72

ACAP Arctic Council Action Plan toEliminate Pollution in the Arctic

ACIA Arctic Climate Impact AssessmentACRF ARM Climate Research FacilityACSYS Arctic Climate System StudyADCC ARCSS Data Coordination CenterADEC Alaska Department of Environmental

ConservationAEDD Arctic Environmental Data DirectoryAEO Arctic Energy Office (DOE)AEPS Arctic Environmental Protection

StrategyAFB Air Force BaseAFSC Alaska Fisheries Science CenterAGDC Alaska Geographic Data Committee

(USGS)AGES Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibil-

ity study (DHHS/HIH/NIA)AICC Arctic Icebreaker Coordination Com-

mitteeAIP Arctic Investigations Program

(DHHS/CDC)ALIAS Arctic Logistics Information SystemAMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment

ProgramAMEC Arctic Military Environmental

CooperationAMF ARM Mobile FacilityAMMTAP Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue

Archival ProjectAMSR Advanced microwave scanning radi-

ometerANSC Alaska Native Science CommissionAO Arctic OscillationAON Arctic Observing NetworkAOSB Arctic Ocean Science BoardAPI Alaska Psychiatric InstituteARC Arctic Research CommissionARCSS Arctic System ScienceARCUS Arctic Research Consortium of the

United StatesARM Atmospheric Radiation Measure-

ment program (DOE)ARPA Arctic Research and Policy ActARS Agricultural Research Service

(USDA)ARS Arctic System Reanalysis (NOAA)ASC Arctic Studies Center

Appendix A: Glossary of Acronyms

ASOF Arctic/Sub-Arctic Ocean FluxesASF Alaska SAR FacilityATR Access to Recovery Program

(DHHS/SAMHSA)AUV Autonomous underwater vehiclesAVHRR Advanced very-high-resolution

radiometerAWS Automatic weather stationBASC Barrow Arctic Science ConsortiumBEST Bering Ecosystem StudyBIA Bureau of Indian AffairsBIO Biological Sciences Directorate (NSF)BLM Bureau of Land ManagementBRD Biological Resources Division

(USGS)CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and

FaunaCANDAC Canadian Detection of Arctic Change

programCANHR Center for Alaska Native Health

Research, University of AlaskaCAREER Faculty Early Career Development

program (NSF)CART Cloud and Radiation TestbedCCSM Community Climate System ModelCCPP Climate Change Prediction Program

(DOE)CDC Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (DHHS)CFC ChloroflourocarbonCIHR Canadian Institutes of Health

ResearchCIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in

Environmental SciencesCISE Computer and Information Sciences

and Engineering Directorate(NSF)

CLiC Climate and Cryosphere programCMDL Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic

Laboratory (NOAA)COBRE Centers of Biomedical Research

Excellence (DHHS/HIH/NCRR)COSIG Co-occurring State Incentive Grants

(DHHS/SAMHSA)CRDF U.S. Civilian Research and Develop-

ment FoundationCReSIS Center for Remote Sensing of Ice

Sheets

This document has been archived.

73

CRREL Cold Regions Research and Engi-neering Laboratory

CRSTIAC Cold Regions Science and Technol-ogy Information Analysis Center

CSA Canadian Space AgencyCSREES Cooperative State Research, Educa-

tion and Extension Service(USDA)

CVD Cardiovascular diseaseDAAC Distributed Active Archive CenterDEL Documenting Endangered Lan-

guages programDHS Department of Homeland SecurityDMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite

ProgramDOC Department of CommerceDOD Department of DefenseDOE Department of EnergyDOI Department of the InteriorDOS Department of StateDOT Department of TransportationEDF Environmental Diplomacy FundsEEZ Exlusive Economic ZoneEHR Education and Human Resources

Directorate (NSF)EMAP Environmental Monitoring and

Assessment Program (EPA)ENG Engineering Directorate (NSF)EOS Earth Observing SystemEOSDIS Earth Observation System Data and

Information SystemEPA Environmental Protection AgencyEPPR Emergency Prevention, Preparedness

and ResponseERS European Remote-sensing SatelliteEWG Environmental Working GroupFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFAS Fetal alcohol syndromeFASD Fetal alcohol spectrum disorderFERF Frost Effects Research FacilityFIC Fogarty International Center (DHHS/

NIH)FOCI Fisheries–Oceanography Coopera-

tive InvestigationsFSU Former Soviet UnionFWI Freshwater InitiativeFWS Fish and Wildlife ServiceFY Fiscal yearGCM General circulation modelGEO Geosciences Directorate (NSF)GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of

Systems (EPA)GIS Geographic information systemGLAS Geoscience laser altimeter system

GOCADAN Genetics of Coronary Artery Diseasein Alaska Natives study (DHHS/NIH/NHLBI)

GODAR Global Oceanographic Data Archaeol-ogy and Rescue Project

GPS Global positioning systemHAARP High Frequency Active Auroral

Research ProgramHALE High Altitude Long Endurance UAV

program (NOAA)HARC Human Dimensions of the Arctic

System (NSF)HDGC Human Dimensions of Global

Change programNEH National Endowment for the Humani-

tiesHF High frequencyHIRS High-resolution infrared radiation

sounderHIV Human immunodeficiency virusHRSA Health Resources and Services

Administration (DHHS)HVS Heavy vehicle simulatorIARPC Interagency Arctic Research Policy

CommitteeIASC International Arctic Science

CommitteeIASSA International Arctic Social Sciences

AssociationICESat Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satel-

liteICS International Circumpolar Surveil-

lance (DHHS/CDC)ICSU International Council for ScienceIDeA Institutional Development Award

(DHHS/NIH/NCRR)IFSAR Interferometric synthetic aperture

radarIGY International Geophysical YearIHS Indian Health Service (DHHS)INBRE IDeA Networks for Biomedical

Research Excellence (DHHS/NIH/NCRR)

IOC Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission

IOSSA Integrated Ocean Observatory Sys-tem

IPA Intergovernmental Personnel ActIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

ChangeIPMC Interagency Program Management

CommitteeIPY International Polar YearISAC International Study of Arctic Change

74

IUCH International Union for CircumpolarHealth

IWG Interagency Working GroupJAMSTEC Japan Marine Science and Technol-

ogy CenterLTER Long-Term Ecological ResearchMMS Minerals Management ServiceMOA Memorandum of agreementMODIS Moderate resolution imaging

spectroradiometerM-PACE Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud ExperimentMPS Mathematical and Physical Sciences

Directorate (NSF)MSC Meteorological Services CanadaNAGPRA Native American Graves Protection

ActNAS National Academies of ScienceNASA National Aeronautics and Space

AdministrationNASH CRN Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical

Research Network (DHHS/NIH/NIDDK)

NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNAVICE Naval Ice CenterNCCOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean

ScienceNCDC National Climate Data CenterNCI National Cancer Institute (DHHS/

NIH)NCRR National Center for Research

Resources (DHHS/NIH)NDSC Network for Detection of Strato-

spheric ChangeNESDD NOAA’s Environmental Services

Data DirectoryNESDIS National Environmental Satellite Data

and Information ServiceNEWNET Neighborhood Environmental Watch

NetworkNGDC National Geophysical Data CenterNGO Non-governmental organizationNHLBI National Heart, Lung and Blood

Institute (DHHS/NIH)NIA National Institute on Aging (DHHS/

NIH)NIAAA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse

and Alcoholism (DHHS/NIH)NIAID National Institute of Allergy and

Infectious Diseases (DHHS/NIH)

NIC National Ice CenterNICHD National Institute of Child Health

and Human Development(DHHS/NIH)

NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse(DHHS/NIH)

NIDCR National Institute of Dental andCraniofacial Diseases (DHHS/NIH)

NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes andDigestive and Kidney Diseases(DHHS/NIH)

NIEHS National Institute of EnvironmentalHealth Sciences (DHHS/NIH)

NIGEC National Institute for Global Environ-mental Change (DOE)

NIGMS National Institute of General MedicalSciences (DHHS/NIH)

NIH National Institutes of Health (DHHS)NILU Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchNIMH National Institute of Mental Health

(DHHS/NIH)NINDS National Institute of Neurological

Disorders and Stroke (DHHS/NIH)

NINR National Institute of NursingResearch (DHHS/NIH)

NIOSH National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health (DHHS/CDC)

NISE Near Real Time Ice and Snow inEASE grid

NIST National Institute of Standards andTechnology

NLM National Library of Medicine (DHHS/NIH)

NMFS National Marine Fisheries ServiceNNDC NOAA National Data CentersNNSA National Nuclear Security Adminis-

tration (DOE)NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric

AdministrationNODC National Oceanographic Data CenterNOS National Ocean Service (NOAA)NPI Norwegian Polar InstituteNPR–A National Petroleum Reserve–AlaskaNPS National Park ServiceNRCS Natural Resourcs Conservation Ser-

vice (USDA)NSA North Slope of AlaskaNSA/AAO North Slope of Alaska/Adjacent Arc-

tic OceanNSF National Science FoundationNSIDC National Snow and Ice Data CenterOAS Office of Aircraft ServicesOE Office of Ocean Exploration (NOAA)OLS Operational linescan systemOMAO Office of Marine and Aviation

Operations (NOAA)

