appendix a1.2 second field sampling report - pops) toolkit · 2009-04-20 · suite 201 – 1571...

Appendix A1.2

Second Field

Sampling Report

Suite 201 – 1571 Bellevue Ave., West Vancouver, BC, Canada V7V 1A6 • • Fax: 1.604.926.5389 •

Hatfield Consultants Partnership

2ND FIELD SAMPLING PROGRAM

THAILAND, LAO PDR, CAMBODIA, AND MALAYSIA

JULY - AUGUST 2008

Prepared for:

THE WORLD BANK GROUP 1818 H STREET, NW, WASHINGTON DC

20433 USA

Prepared by:

HATFIELD CONSULTANTS SUITE 201 – 1571 BELLEVUE AVENUE

WEST VANCOUVER, BC V7V 1A6

SEPTEMBER 2008

POP1406

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................ iv

LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. v

DISTRIBUTION LIST .................................................................................... vi

1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 1

2.0 FIELD SAMPLING IN THAILAND....................................................... 3 2.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 3 2.2 SITE RECONNAISSANCE VISIT AND PLANNING................................................ 3 2.2.1 Description of the MEA Facility........................................................................... 3 2.2.2 Adopted Sampling Approach .............................................................................. 5 2.3 HANDS-ON FIELD SAMPLING DEMONSTRATION AND HUMAN

EXPOSURE SURVEY.............................................................................................. 6 2.4 TECHNICAL TRAINING SEMINAR......................................................................... 7 2.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT ...................................................... 7 2.6 SOCIAL AND HUMAN EXPOSURE QUESTIONNAIRES..................................... 12

3.0 BLOOD SAMPLING IN VIENTIANE, LAO PDR ............................... 13 3.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 13 3.2 TRAINING SEMINAR ON BLOOD SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING........ 13 3.3 BLOOD SAMPLING AND HANDLING OF SAMPLES.......................................... 14 3.3.1 Field Crew Briefing, and Health and Safety Plan ............................................. 15 3.3.2 Pre-Sampling Procedures ................................................................................ 15 3.4 SAMPLE MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS .......................................................... 15 3.4.1 Blood Sample Handling and Analysis............................................................... 17

4.0 BLOOD SAMPLING PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA ........................... 17 4.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 17 4.2 TRAINING SEMINAR ON BLOOD SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING........ 18 4.3 BLOOD SAMPLING AND HANDLING OF SAMPLES.......................................... 18 4.3.1 Field Crew Briefing and Health and Safety Plan .............................................. 19 4.3.2 Pre-sampling Procedures ................................................................................. 19 4.4 SAMPLE MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS .......................................................... 19 4.4.1 Blood Sample Handling and Analysis............................................................... 21

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL FIELD SAMPLING IN MALAYSIA..................... 22 5.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 22 5.2 MEETING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS AT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT

AND NATURAL RESOURCES (MONRE) ............................................................. 22 5.3 SITE RECONNAISSANCE VISIT AND SAMPLING STATION MAPPING............ 24

2nd Field Sampling Program for POPs Project: July – August 2008 i Hatfield

5.3.1 Description of the Study Site – Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill (AHSL)................... 24 5.3.2 Adopted Sampling Approach ............................................................................ 26 5.4 TECHNICAL TRAINING SEMINAR....................................................................... 28 5.5 HANDS-ON FIELD SAMPLING DEMONSTRATION AND HUMAN

EXPOSURE SURVEY............................................................................................ 29 5.6 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT .................................................... 30 5.6.1 Sample Handling and Analytical Plan............................................................... 34 5.7 SOCIAL AND HUMAN EXPOSURE QUESTIONNAIRES..................................... 35

6.0 STATUS OF ALL FIELD SAMPLES AND ANALYSIS ...................... 35

7.0 CLOSURE.......................................................................................... 36

2nd Field Sampling Program for POPs Project: July – August 2008 ii Hatfield

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 List of samples collected at the MEA Facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand, between July 29 – August 1, 2008................................................8

Table 3.1 Blood samples and analytical requirement forms, Vientiane, Lao PDR. ....................................................................................................16

Table 4.1 Blood samples and analysis requirement form, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. ..................................................................................................20

Table 5.1 List of samples collected from the Air Hitam Landfill Site in Selangor, Malaysia, from August 18-19, 2008............................................31

Table 6.1 Sample analytical plan, POPs Project. .......................................................35

2nd Field Sampling Program for POPs Project: July – August 2008 iii Hatfield

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Photos of site reconnaissance and sampling station mapping exercise at MEA Facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand on 28 July 2008..............................................................................................................4

Figure 2.2 Pre-field sampling stations map for MEA Facility, Samut Prakan.................5

Figure 2.3 Hands-on demonstration of field sampling techniques at MEA Facility, Thailand, on July 29, 2008. .............................................................6

Figure 2.4 Detailed sample collection sites, MEA Facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand during July 29 – August 1, 2008. .................................................10

Figure 2.5 Sample collection and handling at MEA Facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand between July 29 – August 1, 2008...............................................10

Figure 3.1 Blood sampling program, Vientiane, Lao PDR, August 4 and 5, 2008............................................................................................................16

Figure 4.1 Blood sampling, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, August 7, 2008........................21

Figure 5.1 Malaysian key stakeholders’ meeting at MONRE, Putrajaya, Malaysia, July 15, 2008. .............................................................................23

Figure 5.2 Photo of construction work at the Air Hitam Sanitary Site in the 1990s (source: Worldwide Environment, 2007)..........................................24

Figure 5.3 Total annual tonnage of waste deposition at the AHSL site from 1995 – late 2006 (source: Worldwide Environment, 2007).........................25

Figure 5.4 Site reconnaissance and sampling station mapping, AHSL, Malaysia, August 15, 2008. ........................................................................26

Figure 5.5 Pre-field sampling stations map for AHSL, Malaysia..................................27

Figure 5.6 Technical seminar on field sampling and analysis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) on 18 August 2008......................................29

Figure 5.7 Hands-on Training on field sampling at the Air Hitam Landfill Site in Selangor, Malaysia, on August 18, 2008. ...............................................30

Figure 5.8 Sample collection sites from the Air Hitam Landfill in Selangor, Malaysia, from August 18-19, 2008. ...........................................................32

