrictiy black coal
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NSW , sent out /AU U
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-3 .3 t CO 2e
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-1.66 E4 MJ
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QLD , sent out /AU U
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-4.4 t CO 2e
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-816 MJ
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SA (2001 -02) sent
�
out /AU U
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-0 .25 t CO 2e
�
-9 .63E3 MJ
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Electricity brown coal
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Victoria , sent out /AU
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U
�
-3 .53 t CO 2e
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-5 .55E3 MJ
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Energy , from
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coal /AU U
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-0 .469 t CO2e
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-2.14 E3 MJ
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Energy , from
�
diesel /AU U
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-0.18 t CO2e
�
-3 .66E3 MJ
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Energy , from fuel
�
oil /AU U
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-0.306 t CO 2e
�
-1.41 E4 MJ
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Energy , from natural
�
gas /AU U
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-0.825 t CO 2e
�
-407 kg
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Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
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-0.173 t CO 2e
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-529 m 3
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Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
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-0.173 t CO 2e
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-328 kg
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Petroleum coke /AU
�
U
�
-0.127 t CO 2e
�
1.08 E4 s
�
Recy cling Truck
�
(packwaste )/AU U
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0 .17 t CO 2e
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-1.32 E4 tkm
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Shipping , domestic
�
freight /AU U
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-0 .346 t CO 2e
�
900 kg
�
Reprocessing
�
secondary aluminium
�
to ingots
�
0 .413 t CO 2e
�
-0.607 m 3
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Crude oil ,
�
imported /GLO U
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-0.143 t CO 2e
�
-0.888 m 3
�
Crude oil exploration
�
and extraction /AU U
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-0.173 t CO 2e
�
-1E3 kg
�
landfill of aluminium
�
from kerbside
�
-0.198 t CO 2e
�
-1E3 kg
�
Landfill Aluminium ,
�
kerbside sources
�
-0.198 t CO 2e
�
19 .8 m 3
�
Recy cling Coll &Tran
�
(Sy d Met )/AU U
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0 .234 t CO2e
�
-19 .8 m 3
�
Garbage Coll &Tran
�
(Sy d Met )/AU U
�
-0.194 t CO 2e
�
-855 kg
�
Primary aluminium
�
production
�
-16 .4 t CO 2e
�
1E3 kg
�
Aluminium cans
�
(kerb ) - Collect , sort
�
& reprocess
�
0 .699 t CO2e
�
1E3 kg
�
Aluminium cans
�
(kerb ) - Net benefit
�
of recy cling
�
-15.9 t CO 2e
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 14
Figure 4: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
- 1. 67 E3 kg
�
Alum ina / AU U
�
- 31 .5 GJ LHV
�
-1 .53 E3 kg
�
Black coal , NSW /AU
�
U
�
-33 . 2 GJ LHV
�
-2 .15 E3 kg
�
Black coal , QLD / AU
�
U
�
-44 . 6 GJ LHV
�
- 3. 8E3 kg
�
Brown coal ,
�
Victoria / AU U
�
-30 . 8 GJ LHV
�
-747 kg
�
Crude oil , Australian
�
av erage /AU U
�
- 33 .4 GJ LHV
�
-72 . 6 kg
�
Diesel , at
�
consum er /AU U
�
-3 .92 GJ LHV
�
- 3. 25 E4 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
v oltage , Eastern
�
Australian /AU U
�
-95 . 1 GJ LHV
�
- 4. 39 E4 MJ
�
Electricity m ix f or
�
alum inium
�
sm elting / AU U
�
-120 GJ LHV
�
- 3. 25 E4 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
v oltage , Eastern
�
Australian ,
�
-95 . 1 GJ LHV
�
- 3. 79 E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
v oltage , Tasm anian
�
production / AU U
�
-4 .03 GJ LHV
�
- 5. 09 E3 MJ
�
Electricity ,
�
hy dropower /AU U
�
-5 .19 GJ LHV
�
- 1. 21 E4 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
NSW , sent out / AU U
�
-33 . 2 GJ LHV
�
- 1. 66 E4 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
QLD , sent out / AU U
�
-44 . 8 GJ LHV
�
- 9. 63 E3 MJ
�
Electricity brown coal
�
Victoria , sent out /AU
�
U
�
-30 . 9 GJ LHV
�
-5 .55 E3 MJ
�
Energy , f rom
�
coal / AU U
�
- 5. 57 GJ LHV
�
-3 .66 E3 MJ
�
Energy , f rom f uel
�
oil/ AU U
�
- 4. 65 GJ LHV
�
- 1. 41 E4 MJ
�
Energy , f rom natural
�
gas / AU U
�
-14 . 5 GJ LHV
�
-189 kg
�
Fuel oil , at
�
consum er / AU U
�
- 9 GJ LHV
�
-529 m 3
�
Natural gas ,
�
processed / AU U
�
-21 . 6 GJ LHV
�
- 407 kg
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
�
-21 . 6 GJ LHV
�
-529 m 3
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure / AU U
�
-21 . 6 GJ LHV
�
-328 kg
�
Petroleum coke /AU
�
U
�
- 18 .1 GJ LHV
�
- 1. 32 E4 tkm
�
Shipping , dom estic
�
f reight / AU U
�
-4 .92 GJ LHV
�
- 3. 79 E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
v oltage ,
�
Tasm ania /AU U
�
-4 .03 GJ LHV
�
-198 kg
�
Therm al coal / AU U
�
- 5. 57 GJ LHV
�
900 kg
�
Reprocessing
�
secondary alum inium
�
to ingots
�
6. 07 GJ LHV
�
- 0. 28 m 3
�
Crude oil ,
�
dom estic /AU U
�
- 10 .3 GJ LHV
�
-0 .607 m 3
�
Crude oil ,
�
im ported / GLO U
�
-23 . 2 GJ LHV
�
-855 kg
�
Prim ary alum inium
�
production
�
- 178 GJ LHV
�
1E3 kg
�
Alum inium cans
�
( kerb ) - Collect , sort
�
& reprocess
�
10 GJ LHV
�
1E3 kg
�
Alum inium cans
�
( kerb ) - Net benef it
�
of recy cling
�
-171 GJ LHV
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 15
Figure 5: Kerbside collection — Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.