75

OMB Office of Management and BudgetONR Office of Naval ResearchOPP Office of Polar Programs (NSF)OSRI Oil Spill Recovery InstitutePAME Protection of the Arctic Marine

EnvironmentPARCA Program for Arctic Regional Climate

AssessmentPCB Polychlorinated biphenylsPEARL Polar Environmental Atmospheric

Research LaboratoryPMEL Pacific Marine Environmental

Laboratory (NOAA)POP Persistent organic pollutantPRB Polar Research BoardRAIPON Russian Indigenous Peoples of the

NorthRAPS Resource Apprenticeship Program

(DOI)RCC Regional Climate Center (NOAA)REU Research Experience for Under-

graduates programRGPS Radarsat Geophysical Processor

SystemRISA Regional Integrated Sciences and

Assessment (NOAA)ROV Remotely operated vehicleRUSALCA Russian–American Long-term Cen-

sus of the ArcticSAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health

Services Administration (DHHS)SAR Synthetic aperture radarSBE Social, Behavioral and Economic Sci-

ences Directorate (NSF)SBIRT Screening, Brief Intervention, Refer-

ral and Treatment program(DHHS/SAMHSA)

SCAR Scientific Committee on AntarcticResearch

SEARCH Study of Environmental Arctic Change

SEER Surveillance, Epidemiology, and EndResults program (DHHS/NIH/NCI)

SEPA Science Education PartnershipAwards (DHHS/NIH/NCRR)

SI Smithsonian InstitutionSIDS Sudden infant death syndromeSSM/I Special sensor microwave imagerSPAWAR Space and Naval Warfare Systems

CommandSSC Science steering committeeSSM/I Special sensor microwave/imagerSTAP Short-Term Arctic Predictability

study (NOAA)SUSV Small unit support vehicleTCE Targeted Capacity Expansion pro-

gram (DHHS/SAMHSA)TEA Teachers Experiencing Antarctica

and the Arctic program (NSF)TIAC Technical Information Analysis

CenterTREC Teachers and Researchers Exploring

and Collaborating program(NSF)

UNOLS University–National OceanographicLaboratory System

USACE United States Army Corps ofEngineers

USCG United States Coast GuardUSDA United States Department of

AgricultureUSFS United States Forest ServiceUSGS United States Geological SurveyUSIABP United States Interagency Arctic

Buoy ProgramUV UltravioletWCRP World Climate Research ProgramWDC World Data CenterWHO World Health OrganizationWMO World Meteorological Organization

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Appendix B: Tenth Biennial Report of the InteragencyArctic Research Policy Committee to the CongressFebruary 1, 2002, to January 31, 2004

Prepared by the NationalScience Foundation for

the Interagency ArcticResearch Policy

Committee.

BackgroundSection 108(b) of Public Law 98-373, as amended

by Public Law 101-609, the Arctic Research andPolicy Act, directs the Interagency Arctic ResearchPolicy Committee (IARPC) to submit to Congress,through the President, a biennial report containinga statement of the activities and accomplishmentsof the IARPC. The IARPC was authorized by theAct and was established by Executive Order12501, dated January 28, 1985.

Section 108(b)(2) of Public Law 98-373, asamended by Public Law 101-609 directs the IARPCto submit to Congress, through the President, aspart of its biennial report, a statement “detailingwith particularity the recommendations of the Arc-tic Research Commission with respect to Federalinteragency activities in Arctic research and thedisposition and responses to those recommenda-tions.” In response to this requirement, the IARPChas examined all recommendations of the ArcticResearch Commission since January 2002.

Activities and AccomplishmentsDuring the period covered by this report, the

IARPC has:• Prepared the biennial revision to the United

States Arctic Research Plan, as required bySection 108(a)(4) of the Act.

• Published and distributed four issues of thejournal Arctic Research of the United States.These issues reviewed all Federal agencyArctic research accomplishments for FY 00and 01 and included summaries of IARPCmeetings and activities. The Fall/Winter 2003issue contains the full text of the biennial revi-sion of the U.S. Arctic Research Plan.

• Consulted with the Arctic Research Commis-sion on policy and program matters describedin Section 108(a)(3), was represented at meet-ings of the Commission, and responded to Com-mission reports and recommendations (App.A).

• Continued the processes of interagencycooperation required under Section 108(a)(6),(7), (8), and (9).

• Provided input to an integrated budget analy-sis for Arctic research, which estimated $295million in Federal support for FY 02 and $299million in FY 03.

• Supported continued U.S. participation in thenon-governmental International Arctic Sci-ence Committee, via the National ResearchCouncil.

• Participated in the continuing National Secu-rity Council/U.S. Department of State imple-mentation of U.S. policy for the Arctic. U.S.policy for the Arctic now includes an expandedfocus on science and environmental protec-tion and on the valued input of Arcticresidents in research and environmentalmanagement issues.

• Participated in policy formulation for the Arc-tic Council. The Council incorporates a set ofprinciples and objectives for the protection ofthe Arctic environment and for promoting sus-tainable development. IARPC supports thecontributions being made to projects underthe Council’s Arctic Monitoring and Assess-ment Program by a number of Federal agencies.

• Continued work to coordinate Federal agencyresearch initiatives on 1) the Study of ArcticEnvironmental Change (SEARCH), 2) BeringSea Integrated Assessment, and 3) ArcticHealth. These initiatives are designed toaugment individual agency mission-relatedprograms and expertise and to promote theresolution of key unanswered questions inArctic research and environmental protection.The initiatives are intended to help guideinternal agency research planning and prioritysetting. It is expected that funding for theinitiatives will be included in agency budgetsubmissions as the objectives and potentialvalue are of high relevance to the mission andresponsibilities of IARPC agencies.

• Began consideration of research programs onResource Evaluation in Alaska and on CivilInfrastructure.

• Convened formal meetings of the Committeeand its working groups, staff committees, andtask forces to accomplish the above.

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Appendix C: Arctic Research Budgets ofFederal Agencies

Budget (dollars in thousands)FY 04 FY 05 FY 06

Dept/Bureau Program name actual estimated proposed

DOD Arctic Engineering 1,150 1,138 800DOD Permafrost/Frozen Ground 400 200 353DOD Snow and Ice Hydrology 1,900 844 752DOD High Latitudes Program 2,959 1,200 250DOD Lower Atmosphere 100 0 0DOD High-Freq Active Auroral Program 45,100 46,500 10,000DOD Medical and Human Engineering 700 512 699

DOD TOTAL 52,309 50,394 12,854

DOI/MMS Technology Assessment/Research 434 320 500DOI/MMS Environmental Studies 5,251 5,016 5,547

DOI/USGS Energy and Minerals 2,000 4,300 4,300DOI/USGS Natural Hazards 7,500 9,500 9,500DOI/USGS Global Change 1,000 1,400 1,400DOI/USGS Marine and Coastal Geology 250 250 250DOI/USGS Geomagnetism 250 250 250DOI/USGS Ice and Climate 250 200 200DOI/USGS Hydrology 1,370 1,250 1,250DOI/USGS Mapping 1,540 1,400 1,400

DOI/USGS/BRD Marine Mammals 1,660 1,800 1,800DOI/USGS/BRD Migratory Birds 2,350 2,300 2,300DOI/USGS/BRD Fisheries Research 360 980 980DOI/USGS/BRD Cooperative Research 330 330 330DOI/USGS/BRD Terrestrial Ecology 1,110 1,020 1,020DOI/USGS/BRD Park Research 1,070 1,000 1,000

DOI/BLM Natural Ecology 1,035 1,135 1,184DOI/BLM Minerals Research (Non-O & G) 2,030 3,868 3,000DOI/BLM Minerals Research (O & G, NPR–A) 1,393 2,400 2,400DOI/BLM Cultural Resources 179 128 104DOI/BLM Pipeline Monitoring 0 0 0DOI/BLM Fire Control 339 317 317DOI/BLM Mining Administration 0 0 0

The data reported here were compiled from individual program submissions from participating Federal agencies.The information covers expenditures for research but may exclude administrative costs that are included in agencybudget source documents.

For many agencies, regional allocations specific to Alaska and the Arctic in this table may be subject to furtherrevision during FY 05.

Coast Guard Arctic research cost data are based on overall mission costs attributed to polar icebreaking assets dedi-cated to Arctic research deployments. The total cost of the polar icebreaking mission is documented in the CoastGuard’s Mission Cost Model and includes all direct, indirect, and overhead costs associated with the Coast Guard’s polaricebreaking mission.

The National Science Foundation supports research in the Arctic via the Arctic Research Program of the Office ofPolar Programs. It also supports meritorious research proposals that may be submitted to other programs in the Foun-dation. The dollar amount expended in other programs for FY 05 will not be known until the end of FY 05.