Figure 5.9 Field sampling activities at the Air Hitam Landfill Site in Selangor, on August 19, 2008.....................................................................................32

2nd Field Sampling Program for POPs Project: July – August 2008 iv Hatfield

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A1 Field Sample Schedules

Appendix A2 List of Participants and Persons Met

Appendix A3 Training Material (Power Point Presentations)

Appendix A4 Blood Sampling Protocols

2nd Field Sampling Program for POPs Project: July – August 2008 v Hatfield

DISTRIBUTION LIST

The following individuals/firms have received this document:

Name Firm Hardcopies CDs FTP

Jitendra Shah World Bank √ √

Catalina Marulanda World Bank √ √

Manuel Cocco World Bank √ √

Choviran Ken NFP Cambodia √ √

Monemany Nhoybouakong NFP Lao PDR √ √

Che Kodir Bin. Bahrum NFP Malaysia √ √

Pornpimon Chareonsong NFP Thailand √ √

2nd Field Sampling Program for POPs Project: July – August 2008 vi Hatfield

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The enclosed report provides detailed information about the second (supplementary) field sampling program carried out by the POPs Project Team in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Malaysia. All activities took place between the 28th of July and the 20th of August 2008.

The second field sampling program activities presented in this brief report were conducted under ‘the Regional Capacity Building Program for Health Risk Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in South East Asia Project” (hereafter referred to as the “POPs Project”). The POPs Project is funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) POPs Fund, and is implemented by the World Bank. The Hatfield Consultants Partnership is contracted to provide technical inputs to the POPs project.

The first field sampling program was carried out from 12 – 24 May 2008 in Lao PDR, Cambodia and Thailand. The first field program included:

Technical seminar and environmental sample collection at Sok Pa Luang EDL Repair Workshop, Vientiane, Lao PDR, from 12 – 17 May 2008;

Hands-on demonstration/training and environmental sample collection at EDC Sambour Warehouse, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from 19 – 24 May 2008; and

Preliminary Site reconnaissance visit to the Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand from 15 – 17 May 2008.

The second field sampling program was not anticipated, and did not appear in the Project Implementation Plan (PIP) approved at the Regional Launch Workshop in Luang Prabang in early April 2008. However, it was added to accommodate the following new developments in the POPs project:

The selection of a case-study site in Thailand, and the selection of case-study site and national consultant in Malaysia; and

A request from the focal points in Lao PDR and Cambodia for chemical analysis of collected blood samples. Subjects who many have been exposed to PCBS and other contaminants as a result of their usage/storage at the case-study sites were concerned about their potential chemical exposure.

The second field sampling program mission was conducted by the following Hatfield POPs Project Team members:

Thomas Boivin, Hatfield POPs Project Director/POPs Project Manager, from 1 – 20 August 2008;

2nd Field Sampling Program for POPs Project: July – August 2008 1 Hatfield

Sokhem Pech, Hatfield POPs Project Manager/POPs Project Assistant Project Manager and Communication Specialist, from 27 July – 20 August 2008;

Jasmin Gee, Environmental Specialist/Field Data Specialist, from 27 July – 9 August 2008; and

National Consultants from Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Malaysia.

Aneeqa Syed, Hatfield Remote Sensing/GIS specialist, assisted the Project Team in developing required site and sample collection station maps from Vancouver, BC, Canada.

The second field mission was designed to accomplish two goals. The first goal was to consult with and receive input from key stakeholders on the project work plan and milestones (including the training program and stakeholder identification). The second goal was to provide technical capacity building/on-the-job training to national stakeholders and collect supplement any field data. The training and sampling activities included the following components:

Stakeholders Meeting: the Hatfield team met with National Focal Points, Senior Management of Key Government Agencies, and National Consultants to discuss the POPs Project, including the training program, stakeholder identification and the goal of the field program;

Site Reconnaissance: the Hatfield team toured the case-study site with key national staff to select and map potential sampling locations, to discuss the sampling plan and to liaise with local stakeholders (site management and local community members);

Training Seminar: the Hatfield team provided training in field sampling, sample handling and analysis for government officials, followed by hands-on demonstration of sampling techniques at the case-study site;

Fieldwork: the Hatfield team worked with the national focal points to collect environmental and biological samples, and socio/economic information in Thailand and Malaysia, and to collect blood samples in Vientiane, Lao PDR and Phnom Penh, Cambodia; and

Fieldwork Demobilization: the Hatfield team worked with the national focal points to: (a) prepare samples for shipping (i.e., sample labeling, storage, shipping and the completion of export formalities); (b) complete and archive important documents (i.e., chain of custody forms, survey and field forms; and, (c) properly clean and store field equipment.


2.0 FIELD SAMPLING IN THAILAND

2.1 BACKGROUND

The Field Sampling mission was carried out in Thailand between July 27th and August 2nd, 2008. The Field Sample Mission schedule is provided in Appendix A1-1.

The Hatfield Team expresses its appreciation to Thai government officials concerned for their active support and involvement. Special thanks are due to Khun Pornpimon Chareonsong, National Focal Point for POPs, Thailand, and Senior Scientist, Pollution Control Department (PCD), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) and her POPs team for their strong support and active participation. The Team also expresses its appreciation to the management of the MEA Facility for their cooperation. The Hatfield Team would also like to thank the local community for their warm welcome and active participation in the social and exposure survey, and to the local residents for helping collect the fish samples.

2.2 SITE RECONNAISSANCE VISIT AND PLANNING

The Project Hatfield Team, together with the key officials from the PCD, visited the MEA Facility in Samut Prakan on Monday, 28 July 2008. The team met with the senior management of the facility and representatives of MEA to discuss the sampling plan, including the identification of sampling locations, and target groups for the social and human exposure survey.

2.2.1 Description of the MEA Facility

The Thailand POPs Team selected the MEA Facility in Samut Prakan as the case-study site for a human health risk assessment case-study. The site was established on August 1, 1958 under the Metropolitan Electricity Authority Act of 1958.

The site has been owned and operated by the MEA for at least 20 years and was used for storing old transformers and capacitors, used and defective or broken electric equipment, as well as for repairing and dismantling electrical equipment. It has also been used for the storage of used PCB-containing capacitors and transformers since 2003. MEA is a state-owned enterprise operating under the Ministry of the Interior.