-1 .67 E3 kg
Alum ina /AU U
-162 kL H 2 O
-4 .88 E3 kg
Bauxite / AU U
-151 kL H 2 O
- 3. 25 E4 MJ
Electricity , high
v oltage , Eastern
Australian /AU U
- 15 .1 kL H 2 O
- 4. 39 E4 MJ
Electricity m ix f or
alum inium
sm elting / AU U
- 19 .7 kL H 2 O
- 3. 25 E4 MJ
Electricity , high
v oltage , Eastern
Australian ,
- 15 .1 kL H 2 O
- 1. 21 E4 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
NSW , sent out / AU U
-5 .27 kL H 2O
-1 .66 E4 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
QLD , sent out /AU U
- 9. 72 kL H 2 O
- 9. 63 E3 MJ
Electricity brown coal
Victoria , sent out /AU
U
- 4. 26 kL H 2 O
- 855 kg
Prim ary alum inium
production
-183 kL H 2 O
1E3 kg
Alum inium cans
( kerb ) - Net benef it
of recy cling
-182 kL H 2 O
!"# #%&#'(#( )#'#*+&, -* .#/0/1+'2 3 1+*# /0/1# 4,,#,,5#'&6 788#'(+% 9
:#84.&5#'& -* >'?+.-'5#'&@ A1+54&# A"4'2# 4'( B4&#. CDB 9E
!i#ure () *erbside c/llec1i/2 3 4ecycli2# 6r/cess 2e17/r8 dia#ram 3 ;/lid 7as1e i2dica1/r< Pr/cesses c/21ribu1i2# less 1ha2 ?@ 1/ 1/1al are 2/1 sh/72< AaB/r 6r/cesses Cr/m resul1s 1able ab/De are sh/72 shaded<
!1#$%&' )*
Alumina 2A3 3
!4#4$56 tonnes
!1;1 )*
Causti= soda 2A3 3
!4#41?6 tonnes
!'#56&@ MB
&le=tri=itD , Fi*F
Golta*e , &astern
Australian 2A3 3
!4#';6 tonnes
!@#';&@ MB
&le=tri=itD mix Ior
aluminium
smeltin* 2A3 3
!4#6 tonnes
!'#56&@ MB
&le=tri=itD , Fi*F
Golta*e , &astern
Australian ,
!4#';6 tonnes
!1#51&@ MB
&le=tri=tiD Jla=) =oal
KSM , sent out 2A3 3
!4#51 tonnes
!1#$$&@ MB
&le=tri=tiD Jla=) =oal
NOP, sent out 2A3 3
!4#555 tonnes
!?1$ MB
&le=tri=itD JroQn
=oal SA R5441!45S
sent out 2A3 3
!4#41$? tonnes
!;#$'&' MB
&le=tri=itD JroQn
=oal Ti=toria , sent
out 2A3 3
!4#46;1 tonnes
!6#66&' MB
&ner*D , Irom
=oal 2A3 3
!4#4'$$ tonnes
!%11 )*
UlD asF
pro=essin* 22A3 3
!4#@5% tonnes
;44 )*
Wepro=essin*
se=ondarD
aluminium to in*ots
4#4%6$ tonnes
!1&' )*
landIill oI aluminium
Irom )erJside
!1 tonnes
!1&' )*
OandIill Aluminium ,
)erJside sour=es
!1 tonnes
!?66 )*
XrimarD aluminium
produ=tion
!4#6%$ tonnes
1&' )*
Aluminium =ans
R)erJ S ! Colle=t , sort
Y repro=ess
4#1%% tonnes
1&' )*
Aluminium =ans
R)erJ S ! Ket JeneIit
oI re=D=lin*
!1#@ tonnes
144 )*
OandIill inert Qaste
4#1 tonnes
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 17
Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection
Figure 7: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
- 1 .85E3 kg
�
Alumina /AU U
�
- 2 .45 t CO 2e
�
-1 .28E3 MJ
�
Elec tric ity , h igh
�
v o ltage, Aus tra lian
�
av erage /AU U
�
-0 .349 t CO 2e
�
-212 kg
�
Caus tic s oda /AU U
�
-0 .239 t CO 2e
�
-850 kg
�
Crude o il , Aus tra lian
�
av erage /AU U
�
- 0 .224 t CO 2e
�
-3 .61E4 MJ
�
Elec tric ity , h igh
�
v o ltage, Eas tern
�
Aus tra lian /AU U
�
- 10.5 t CO 2e
�
-4 .88E4 MJ
�
Elec tric ity mix for
�
a lumin ium s melting /AU
�
U
�
- 12.8 t CO 2e
�
-1 .28E3 MJ
�
Elec tric ity , h igh
�
v o ltage, Aus tra lian
�
av erage ,
�
-0 .349 t CO 2e
�
-3 .61E4 MJ
�
Elec tric ity , h igh
�
v o ltage, Eas tern
�
Aus tra lian ,
�
- 10.5 t CO 2e
�
- 1 .35E4 MJ
�
Elec tric tiy b lac k c oal
�
NSW , s ent out/AU U
�
-3 .68 t CO 2e
�
-1 .84E4 MJ
�
Elec tric tiy b lac k c oal
�
QLD , s ent out/AU U
�
- 4 .9 t CO 2e
�
-909 MJ
�
Elec tric ity brow n c oal
�
SA ( 2001-02) s ent
�
out/AU U
�
-0 .279 t CO 2e
�
-1 .07E4 MJ
�
Elec tric ity brow n c oal
�
Vic toria , s ent out/AU U
�
- 3 .94 t CO 2e
�
-6 .16E3 MJ
�
Energy , from c oal /AU
�
U
�
- 0 .521 t CO 2e
�
-2 .41E3 MJ
�
Energy , from d ies el /AU
�
U
�
- 0 .202 t CO 2e
�
- 4 .07E3 MJ
�
Energy , from fue l
�
o il /AU U
�
-0 .34 t CO 2e
�
-1 .56E4 MJ
�
Energy , from natura l
�
gas /AU U
�
-0 .918 t CO 2e
�
- 454 kg
�
Natura l gas , h igh
�
p res s ure /AU U
�
-0 .193 t CO 2e
�
-590 m 3
�
Natura l gas , h igh
�
p res s ure /AU U
�
-0 .193 t CO 2e
�
-365 kg
�
Petro leum c oke /AU U
�
- 0 .141 t CO 2e
�
-1 .47E4 tkm
�
Shipp ing , domes tic
�
fre ight /AU U
�
-0 .385 t CO 2e
�
1E3 kg
�
Reproc es s ing
�
s ec ondary a lumin ium
�
to ingots
�
0 .458 t CO 2e
�
-0 .69 m 3
�
Crude o il ,
�
imported /GLO U
�
- 0 .163 t CO 2e
�
-1 .01 m 3
�
Crude o il ex p loration
�
and ex trac tion /AU U
�
- 0 .197 t CO 2e
�
- 950 kg
�
Primary a lumin ium
�
produc tion
�
-18.2 t CO 2e
�
1E3 kg
�
Alumin ium c ans &
�
s c rap ( CI & CD ) -
�
Co llec t & reproc es s
�
0 .464 t CO 2e
�
1E3 kg
�
Alumin ium c ans &
�
s c rap (CI & CD ) - Net
�
benefit o f rec y c ling
�
-17.7 t CO 2e
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 18
Figure 8: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
-1. 85E3 kg
�
Alumina / AU U
�
- 35 GJ LHV
�
-1 .7E3 kg
�
Black coal , NSW/ AU
�
U
�
- 37 GJ LHV
�
-2 .4E3 kg
�
Black coal , QLD/ AU U
�
-49 .7 GJ LHV
�
-4 .24 E3 kg
�
Brown coal ,
�
Victoria /AU U
�
-34 .3 GJ LHV
�
-850 kg
�
Crude oil , Australian
�
average /AU U
�
- 38 GJ LHV
�
-97 .1 kg
�
Diesel , at
�
consumer /AU U
�
-5. 24 GJ LHV
�
- 3.61 E4 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Eastern
�
Australian / AU U
�
-106 GJ LHV
�
- 4.88 E4 MJ
�
Electricity mix for
�
aluminium
�
smelting /AU U
�
-133 GJ LHV
�
- 3.61 E4 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Eastern
�
Australian ,
�
-106 GJ LHV
�
-4 .21 E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Tasmanian
�
production / AU U
�
- 4.47 GJ LHV
�
-5 .67 E3 MJ
�
Electricity ,
�
hydropower / AU U
�
- 5.77 GJ LHV
�
- 1.35 E4 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
NSW, sent out /AU U
�
- 37 GJ LHV
�
- 1.84 E4 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
QLD , sent out /AU U
�
-49 .8 GJ LHV
�
- 1.07 E4 MJ
�
Electricity brown coal
�
Victoria , sent out / AU
�
U
�
-34 .4 GJ LHV
�
- 6.16 E3 MJ
�
Energy , from coal /AU
�
U
�
-6. 19 GJ LHV
�
- 4.07 E3 MJ
�
Energy , from fuel
�
oil /AU U
�
- 5.18 GJ LHV
�
-1 .56 E4 MJ
�
Energy , from natural
�
gas /AU U
�
- 16. 1 GJ LHV
�
-212 kg
�
Fuel oil , at
�
consumer /AU U
�
- 10. 1 GJ LHV
�
- 590 m 3
�
Natural gas ,
�
processed / AU U
�
- 24. 1 GJ LHV
�
-454 kg
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
�
- 24. 1 GJ LHV
�
- 590 m 3
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure / AU U
�
- 24. 1 GJ LHV
�
-365 kg
�
Petroleum coke / AU U
�
- 20. 1 GJ LHV
�
-1. 47E4 tkm
�
Shipping , domestic
�
freight / AU U
�
-5. 47 GJ LHV
�
-4 .21 E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Tasmania /AU
�
U
�
- 4.47 GJ LHV
�
- 220 kg
�
Thermal coal /AU U
�
-6. 19 GJ LHV
�
1 E3 kg
�
Reprocessing
�
secondary aluminium
�
to ingots
�
6 .75 GJ LHV
�
- 0.319 m3
�
Crude oil ,
�
domestic /AU U
�
- 11. 7 GJ LHV
�
-0. 69 m3
�
Crude oil ,
�
imported / GLO U
�
- 26. 4 GJ LHV
�
-950 kg
�
Primary aluminium
�
production
�
- 198 GJ LHV
�
1 E3 kg
�
Aluminium cans &
�
scrap (CI & CD) -
�
Collect & reprocess
�
6 .82 GJ LHV
�
1E3 kg
�
Aluminium cans &
�
scrap (CI & CD) - Net
�
benefit of recycling
�
-191 GJ LHV
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 19
Figure 9: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.