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Budget (dollars in thousands)FY 04 FY 05 FY 06

Dept/Bureau Program name actual estimated proposedDOI/NPS Cultural Resources 1,351 1,477 1,477DOI/NPS Natural Ecology 1,950 2,150 2,150DOI/NPS Inventory and Monitoring 5,000 6,168 6,168

DOI/BIA Cultural Resources 600 600 600DOI/BIA Subsistence Studies 1,250 1,250 1,250

DOI/FWS Migratory Birds 3,800 5,417 5,417DOI/FWS Fisheries 4,300 6,546 6,546DOI/FWS Marine Mammals 2,231 2,162 2,162DOI/FWS Conservation of Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 200 138 138DOI/FWS U.S.–Russia Environmental Agreement 350 350 350

DOI TOTAL 52,733 65,422 65,290

NSF/OPP Arctic Natural Science 12,258 13,700 13,600NSF/OPP Arctic System Science Program 20,251 19,600 19,500NSF/OPP Arctic Social Sciences Program 2,455 3,005 2,400NSF/OPP Arctic Education Research 250 350 350NSF/OPP Arctic Research Support 848 840 875NSF/OPP Arctic Data/Info/Coordination 191 180 180NSF/OPP Arctic Research Commission 1,556 1,190 1,190NSF/OPP Cyber Infrasturcture and Sensors 1,240 815 815NSF/OPP Arctic Logistics/Instrumentation 37,390 37,400 36,650NSF/OPP Sub-total OPP 76,439 77,080 75,560NSF Other NSF Science Programs 19,808 20,200 20,200

NSF TOTAL 96,247 97,280 95,760

NASA Cryospheric Sciences 5,000 5,000 5,000NASA Terrestrial Ecology 700 1,200 920NASA Solid Earth Science 2,000 2,000 2,000NASA Physical Oceanography 500 500 500NASA Biological Oceanography 180 250 320NASA Arctic Ozone 6,500 6,500 4,000NASA Atmospheric Chemistry 1,500 2,000 2,000NASA Clouds and Radiation 1,200 1,200 1,200NASA Sub-orbital Science 2,000 2,000 2,000NASA Arctic Data Systems 12,000 12,000 8,000NASA Interdisciplinary Polar Feedbacks 0 2,000 2,000NASA Interdisciplinary Sea Level 0 800 800

NASA TOTAL 31,580 35,450 28,740

DOC/NOAA Arctic Research Program 0 0 3,017DOC/NOAA Cloud Radiation 10 10 425DOC/NOAA Atmos Trace Constituents 400 425 17,500DOC/NOAA Fisheries Assessment/Management 17,000 17,500 7,325DOC/NOAA Marine Mammal Assessment 6,675 7,325 185DOC/NOAA Ocean Assessment 10 50 200DOC/NOAA Stratospheric Ozone 250 250 343DOC/NOAA Data Management 331 340 300DOC/NOAA Remote Sensing 345 435 1,100

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Budget (dollars in thousands)FY 04 FY 05 FY 06

Dept/Bureau Program name actual estimated proposedDOC/NOAA Aircraft/Vessels 950 1,100 23DOC/NOAA Weather Research 25 50 2,100DOC/NOAA Western Arctic/Bering Sea Ecosystem 2,100 2,100 450DOC/NOAA Barrow Observatory 600 600 2,300DOC/NOAA Ocean Exploration 355 1,250 200DOC/NOAA Tsunami Warning/Environ. Observations 250 250 0DOC/NOAA Arctic Research Initiative 1,650 1,060 340DOC/NOAA Ocean Observations/Arctic Fluxes 360 360 0DOC/NOAA Arctic Climate Research (SEARCH) 2,000 1,960 0DOC/NOAA CIFAR 0 0 198DOC/NOAA Undersea Research 2,530 0 0

NOAA TOTAL 35,841 35,065 36,006

DOE/EM Amchitka Island Studies 1,370 525 525DOE/FE Arctic Energy Office 5,500 7,000 7,000DOE/FE Arctic Methane Hydrates 1,080 2,500 2,500DOE/SC Atmos Radiation Measurement 3,200 3,200 3,200DOE/EE Geothermal Activities in Alaska 260 185 185DOE/SC Nat. Inst. Global Environmental Change 225 125 125DOE/EE Wind Activities in Alaska 0 1,500 1,500DOE/EM Neighborhood Environmental Watch 40 40 40

DOE TOTAL 11,675 15,075 15,075

DHHS National Institutes of Health 25,000 26,000 26,000DHHS Centers for Disease Control/Prevent. 4,600 4,500 4,600

DHHS TOTAL 29,600 30,500 30,600

SMITHSONIAN Anthropology 400 750 750SMITHSONIAN Arctic Biology 50 100 100

SMITHSONIAN TOTAL 450 850 850

DHS/USCG* Arctic Science/Logistics Support 21,691 16,800 22,000DHS/USCG Extramural Science Support 30 38 45

DHS TOTAL 21,721 16,838 22,045

EPA Research and Development 237 0 0EPA Regional Activities 1,010 500 500EPA International Activities 100 285 285

EPA TOTAL 1,347 785 785

USDA/FS Forest Service–Global Change 653 653 653USDA/NRCS Natural Resources Cons Svc–Soil Survey 260 260 260USDA/CSREES Formula Funds 1,389 1,389 1,389USDA/ARS Agricultural Res Service–Global Change 2,000 2,000 2,000

USDA TOTAL 4,302 4,302 4,302

GRAND TOTALS 337,805 351,961 312,307

* Figures for the proposed FY06 budget represent funding required by USCG to operate icebreakers in the Arctic forNSF, which was designated in the President’s FY06 budget as the agency to which ice operations funding is transferred.

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Department of Defense• Arctic Engineering: The study and develop-

ment of technologies for construction andmaintenance of facilities and equipment inArctic environments.

• Permafrost/Frozen Ground: The study of theformation, structure, characteristics, anddynamics of permafrost and frozen ground.

• Snow and Ice Hydrology: The study of thesnowpack and river, lake, and sea ice, theirformation, structure, and dynamics.

• Oceanography: The study of Arctic Oceanfeatures and processes including sea icedynamics.

• Lower Atmosphere: The study of Arcticweather with an emphasis on heat budget.

• Upper Atmosphere: The study of physical pro-cesses in the thermosphere, ionosphere, andmagnetosphere. Studies also include appliedresearch to investigate, predict, and assessthe impacts from the thermosphere, iono-sphere, and magnetosphere to communica-tion, navigation, surveillance, and satellitesystems.

• High-Frequency Active Auroral Research Pro-gram (HAARP): The use of radiowave energy tostudy basic physical response and compositionof the ionosphere and upper atmosphere.

• Medical and Human Engineering: The studyof human response to cold climates and meth-ods to mitigate those effects.

Department of the InteriorMinerals Management Service

• Technology Assessment and Research Pro-gram: Research to support Minerals Manage-ment Service offshore operations. Studiesaddress operational needs for permitting ofdrilling and production operations, safety andpollution inspections, enforcement action,accident investigations, and well controltraining requirements.

• Environmental Studies Program: Research toprovide information needed for prediction,assessment, and management of impacts from

offshore natural gas and oil and mineraldevelopment activities on human, marine,and coastal environments of Alaska.

U.S. Geological Survey• Energy and Minerals: Research to assess the

distribution, quantity, and quality of energyand mineral resources with an increasingemphasis on characterizing the environmentalimpact of resource occurrence and use. Thisinformation assists the Nation in managing itsland, formulating environmental policies, andensuring stable and safe supplies of resources.

• Natural Hazards: Research to forecast anddelineate hazards from earthquakes, volca-noes, landslides, and related phenomena.Losses from future natural hazard events canbe significantly reduced through studies ofpast and potential events applied to disastermitigation and response planning.

• Global Change: Research to investigate theimpact that potential global change, suchas global warming, would have on ourplanet. This is part of the U.S. Global Changeresearch program, which provides the scien-tific basis for developing policy relating tonatural and human-induced changes in theglobal earth system.

• Marine and Coastal: Research to addressissues of national, regional, and local concernthat involve marine and coastal geology.These issues involve natural hazards, naturalresources, and environmental quality and res-toration; they span the full continuum fromcoastal wetlands and seashores to the deepocean.

• Geomagnetism: Research to measure, map,and model the earth’s magnetic field withinvarious time scales and to publish anddisseminate this information for use in navi-gation and orientation by Federal, state, local,and international groups. Eleven magneticobservatories are operated, and repeatmagnetic field surveys are performed todetermine how and how fast the earth’smagnetic field is changing.

• Ice and Climate: Research to understand the

Appendix D: Federal Arctic ResearchProgram Descriptions

81

causes, characteristics, and effects of changesin glacier conditions over annual to decadaltime scales, as well as of changes in snowconditions in mountainous areas over monthlyto seasonal time scales.

• Hydrology: Research to monitor and assess thesensitivity of surface water and wetland hydrol-ogy to variations and changes in climate.

• Mapping: Program to develop geologic andenvironmental maps of Arctic Alaska.

U.S. Geological Survey–BiologicalResources Division

• Marine Mammals: Research on marinemammals to provide information needed forUSGS to fulfill its stewardship responsibilitiesunder the Marine Mammal Protection Act.

• Migratory Birds: Research on migratory birdsto provide basic biological informationneeded for responsible implementation ofthe Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

• Fisheries: Research related to land manage-ment responsibilities on National Wildlife Ref-uges and National Parks or focusing on treatyissues involving the U.S. and Canada.

• Cooperative Research: Research addressingissues relating to short-term or site-specificresource management issues.

• Terrestrial Ecology: Research related to landmanagement, emphasizing potential effectsof resource development on National WildlifeRefuges.

• Park Research: Research related to landmanagement, emphasizing issues specificto National Parks.