The site is located to the south of downtown Bangkok on the banks of the Chao Phraya River (about 5 km from the river mouth where it drains into the Gulf of Thailand) at the end of Suksawat 53. The area is heavily industrialized; immediately adjacent to the MEA Facility is an asphalt factory, a garment factory, and a fuel storage depot. In general, the soils within and around the facility have been heavily disturbed. The site is partially paved with concrete and asphalt.


Transformers and transformer parts are visible within several areas of site, and appear to have been used as fill material.

Soils in the storage area (in North West side corner of the site) are covered with pieces of ceramic insulators from old transformers and other electric equipment. The area is fenced and protected from public access. According to the site supervisor, many of the MEA workers are shift workers, and generally only three to five employees are on site at any given time. In addition, there are four security guards working permanently at the site.

Adjacent to the site there are 83 residences, housing more than 400 people. These are located primarily at the South East and South West corners of the Facility, closer to main road (Suksawat Road; Figure 2.2). Some areas are subject to inundation during high tide and floods. The flow in the river and surrounding stream networks reverse depending on the tidal effect and flow regime in the Chao Phraya River.

Because the whole area is subject to tidal flooding, most local residents live in houses elevated on stilts. Most of the local residents work in garment factories in the area. There are some small fish ponds in the area, which are maintained both for leisure and as a source of food.

Figure 2.1 Photos of site reconnaissance and sampling station mapping exercise at MEA Facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand on 28 July 2008.


2.2.2 Adopted Sampling Approach

Sampling at the MEA site (Figure 2.2) focused on delineating the extent of contamination (within the constraints of the sampling budget) and identifying significant human exposure pathways (diet, dermal contact and inhalation). Much of the investigation occurred on the MEA facility property, namely the former storage areas for transformers, capacitors, and residual oils. However, the Field Crew also investigated potential off-site transport routes, including roads, drainage ditches and the potential for human contamination from migration of contaminated material off-site. Samples were collected from the MEA facility, roads/ditches/off-site soils (in the immediate vicinity), and sediments from the Chao Phraya River and homes of nearby residents.

The field program included collection of soils, sediments, dust, and fish tissue. Human blood and breast milk were not collected. However, questionnaires were administered to workers and local community members to identify potential human exposure routes and pathways.

Figure 2.2 Pre-field sampling stations map for MEA Facility, Samut Prakan.

Preliminary sampling locations were selected based on a review of existing topographic maps and satellite data (see Figure 2.2). Satellite data provide indicators of potential exposure pathways present on site and also helped to plan the sampling program. Sampling locations were finalized during the site reconnaissance and consultation with key stakeholders. Sampling sites were distributed in order to effectively delineate the zone of potential PCB


contamination as well as to characterize potential off-site contaminant migration routes. Sampling density was highest in the near-field area (i.e. within the site perimeter).

2.3 HANDS-ON FIELD SAMPLING DEMONSTRATION AND HUMAN EXPOSURE SURVEY

On July 29, 2008, the Project Team provided hands-on training to 15 Thai participants on:

1. Developing a health and safety plan for field work, including the completion of a field safety form;

2. Completing equipment check-lists and protocols for handling hazardous chemicals;

3. Decontaminating field equipment; and

4. Conducting soil/sediment sample collection, field data sheet development, using and recording GPS waypoints, sample handling, QA/QC, as well as approaches and methodologies for the social and human exposure survey.

Figure 2.3 Hands-on demonstration of field sampling techniques at MEA Facility, Thailand, on July 29, 2008.


The list of participants in the MEA Facility Field Sampling Team is attached in Appendix 2-1.

2.4 TECHNICAL TRAINING SEMINAR

The Technical Training Seminar was conducted in the meeting room of the PCD, (MONRE), in Bangkok on 30 July 2008. The Training Seminar was chaired by Khun Pornpimon Chareonsong, National Focal Point for POPs, Thailand and Senior Scientist, PCD.

A total of 25 participants from key departments took part in the training seminar. A full list of participants is provided in Appendix A2-2. PCD provided a high-quality interpreter with good knowledge on POPs that facilitated an exchange of expertise and opinions between the Hatfield Team and the participants.

The Project Team provided the following presentations:

Brief Introduction to POPs Issues and the POPs Project (Dr. Jarupong BL, Senior Advisor, Thailand POPs Project);

Introduction to Field Data Sampling and Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) (Thomas Boivin);

Draft Training Program for POPs National Training Workshop on Human Health Risk Management (Thomas Boivin);

Presentation and Discussion on Field Work Plan and Sample Management (Sokhem Pech and Jasmin Gee);

Sample Methodologies: Soil, Sediments, Biological Samples (Theory), labelling, use of GPS and Field Sheets (Jasmin Gee and Sokhem Pech); and

Presentation on Human Exposure Survey and Risk Communication – Rationale and approach; Implementation; Data Analysis; and Lessons Learned (Sokhem Pech).

Power Point Presentations are provided in Appendix A3-1.

The Hatfield Team was impressed by the high level of interactive discussion amongst the Thai participants. Comments and feedback were noted and were highly appreciated. The Hatfield Team took note of all comments and suggestions for the associated field work and other planned project activities, including the planned national training workshop.

2.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT

Environmental sampling was carried out at the MEA Facility on July 29 and 31, and on August 1, 2008 (Figures 2.4 and 2.5). Field data collection went very smoothly. The national counterparts actively participated in the field sampling together with the Project Team. In addition, staff members of the PCD worked



very productively with the local community in the social and human exposure surveys.

Thai participants demonstrated a strong capacity for assimilating new information. After the first day, they were capable of conducting field sampling, and sample and equipment handling with some supervision from the Hatfield Team. A total of 41 samples were collected in triplicate.1

At each sampling location, the Field Crew was diligent in completing field data sheets and field survey waypoint logs according to the POPs Project SOPs. The list of samples collected, sample matrices and GPS coordinates are provided in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 List of samples collected at the MEA Facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand, between July 29 – August 1, 2008.

Samples ID Matrix GPS Coordinates WGS 84, UTM 47P Comments

08THA001A Sediment E 0667082 N 1505980 Canal about 100 meter upstream of the site.