-1.85E 3 kg
Alumina /AU U
-180 kL H 2O
-5.42E 3 kg
Bauxite /AU U
-168 kL H 2O
-3.61E 4 MJ
Electricity , high
voltage , Eastern
Australian /AU U
-16.7 kL H 2O
-4.88E 4 MJ
Electricity mix for
aluminium
smelting /AU U
-21.8 kL H 2O
-3.61E 4 MJ
Electricity , high
voltage , Eastern
Australian ,
-16.7 kL H 2O
-1.35E 4 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
NSW , sent out /AU U
-5.88 kL H 2O
-1.84E4 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
QLD, sent out /AU U
-10.8 kL H2O
-1.07E 4 MJ
Electricity brown coal
Victoria , sent out /AU
U
-4.75 kL H 2O
-950 kg
Primary aluminium
production
-203 kL H 2O
1E3 kg
Aluminium cans &
scrap (CI & CD) - Net
benefit of recycling
-202 kL H 2O
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 20
Figure 10: C&I and C&D collection — Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.
-1.85E 3 kg
Alumina /AU U
-0.0694 tonnes
-212 kg
Caustic soda /AU U
-0.0206 tonnes
-3.61E 4 MJ
Electricity , high
voltage , Eastern
Australian /AU U
-0.439 tonnes
-4.88E 4 MJ
Electricity mix for
aluminium
smelting /AU U
-0.555 tonnes
-3.61E 4 MJ
Electricity , high
voltage , Eastern
Australian ,
-0.439 tonnes
-1.35E4 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
NSW , sent out /AU U
-0.234 tonnes
-1.84E4 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
QLD, sent out /AU U
-0.247 tonnes
-909 MJ
Electricity brown coal
SA (2001 -02) sent
out /AU U
-0.0187 tonnes
-1.07E 4 MJ
Electricity brown coal
Victoria , sent out /AU
U
-0.0659 tonnes
-6.16E3 MJ
Energy , from coal /AU
U
-0.0407 tonnes
-792 kg
Fly ash
processing //AU U
-0.475 tonnes
1E 3 kg
Reprocessing
secondary aluminium
to ingots
0.084 tonnes
-950 kg
Primary aluminium
production
-0.64 tonnes
1E 3 kg
Aluminium cans &
scrap (CI & CD) -
Collect & reprocess
0.084 tonnes
1E 3 kg
Aluminium cans &
scrap (CI & CD) - Net
benefit of recycling
-1.56 tonnes
-1E 3 kg
Landfill Aluminium ,
C&I and C &D sources
-1 tonnes
-1E 3 kg
landfill of aluminium
from C & I and C & D
-1 tonnes
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 21
Copper
Process description Copper is usually used as a thermal or electrical conductor, a building material or as a constituent of various metal alloys. Reprocessing of copper involves remelting of scrap directly without refining, or re-refining of copper scrap to reduce undesirable impurities (such as solder residues or other contaminants). In this case, copper waste has been used as a substitute for virgin copper.
Only one collection systems for waste copper waste was considered in the model:
C&I and C&D collection — the segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any sorting process, or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility. Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary copper. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis.
Figure 11 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of copper recycling from C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the impact of the processes avoided when recycling copper (shown to the right of the vertical line).
Figure 11: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from C&I and C&D sources.
Reprocessing of copper
Collection and
transport of waste
to landfill
Treatment of waste in landfill
Primary
production of
copper
Recycling process Avoided processes
System Boundary
Waste collection
and transport to
reprocessor
Results
Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure11, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described in Table 7.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 22
Table 7: Benefits and impacts of recycling copper from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.
Collection and
reprocessing
Collection
and landfill
Primary
material
production
Total
avoided
impacts
Green house gases t CO21.85 -0.01 -5.27 -5.28 -3.43
Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 21.24 -0.13 -57.20 -57.34 -36.09
Water use kL H2O 1.79 0.00 -7.76 -7.76 -5.97
Solid w aste tonnes 0.09 -1.00 -0.19 -1.19 -1.10
Avoided process impacts
(Figure 10 - right hand side)Net benefits of
recyclingImpact category Unit
Recycling
process
impacts
(Figure 10 - left
hand side)
Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impacts listed in Table 7 are shown in Figure 12 to Figure 15. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).
Key assumptions
Table 8 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of copper. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of copper is recycled.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 23
Table 8: Inventory for recycling copper from C&I and C&D (1 tonne)
Item Flow Unit Comment
Process flows (Figure 11 — left hand side)
Waste collection and transport to reprocessor
20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney. Refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed from Apelbaum (2001), NGGI (2004) and other sources. Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.
Reprocessing of copper
1 tonne Impacts related to the production of secondary copper from EcoInvent database, adjusted for Australian conditions (energy and materials data have been changed to Australian data).
Avoided process (Figure 11 — right hand side)
Collection and transport of waste to landfill
20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney, refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model developed by the Centre for Design, incorporating trucking data from Apelbaum (2001), Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.
Landfill of copper
1 tonne Emission factors for total plastics from Tellus (1992). Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998
Primary production of copper
0.95 tonne Assumption that recycled ingot produces around 5% less usable metal than virgin ingot production. Energy input from Norgate (2000) Impacts from the production of electricity high voltage in Australia are based on ESAA, 2003 and other sources.
Data quality table and comment
Table 9 presents a summary of the data quality for the main processes considered. It shows the data sources used; if they are general data or specific to a company; the age of the data; the geographic location that the data were based on; and, the nature of the technology considered.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 24
Table 9: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of copper, from C&I and C&D (1 tonne)
Primary data
source Geography
Data Age
Technology Representativeness
Impacts of transportation modes
EcoInvent, NGGI
European data adapted to Australian conditions and Australian data
1997–2005
Average technology
Mixed data
Transportation distances
Estimate Sydney 2009 Average Estimate based on simple radial transport model
Production of recycled copper
Adapted from Eco-Invent
European data adapted to Australian conditions
2004 Average Mixed data
Avoided virgin copper production
Norgate (2000), ESAA (2003)
Australia 2004 Average technology
Average of all suppliers
Avoided landfill impacts
Tellus Institute Australia 1999 Unspecified Mixed Data
References Electricity Supply Association of Australia (2003), Electricity Australia 2003
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (2004), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, with methodology supplements, Australian Greenhouse Office.
Norgate, T.E., Rankin, W.J. (2000), Life Cycle Assessment of copper and nickel production CSIRO Minerals, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. (2004). "EcoInvent Database version 1.01." from http://www.ecoinvent.ch/en/index.htm
Tellus Packaging Study (1992), Assessing the impacts of production and disposal of packaging and public policy measure to alter its mix, Tellus Institute, USA
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 25
Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection
Figure 12: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.
-1.4E4 MJ
Electric ity , high
voltage , Australian
average/AU U
-3.81 t CO 2e
-950 kg
Copper (Leach
SX/EW)/AU U
-5.27 t CO 2e
-4.75E4 kg
Copper ore ,
crushed/AU U
-1.03 t CO 2e
-4.75E4 kg
Copper Ore Mining 3%
Cu in ore /AU U
-0.94 t CO 2e
-104 kg
Diesel, at
consumer/AU U
-0.0681 t CO 2e
-1.4E4 MJ
Electric ity , high
voltage , Australian
average,
-3.81 t CO 2e
-4.39E3 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
NSW , sent out /AU U
-1.19 t CO 2e
-3.23E3 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
QLD, sent out /AU U
-0.859 t CO 2e
-629 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
WA, sent out /AU U
-0.186 t CO 2e
-295 MJ
Electric ity brow n coal
SA (2001-02) sent
out /AU U
-0.0907 t CO 2e
-3.49E3 MJ
Electric ity brow n coal
V ictoria , sent out /AU
U
-1.28 t CO 2e
-514 MJ
Electric ity , natural gas
cogeneration
cogeneration /AU U
-0.0669 t CO 2e
-339 MJ
Electric ity natural gas
(steam) , sent out /AU
U
-0.0715 t CO 2e
6.53E3 MJ
Energy, f rom coal/AU
U
0.552 t CO 2e
-4.16E3 MJ
Energy, f rom
diesel/AU U
-0.349 t CO 2e
2.58E3 MJ
Energy, f rom fuel
oil/AU U
0.215 t CO 2e
1E3 kg
Copper , secondary, at
ref inery AU adapted
f rom EcoInvent , EEBR
1.85 t CO 2e
1E3 kg
Copper (CI & CD) -
Collect & reprocess
1.85 t CO 2e
1E3 kg
Copper (CI & CD) - Net
benef it of recycling
-3.43 t CO 2e
-950 kg
Primary copper
production
-5.27 t CO 2e
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 26
Figure 13: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2.5% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.