Bureau of Land Management• Natural Ecology: Inventorying and monitor-

ing the quantity and status of waters, soils,vegetation, fish and wildlife populations, andhabitats in Arctic Alaska. This is a major effortto support lands and resources managementin this unique area.

• Cultural Resources: Studies of man’s prehis-toric activities in the Arctic. Recent findingsin northern Alaska have helped in under-standing man’s migration into North America.

• Pipeline Monitoring: Program to ascertain thatpermittees are in compliance with the agree-ment and grant right-of-way for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline in Arctic Alaska. There isconstant monitoring of pipeline integrity andthe status of the natural resources in andadjacent to the right-of-way.

• Fire Control: Studies of fuels, ignition, burn-ing, fire spreading, and methods of controlof wildfires in the Arctic. A network of remoteautomatic weather stations has been estab-lished. The primary purpose of this networkis to help understand the influence of weatheron wildfires.

• Mining Administration: Monitoring of placermining on public lands in Arctic Alaska. Thegoal is to assure compliance with the approvedplan of operations and minimize the impact ofmining on the riparian wetland resource.

National Park Service• Cultural Resources: Research and investiga-

tion of cultural resources as they pertain tohistoric places in National Parks. The SharedBeringian Heritage Program promotes interna-tional cooperation in multidisciplinary studiesof Beringia.

• Natural Ecology: Research to monitor andunderstand natural resources in NationalParks.

Bureau of Indian Affairs• Cultural: Research and investigation of

learned and shared behaviors as they pertainto historic places and cemetery sites appliedfor under the provisions of the Alaska NativeClaims Settlement Act (P.L. 92-203).

• Subsistence: Research on the customaryand traditional uses of fish, game, and plantresources.

National Science Foundation• Arctic Natural Sciences: Research in atmo-

spheric, space, ocean, biological, earthsciences, and glaciology that is primarilyinvestigator-initiated; this is basic researchthat is concerned with processes and phe-nomena in the entire Arctic region, includingAlaska, Canada, Greenland, Svalbard, Russia,the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, and theupper atmosphere and near space.

• Arctic System Science (ARCSS): An inter-disciplinary program that examines the inter-actions within and between the climatic,geologic, biologic, and socioeconomic sub-systems of the Arctic. ARCSS is a regionalcomponent within the U.S. Global ChangeResearch Program.

• Arctic Social Science: A multidisciplinary andinterdisciplinary program focused on issues

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of human–environment interactions, rapidsocial change, and community viability.

• Arctic Science Support: Support for Intergov-ernmental Personnel Act (IPA) personnelassigned to the Arctic Sciences Section of theOffice of Polar Programs (OPP), and scientificmeeting, panel, and publication support.

• Arctic Data and Information, and Advisoryand Coordination: Support for a program ofArctic data and information research andadvisory services, including support for theInteragency Arctic Research Policy Commit-tee, and conferences, workshops, and studiesto further develop and implement Arcticresearch planning and policy.

• Arctic Research Commission: Support for theCommission staff and members. Funding forthe Arctic Research Commission is includedin the NSF budget for administrative conve-nience.

• Other Sciences: Research supported indivisions and programs outside the OPPin atmospheric, ocean, biological, earthsciences, and glaciology that is primarilyinvestigator-initiated basic research.

• Engineering: Engineering research that isrelated to the Arctic.

• Education: Education research that is relatedto the Arctic.

National Aeronautics andSpace Administration

• Cryosphere: This program is focused on theArctic ice cover and its interactions with theoceans and atmosphere. The long-rangegoals are to significantly improve our abilityto represent high-latitude processes in mod-els of global climate and climate change andto understand the current and likely impactof changes in ice mass on sea level.

• Ecology: This program is focused on the func-tion of high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems andtheir interactions with the atmosphere andhydrosphere, with particular emphasis on car-bon cycling and land–atmosphere interactions.

• Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Science: Thisprogram is focused on improving our under-standing of the earth’s gravity field, oscilla-tions in the length of day and tilting of theaxis of rotation, geodesy to determine the rateof past-glacial rebound of the lithosphere forice mass and structural studies, the earth’smagnetic field to determine crustal structure,

and topography and topographic change ofthe Arctic and Antarctic regions. The programalso contributes to other polar studies byproviding a frame of reference with which tomonitor changes such as the volume of theice sheets.

• Arctic Ozone Studies: This program is sup-porting a number of tasks related to chemicaland dynamical processes in the Arctic strato-sphere, with the aim of measuring and under-standing changes in Arctic stratosphericozone in an atmosphere with increasing abun-dances of greenhouse gases.

• Arctic Data Systems: NASA provides supportfor two Distributed Active Archive Systems(DAACs) for high-latitude data: one at theNational Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)in Boulder, Colorado, and one at the AlaskaSAR Facility (ASF) in Fairbanks, Alaska. TheASF is responsible for acquiring, processing,archiving, and distributing synthetic apertureradar (SAR) data from several non-U.S. space-craft, and the NSIDC handles most other sat-ellite data over the high latitudes. In addition,NASA supports the development of severalhigh-latitude “Pathfinder” data sets, compris-ing higher-level information derived from vari-ous satellite data.

• Clouds and Radiation: NASA supports com-prehensive studies of the impact of Arcticclouds and aerosols on the Arctic radiationbalance and its impact on the global radiativebalance. Studies supported include modelingand analysis of satellite cloud and aerosoldata obtained over the polar regions. In addi-tion, NASA supports missions to the Arctic(e.g. FIRE-ACE) that include ground, ship,and airborne sensors coordinated with satel-lite observations to study the processes thatcontribute to the evolution of cloud and aero-sol distributions.

• Geospace Physics: NASA provides supportfor a vigorous program of experimental andtheoretical studies of geospace phenomenaoriginating in or affecting Arctic regions,including the mesosphere, thermosphere,ionosphere, and magnetosphere. It includesthese programs listed in the NASA budgettable: Sun-Earth Connection Theory Program,Fast Auroral SnapshoT Explorer spacecraft,Geospace Low Cost Access to Space (sub-orbital) program, and the Geospace SciencesSupporting Research and Technologyprogram.

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Department of CommerceNational Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration

• Atmospheric Trace Constituents: Continuousand discrete measurements of atmospherictrace constituents (for example, greenhousegases) that are important to understandingglobal change.

• Marine Fisheries Assessment: Assessment bythe National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)of U.S. living marine resources in Arctic waters.

• Marine Fisheries Research: NOAA’s PacificMarine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)and Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC)conduct the Fisheries Oceanography Coordi-nated Investigations (FOCI) program in theBering Sea and North Pacific. FOCI is con-cerned with understanding and predicting theimpacts of interannual variability and decade-scale climate change on commercially valuablefish species.

• Marine Mammal Assessment: Long-termresearch by NMFS’s National Marine MammalLaboratory on the population biology andecology of Arctic marine mammals. NMFSalso participates in the Marine MammalHealth and Stranding Response Program,which oversees the Arctic Marine MammalTissue Archival Program (AMMTAP) in col-laboration with the Department of the Interior(FWS, BRD, and MMS) and the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology(NIST). The AMMTAP collects, analyzes, andarchives tissues for contaminants and healthindices to provide a database on contami-nants and health in marine mammal popula-tions in the Arctic.

• Coastal Hazards: Activities directed towardsdeveloping a better understanding of theeffects of tsunami propagation and run-up.

• Ocean Assessment: A wide range of programsand activities directed toward NOAA’senvironmental stewardship responsibilities,including environmental monitoring andassessment, technology transfer, and educa-tion and outreach. Ocean assessmentincludes the National Status and Trends Pro-gram, the Coastal Ocean Program, and otherpertinent activities of the recently formedNational Centers for Coastal Ocean Science(NCCOS), National Ocean Service.

• Stratospheric Ozone: A program that is devel-oping an understanding of the dynamics and

chemistry of Arctic ozone depletion, as part ofactivities directed to understanding the globaldepletion of stratospheric ozone.

• Satellites/Data Management: Researchaddressing NOAA’s responsibilities for col-lecting, archiving, processing, and dissemi-nating environmental data and providingspecialized data analyses and interpretations.

• Remote Sensing: A substantial program (jointlywith NASA, NSF, and DOE) for developing,testing, and using ground-based remote sen-sors for Arctic meteorological research. Theemphasis is on prototypes for future opera-tional systems that can operate in the Arcticwith minimal attention. The scientific issuesinclude boundary layer turbulence and struc-ture, cloud macro- and micro-physical proper-ties, and cloud-radiative coupling relevant toArctic climate.

• Aircraft/Vessels: Platform support from theOffice of Marine and Aviation Operations(OMAO) to conduct the research and obser-vations associated with NOAA’s Arcticresearch program.

• Climate and Global Change: Studies that areassessing Arctic processes as forcing func-tions of climate and global change and as“barometers” of global change. NOAA’sArctic Research Office chairs the InteragencyWorking Group on the Study of Environmen-tal Arctic Change (SEARCH).

• Arctic Ice: The National Ice Center, jointlyoperated by NOAA, the U.S. Navy, and theU.S. Coast Guard, provides analyses and fore-casts of ice conditions in all seas of the polarregions, the Great Lakes, and ChesapeakeBay. The National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC), affiliated with NOAA’s NationalGeophysical Data Center (NGDC), archivesmany new and rescued ice data sets.