08THA002A Sediment E 0667160 N 1505977 Residential area 300 meter upstream of the site.

08THA003A Soil E 0667304 N 1505797 Depression along the road to the site.

08THA004A Sediment E 0667388 N 1505846 Drainage ditch close to the site.

08THA005A Soil/dust E 0667451 N 1505955 Storage area (concrete floor).

08THA006A Soil E 0667504 N 1505941 Field near site entrance.

08THA007A Soil E 0667449 N 1505766 Residential area just outside the site.

08THA008A Soil E 0667428 N 1505940 Storage oil (oil soaked).

08THA009A Soil E 0667419 N 1505997 Perimeter of the site (drainage).

08THA010A Soil E 0667403 N 1505975 Ditch near the storage area.

08THA011A Soil E 0667427 N 1505962 Ditch on the edge of the storage area.

08THA012A Soil E 0667437 N 1506029 Field closer to river bank.

08THA013A Soil E 0667459 N 1506060 River bank (corner of the property).

08THA014A Soil E 0667485 N 1506088 Field (middle of property).

08THA015A Soil/Sediment E 0667497 N 1506019 Field in front of MEA meeting room.

08THA016A Soil/Sediment E 0667514 N 1506011 River bank behind MEA meeting room.

08THA017A Soil E 0667529 N 1505971 River bank just outside the site.

08THA018A Sediment E 0667554 N 1506001 Below Sala Tha pier.

08THA019A Sediment E 0667558 N 1506001 River bed center of site.

08THA020A Sediment E 0667460 N 1506071 Canal 4 meters south of main river.

1 Samples collected in triplicate were labled as follows: A for Canada, B for Japan, and C for Thailand. Samples

08THA033, 36, 37 38, 39 and 40 were collected in duplicate (A and B), and 08THA031, 32, 34, 35 and 41 were single samples (A) due to limited quantity of some fish tissues (liver, eggs or fat).

Table 2.1 (Cont’d.)

Samples ID Matrix GPS Coordinates WGS 84, UTM 47P Comments

08THA021A Sediment E 0667290 N 1505892 Canal, 200 meters upstream of the site.

08THA022A Sediment E 0667460 N 1506060 Main river upstream of the site.

08THA023A Soil E 0667400 N 1505834 Residential area.

08THA024A Soil E 0667433 N 1505848 Residential area.

08THA025A Soil E 0667495 N 1505909 Bank of fish pond.

08THA026A Soil E 0667376 N 1505858 Bank of canal outside of the site.

08THA027A Sediment E 0667510 N 1505899 Fish pond.

08THA028A Sediment E 0667592 N 1505976 River bed downstream of the site.

08THA029A Sediment E 0667361 N 1505897 Canal, close to the site.

08THA031A Whole fish E 0667558 N 1506001 Mullet (Mugil dussumieri) collected from river in front of the site.

08THA032A River prawn As above Giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii).

08THA033A Fish muscle As above Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) collected from river in front of the site.

08THA034A Fish liver As above As above

08THA035A Fish egg As above As above

08THA036A Snail As above Apple snail (Pila ampullaceal) collected from river in front of the site.

08THA037A Whole eel As above Swamp eel (Monopterus albus) collected from river in front of the site.

08THA038A Fish As above Sand goby (Oxyeleotris marmoratus) collected from river in front of the site.

08THA039A Fish As above Suckmouth catfish (Plecostomus spp) collected from river in front of the site.

08THA040A Fish muscle E 0667510 N 1505899 Snakehead fish (Channa stiata) Fish pond near the site.

08THA041A Fish liver As above As above


Figure 2.4 Detailed sample collection sites, MEA Facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand during July 29 – August 1, 2008.

All samples were carefully compelted, stored, and chain of custody forms were properly documented before sample shipment.

Figure 2.5 Sample collection and handling at MEA Facility, Samut Prakan, Thailand between July 29 – August 1, 2008.


Figure 2.5 (Cont’d.)


As per the SOPs, all samples were collected in triplicate: Sample series A for shipment to Canada for analysis by AXYS Analytical Laboratories (High resolution GCMS); Sample series B for shipment to Japan and analysis by Hiyoshi Corporation (CALUX Analysis); Sample series C for Thailand (status of analyses to be determined).

The Project Team shipped a total of 40 samples (series A) to Canada on 1 August 2008. Samples were transferred immediately to freezer facilities at Hatfield upon arrival in Vancouver.

The samples for Hiyoshi (series B) were shipped to Japan by the PCD in early August. The shipment failed to reach Hiyoshi due to certain technical problems at the Japanese border (customs clearance issues). The samples were re-shipped successfully in the second week of September (the earliest time allowed by Japanese customs).

Hiyoshi was instructed by the Project Team to analyze the following contaminant groups using CALUX bioassay:

Total PCDDs/Fs fraction;

DL-PCBs fraction; and

Both contaminant groups will be quantified first in units of CALUX-TEQs. These concentration values will then be converted into WHO-TEQs for total PCDDs/Fs fraction and DL-PCBs fraction from the accumulated data available using WHO-TEF/2006.

The preliminary results from CALUX pre-screening is expected by the end of September or early October 2008. After receiving the preliminary results from Hiyoshi, the Project Team will select a sub-set of critical samples for analysis by AXYS Analytical Laboratories (High resolution GCMS). The analytical results are expected to be available at the end of November 2008.

2.6 SOCIAL AND HUMAN EXPOSURE QUESTIONNAIRES

Thai participants collected social and human exposure data using a questionnaire survey. The Team was able to interview 4 staff of MEA facility (two were security guards), and 28 local residents. The main findings from the social and human survey can be summarized as follows:

Less than 2% of respondents had ever heard about POPs or PCBs from TV/radio, newspaper or internet;

46% ate fish caught from nearby ponds or streams; and

Average monthly income is around 11,200Baht or US$350.


Through this survey, it appears that there is a potential risk of PCB exposure to workers, security guards and residents from soil contact, food ingestion and dust inhalation.

3.0 BLOOD SAMPLING IN VIENTIANE, LAO PDR

3.1 BACKGROUND

As part of the sampling program undertaken in Lao PDR and Cambodia in May 2008, the field crew interviewed staff members, as well as family members and local residents near Sok Pa Luang EDL Transformer Repair Workshop. All people interviewed were interested in having their blood tested for PCB contamination. No breast milk sampling was conducted, since no lactating females were indentified during the field sampling.