-1 .4E4 MJ
Elec tric ity , h igh
v oltage, Aus tra lian
av erage /AU U
-39.9 GJ LHV
-553 kg
Blac k c oal , NSW /AU U
-12 GJ LHV
-420 kg
Blac k c oal , QLD /AU U
- 8.71 GJ LHV
- 97.6 kg
Blac k c oal , WA /AU U
-1.83 GJ LHV
- 1.38E3 kg
Brow n c oal ,
Vic toria /AU U
-11.2 GJ LHV
-950 kg
Copper ( Leac h
SX /EW)/AU U
-57.2 GJ LHV
-4.75E4 kg
Copper ore ,
c rus hed/AU U
-12.5 GJ LHV
-4.75E4 kg
Copper Ore Min ing 3%
Cu in ore /AU U
-11.6 GJ LHV
-52.2 kg
Crude o il , Aus tra lian
av erage/AU U
-2.33 GJ LHV
-104 kg
Dies el , a t
c ons umer /AU U
-5.61 GJ LHV
-1.4E4 MJ
Elec tric ity , h igh
v oltage, Aus tra lian
av erage,
-39.9 GJ LHV
- 4.39E3 MJ
Elec tric tiy b lac k c oal
NSW , s ent out/AU U
-12 GJ LHV
-3.23E3 MJ
Elec tric tiy b lac k c oal
QLD , s ent out/AU U
- 8.74 GJ LHV
- 629 MJ
Elec tric tiy b lac k c oal
WA , s ent out/AU U
-1.83 GJ LHV
-3.49E3 MJ
Elec tric ity brow n c oal
Vic toria , s ent out/AU
U
-11.2 GJ LHV
6.53E3 MJ
Energy , from c oal /AU
U
6.56 GJ LHV
- 4.16E3 MJ
Energy , from
dies el /AU U
-5.46 GJ LHV
2.58E3 MJ
Energy , from fue l
o il /AU U
3.28 GJ LHV
-879 MJ
Energy , from natura l
gas /AU U
- 0.905 GJ LHV
57.3 kg
Fuel o il , a t
c ons umer /AU U
2.72 GJ LHV
-105 m 3
Natura l gas ,
proc es s ed/AU U
- 4.3 GJ LHV
-81.1 kg
Natura l gas , h igh
pres s ure /AU U
- 4.3 GJ LHV
-105 m 3
Natura l gas , h igh
pres s ure /AU U
- 4.3 GJ LHV
- 219 kg
Steam , from natura l
gas , in kg /AU U
- 0.831 GJ LHV
232 kg
Thermal c oal /AU U
6.56 GJ LHV
-0.0424 m 3
Crude o il ,
imported /GLO U
-1.62 GJ LHV
1E3 kg
Copper, s ec ondary , a t
re finery AU adapted
from Ec oInv ent , EEBR
21.2 GJ LHV
1E3 kg
Copper (CI & CD ) -
Collec t & reproc es s
21.2 GJ LHV
1E3 kg
Copper ( CI & CD ) - Net
benefit o f rec y c ling
-36.1 GJ LHV
-950 kg
Primary c opper
produc tion
-57.2 GJ LHV
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 27
Figure 14: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.
-1.4E4 MJ
Electric ity , high
voltage , Australian
average/AU U
-6.02 kL H 2O
-553 kg
Black coal , NSW /AU U
-0.152 kL H2O
-420 kg
Black coal , QLD/AU U
-0.115 kL H2O
-950 kg
Copper (Leach
SX/EW)/AU U
-7.76 kL H2O
-4.75E4 kg
Copper ore ,
crushed/AU U
-1.14 kL H2O
-4.75E4 kg
Copper Ore Mining 3%
Cu in ore /AU U
-0.996 kL H2O
-1.4E4 MJ
Electric ity , high
voltage , Australian
average,
-6.02 kL H 2O
-4.39E3 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
NSW , sent out /AU U
-1.91 kL H2O
-3.23E3 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
QLD, sent out /AU U
-1.9 kL H2O
-629 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
WA, sent out /AU U
-0.264 kL H2O
-295 MJ
Electric ity brow n coal
SA (2001-02) sent
out/AU U
-0.103 kL H 2O
-3.49E3 MJ
Electric ity brow n coal
V ictoria , sent out /AU U
-1.54 kL H 2O
-514 MJ
Electric ity , natural gas
cogeneration
cogeneration /AU U
-0.0916 kL H2O
-339 MJ
Electric ity natural gas
(steam) , sent out /AU
U
-0.0986 kL H 2O
1E3 kg
Copper, secondary, at
ref inery AU adapted
f rom EcoInvent , EEBR
1.79 kL H 2O
1E3 kg
Copper (CI & CD) -
Collect & reprocess
1.79 kL H 2O
1E3 kg
Copper (CI & CD) - Net
benef it of recycling
-5.97 kL H2O
-950 kg
Primary copper
production
-7.76 kL H2O
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 28
Figure 15: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.
-1.4E4 MJ
Electric ity , high
voltage , Australian
average/AU U
-0.151 tonnes
-950 kg
Copper (Leach
SX/EW)/AU U
-0.194 tonnes
-4.75E4 kg
Copper ore ,
crushed/AU U
-0.0278 tonnes
-4.75E4 kg
Copper Ore Mining 3%
Cu in ore /AU U
-0.0241 tonnes
-1.4E4 MJ
Electric ity , high
voltage , Australian
average,
-0.151 tonnes
-4.39E3 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
NSW , sent out /AU U
-0.0761 tonnes
-3.23E3 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
QLD, sent out /AU U
-0.0433 tonnes
-3.49E3 MJ
Electric ity brow n coal
V ictoria , sent out /AU U
-0.0214 tonnes
6.53E3 MJ
Energy, f rom coal /AU
U
0.0431 tonnes
-211 kg
Fly ash
processing//AU U
-0.126 tonnes
1E3 kg
Copper , secondary, at
ref inery AU adapted
f rom EcoInvent , EEBR
0.091 tonnes
1E3 kg
Copper (CI & CD) -
Collect & reprocess
0.091 tonnes
1E3 kg
Copper (CI & CD) - Net
benef it of recycling
-1.1 tonnes
-1E3 kg
Landf ill of copper , C&I
and C&D sources
-1 tonnes
-1E3 kg
Landf ill of copper f rom
C&I and C &D
-1 tonnes
-950 kg
Primary copper
production
-0.194 tonnes
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 29
Steel packaging cans and scrap
Process description Steel packaging cans and steel scrap are both considered in this inventory. Reprocessing is assumed to be undertaken in a similar fashion for both cans and scrap; however collection is assumed to differ for each form (cans being sourced from municipal waste, whereas scrap tends to come from C&I and C&D sources only).
Steel is an alloy, mostly constituted of iron (more than 95%), with other alloying elements such as carbon, manganese, or chromium. Steel tin-plate cans are composed of steel, covered by a layer of tin on both sides, then a layer of lacquer inside. The three-piece can, which consists of “a body having a welded seam in conjunction with two end components”, is the most common steel can type (Kraus, 1997). When recycled, steel can be reprocessed via either a Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF-BOF) or in an electric arc furnace (EAF). In this assessment it is assumed that the EAF process of a local steel reprocessor will dominate as a reprocessing destination (as EAF furnaces are typically co-located with population centres). It is assumed that the reprocessing of steel is undertaken at BHP Woollongong NSW.
Steel is also widely used in construction, e.g. to produce the steel skeleton of many modern structures (stadium, skyscrapers, etc), and in many other applications. Once collected, processing is assumed to be similar as steel packaging cans, and is undertaken at the BHP Woollongong, NSW facility.
Two collection systems for waste steel were considered in the model:
A) Kerbside collection — municipal collection of steel packaging cans in commingled waste from households, and processing through a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
B) C&I and C&D collection — direct transfer of steel scrap from point of waste generation to a reprocessing facility.
The unique nature of each collection system drives differences in the impacts associated with steel recycling. For this reason the steel recycling processes considered and impacts generated have been described separately in the following sections, according to the collection method used.
Figure 16 illustrates the processes considered in determining the overall impact of steel packaging can recycling from kerbside sources and steel scrap from C&I and C&D sources (shown to the left of the vertical line), and the processes considered in determining the overall impact of the avoided processes (shown to the right of the vertical line).
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 30
Figure 16: Processes considered in determining the net impacts of the recycling process from kerbside and CI&CD sources.
Waste collection
and transport to
MRF
MRF
Baling of steel
Transport to
reprocessor
Reprocessing into
secondary steel
Transport of waste
from sorting to
landfill
Collection and
transport of waste
to landfill
Treatment of
waste in landfill
Treatment of
waste in landfill
Primary
production of steel
Recycling process Avoided processes
System Boundary
Modelled for Kerbside sources only
Waste collection
and transport to
reprocessor
Modelled for CI &CD sources only
Collection and
transport of waste
to landfill
A) Kerbside collection system
Processes considered
The kerbside collection system involves collection of waste for recycling from the kerbside and transport to a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), which sorts the commingled materials in the recycling stream. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts as well as sorting impacts incurred to bring the material from the kerbside to the material reprocessing facility. During sorting, waste material is generated and transported to landfill. Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary steel. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The kerbside treatment system is illustrated in Figure 16 (processes unique to kerbside processing are shaded accordingly).