• Arctic Weather: Research primarily addressesfour concerns: 1) Forecasting snow in moun-tainous terrain for real-time use and forclimate-related information; 2) Remote sens-ing for detecting clouds and for developingcloud phase techniques; 3) Improving thenumerical modeling of weather over both theshort and long term in complex terrain such asAlaska; and 4) Locating and understandingthe dynamics of the Arctic Front.

• Boreal Forest Fires and the Arctic: Modeling,research, and observations to understand theinfluence of Northern Hemisphere boreal for-est fires on atmospheric chemistry in the Arc-

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tic, especially focusing on the production ofsurface-level ozone and other pollutants andthe atmospheric and climate effects of theinput of soot.

• Arctic Research Initiative: The ArcticResearch Office was formed in FY 00 toadminister the Arctic Research Initiative andto build a NOAA program focused on Arcticscience issues of national importance. Forthis purpose, the “Arctic” is defined looselyas the northern hemisphere land area under-lain by permanent or discontinuous perma-frost, and ocean areas subject to permanentor annual sea ice cover. Consideration ofwatersheds and airsheds that flow to theArctic can extend the geographic boundariessignificantly, as can consideration of impactsof Arctic processes on hemispheric weatherand climate. In FY 03, newly appropriatedfunds are available to initiate a NOAA contri-bution to the interagency Study of Environ-mental Arctic Change (SEARCH). Under theoverall guidance of the NOAA Strategic Plan,the ARO has formulated more specific goalsthat relate to its specific mission. These goalsare:- Characterize poorly known high-latitude

marine habitats, and understand and modelfactors controlling the populations ofkey marine species in the Arctic and sub-arctic;

- Understand ecosystem impacts of criticalcontaminants and human uses in theArctic; and

- Understand causes and impacts of atmo-spheric, oceanic, and climate variabilityand change in the Arctic.

Several projects are planned over the next fewyears to address these goals and contributeto the SEARCH Science Plan. These projectsare: a) Retrospective Analysis of OceanClimate and Populations of Key Living MarineResources; b) A collaborative, internationalprogram of Arctic exploration; c) Bering SeaEcosystem Study; d) Atmospheric and Cryo-spheric Change in the Arctic; e) Arctic/Sub-arctic Ocean Fluxes; f) Arctic System Reanaly-sis; g) Arctic Climate Impact Assessment;h) Environmental Sources, Fate, and Impact ofMercury and Persistent Organic Pollutants inthe Arctic; I) Assessment of Environmentaland Economic Impacts of Oil and Gas in theArctic; j) Development of an updated AMAPStrategic Plan.

Department of Energy• Amchitka Island Studies: Amchitka Island is

located near the western end of the AleutianIslands. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,the predecessor to DOE, conducted threeunderground nuclear tests on the island inthe late 1960s and early 1970s. In 2002 theDOE’s National Nuclear Security Administra-tion (NNSA) Nevada Site Office prepared andsubmitted a Closure Report to the AlaskaDepartment of Environmental Conservationfor the surface remediation work completedin 2001. Future work planned for Amchitkaincludes finalizing the risk assessment andthe draft closure report for the subsurface inFY05. After closure, sampling and monitoringwill continue every five years.

• Arctic Energy Office: The AEO supportsresearch that is appropriate for regions“where permafrost is present or located near-by.” Specifically, the office sponsors researchin two broad categories: Fossil Energy andRemote Power Production. Funding permit-ting, the AEO plans to continue work in theseareas. Two examples of the 15 projects cur-rently supported are:- Tundra Travel Model for the North Slope

of Alaska: This project investigates thepotential for a new standard for tundratravel that will allow resource explorationfor an increased period most winters.

- Rural Alaska Natural Gas from Coal: Forthe first time in Alaska, a light-weight drillrig has been used to drill through the per-mafrost, gravels, and coal seams to test thefeasibility of producing natural gas fromcoal deposits in remote areas. The eventualgoal is to facilitate replacement of dieselfuel for generating electricity inAlaskanvillages that have gas-producing coalresources nearby.

• Arctic Methane Hydrates: DOE is involved inseveral projects aimed at evaluating the meth-ane hydrate resource on the North Slope ofAlaska and in the Canadian Arctic. The pri-mary objective is to characterize, quantify,and determine the resource potential of thegas hydrate and associated free gas in theregion. The USGS estimates that roughly 45Tcf of methane is stored in the form ofhydrate beneath the North Slope permafrost.

• Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)Program: DOE will continue operation of an

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ARM Climate Research Facility (ACRF) onthe North Slope of Alaska with instrumenta-tion at Barrow and Atqasuk to improve mathe-matical simulations of cloud and radiativetransfer processes in general circulation mod-els (GCMs); continue to make existing ACRFdata streams publicly available through theARM archive (http://www.arm.gov/data/); andmake the NSA ACRF facilities more broadlyavailable to researchers through the proposalprocess (http://www.db.arm.gov/cgi-bin/IOP/iops.pl). Operation of the North Slope of AlaskaACRF facility and support for related model-ing and other Arctic research efforts usingNSA/ACRF data streams are DOE’s main con-tribution to SEARCH (Study of EnvironmentalArctic Change), an interagency effort.

• Geothermal Activities in Alaska: DOE cost-shares geothermal resource exploration withthe Chena Hot Springs Resort in Alaska. Theexploration consists of performing geophysi-cal surveys, creating geologic and surfacetemperature maps, drilling shallow tempera-ture gradient holes, and conducting geochem-ical analyses of thermal water. After the fieldwork is completed, a conceptual geologicalmodel of the Chena Hot Springs system willbe created and a drill site will be selected. TheGeothermal Technologies Program has alsoinitiated a GeoPowering the West program inAlaska. An Alaskan Geothermal WorkingGroup has been established. DOE funded theAlaska Division of Energy to support thiseffort and sponsored a mission for 15 Alas-kans to travel to Nevada to tour producinggeothermal sites and to talk to developers,regulators, and others about geothermaldevelopment. In the future the GeothermalTechnologies Program plans to follow up onthe opportunities discovered through thisinitiative.

• National Institute for Global EnvironmentalChange: Through NIGEC, university scien-tists can apply for research support to studyecological effects of climatic change in Alaska(and other states). In FY04, two universityprojects were funded in Alaska. One, conductedby Columbia University and completed inFY04, examined the response of Alaskan andPacific Northwest forests to recent multipleenvironmental changes, including climaticchanges. The question addressed whetherenvironmental changes, which have been rel-atively large and rapid in subarctic regions,

are having a discernable effect on the growthand health of forest trees. The second, con-ducted by the University of Oregon and theUniversity of Alaska and to be completed inFY05, is examining potential effects of warm-ing on plant parasites in the understory ofboreal forests. Any changes in plant parasitescaused by global warming could have effects,negative as well as positive, on basic plantgrowth and the goods and services suppliedto humans by Alaskan forests.

• Neighborhood Environmental Watch: NEW-NET is a network of environmental monitoringstations and data storage and data process-ing systems, with public access to the datathrough the Internet. Five stations are locatedin Alaska: Barrow, Fairbanks, Kotzebue,Nome, and Seward. Stations vary in configu-ration. Most NEWNET stations have sensorsfor monitoring wind speed and direction,ambient air temperature, barometric pressure,relative humidity, and ionizing gamma radia-tion. Some stations have tipping bucket raingauges, and others have additional radiationsensors. Sensors are being investigated forair quality measurements. The Alaska stationsare being operated in collaboration with theAlaska Department of Environmental Conser-vation (ADEC) and the University of AlaskaFairbanks (http:/newnet.lanl.gov/).

• Wind Activities in the Arctic: To better under-stand the role that wind energy can play,the Wind Energy program continues to beengaged in collaborative efforts with Alaskanorganizations at the state and local levels toexplore ways in which wind can make a greatercontribution in the production of electricpower. Efforts are particularly focused onsmaller rural communities, where the cost ofdiesel-generated electricity is very high. Inthe past, DOE has supported work at Kotze-bue, Wales, Nome, Nightmute, Nunapitchuk,Selawik, and Unalakleet. DOE-sponsoredwind-related work will continue in Alaska atleast through FY05.

Department of Health andHuman ServicesNational Institutes of Health

• Basic and applied research that relates prima-rily in the areas of cancer, drug and alcoholabuse, cardiovascular disease, and mentalhealth that affect Arctic residents.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention• A research program designed to evaluate

infectious disease prevention and controlstrategies in the Arctic and subarctic, with aspecial focus on diseases of high incidenceand concern among the indigenous peoplesof the circumpolar region.

• An occupational injury research program focus-ing on the Nation’s geographic area with thehighest risk of occupational-related injury.

• Research on human exposure to environmen-tal persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic.

Health Resources and Services Administration• HRSA provides national leadership, program

resources, and services needed to improveaccess to culturally competent, quality healthcare in order to improve health outcomesamong Alaska’s minority communities throughthe National Health Service Corps, telehealthtechnology, and community health centers.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health ServicesAdministration

• The mission of SAMHSA is to build resilienceand facilitate recovery for people with or atrisk for substance abuse and mental illness.SAMHSA works in collaboration with thestates, national and local community-basedand faith-based organizations, and public andprivate sector providers.