The Blood Sampling mission was carried out in Lao PDR from August 1st to 6th, 2008. The Field Sample Mission schedule is provided in Appendix A1-2.

The National Focal Point approved the proposed list of the blood donors and the Blood Sampling Protocol proposed by the Hatfield Project Team (Appendix A4-1). The Protocol follows internationally-accepted standards to ensure informed consent of donors, and safety of donors and field crew involved.

3.2 TRAINING SEMINAR ON BLOOD SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING

The Blood Sampling Training Seminar was conducted in the meeting room of the National Mekong Committee on August 1, 2008. The Training Seminar was opened and chaired by Mme. Monemany Nhoybouakong, Director General, ERI/WREA.

A total of 31 participants from key agencies including ERI/WREA, Department of Agriculture, Chemical Department (Ministry of Defence), Ministry of Trade and Industry, Electricite du Laos (Ministry of Mines and Energy), Public Health Ministry, National University of Laos, Customs Department, and Transportation Department took part in the training seminar. A full list of Participants is provided in Appendix A2-3.

ERI provided a high-quality interpreter that facilitated an effective exchange of expertise and opinion between the Hatfield Team and the participants. In addition, the chairperson provided a concise summary of key concepts at the end of each presentation and discussion.

Thomas Boivin of the Hatfield Team provided the following presentations:

Brief Introduction of POPs Project Progress and Tentative Schedule of Blood Collection;


Draft Training Program for POPs National Training Workshop on Human Health Risk Management;

Introduction to Blood Sampling Protocols; and

Lessons Learned from elsewhere: Agent Orange Dioxin Contamination in the Environment and Human Population in the Vicinity of Da Nang Airbase, Viet Nam.

Each presentation was followed by an interactive discussion and Q&A session.

Power Point Presentations are provided in Appendix A3.2.

3.3 BLOOD SAMPLING AND HANDLING OF SAMPLES

The blood sampling was conducted at the Blood Collection Center in Vientiane Hospital 103 on August 4, 2008. Hatfield personnel supervised all sample collections, management of the informed consent forms, screening of donors’s eligibility, and the documentation and handling of all collected samples. The National POPs Team commissioned qualified health professionals from Vientiane Hospital 103 to collect individual blood samples to ensure safety and health of donors and field crew.

All blood collection equipment (vacutainers, syringes, etc.) were imported by the Hatfield Team from Canada. Whole blood samples were kept cool on ice packs during the sampling procedure, and frozen within one hour of collection.

The blood collection center met all necessary requirements including:

Ability to maintain privacy and confidentiality of blood donors;

Providing a high standard of cleanliness;

Being well-lit and well-ventilated;

Being accessible only to authorized personnel;

Being secure enough to store sample collection equipment;

Containing a table and chairs for administration of samples and completion of paperwork;

Containing a comfortable chair or bed for the donor during sample collection;

Containing a refrigerator or cool-box;

Being large enough to accommodate the donor, and field crew; and

Being suitably located in relation to the site or residence.


3.3.1 Field Crew Briefing, and Health and Safety Plan

Upon arrival at the Blood Collection Center, Hatfield personnel conducted a briefing session for all field crew (project team, national counter-parts and blood collection personnel) on:

Roles and responsibilities; and

Health and Safety Plan.

The briefing emphasized that safety and security of personnel and donors was a top priority. The briefing covered safety forms, safety considerations while working with chemical contamination and human blood, and safety issues associated with other work place hazards.

The list of field crew and their responsibilities is provided in Appendix A3-4.

3.3.2 Pre-Sampling Procedures

In order to ensure donor’s privacy and proper quality assurance, blood samples were collected from one donor at a time. The field crew checked each donor against the list of donors (with appended photos of each person) and previous human exposure questionnaires to ensure the correct person was being sampled. Field crew members also checked each donor’s blood donation eligibility (recent blood donation, medication and health condition, etc.)

The field crew explained the purpose and key principles of the blood sampling and read to each donor the informed consent forms in the Laotian language. The donor was then requested to sign the informed consent forms in advance of blood sampling.

The donor was allowed to remain seated and relaxed for at least 10 minutes before sample collection (venipuncture).

3.4 SAMPLE MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS

Between 8 to 10 individual blood tubes (vacutainers) were collected from each donor, to ensure that a minimum of 80 mL of blood sample was collected. The blood samples were then transferred to four or five jars (secure containers for protection against breaking and tainting of blood samples during transportation). The collected volume was less than 20% of a typical blood donation, and was required to ensure QA/QC in analysis.

The list of blood samples collected in Vientiane, Lao PDR on August 4, 2008 is provided in Table 3.1.


Table 3.1 Blood samples and analytical requirement forms, Vientiane, Lao PDR.

Sample ID Blood Tube Sample #’s Total # of Blood Jars

Est. Total Volume

(ml) Analysis Required

08LAO-B01 08LAO-B01A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08LAO-B02 08LAO-B02 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08LAO-B03 08LAO-B03 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08LAO-B04 08LAO-B04 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08LAO-B05 08LAO-B05 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08LAO--B06 08LAO-B06 A,B,C,D 4 65

08LAO-B07 08LAO-B07 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08LAO-B08 08LAO-B08 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08LAO-B09 08LAO-B09 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08LAO-B10 08LAO-B10 A,B,C,D, 4 70

08LAO-B11 08LAO-B11 A,B,C,D 4 70

Analyzed using EPA Method 1668A;

Results for all 209 congeners reported, including total PCBs, PCB homologues, and PCB TEQ (based on the WHO 2006 criteria); and

Lipids should be analyzed and reported for all samples.

After blood collection, hospital personnel placed a gauze pad over the puncture site, instructed the donor to press firmly on the pad for 2-3 minutes, and advised the donor not to undertake any strenuous exercise using the arm for at least 30 minutes.

Blood collection equipment was disposed of in accordance with the required standards, and waste was delivered to an authorized medical waste site for treatment and disposal.

During each blood sampling event, the field crew was diligent at completing field data sheets and proper documentation of photos according to the POPs Project Blood Sampling Protocol (Figure 3.1). All samples were carefully stored, documented, and the chain of custody forms were completed before shipment.