In order to determine the benefit or impact of recycling a material, it is necessary to consider the processes avoided when recycling is undertaken, as well as the processes associated with recycling. Figure 16 also illustrates the processes that would be avoided if waste steel cans are recycled. Two main processes are considered; the collection and disposal to landfill of waste steel cans from the kerbside; and the primary manufacture of steel from virgin resources.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 31
Results
Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure 16, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described in Table 10.
Table 10: Benefits and impacts of recycling steel cans from kerbside sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.
Collection, sorting
and reprocessing
Collection
and landfill
Primary
material
production
Total
avoided
impacts
Green house gases t CO21.24 -0.13 -1.50 -1.64 -0.40
Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 13.72 -1.92 -19.12 -21.04 -7.31
Water use kL H2O 1.62 -0.02 0.68 0.67 2.29
Solid w aste tonnes 0.23 -0.99 -0.20 -1.18 -0.95
Impact category Unit
Recycling
process
impacts
(Figure 15 - left
side)
Net benefits of
recycling
Avoided process impacts
(Figure 15 - right side)
Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impact listed in Figure 16 are shown in Figure 17 to Figure 24. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).
Key assumptions
Tagle 11 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of packaging steel can. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of packaging steel can is recycled.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 32
Table 11: Inventory for recycling steel cans, kerbside source (1 tonne)
Item Flow Unit Comment
Recycling process flows (Figure 16 — left hand side)
Waste collection and transport to MRF
11 m3 Based on the assumption of 10 m3/tonne plus 1 m3/tonne for other material collect with it by disposed at MRF Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001), refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from NGGIC (1997)
Sorting at Material Recovering Facility (MRF)
11 m3 Based on the assumption of 10 m3/tonne plus 1 m3/tonne for other material collect with it by disposed at MRF Energy inputs from Nishtala (1997) and estimated from equipment specifications
Baling of steel 0.95 tonne 5% is assumed to be lost at MRF. Electricity inputs from Nishtala (1997), 12kWh per tonne.
Transport from MRF to reprocessor
20 km 20km is used as a default value for transport. Refer discussion below Emissions from transport based on a trucking model from Apelbaum (2001)
Reprocessing into secondary steel
0.95 tonne 950kg of steel waste input is estimated to generate 910 kg of reprocessed steel output (equivalent to virgin steel production). Emission data from the production of steel through electric arc furnace from NPI. Input data from Strezov (2006). Estimated electricity consumption: 1.05 kWh per tonne, 0.05 kg liquid oxygen per tonne, 0.05 kg of calcined lime per tonne and 0.014 kg of black coal per tonne.
Transport of waste from sorting to landfill
20 km Emissions from transport based on an articulated truck, 28 tonne load on 30 tonne truck. Trucking model developed from data provided by Apelbaum (2001).
Treatment of waste in landfill
50 kg Assumption of 5% recycling reject from MRF treated in landfill Emission factors for steel disposal from a personal communication with Sydney Water Residual Group, 1998, and Finnveden (1996). Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998.
Avoided process flows (Figure 16 — right hand side)
Collection and transport of waste to landfill
11 m3 Waste collection avoided by sending material to MRF above. Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.
Treatment of waste steel in landfill
1 tonne Emission factors for steel disposal from a personal communication with Sydney Water Residual Group, 1998, and Finnveden (1996). Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998.
Primary production of steel
0.91 tonne Assumption of 50kg loss at MRF and 40kg loss at reprocessing facility, so 0.91 tonne of steel waste is reprocessed, thereby avoiding 0.91t of virgin steel production. Input data from BHP (2000), and other sources. Emission data from NGGIC (1995) and NPI (2002–2003).
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 33
Data Quality table and comment
Table 12 presents a summary of the data quality for the main processes considered. It shows the data sources used; if they are general data or specific to a company; the age of the data; the geographic location that the data were based on; and, the nature of the technology considered.
Table 12: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of packaging steel cans, kerbside source (1 tonne)
Primary source
data Geography
Data Age
Technology Representativeness
Impact of transportation modes
EcoInvent, NGGI, Apelbaum
European data adapted to Australian conditions and Australian data
1997–2005
Average technology
Mixed data
Recycling steel Strezov (2006), NPI
Average 2000–2004
Average technology
Mixed data
Avoided steel production
BHP (2000) Australia 2004 Average technology
Data from a specific process and company
Avoided landfill impacts
Finnveden (1996)
Australia 1995–1999
Unspecified Unspecified
B) C&I and C&D collection system
Processes considered
In the case of the C&I and C&D collection system, it has been assumed that segregated waste collected is sent directly to the reprocessing site without any sorting process, or associated losses. The model developed takes into account transportation impacts incurred to bring the material from C&I and C&D sources to the material reprocessing facility.
Once at the reprocessing facility, the model considers the impacts of material reprocessing required to convert the waste material into secondary steel. Losses associated with this process are included in the analysis. The model also illustrates the processes considered in determining the impact of the processes avoided when recycling steel from C&I and C&D sources. Three main processes are considered, the collection of steel scrap waste and landfill treatment, and the primary manufacture of steel from virgin resources. The system is described in Figure 16 (processes unique to C&I, C&D collection have been shaded accordingly).
Results
Considering both the recycling process flows and the avoided process flows, described in Figure 16, an inventory of environmental flows was developed. This inventory was then assessed using the Australian Impact Assessment Method, with results described in Table 13.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 34
Table 13: Benefits and impacts of recycling steel scrap waste from C&I and C&D sources (per tonne). Benefits are shown negative, impacts are shown positive.
Collection,
sorting and
reprocessing
Collection
and landfill
Primary
material
production
Total
avoided
impacts
Green house gases t CO21.14 -0.01 -1.57 -1.58 -0.44
Cumulative energy demand GJ LHV 12.15 -0.13 -19.96 -20.09 -7.94
Water use kL H2O 1.65 0.00 0.71 0.71 2.36
Solid w aste tonnes 0.20 -0.99 -0.21 -1.19 -1.00
Recycling
process
impacts
(Figure 15 -
left side)
Avoided process impacts
(Figure 15 - right side)Net benefits of
recyclingImpact category Unit
Network diagrams detailing key processes that influence the impact listed in Table 13 are shown in Figure 17 to Figure 24. For further information regarding interpretation of network diagrams, refer to Understanding Network Diagrams (Figure 1).
Key assumptions
Table 14 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of steel scrap. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of steel is recycled.
Table 14: Inventory for recycling of steel waste from C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)
Item Flow Unit Comment
Process flows (Figure 16 — left hand side)
Waste collection and transport to reprocessor
20 km 20km distance estimate based on a simplified transport analysis for Sydney. Refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emissions from transport based on a trucking model adapted from EcoInvent and NGGI (2004), Truck backhaul ratio assumed to be 1:2.
Reprocessing into secondary steel
1 tonne Recycling steel produce 5% less usable metal, so reprocessing 1 tonne of waste steel ends up with 0.95 tonne of reprocessed steel outputs. Emission data from the production of steel through electric arc furnace from NPI, input data fom Strezov (2006). Estimated electricity consumption: 1.05 kWh per tonne, 0.05 kg liquid oxygen per tonne, 0.05 kg of calcined lime per tonne and 0.014 kg of black coal per tonne.
Avoided process (Figure 16 — right hand side)
Collection and transport of waste to landfill
20 km Waste collection avoided by sending material to MRF above. Transport model for kerbside collection based on Grant (2001b); refer appendices for discussion on transport. Emission of the truck from Apelbaum (2001), NGGIC (1997) and other sources.
Treatment of steel waste in landfill
1 tonne Emission factors for steel disposal from a personal communication with Sydney Water Residual Group, 1998, and Finnveden (1996) Operation to the landfill from a personal communication with S. Middleton, Pacific Waste, NSW, 1998
Primary production of steel
0.95 tonne Recycling steel produce around 5% less usable metal. Therefore, for 1t reprocessed, 950kg of steel is produced thereby avoiding 950kg of virgin steel production. Input data from BHP (2000), and other sources Emission data from NGGIC (1995) and NPI (2002–2003)
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 35
Data quality table and comment
Table 15 describes the key processes and data sources used to determine the benefits and impacts associated with the collection, recycling and reprocessing of 1 tonne of scrap steel. The table also includes the products and processes avoided when 1 tonne of scrap steel is recycled.