Smithsonian Institution• Anthropology: Research and interpretation of

Arctic cultures and natural history; training ofArctic residents and Natives in museum stud-ies, collections care, conservation, and culturalheritage programs; studies of the origin andhistory of northern cultures and their interac-tions with their environment and with Europeancultures are central features of this research.

• Arctic Biology: Basic research on biologicaland evolutionary studies in botany, zoology,and other natural history fields. Interactionsof Arctic flora and fauna with human culturesare emphasized.

Department of Homeland SecurityU.S. Coast Guard

• Arctic Science/Logistics Support: The costsof providing and maintaining polar icebreak-ers for use in the Arctic.

• Extramural Science Support: Funding pro-vided to other agencies for Arctic sciencestudies, research, or vessel availabilitystudies.

Environmental Protection Agency• Research and Development: Intramural and

extramural basic and applied research foundedon the risk assessment and risk managementparadigm. EPA research interests in the Arcticinclude water quality, watershed cumulativeeffects, air quality, land use, bioremediationand the combined impact of contaminants,climate change, and resource use on freshwa-ter and marine ecosystems. Research effortsaddress issues of long-range transport andtransformation of contaminants to the Arcticand the status and trends of contaminantssuch as persistent organic pollutants andheavy metals within the Arctic environment.

• Regional Activities: Activities of EPA’sRegion 10 (Pacific Northwest and Alaskaoffice) are conducted in partnership withtribes, the state, and local communities toresolve key issues in rural sanitation, cleandrinking water, clean-up of formerly useddefense sites, regulation of local industry, andother issues key to protecting human healthand the unique Arctic and subarctic environ-ments.

Department of AgricultureForest Service

• Research directed toward improving theunderstanding, use, and management of Alas-ka’s natural resources, especially the northernboreal forest. Research centers on the dynam-ics of mixed stands and the cumulative effectsof management activities on hydrology, soils,vegetation, wildlife, carbon reserves, insects,and fire in boreal ecosystems.

• Important portions of the boreal ecosystemsresearch are conducted at the Bonanza CreekLong-Term Ecological Research Site near Fair-banks, Alaska.

Natural Resources Conservation Service• Research in support of the National Coopera-

tive Soil Survey program addressing perma-frost, soil cryogenic processes, soil reductionand oxidation properties, temperature, waterstatus and gas flux in wetlands, reindeer and

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caribou grazing needs, and vegetation trends.• Establishment of a network of climatic sta-

tions in both the Arctic and Antarctic as wellin other areas with soils affected by perma-frost, allowing for studies of changes in theactive layer and providing data for manyother users. They are linked to sites estab-lished by NSF-funded projects, all of the siteshave complete soil characterization data,and all of the data collected are provided toNSIDC.

• Research on vegetation, landform, carbonsequestration, and other greenhouse gasrelationships in support of the Global ChangeResearch Program.

• Research in support of the snow survey pro-gram. Snowfall measurement techniques arebeing studied to support the snow survey,which continues to be used to predict snow-melt, water availability, river breakup timing,and wildlife movements.

• Research conducted jointly with scientistsfrom Russia and other countries to look atactive layer dynamics and soil genesis,classification, and formation.

• Establishment of climatic stations, with bothbelow- and above-ground sensors, in much ofAlaska, with comparable sites in the perma-frost regions of China as well as in Antarctica.

Agricultural Research Service• Research on plant sciences emphasizing

germplasm preservation to protect nativeand Russian plant species with emphasis onmedicinal value and utility for erosion control.

• Research in animal sciences to investigateAlaska fisheries byproduct use (especially forfeed stocks), integrated pest management forgrasshopper control in Alaska’s central basin,and the biosystematics of Holarctic ruminantparasites to assess pathogen distribution infood resources of northern communities.

Department of State• Coordination of U.S. involvement in the Arctic

Council and its working groups, including theArctic Monitoring and Assessment Program;Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna,which the U.S. vice-chairs; Emergency Pre-vention, Preparedness, and Response; Protec-tion of the Arctic Marine Environment, whichthe U.S. chairs; Sustainable Development;and the Arctic Council Action Plan to Elimi-nate Pollution of the Arctic.

• Chairmanship of regular meetings of theinteragency Arctic Policy Group and overallresponsibility for the coordination and formu-lation of U.S. policy in the Arctic.

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Appendix E: Arctic Research and Policy Act,As Amended

PUBLIC LAW 98-373 - July 31,1984; amended asPUBLIC LAW 101-609 - November 16, 1990

An Act

To provide for a comprehensive national policy dealingwith national research needs and objectives in theArctic, for a National Critical Materials Council, fordevelopment of a continuing and comprehensivenational materials policy, for programs necessary tocarry out that policy, including Federal programs ofadvanced materials research and technology, and forinnovation in basic materials industries, and forother purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives ofthe United States of America in Congress assembled:

TITLE 1-ARCTIC RESEARCH AND POLICY

SHORT TITLE

SEC. 101. This title may be cited as the “Arctic Researchand Policy Act of 1984, as amended”.

FINDINGS AND PURPOSES

SEC. 102.(a) The Congress finds and declares that—(1) the Arctic, onshore and offshore, contains vital energyresources that can reduce the Nation’s dependence on for-eign oil and improve the national balance of payments;(2) as the Nation’s only common border with the SovietUnion, the Arctic is critical to national defense;(3) the renewable resources of the Arctic, specificallyfish and other seafood, represent one of the Nation’sgreatest commercial assets;(4) Arctic conditions directly affect global weather pat-terns and must be understood in order to promote betteragricultural management throughout the United States;(5) industrial pollution not originating in the Arctic re-gion collects in the polar air mass, has the potential todisrupt global weather patterns, and must be controlledthrough international cooperation and consultation;(6) the Arctic is a natural laboratory for research intohuman health and adaptation, physical and psychologi-cal, to climates of extreme cold and isolation and mayprovide information crucial for future defense needs;(7) atmospheric conditions peculiar to the Arctic makethe Arctic a unique testing ground for research into highlatitude communications, which is likely to be crucial forfuture defense needs;(8) Arctic marine technology is critical to cost-effectiverecovery, and transportation of energy resources and tothe national defense;

(9) the United States has important security, economic,and environmental interests in developing and maintain-ing a fleet of icebreaking vessels capable of operatingeffectively in the heavy ice regions of the Arctic;(10) most Arctic-rim countries, particularly the SovietUnion, possess Arctic technologies far more advancedthan those currently available in the United States;(11) Federal Arctic research is fragmented and uncoordi-nated at the present time, leading to the neglect of certainareas of research and to unnecessary duplication of ef-fort in other areas of research;(12) improved logistical coordination and support forArctic research and better dissemination of research dataand information is necessary to increase the efficiencyand utility of national Arctic research efforts;(13) a comprehensive national policy and program planto organize and fund currently neglected scientific re-search with respect to the Arctic is necessary to fulfillnational objectives in Arctic research;(14) the Federal Government, in cooperation with Stateand local governments, should focus its efforts on thecollection and characterization of basic data related tobiological, materials, geophysical, social, and behavioralphenomena in the Arctic;(15) research into the long-range health, environmental,and social effects of development in the Arctic is neces-sary to mitigate the adverse consequences of that devel-opment to the land and its residents;(16) Arctic research expands knowledge of the Arctic,which can enhance the lives of Arctic residents, increaseopportunities for international cooperation among Arc-tic-rim countries, and facilitate the formulation of na-tional policy for the Arctic; and(17) the Alaskan Arctic provides an essential habitat formarine mammals, migratory waterfowl, and other formsof wildlife which are important to the Nation and whichare essential to Arctic residents.

(b) The purposes of this title are—(1) to establish national policy, priorities, and goals andto provide a Federal program plan for basic and appliedscientific research with respect to the Arctic, includingnatural resources and materials, physical, biological andhealth sciences, and social and behavioral sciences;(2) to establish an Arctic Research Commission to pro-mote Arctic research and to recommend Arctic researchpolicy,(3) to designate the National Science Foundation as thelead agency responsible for implementing Arctic researchpolicy, and(4) to establish an Interagency Arctic Research PolicyCommittee to develop a national Arctic research policyand a five year plan to implement that policy.

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ARCTIC RESEARCH COMMISSION

SEC. 103. (a) The President shall establish an ArcticResearch Commission (hereinafter referred to as the“Commission”).

(b)(1) The Commission shall be composed of seven mem-bers appointed by the President, with the Director of theNational Science Foundation serving as a nonvoting, exofficio member. The members appointed by the Presidentshall include—

(A) four members appointed from among individu-als from academic or other research institutions withexpertise in areas of research relating to the Arctic,including the physical, biological, health, environ-mental, social and behavioral sciences;(B) one member appointed from among indigenousresidents of the Arctic who are representative ofthe needs and interests of Arctic residents and wholive in areas directly affected by Arctic resourcedevelopment; and(C) two members appointed from among individu-als familiar with the Arctic and representative ofthe needs and interests of private industry under-taking resource development in the Arctic.

(2) The President shall designate one of the appointedmembers of the Commission to be chairperson of theCommission.(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this sub-

section, the term of office of each member of the Commis-sion appointed under subsection (b)(1) shall be four years.

(2) Of the members of the Commission originally ap-pointed under subsection (b)(1)—

(A) one shall be appointed for a term of two years;(B) two shall be appointed for a term of three years;and(C) two shall be appointed for a term of four years.