Figure 3.1 Blood sampling program, Vientiane, Lao PDR, August 4 and 5, 2008.


3.4.1 Blood Sample Handling and Analysis

All samples were kept frozen during shipment. Hatfield personnel transported the samples back to Canada upon completion of field sampling by employing both Canadian and international shipping/handling protocols for blood samples. This was essential to ensure QA/QC and proper chain-of-custody of the samples. Samples were transferred immediately to freezer facilities at Hatfield upon arrival in Vancouver, and then shipped to AXYS Analytical Laboratories in Sidney (British Columbia) within 48 hours of arrival in Canada.

A temperature monitoring device was placed inside the cool-box with the samples to record any variation in temperature, and the length of time the samples were in transit.

The Project ‘s environment specialist – Grant Bruce – provided clear written instructions to AXYS requesting them to analyze 11 blood samples from Lao PDR (August 27, 2008). The blood samples were analyzed using EPA Method 1668A and results reported for all 209 congeners, including total PCBs, PCB homologues, and PCB TEQ (based on the WHO 2006 criteria). The written instructions also specified that lipids should be analyzed and reported for all blood samples. The analytical results should be available by the end of October 2008.

4.0 BLOOD SAMPLING PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA

4.1 BACKGROUND

The Cambodian blood sampling program was carried in Phnom Penh between August 6th and 9th, 2008. The Field Sampling Mission schedule is provided in Appendix A1-3.

The National Focal Point approved the proposed list of the blood donors and the Blood Sampling Protocol proposed by the Hatfield Project Team (Appendix A4–2).


The Blood Sample Protocol followed internationally-accepted standards to ensure consent of donors, and safety of donors and field crew involved.

The National Consultant and Cambodia POPs team members from the Ministry of Environment (MOE) and Electricite du Cambodge (EDC), Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MINE) were actively involved in the blood sampling program.

The Project Team would like to express its appreciation to all officials concerned from the MOE and EDC for their active contribution. Special thanks are due to Mr. Heng Nareth, Director of Pollution Control Management and Mr. Ken Choviran, National Focal Point for POPs for their guidance and assistance with the program.

4.2 TRAINING SEMINAR ON BLOOD SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING

The Blood Sampling Training Seminar was conducted in the meeting room of the Secretariat of the National Working Group for POPs, in the Ministry of Environment in Phnom Penh.

Ten participants from key agencies including the Department of Pollution Control Management, Office of Laboratory, Hazard and Solid Waste Management Office of MOE, Social and Environmental and Public Relations Office of Electricite du Cambodge (EDC), MINE, and the Phnom Penh Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, took part in the training seminar. A full list of Participants is provided in Appendix A3-5.

Thomas Boivin and Sokhem Pech from the Hatfield Team provided the following presentations:

Brief Introduction of POPs Project Progress and Tentative Schedule of Blood Collection;

Draft Training Program for POPs National Training Workshop on Human Health Risk Management; and

Introduction to Blood Sampling Protocols.

Each presentation was followed by discussion and Q&A session. Power Point Presentations are provided in Appendix A4-3.

4.3 BLOOD SAMPLING AND HANDLING OF SAMPLES

Blood sampling was conducted in a clinic located in the Sambour EDC Training Center, Phnom Penh, Cambodia on August 7, 2008. Hatfield personnel supervised all sample collections, administered informed consent forms and screened donor’s blood donation eligibility in advance of blood collection.


Hatfield personnel also ensured that samples were handled properly and that all necessary sample documentation was completed. The National POPs Team for Cambodia assisted the Project Team by hiring qualified health professionals from the Ministry of Health to collect individual blood samples to ensure safety and health of donors and POPs Team.

All blood collection equipment (vacutainers, syringes, etc.) were imported by the Hatfield Team from Canada.

The blood collection room met all requirements for the collection of blood from human donors, as listed in Section 3.3.

4.3.1 Field Crew Briefing and Health and Safety Plan

Upon arrival at the Blood Collection Center, Hatfield personnel conducted briefing for the field crew on:

Roles and responsibilities; and

Health and Safety Plan.

The briefing emphasized that safety and security of personnel and donors was a top priority. The briefing covered safety forms, safety considerations while working with chemicals and human blood, and safety issues associated with other work place hazards.

The list of field crew and their responsibilities is provided in Appendix A2-6.

4.3.2 Pre-sampling Procedures

In order to ensure donor’s privacy and to ensure proper quality assurance, blood samples were collected from one donor at a time. The field crew checked each donor against a list of donors (with appended photos of each person) and previous human exposure questionnaires to ensure the correct person was being sampled. Field crew members also checked each donor’s blood donation eligibility (recent blood donation, medication and health condition, etc.)

The field crew explained the purpose and key principles of the blood sampling and read to each donor the informed consent forms in the Khmer language. The donor was then requested to sign the informed consent forms in advance of blood sampling.

The donor was allowed to remain seated and relaxed for at least 10 minutes. before sample collection (venipuncture).

4.4 SAMPLE MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS

Between 8 to 10 individual blood tubes (vacutainers) were collected from each donor, to ensure that a minimum of 80 mL of blood sample was collected. The


blood samples were then transferred to four to five jars (secure containers for protection against breaking and tainting of blood samples during the transportation). The collected volume is less than 20% of a typical blood donation, and is required to ensure QA/QC in analysis.

The list of samples collected is provided in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1 Blood samples and analysis requirement form, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Sample ID Blood Tube Sample #’s Total # of Blood Jars

Est. Total Blood

Volume (ml) Analysis Required

08CAM-B01 08CAM-B01 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B02 08CAM-B02 A,B,C,D 4 70

08CAM-B03 08CAM-B03 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B04 08CAM-B04 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B05 08CAM-B05 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B06 08CAM-B06 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B07 08CAM-B07 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B08 08CAM-B08 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B09 08CAM-B09 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B10 08CAM-B10 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B11 08CAM-B11 A,B,C,D 4 60

08CAM-B12 08CAM-B12 A,B,C,D,E 5 80

08CAM-B13 08CAM-B13 A,B,C,D 4 60

08CAM-B14 08CAM-B14 9 tubes 9 Tube 65

Analyzed using EPA Method 1668A;

Results for all 209 congeners reported, including total PCBs, PCB homologues, and PCB TEQ (based on the WHO 2006 criteria); and

Lipids should be analyzed and reported for all samples.