Table 15: Data quality for life cycle inventory data modelled for recycling and landfilling of scrap steel, C&I and C&D source (1 tonne)
Primary data
source Geography
Data Age
Technology Representativeness
Impact of transportation modes
EcoInvent, NGGI
European data adapted to Australian conditions and Australian data
1997–2005
Average technology
Mixed data
Transportation distances
Estimate Sydney 2009 Average Estimate based on simple radial transport model
Recycling steel ETH-ESU (1996), BHP (2000)
Australia 2000–2004
Average technology
Mixed data
Avoided virgin steel production
BHP (2000) Australia 2004 Average technology
Data from a specific process and company
Avoided landfill impacts
Finnveden (1996)
Australia 1995-1999
Unspecified Unspecified
References Apelbaum Consulting Group (2001), Australian Transport facts 2001 Tables in Excel Format, Blackburn, Victoria.
BHP Minerals (2000), LCA of steel and Electricity Production — ACARP Project C8049 — Case Studies B Summary of Inventory Values for Electricity Production, Newcastle
DEH (2004), National Pollutant Inventory Data for year 2002, Department of Environment, Canberra.
Finnveden, G., (1996), Solid waste treatment within the framework of life cycle assessment — metals in municipal solid waste landfills. Int J LCA 1, pp 74–78
Frischknecht et al (1996), Öko-inventare von Energiesystemen, 3rd edition (german language only), ETH-ESU
Grant, T., James, K.L., Lundie, S., Sonneveld, K., Beavis, P. (2001), Report for Life Cycle Assessment for Paper and Packaging Waste Management Scenarios in New South Wales, NSW Environment Protection Authority, Sydney
Kraus, F.J., Tarulis, G.J. (1997), Cans, Steel, The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, A.L. Brody and K.S. Marsh, New Yorl, Wiley and Sons: pp150
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (1997), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1995 with Methodology Supplement, Environment Australia, Canberra Australia
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (2004), National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, with methodology supplements, Australian Greenhouse Office.
Nishtala, S., Solano-Mora, E., (1997), Description of the Material Recovery Facilities Process Model: Design, Cost, and Life-Cycle Inventory, Research Triangle Institute and North Carolina State University
Strezov, L., Herbertson, J. (2006), A life cycle perspective on steel building materials. Sydney, Australian Steel Institute
Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. (2004). "EcoInvent Database version 1.01." from http://www.ecoinvent.ch/en/index.htm
Wang, F. (1996). Solid Waste Integrated Management Model. PhD Thesis in the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. Melbourne, RMIT.
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 36
Network diagrams — Kerbside collection
Figure 17: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 1.5% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
3.08 E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average /AU U
�
0 .839 t CO 2e
�
-102 kg
�
Calcined Lime /AU U
�
-0.168 t CO 2e
�
207 kg
�
Cement , portland /AU
�
U
�
0.167 t CO 2e
�
3.08 E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average ,
�
0 .839 t CO 2e
�
939 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
NSW, sent out /AU U
�
0 .255 t CO 2e
�
690 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
QLD , sent out /AU U
�
0 .184 t CO 2e
�
138 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
WA, sent out /AU U
�
0 .0408 t CO 2e
�
745 MJ
�
Electricity brown coal
�
Victoria , sent out /AU U
�
0 .273 t CO 2e
�
-361 MJ
�
Energy , from black
�
coal - just fuel , CO2,
�
CH4 N2O/AU U
�
-0.0305 t CO 2e
�
-543 MJ
�
Energy , from fuel
�
oil /AU U
�
-0 .0454 t CO 2e
�
-853 MJ
�
Energy , from fuel oil ,
�
just fuel , CO2,CH4, &
�
N2O/AU U
�
-0 .0657 t CO 2e
�
-2 .03 E3 MJ
�
Energy , from natural
�
gas , just fuel ,
�
CO 2,CH 4, & N2O/AU
�
-0 .121 t CO 2e
�
-3 .7E3 MJ
�
Energy , from natural
�
gas /AU U
�
-0.217 t CO 2e
�
-56.8 kg
�
Fuel oil , at
�
consumer /AU U
�
-0 .0333 t CO 2e
�
-1 .17E3 kg
�
Iron ore /AU U
�
-0 .385 t CO 2e
�
-292 kg
�
Iron ore pellets /AU U
�
-0 .101 t CO 2e
�
-949 kg
�
Iron ore sinter ,
�
Bluescope Port
�
Kembla /AU U
�
-0 .334 t CO 2e
�
-41 .7 kg
�
Lime , Calcined /AU U
�
-0 .0472 t CO 2e
�
-127 m 3
�
Natural gas ,
�
processed /AU U
�
-0.0365 t CO 2e
�
-97 .5 kg
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
�
-0.0415 t CO 2e
�
-127 m 3
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
�
-0.0415 t CO 2e
�
-882 kg
�
Pig iron , Bluescope
�
Port Kembla /AU U
�
-0.614 t CO 2e
�
-2 .23E4 tkm
�
Shipping , international
�
freight /AU U
�
-0 .126 t CO 2e
�
-387 MJ
�
Transport infrast . priv .
�
sect /AU U
�
-0 .0256 t CO 2e
�
-229 kg
�
Use of blast furnace
�
slag /AU U
�
0.147 t CO 2e
�
230 kg
�
Blast furnace slag -
�
credit to steel
�
production /AU U
�
0.166 t CO 2e
�
-910 kg
�
Steel , Bluescope Port
�
Kembla , all virgin
�
material , AU
�
-1.5 t CO 2e
�
-235 kg
�
Coke for
�
steelmaking /AU U
�
-0.112 t CO 2e
�
950 kg
�
Electro arc steel ,
�
Recycled , including
�
Smorgon NPI /AU U
�
1 .08 t CO 2e
�
1E3 kg
�
Steel cans (kerb ) -
�
Collect & reprocess
�
1 .24 t CO 2e
�
1E3 kg
�
Steel cans (kerb ) - Net
�
benefit of recycling
�
-0.398 t CO 2e
�
-1E3 kg
�
Landfill Steel ,
�
kerbside sources
�
-0 .134 t CO 2e
�
-1E3 kg
�
landfill of steel from
�
kerbside
�
-0 .134 t CO 2e
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 37
Figure 18: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 4% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
3.08 E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average /AU U
�
8.77 GJ LHV
�
-163 kg
�
Black coal , NSW /AU U
�
- 3.53 GJ LHV
�
89.9 kg
�
Black coal , QLD /AU U
�
1.86 GJ LHV
�
294 kg
�
Brown coal ,
�
Victoria /AU U
�
2.38 GJ LHV
�
-102 kg
�
Calcined Lime /AU U
�
- 1.67 GJ LHV
�
207 kg
�
Cement , portland /AU
�
U
�
1.16 GJ LHV
�
-82 .7 kg
�
Crude oil , Australian
�
average /AU U
�
-3.69 GJ LHV
�
3.08 E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average ,
�
8.77 GJ LHV
�
939 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
NSW, sent out /AU U
�
2 .57 GJ LHV
�
690 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
QLD, sent out /AU U
�
1.87 GJ LHV
�
745 MJ
�
Electricity brown coal
�
Victoria , sent out /AU U
�
2.39 GJ LHV
�
- 853 MJ
�
Energy , from fuel oil ,
�
just fuel , CO2,CH4, &
�
N2 O/AU U
�
-1 GJ LHV
�
- 2.03 E3 MJ
�
Energy , from natural
�
gas , just fuel ,
�
CO2,CH4, & N2O/AU
�
-2 .12 GJ LHV
�
-3 .7E3 MJ
�
Energy , from natural
�
gas /AU U
�
- 3.81 GJ LHV
�
-56 .8 kg
�
Fuel oil , at
�
consumer /AU U
�
-2.7 GJ LHV
�
- 1.17 E3 kg
�
Iron ore /AU U
�
-5.02 GJ LHV
�
-292 kg
�
Iron ore pellets /AU U
�
-1 .3 GJ LHV
�
-949 kg
�
Iron ore sinter ,
�
Bluescope Port
�
Kembla /AU U
�
-5 .29 GJ LHV
�
- 127 m3
�
Natural gas ,
�
processed /AU U
�
- 5.18 GJ LHV
�
-97 .5 kg
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
�
- 5.18 GJ LHV
�
- 127 m3
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
�
- 5.18 GJ LHV
�
- 16.1 kg
�
Petroleum coke /AU U
�
-0 .888 GJ LHV
�
-882 kg
�
Pig iron , Bluescope
�
Port Kembla /AU U
�
- 16.4 GJ LHV
�
- 2.23 E4 tkm
�
Shipping , international
�
freight /AU U
�
-1.69 GJ LHV
�
-229 kg
�
Use of blast furnace
�
slag /AU U
�
0.891 GJ LHV
�
230 kg
�
Blast furnace slag -
�
credit to steel
�
production /AU U
�
1.15 GJ LHV
�
-910 kg
�
Steel , Bluescope Port
�
Kembla , all virgin
�
material , AU
�
-19 .1 GJ LHV
�
-235 kg
�
Coke for
�
steelmaking /AU U
�
- 7.72 GJ LHV
�
-0 .031 m3
�
Crude oil ,
�
domestic /AU U
�
-1.13 GJ LHV
�
-0 .0672 m 3
�
Crude oil ,
�
imported /GLO U
�
-2 .57 GJ LHV
�
950 kg
�
Electro arc steel ,
�
Recycled , including
�
Smorgon NPI /AU U
�
11 .5 GJ LHV
�
1E3 kg
�
Steel cans (kerb ) -
�
Collect & reprocess
�
13 .7 GJ LHV
�
1E3 kg
�
Steel cans (kerb ) - Net
�
benefit of recycling
�
- 7.31 GJ LHV
�
-1 E3 kg
�
Landfill Steel ,
�
kerbside sources
�
- 1.92 GJ LHV
�
-1 E3 kg
�
landfill of steel from
�
kerbside
�
- 1.92 GJ LHV
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 38
Figure 19: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
3 .08E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average /AU U
�
1 .32 kL H 2O
�
- 2.99 kg
�
Bauxite /AU U
�
-0 .0927 kL H2 O
�
-163 kg
�
Black coal , NSW/AU U
�
-0 .0447 kL H2 O
�
207 kg
�
Cement , portland /AU
�
U
�
3 .71 kL H 2O
�
3 .08E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average ,
�
1 .32 kL H 2O
�
939 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
NSW, sent out /AU U
�
0.408 kL H2 O
�
690 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
QLD, sent out /AU U
�
0.406 kL H 2O
�
138 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
WA, sent out /AU U
�
0.058 kL H2 O
�
745 MJ
�
Electricity brown coal
�
Victoria , sent out /AU U
�
0 .33 kL H 2O
�
- 1.17 E3 kg
�
Iron ore /AU U
�
-0.267 kL H 2O
�
-292 kg
�
Iron ore pellets /AU U
�
- 0.0736 kL H 2O
�
- 949 kg
�
Iron ore sinter ,
�
Bluescope Port
�
Kembla /AU U
�
-0.125 kL H 2O
�
-882 kg
�
Pig iron , Bluescope
�
Port Kembla /AU U
�
3 .27 kL H 2O
�
-229 kg
�
Use of blast furnace
�
slag /AU U
�
3 .68 kL H 2O
�
230 kg
�
Blast furnace slag -
�
credit to steel
�
production /AU U
�
3 .7 kL H2 O
�
-910 kg
�
Steel , Bluescope Port
�
Kembla , all virgin
�
material , AU
�
0 .684 kL H2O
�
-235 kg
�
Coke for
�
steelmaking /AU U
�
-0 .116 kL H2O
�
950 kg
�
Electro arc steel ,
�
Recycled , including
�
Smorgon NPI /AU U
�
1 .57 kL H 2O
�
1 E3 kg
�
Steel cans ( kerb ) -
�
Collect & reprocess
�
1 .62 kL H 2O
�
1 E3 kg
�
Steel cans (kerb ) - Net
�
benefit of recycling
�
2 .29 kL H 2O
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 39
Figure 20: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded.
3.08E3 MJElectricity , high
voltage , Australianaverage /AU U
0.0333 tonnes
3.08E3 MJElectricity , high
voltage , Australianaverage ,
0.0333 tonnes
939 MJ
Electrictiy black coalNSW, sent out /AU U
0.0163 tonnes
45.1 kg
Fly ashprocessing //AU U
0.0271 tonnes
-1.17E3 kgIron ore /AU U
-0.135 tonnes
-292 kgIron ore pellets /AU U
-0.0339 tonnes
-949 kgIron ore sinter ,
Bluescope PortKembla /AU U
-0.0638 tonnes
-45.5 kg
Landfill inert waste /AUU
-0.0455 tonnes
-882 kg
Pig iron , BluescopePort Kembla /AU U
-0.132 tonnes
-910 kgSteel , Bluescope Port
Kembla , all virginmaterial , AU
-0.197 tonnes
950 kg
Electro arc steel ,Recycled , including
Smorgon NPI /AU U
0.138 tonnes
1E3 kgSteel cans (kerb) -
Collect & reprocess
0.229 tonnes
1E3 kgSteel cans (kerb) - Net
benefit of recycling
-0.954 tonnes
-1E3 kg
Landfill Steel ,kerbside sources
-0.986 tonnes
-1E3 kglandfill of steel from
kerbside
-0.986 tonnes
50 kg
Landfill inert waste
0.05 tonnes
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 40
Network diagrams — C&I and C&D collection
Figure 21: Recycling process network diagram — Green house gases indicator. Processes contributing less than 2% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
3 .17 E 3 M J
�
Electr icity , high voltage ,
�
A ustr alian aver age /A U
�
U
�
0. 863 t CO 2 e
�
- 106 kg
�
Calcined Lim e / A U U
�
- 0. 175 t CO 2e
�
216 kg
�
Cem ent , por tland / A U U
�
0. 174 t CO 2e
�
3 .17 E 3 M J
�
Electr icity , high voltage ,
�
A ustr alian aver age ,
�
pr oduction / A U U
�
0. 863 t CO 2 e
�
960 M J
�
Electr ictiy black coal
�
NSW , sent out / A U U
�
0. 261 t CO 2 e
�
706 M J
�
Electr ictiy black coal
�
Q LD , sent out / A U U
�
0. 188 t CO 2 e
�
142 M J
�
Electr ictiy black coal
�
WA , sent out / A U U
�
0 . 042 t CO 2 e
�
762 M J
�
Electr icity br ow n coal
�
V ictor ia , sent out / A U U
�
0. 279 t CO 2 e
�
- 377 M J
�
Ener gy , f r om black coal
�
- just f uel , CO 2, CH 4
�
N 2 O /A U U
�
- 0. 0318 t CO 2 e
�
- 568 M J
�
Ener gy , f r om f uel oil / A U
�
U
�
- 0. 0474 t CO 2 e
�
- 899 M J
�
Ener gy , f r om f uel oil ,
�
just f uel , CO 2, CH 4, &
�
N2 O / A U U
�
- 0 .0693 t CO 2 e
�
- 2. 12 E 3 M J
�
Ener gy , f r om natur al
�
gas , just f uel , CO 2, CH 4,
�
& N2 O / A U U
�
- 0. 126 t CO 2e
�
- 3. 86 E 3 M J
�
Ener gy , f r om natur al
�
gas / A U U
�
- 0. 227 t CO 2e
�
- 59 .5 kg
�
Fuel oil , at consum er /A U
�
U
�
- 0. 0349 t CO 2 e
�
- 1 .22 E 3 kg
�
Ir on or e /A U U
�
- 0. 402 t CO 2e
�
- 305 kg
�
Ir on or e pellets / A U U
�
- 0. 105 t CO 2e
�
- 990 kg
�
Ir on or e sinter ,
�
Bluescope Por t
�
Kem bla / A U U
�
- 0. 349 t CO 2e
�
- 43 .6 kg
�
Lim e , Calcined /A U U
�
- 0. 0493 t CO 2 e
�
- 133 m 3
�
Natur al gas ,
�
pr ocessed / A U U
�
- 0. 0382 t CO 2 e
�
- 102 kg
�
Natur al gas , high
�
pr essur e / A U U
�
- 0. 0434 t CO 2 e
�
- 133 m 3
�
Natur al gas , high
�
pr essur e / A U U
�
- 0. 0434 t CO 2 e
�
- 921 kg
�
Pig ir on , Bluescope Por t
�
Kem bla /A U U
�
- 0 .641 t CO 2e
�
- 2. 33 E4 tkm
�
Shipping , inter national
�
f r eight / A U U
�
- 0. 131 t CO 2e
�
- 240 kg
�
Use of blast f ur nace
�
slag /A U U
�
0. 153 t CO 2e
�
240 kg
�
Blast f ur nace slag -
�
cr edit to steel
�
pr oduction / A U U
�
0. 174 t CO 2e
�
- 950 kg
�
Steel , Bluescope Por t
�
Kem bla , all vir gin
�
m ater ial , A U
�
- 1. 57 t CO 2 e
�
- 246 kg
�
Coke f or steelm aking / A U
�
U
�
- 0 .117 t CO 2e
�
1 E3 kg
�
Electr o ar c steel ,
�
Recycled , including
�
Sm or gon NPI / A U U EEBR
�
1. 13 t CO 2e
�
1 E3 kg
�
Steel scr ap ( C & I and
�
C& D ) - Collect &
�
r epr ocess
�
1. 14 t CO 2e
�
1 E3 kg
�
Steel scr ap ( C& I and
�
C &D ) - Net benef it of
�
r ecycling
�
- 0. 441 t CO 2e
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 41
Figure 22: Recycling process network diagram — Cumulative energy demand indicator. Processes contributing less than 2% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
3.17E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average /AU U
�
9.03 GJ LHV
�
-172 kg
�
Black coal , NSW/AU
�
U
�
-3.74 GJ LHV
�
91.9 kg
�
Black coal , QLD/AU
�
U
�
1.9 GJ LHV
�
22.1 kg
�
Black coal , WA/AU U
�
0.414 GJ LHV
�
301 kg
�
Brown coal ,
�
Victoria /AU U
�
2.44 GJ LHV
�
-106 kg
�
Calcined Lime/AU U
�
-1.74 GJ LHV
�
216 kg
�
Cement, portland/AU
�
U
�
1.21 GJ LHV
�
- 89.2 kg
�
Crude oil, Australian
�
average /AU U
�
-3.98 GJ LHV
�
3.17E3 MJ
�
Electricity , high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average ,
�
9.03 GJ LHV
�
960 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
NSW, sent out/AU U
�
2.63 GJ LHV
�
706 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
QLD, sent out/AU U
�
1.91 GJ LHV
�
142 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
WA, sent out/AU U
�
0.415 GJ LHV
�
762 MJ
�
Electricity brown coal
�
Victoria , sent out/AU
�
U
�
2.44 GJ LHV
�
- 568 MJ
�
Energy , from fuel
�
oil/AU U
�
- 0.722 GJ LHV
�
-899 MJ
�
Energy , from fuel oil ,
�
just fuel, CO2,CH4,
�
& N2O/AU U
�
-1.05 GJ LHV
�
- 2.12E3 MJ
�
Energy , from natural
�
gas, just fuel,
�
CO2,CH4, &
�
- 2.22 GJ LHV
�
- 3.86E3 MJ
�
Energy , from natural
�
gas /AU U
�
-3.98 GJ LHV
�
- 59.5 kg
�
Fuel oil , at
�
consumer /AU U
�
-2.83 GJ LHV
�
-1.22E3 kg
�
Iron ore /AU U
�
-5.24 GJ LHV
�
-305 kg
�
Iron ore pellets /AU U
�
- 1.36 GJ LHV
�
-990 kg
�
Iron ore sinter ,
�
Bluescope Port
�
Kembla/AU U
�
- 5.53 GJ LHV
�
- 133 m3
�
Natural gas ,
�
processed/AU U
�
-5.42 GJ LHV
�
-102 kg
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
�
-5.42 GJ LHV
�
- 133 m3
�
Natural gas , high
�
pressure /AU U
�
-5.42 GJ LHV
�
- 16.8 kg
�
Petroleum coke /AU U
�
- 0.927 GJ LHV
�
-921 kg
�
Pig iron , Bluescope
�
Port Kembla /AU U
�
-17.1 GJ LHV
�
- 2.33E4 tkm
�
Shipping ,
�
international
�
freight /AU U
�
-1.77 GJ LHV
�
- 407 MJ
�
Transport infrast .
�
priv. sect/AU U
�
- 0.443 GJ LHV
�
- 240 kg
�
Use of blast furnace
�
slag /AU U
�
0.93 GJ LHV
�
240 kg
�
Blast furnace slag -
�
credit to steel
�
production /AU U
�
1.2 GJ LHV
�
- 950 kg
�
Steel , Bluescope
�
Port Kembla , all
�
-20 GJ LHV
�
-246 kg
�
Coke for
�
steelmaking /AU U
�
-8.06 GJ LHV
�
-0.0335 m3
�
Crude oil,
�
domestic/AU U
�
-1.22 GJ LHV
�
-0.0724 m3
�
Crude oil,
�
imported /GLO U
�
- 2.77 GJ LHV
�
1E3 kg
�
Electro arc steel ,
�
Recycled, including
�
Smorgon NPI /AU U
�
12.1 GJ LHV
�
1E3 kg
�
Steel scrap (C&I and
�
C&D) - Collect &
�
12.2 GJ LHV
�
1E3 kg
�
Steel scrap ( C&I and
�
C&D) - Net benefit of
�
recycling
�
-7.94 GJ LHV
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 42
Figure 23: Recycling process network diagram — Water indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shown shaded. �
3.17E3 MJ
�
Electricity, high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average /AU U
�
1.36 kL H2O
�
- 3.12 kg
�
Bauxite /AU U
�
-0.0968 kL H 2O
�
- 172 kg
�
Black coal , NSW/AU
�
U
�
- 0.0473 kL H2O
�
216 kg
�
Cement, portland /AU
�
U
�
3.87 kL H2O
�
- 94.8 MJ
�
Electricity, high
�
voltage , Eastern
�
Australian /AU U
�
-0.0439 kL H 2O
�
3.17E3 MJ
�
Electricity, high
�
voltage , Australian
�
average ,
�
1.36 kL H2O
�
- 94.8 MJ
�
Electricity, high
�
voltage , Eastern
�
-0.0439 kL H 2O
�
960 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
NSW, sent out/AU U
�
0.417 kL H 2O
�
706 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
QLD, sent out/AU U
�
0.414 kL H2O
�
142 MJ
�
Electrictiy black coal
�
WA, sent out/AU U
�
0.0597 kL H 2O
�
762 MJ
�
Electricity brown coal
�
Victoria , sent out/AU
�
0.337 kL H2O
�
-1.22E3 kg
�
Iron ore /AU U
�
-0.279 kL H 2O
�
- 305 kg
�
Iron ore pellets /AU U
�
- 0.0769 kL H2O
�
-990 kg
�
Iron ore sinter ,
�
Bluescope Port
�
Kembla /AU U
�
-0.13 kL H 2O
�
- 921 kg
�
Pig iron , Bluescope
�
Port Kembla /AU U
�
3.42 kL H 2O
�
-240 kg
�
Use of blast furnace
�
slag/AU U
�
3.84 kL H2O
�
240 kg
�
Blast furnace slag -
�
credit to steel
�
production/AU U
�
3.86 kL H2O
�
- 950 kg
�
Steel, Bluescope
�
Port Kembla , all
�
virgin material , AU
�
0.714 kL H 2O
�
- 246 kg
�
Coke for
�
steelmaking /AU U
�
- 0.121 kL H2O
�
1E3 kg
�
Electro arc steel ,
�
Recycled , including
�
1.65 kL H2O
�
1E3 kg
�
Steel scrap ( C&I and
�
C&D) - Collect &
�
reprocess
�
1.65 kL H2O
�
1E3 kg
�
Steel scrap ( C&I and
�
C&D) - Net benefit of
�
recycling
�
2.36 kL H2O
The extended benefits of recycling – life cycle assessment: Appendix 1
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 43
Figure 24: Recycling process network diagram — Solid waste indicator. Processes contributing less than 1% to total are not shown. Major processes from results table above are shownshaded.
3.17E3 MJ
Electric ity , high voltage ,
Australian average /AU
U
0.0342 tonnes
3.17E3 MJ
Electric ity , high voltage ,
Australian average ,
production /AU U
0.0342 tonnes
960 MJ
Electrictiy black coal
NSW , sent out /AU U
0.0166 tonnes
46.1 kg
Fly ash processing //AU
U
0.0277 tonnes
-1.22E3 kg
Iron ore /AU U
-0.141 tonnes
-305 kg
Iron ore pellets /AU U
-0.0354 tonnes
-990 kg
Iron ore s inter ,
Bluescope Port
Kembla/AU U
-0.0666 tonnes
-47.5 kg
Landf ill inert w aste /AU
U
-0.0475 tonnes
-921 kg
Pig iron, Bluescope Port
Kembla/AU U
-0.138 tonnes
-950 kg
Steel , Bluescope Port
Kembla , all v irgin
material, AU
-0.206 tonnes
-1E3 kg
Landf ill Steel , C& I and
C&D sources
-0.986 tonnes
-1E3 kg
landf ill of steel f rom C &I
and C&D
-0.986 tonnes
1E3 kg
Electro arc steel ,
Recycled, including
Smorgon NPI /AU U
0.145 tonnes
1E3 kg
Steel scrap (C&I and
C&D) - Collect &
reprocess
0.195 tonnes
1E3 kg
Steel scrap (C&I and
C&D) - Net benef it of
recycling
-0.996 tonnes