(3) Any vacancy occurring in the membership of theCommission shall be filled, after notice of the vacancy ispublished in the Federal Register, in the manner provid-ed by the preceding provisions of this section, for theremainder of the unexpired term.(4) A member may serve after the expiration of themember’s term of office until the President appoints asuccessor.(5) A member may serve consecutive terms beyond themember’s original appointment.(d)(1) Members of the Commission may be allowed travel

expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, asauthorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States Code.A member of the Commission not presently employed forcompensation shall be compensated at a rate equal to thedaily equivalent of the rate for GS-18 of the GeneralSchedule under section 5332 of title 5, United States Code,for each day the member is engaged in the actualperformance of his duties as a member of the Commission,not to exceed 90 days of service each year. Except for thepurposes of chapter 81 of title 5 (relating to compensationfor work injuries) and chapter 171 of title 28 (relating to tortclaims), a member of the Commission shall not be consideredan employee of the United States for any purpose.

(2) The Commission shall meet at the call of its Chair-man or a majority of its members.(3) Each Federal agency referred to in section 107(b)may designate a representative to participate as an ob-server with the Commission. These representatives shallreport to and advise the Commission on the activitiesrelating to Arctic research of their agencies.(4) The Commission shall conduct at least one publicmeeting in the State of Alaska annually.

DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION

SEC. 104. (a) The Commission shall—(1) develop and recommend an integrated national Arcticresearch policy;(2) in cooperation with the Interagency Arctic ResearchPolicy Committee established under section 107, assistin establishing a national Arctic research program plan toimplement the Arctic research policy;(3) facilitate cooperation between the Federal Govern-ment and State and local governments with respect toArctic research;(4) review Federal research programs in the Arctic andrecommend improvements in coordination among pro-grams;(5) recommend methods to improve logistical planningand support for Arctic research as may be appropriateand in accordance with the findings and purposes of thistitle;(6) recommend methods for improving efficient sharingand dissemination of data and information on the Arcticamong interested public and private institutions;(7) offer other recommendations and advice to the Inter-agency Committee established under section 107 as itmay find appropriate;(8) cooperate with the Governor of the State of Alaskaand with agencies and organizations of that State whichthe Governor may designate with respect to the formu-lation of Arctic research policy;(9) recommend to the Interagency Committee the meansfor developing international scientific cooperation in theArctic; and(10) not later than January 31,1991, and every 2 yearsthereafter, publish a statement of goals and objectiveswith respect to Arctic research to guide the InteragencyCommittee established under section 107 in the perfor-mance of its duties.(b) Not later than January 31 of each year, the Commis-

sion shall submit to the President and to the Congress areport describing the activities and accomplishments ofthe Commission during the immediately preceding fiscalyear.

COOPERATION WITH THE COMMISSION

SEC. 105. (a)(1) The Commission may acquire from thehead of any Federal agency unclassified data, reports, andother nonproprietary information with respect to Arcticresearch in the possession of the agency which the Com-mission considers useful in the discharge of its duties.

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(2) Each agency shall cooperate with the Commissionand furnish all data, reports, and other informationrequested by the Commission to the extent permittedby law; except that no agency need furnish any infor-mation which it is permitted to withhold under section522 of title 5, United States Code.(b) With the consent of the appropriate agency head,

the Commission may utilize the facilities and services ofany Federal agency to the extent that the facilities andservices are needed for the establishment and develop-ment of an Arctic research policy, upon reimbursement tobe agreed upon by the Commission and the agency headand taking every feasible step to avoid duplication of effort.

(c) All Federal agencies shall consult with the Commis-sion before undertaking major Federal actions relating toArctic research.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE COMMISSION

SEC. 106. The Commission may—(1) in accordance with the civil service laws and sub-chapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code,appoint and fix the compensation of an Executive Direc-tor and necessary additional staff personnel, but not toexceed a total of seven compensated personnel;(2) procure temporary and intermittent services as au-thorized by section 3109 of title 5, United States Code;(3) enter into contracts and procure supplies, servicesand personal property;(4) enter into agreements with the General Services Ad-ministration for the procurement of necessary financialand administrative services, for which payment shall bemade by reimbursement from funds of the Commissionin amounts to be agreed upon by the Commission andthe Administrator of the General Services Administra-tion; and(5) appoint, and accept without compensation the ser-vices of, scientists and engineering specialists to be advi-sors to the Commission. Each advisor may be allowedtravel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsis-tence, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5, UnitedStates Code. Except for the purposes of chapter 81 oftitle 5 (relating to compensation for work injuries) andchapter 171 of title 28 (relating to tort claims) of theUnited States Code, an advisor appointed under thisparagraph shall not be considered an employee of theUnited States for any purpose.

LEAD AGENCY AND INTERAGENCY ARCTICRESEARCH POLICY COMMITTEE

SEC. 107. (a) The National Science Foundation is desig-nated as the lead agency responsible for implementingArctic research policy, and the Director of the NationalScience Foundation shall insure that the requirements ofsection 108 are fulfilled.

(b)(1) The President shall establish an Interagency Arc-tic Research Policy Committee (hereinafter referred to asthe “Interagency Committee”).

(2) The Interagency Committee shall be composed ofrepresentatives of the following Federal agencies oroffices:

(A) the National Science Foundation;(B) the Department of Commerce;(C) the Department of Defense;(D) the Department of Energy;(E) the Department of the Interior;(F) the Department of State;(G) the Department of Transportation;(H) the Department of Health and Human Services;(I) the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion;(J) the Environmental Protection Agency; and(K) any other agency or office deemed appropriate.

(3) The representative of the National Science Founda-tion shall serve as the Chairperson of the Interagency Com-mittee.

DUTIES OF THE INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE

SEC. 108. (a) The Interagency Committee shall—(1) survey Arctic research conducted by Federal, State,and local agencies, universities, and other public and pri-vate institutions to help determine priorities for futureArctic research, including natural resources and materi-als, physical and biological sciences, and social and be-havioral sciences;(2) work with the Commission to develop and establishan integrated national Arctic research policy that willguide Federal agencies in developing and implementingtheir research programs in the Arctic;(3) consult with the Commission on—

(A) the development of the national Arctic researchpolicy and the 5-year plan implementing the policy;(B) Arctic research programs of Federal agencies;(C) recommendations of the Commission on futureArctic research; and(D) guidelines for Federal agencies for awarding andadministering Arctic research grants;

(4) develop a 5-year plan to implement the national pol-icy, as provided in section 109;(5) provide the necessary coordination, data, and assis-tance for the preparation of a single integrated, coherent,and multiagency budget request for Arctic research asprovided for in section 110;(6) facilitate cooperation between the Federal Govern-ment and State and local governments in Arctic research,and recommend the undertaking of neglected areas ofresearch in accordance with the findings and purposes ofthis title;(7) coordinate and promote cooperative Arctic scientificresearch programs with other nations, subject to the for-eign policy guidance of the Secretary of State;(8) cooperate with the Governor of the State of Alaska infulfilling its responsibilities under this title;(9) promote Federal interagency coordination of all Arc-tic research activities, including-

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(A) logistical planning and coordination; and(B) the sharing of data and information associatedwith Arctic research, subject to section 552 of title5, United States Code; and

(10) provide public notice of its meetings and an oppor-tunity for the public to participate in the developmentand implementation of national Arctic research policy.(b) Not later than January 31, 1986, and biennially there-

after, the Interagency Committee shall submit to the Con-gress through the President, a brief, concise report con-taining-

(1) a statement of the activities and accomplishments ofthe Interagency Committee since its last report; and(2) a statement detailing with particularity the recom-mendations of the Commission with respect to Federalinteragency activities in Arctic research and the disposi-tion and responses to those recommendations.

5-YEAR ARCTIC RESEARCH PLAN

SEC. 109. (a) The Interagency Committee, in consultationwith the Commission, the Governor of the State of Alas-ka, the residents of the Arctic, the private sector, andpublic interest groups, shall prepare a comprehensive 5-year program plan (hereinafter referred to as the “Plan”)for the overall Federal effort in Arctic research. The Planshall be prepared and submitted to the President for trans-mittal to the Congress within one year after the enactmentof this Act and shall be revised biennially thereafter. (b) The Plan shall contain but need not be limited to thefollowing elements:

(1) an assessment of national needs and problems re-garding the Arctic and the research necessary to addressthose needs or problems;(2) a statement of the goals and objectives of the Inter-agency Committee for national Arctic research;(3) a detailed listing of all existing Federal programs re-lating to Arctic research, including the existing goals, fund-ing levels for each of the 5 following fiscal years, and thefunds currently being expended to conduct the programs;(4) recommendations for necessary program changes andother proposals to meet the requirements of the policyand goals as set forth by the Commission and in the Planas currently in effect; and(5) a description of the actions taken by the InteragencyCommittee to coordinate the budget review process inorder to ensure interagency coordination and coopera-tion in (A) carrying out Federal Arctic research pro-grams, and (B) eliminating unnecessary duplication ofeffort among these programs.