After collection, clinic personnel placed a pad over the puncture site and instructed the donor to press firmly on the pad for 2-3 minutes, and advised the donor not to undertake any strenuous exercise using the arm for at least 30 minutes.

Blood collection equipment was disposed of in accordance with the required standards and waste was delivered to an authorized medical waste site for treatment and disposal.

During each blood sampling, the field crew was diligent at completing field data sheets and proper documentation of photos taken according to the POPs Project Blood Sampling Protocol (Figure 4.1). All samples were carefully stored, documented and the chain of custody forms were completed before sample shipment.


Figure 4.1 Blood sampling, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, August 7, 2008.

4.4.1 Blood Sample Handling and Analysis

All samples were kept frozen during storage and shipment. Hatfield personnel transported the samples back to Canada with them upon completion of field sampling by employing both Canadian and international shipping/handling protocols for blood samples. This was essential to ensure QA/QC and proper chain-of-custody of the samples. Samples were transferred immediately to freezer facilities at Hatfield upon arrival in Vancouver, and then shipped to AXYS Analytical Laboratories in Sidney (British Columbia) within 48 hours of arrival in Canada.


A temperature monitoring device was placed inside the cool-box with the samples to record any variation in temperature, and the length of time the samples were in transit.

The Project‘s environment specialist – Grant Bruce – provided clear written instructions to AXYS requesting them analyze 14 blood samples from Cambodia (August 27, 2008). The blood samples were analyzed using EPA Method 1668A and results were reported for all 209 congeners, including total PCBs, PCB homologues, and PCB TEQ (based on the WHO 2006 criteria). The written instructions also specified that lipids should be analyzed and reported for all blood samples. The analytical results should be available by the end of October 2008.

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL FIELD SAMPLING IN MALAYSIA

5.1 BACKGROUND

The Malaysian field sampling program was conducted between August 14 and 20, 2008. The Field Sample Mission schedule is provided in Appendix A1-4.

The Hatfield Field Mission Team would like to express its appreciation to all Malaysian government officials concerned for their active support and involvement in the field sampling program. Special thanks are due to the senior management of Conservation and Environmental Management Division and the National Focal Point (NFP) for POPs Malaysia, namely Mr. Azhar b. Noraini, Mr. Che Kodir Bin Bahrum, and Mr. Yugani B. Yunus for their support. The Hatfield Team would also like to thank the management and staff of the Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill, and staff and students from Environment Health Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) for their facilitation and active participation.

5.2 MEETING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS AT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES (MONRE)

The Project Team held two key stakeholders meetings in the MONRE offices, as follows:

Thursday 14, 2008:

The meeting was attended by Mr. Mr. Yugani B. Yunus (out-going NFP for Malaysia), Mr. Che Kodir Bin Bahrum (new NFP for Malaysia), and designated national consultant team - Prof. Dr. Mazlin, B Mokhtar, Main sub-contractor, Mr. Goh Choo Ta, and Dr. Mazrura Sahani from Lestari-UKM.

The main objectives of the meeting were:

To discuss the planned schedule for the field sampling and technical seminar; and


To introduce the designated national consultant team and discuss key contractual questions and mode of operations.

Friday 15, 2008:

The meeting was chaired by Mr. Azhar B. Noraini, Under-Secretary, of Conservation and Environmental Management Division, MONRE. The list of participants is provided in Appendix A2-7. Thomas Boivin (Hatfield) made the following two presentations:

A Brief Introduction of POPs Project’s Work Plan and Progress, and Tentative Schedule of Field Sampling in Malaysia; and

A Draft Training Program for POPs National Training Workshop on Human Health Risk Management.

The key discussion points following the presentations included:

The selection of Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill (AHSL) as the study site for the POPs Project;

Updating the field sampling program and technical seminar dates as follows: i) site reconnaissance on Aug 15); ii) technical seminar and training and hands-on demonstration on field sampling work (Aug 18); iii) Environmental sample collections (Aug 19); iv) wrap-up meeting with NFP and National Consultant to finalize sample export (Aug 20); and

The handling of data and analytical results, and their use in the case–study.

Figure 5.1 Malaysian key stakeholders’ meeting at MONRE, Putrajaya, Malaysia, July 15, 2008.


5.3 SITE RECONNAISSANCE VISIT AND SAMPLING STATION MAPPING

The Project Team, together with the National Consultants, visited the Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill site in the afternoon of Friday, 15 August 2008. The team met with the site senior engineer Mr. Zamri. He presented the Project Team with the site history and current status, and showed the Project Team around the site.

5.3.1 Description of the Study Site – Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill (AHSL)

The Malaysian POPs Team proposed the Air Hitam Landfill (AHSL) as the Malaysian site for a detailed health risk assessment case study (Figure 5.2). The site selection was approved by the Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Office.

AHSL was built in 1995 and closed in December 2006. It is the first engineered sanitary landfill site in Malaysia.

AHSL is located at the Air Hitam Forest Reserve, Mukim Petaling, Daerah Petaling, and covers a total area of 42 hectares. The site consists of 7 landfill phases with a base at 35 m above mean sea level (msl) and its highest point 81 m above msl after capping. It is equipped with a heavy duty geotextile liner, a ground water drainage system, and a leachate collection system and treatment plant.

Figure 5.2 Photo of construction work at the Air Hitam Sanitary Site in the 1990s (source: Worldwide Environment, 2007).

The landfill contains over 6.2 million metric tones of solid waste (95% of which are municipal domestic waste), as shown in Figure 5.3.


Figure 5.3 Total annual tonnage of waste deposition at the AHSL site from 1995 – late 2006 (source: Worldwide Environment, 2007).

Between 1,200 and 3,000 tonnes/day was deposited at the site between 1995 and 2006 with waste collected from four Selangor municipalities (Ampang Jaya, Subang, Petaling Jaya and Shah Alam), Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. A significant increase in the amount of waste deposited at the site occurred in 2002, as waste from Kuala Lumpur was added to the landfill.