COORDINATION AND REVIEW OF BUDGETREQUESTS

SEC. 110. (a) The Office of Science and Technology Poli-cy shall—

(1) review all agency and department budget requestsrelated to the Arctic transmitted pursuant to section108(a)(5), in accordance with the national Arctic researchpolicy and the 5-year program under section 108(a)(2)and section 109, respectively; and(2) consult closely with the Interagency Committee andthe Commission to guide the Office of Technology Pol-icy’s efforts.(b)(1) The Office of Management and Budget shall con-

sider all Federal agency requests for research related to theArctic as one integrated, coherent, and multiagency re-quest, which shall be reviewed by the Office of Manage-ment and Budget prior to submission of the President’sannual budget request for its adherence to the Plan. TheCommission shall, after submission of the President’s an-nual budget request, review the request and report to Con-gress on adherence to the Plan.

(2) The Office of Management and Budget shall seekto facilitate planning for the design, procurement,maintenance, deployment and operations of icebreakersneeded to provide a platform for Arctic research byallocating all funds necessary to support icebreakingoperations, except for recurring incremental costsassociated with specific projects, to the Coast Guard.

AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS;NEW SPENDING AUTHORITY

SEC. 111. (a) There are authorized to be appropriatedsuch sums as may be necessary for carrying out this title.

(b) Any new spending authority (within the meaningof section 401 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974)which is provided under this title shall be effective for anyfiscal year only to such extent or in such amounts as maybe provided in appropriation Acts.

DEFINITION

SEC. 112. As used in this title, the term “Arctic” means allUnited States and foreign territory north of the ArcticCircle and all United States territory north and west of theboundary formed by the Porcupine, Yukon, and Kuskok-wim Rivers; all contiguous seas, including the Arctic Oceanand the Beaufort, Bering and Chukchi Seas; and the Aleu-tian chain.

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IntroductionAll researchers working in the North have an

ethical responsibility toward the people of theNorth, their cultures, and the environment. Thefollowing principles have been formulated to pro-vide guidance for researchers in the physical, bio-logical, behavioral, health, economic, political, andsocial sciences and in the humanities. These prin-ciples are to be observed when carrying out orsponsoring research in Arctic and northern regionsor when applying the results of this research.

This statement addresses the need to promotemutual respect and communication between scien-tists and northern residents. Cooperation is need-ed at all stages of research planning and imple-mentation in projects that directly affect northernpeople. Cooperation will contribute to a betterunderstanding of the potential benefits of Arcticresearch for northern residents and will contributeto the development of northern science throughtraditional knowledge and experience.

These “Principles for the Conduct of Researchin the Arctic” were prepared by the InteragencySocial Science Task Force in response to a recom-mendation by the Polar Research Board of theNational Academy of Sciences and at the directionof the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Commit-tee. This statement is not intended to replace otherexisting Federal, State, or professional guidelines,but rather to emphasize their relevance for thewhole scientific community. Examples of similarguidelines used by professional organizations andagencies in the United States and in other coun-tries are listed in the publications.

ImplementationAll scientific investigations in the Arctic should

be assessed in terms of potential human impactand interest. Social science research, particularlystudies of human subjects, requires special con-sideration, as do studies of resources of economic,cultural, and social value to Native people. In allinstances, it is the responsibility of the principalinvestigator on each project to implement the fol-lowing recommendations:

1. The researcher should inform appropriate

community authorities of planned researchon lands, waters, or territories used or occu-pied by them. Research directly involvingnorthern people or communities should notproceed without their clear and informedconsent. When informing the communityand/or obtaining informed consent, theresearcher should identify—a. all sponsors and sources of financial

support;b. the person in charge and all investigators

involved in the research, as well as anyanticipated need for consultants, guides,or interpreters;

c. the purposes, goals, and time frame ofthe research;

d. data-gathering techniques (tape andvideo recordings, photographs, physio-logical measurements, and so on) andthe uses to which they will be put; and

e. foreseeable positive and negative impli-cations and impacts of the research.

2. The duty of researchers to inform communitiescontinues after approval has been obtained.Ongoing projects should be explained in termsunderstandable to the local community.

3. Researchers should consult with and, whereapplicable, include northern communities inproject planning and implementation. Rea-sonable opportunities should be providedfor the communities to express their inter-ests and to participate in the research.

4. Research results should be explained innontechnical terms and, where feasible,should be communicated by means of studymaterials that can be used by local teachersor displays that can be shown in local com-munity centers or museums.

5. Copies of research reports, data descrip-tions, and other relevant materials should beprovided to the local community. Specialefforts must be made to communicate resultsthat are responsive to local concerns.

6. Subject to the requirements for anonymity,publications should always refer to theinformed consent of participants and givecredit to those contributing to the researchproject.

Appendix F: Principles for the Conductof Research in the Arctic

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7. The researcher must respect local culturaltraditions, languages, and values. Theresearcher should, where practicable, incor-porate the following elements in theresearch design:a. Use of local and traditional knowledge

and experience.b. Use of the languages of the local people.c. Translation of research results, particu-

larly those of local concern, into thelanguages of the people affected bythe research.

8. When possible, research projects shouldanticipate and provide meaningful experi-ence and training for young people.

9. In cases where individuals or groups pro-vide information of a confidential nature,their anonymity must be guaranteed in boththe original use of data and in its depositionfor future use.

10. Research on humans should only be under-taken in a manner that respects their privacyand dignity:a. Research subjects must remain anony-

mous unless they have agreed to be iden-tified. If anonymity cannot be guaran-teed, the subjects must be informed ofthe possible consequences of becominginvolved in the research.

b. In cases where individuals or groups pro-vide information of a confidential or per-sonal nature, this confidentiality must beguaranteed in both the original use ofdata and in its deposition for future use.

c. The rights of children must be respected.All research involving children must befully justified in terms of goals andobjectives and never undertaken withoutthe consent of the children and their par-ents or legal guardians.

d. Participation of subjects, including theuse of photography in research, shouldalways be based on informed consent.

e. The use and disposition of human tissuesamples should always be based on theinformed consent of the subjects or nextof kin.

11. The researcher is accountable for all projectdecisions that affect the community, includ-ing decisions made by subordinates.

12. All relevant Federal, State, and local regula-tions and policies pertaining to cultural,environmental, and health protection mustbe strictly observed.

13. Sacred sites, cultural materials, and culturalproperty cannot be disturbed or removedwithout community and/or individual con-sent and in accordance with Federal andState laws and regulations.

In implementing these principles, researchersmay find additional guidance in the publicationslisted below. In addition, a number of AlaskaNative and municipal organizations can be con-tacted for general information, obtaining informedconsent, and matters relating to research propos-als and coordination with Native and local inter-ests. A separate list is available from NSF’s Officeof Polar Programs.

PublicationsArctic Social Science: An Agenda for Action.

National Academy of Sciences, Washington,D.C., 1989.

Draft Principles for an Arctic Policy. Inuit Circum-polar Conference, Kotzebue, 1986.

Ethics. Social Sciences and Humanities ResearchCouncil of Canada, Ottawa, 1977.

Nordic Statement of Principles and Prioritiesin Arctic Research. Center for Arctic CulturalResearch, Umea, Sweden, 1989.

Policy on Research Ethics. Alaska Departmentof Fish and Game, Juneau, 1984.

Principles of Professional Responsibility. Councilof the American Anthropological Association,Washington, D.C., 1971, rev. 1989.

The Ethical Principles for the Conduct ofResearch in the North. The Canadian Universi-ties for Northern Studies, Ottawa, 1982.

The National Arctic Health Science Policy. Amer-ican Public Health Association, Washington,D.C., 1984.

Protocol for Centers for Disease Control/IndianHealth Service Serum Bank. Prepared byArctic Investigations Program (CDC) andAlaska Area Native Health Service, 1990.(Available through Alaska Area Native HealthService, 255 Gambell Street, Anchorage, AK99501.)

Indian Health Manual. Indian Health Service,U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, Mary-land, 1987.

Human Experimentation. Code of Ethics of theWorld Medical Association (Declaration ofHelsinki). Published in British Medical Jour-nal, 2:177, 1964.

Protection of Human Subjects. Code of FederalRegulations 45 CFR 46, 1974, rev. 1983.

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The following acknowledges the principal individ-uals responsible for this revision of the U.S. ArcticResearch Plan.

The principal Federal agency contributors tothis revision of the U.S. Arctic Research Plan wereCharles E. Myers, Head, Interagency Arctic Staff,Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foun-dation; Sarah Brandel and Ann Gordon, Depart-ment of State; John Stubstad and David Cate,Department of Defense; Luis Tupas, U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture; Igor Krupnik, SmithsonianInstitution; James Devine, U.S. Geological Survey;John Calder and Kathy Crane, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration; Regina Farr, U.S.

Appendix G: Acknowledgments

Department of Transportation; Wanda Ferrell andSylvia Edgerton, Department of Energy; WaleedAbdalati, National Aeronautics and Space Admin-istration; Douglas Steele, Environmental Protec-tion Agency; Jon Berkson and CDR ThomasWojahn, U.S. Coast Guard; Philip S. Chen, Jr., andNatalie Tomitch, National Institutes of Health; andJohn Haugh, Bureau of Land Management,Department of the Interior.

Section 2.3 was prepared in part by George L.Hunt, Jr., University of California, Irvine, and isbased in part on the reports of the workshopsidentified in Section 2.3 on Bering Sea research.