The Selangor government has expressed concern that leachate discharged from the site could contaminate three rivers used by Selangor residents as their primary potable water source: the Sungai Ayer Hitam, Sungai Selangor and Sungai Tengi rivers (www.berjaya.com/251204bernama.htm). The landfill is now surrounded by new housing developments.

The post-closure maintenance period is for 5 years from January 2007 – December 2011 covering the following components:

Landfill capping system;

Leachate treatment plant;

Landfill gas management & clean development mechanism;

Environmental monitoring; and

Landscaping plan.

5.3.1.1 Management and Ownership of AHSL

The primary regulatory ministry, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) and its Solid Waste Management Department (Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management), regulates the operation of landfills,


http://www.berjaya.com/251204bernama.htm

smaller dumpsites and collection systems for the disposal of used consumer electronics and construction materials. Other agencies responsible for the approval and monitoring of landfills are the Department of Environment, Municipal Council and Land Office of Kuala Selangor, Drainage and Irrigation Department, and the Public Works Department.

The AHSL was initially managed by Worldwide Holdings Berhad and SITA Group JV; since 2000, the AHSL has been under the sole management of Worldwide Landfills Sdn Bhd (WHB). For more information on WHB, see www.worldwide.com.my.

Figure 5.4 Site reconnaissance and sampling station mapping, AHSL, Malaysia, August 15, 2008.

5.3.2 Adopted Sampling Approach

Sampling at the AHSL site focused on delineating the extent of contamination (within the constraints of the sampling budget) and identifying significant human exposure pathways (diet, dermal contact and inhalation). Most of the investigation occurred on the AHSL property. However, the Field Crew also investigated potential off-site transport routes, including roads, drainage ditches and potential for transportation of contaminated material off-site (Figure 5.4). Sites sampled included land within the AHSL property boundaries, roads/


http://www.worldwide.com.my/

ditches/ off-site soils (but in the immediate vicinity), and homes of nearby residents.

The field program sampling included soils, sediment, dust, and fish tissue. Human blood and breast milk were not collected. However, a questionnaire will be administered to workers and local community members (after Lebaran, in mid-October) to identify potential human exposure pathways.

Figure 5.5 Pre-field sampling stations map for AHSL, Malaysia.

Preliminary sampling locations were selected based on a review of existing topographic maps and satellite data, and first hand information gathered during the site reconnaissance (see Figure 5.5). Satellite data provide indicators of potential exposure pathways present on site and also help plan the sampling program. Sampling locations were finalized during the site reconnaissance and consultation with key stakeholders. Sampling sites were distributed in order to effectively delineate the zone of potential contamination as well as to characterize potential routes of off-site contaminant migration. Sampling density was highest in the near-field area (i.e. within the site perimeter).


5.4 TECHNICAL TRAINING SEMINAR

The Technical Training Seminar was conducted in the Meeting room of the Danau Golf Club, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) on 18 August 2008. The Training Seminar was opened by Mr. Ahmad Rizal Khalit, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) and facilitated by Mr. Goh Cho Ta, Researcher from LESTARI, and POPs National Consultant Team member.

Nineteen (19) participants from key departments took part in the training seminar. A full list of Participants is provided in Appendix 2-8.

The Project Team provided the following presentations (Figure 5.6):

A Brief Introduction of POPs Issues and POPs Project in Malaysia (Dr. Mazrura Sahani [LESTARI]) on behalf of MONRE and the Project Team;

An Introduction to Field Data Sampling and Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs): Objectives, General Principles, Field Sampling Organization, General Sample Collection and Analysis, QA/QC, and Demobilization (Thomas Boivin);

A Draft Training Program for the POPs National Training Workshop on Human Health Risk Management (Thomas Boivin);

A Presentation and Discussion on the Field Work Plan and Sample Management (Sokhem Pech);

Sampling Methodologies: Soil, Sediments, Biological Samples (Theory), labelling, use of GPS and Field Sheets (Sokhem Pech); and

A Presentation on Human Exposure Survey – Rationale and Approach; Implementation; Results’ Analysis; and Lessons Learned - and Risk Communication (Sokhem Pech).

Power Point Presentations are provided in Appendix A3-4.


Figure 5.6 Technical seminar on field sampling and analysis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) on 18 August 2008.

The Hatfield Team facilitated an interactive discussion with the Malaysian participants. Comments and feedback were obtained on the work program. The Hatfield Team took note of all comments and suggestions for the associated field work and other planned project activities including the planned national training workshop.

5.5 HANDS-ON FIELD SAMPLING DEMONSTRATION AND HUMAN EXPOSURE SURVEY

The Project Team provided a hands-on demonstration to all Malaysian participants on:

1. Developing a health and safety plan for field work, including the completion of a field safety form;

2. Completing equipment check-lists and protocols for handling hazardous chemicals;

3. Decontaminating field equipment; and

4. Conducting soil/sediment sample collection, completing field data sheets, using a GPS, recording GPS waypoints and sample handling protocols (QA/QC) (see Figure 5.7).


Figure 5.7 Hands-on Training on field sampling at the Air Hitam Landfill Site in Selangor, Malaysia, on August 18, 2008.

5.6 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT

Field data collection took place on 19 August 2008 at the AHSL site. The national participants from the MONRE, Worldwide Environment (owner of the site) and University of Malaysia actively participated in the field sampling.

The list of Participants in field sampling activities at AHSL is provided in Appendix A2-9.



The Malaysian participants in the field program proved to be very capable in field sampling and equipment handling, with some supervision from the Hatfield Team. A total of 18 samples were collected in triplicate.

At each sampling location, the Field Crew strictly followed the SOPs and QA/QC procedures. The list of samples collected, their matrices and GPS coordinates are provided in Table 5.1 below. Sampling locations and activities are presented in Figures 5.8 and 5.9.

Table 5.1 List of samples collected from the Air Hitam Landfill Site in Selangor, Malaysia, from August 18-19, 2008.

Samples ID Matrix GPS Coordinates 47N UTM Comments

08MAL001A,B,C Soil E0796024 N0332191 Near main entrance.

08MAL002A,B,C Sediment E0795995 N0332261 Water quality (WQ) station 2.

08MAL003A,B,C Sediment E0795602 N0332518 WQ station 1.


08MAL005A,B,C Sediment E0795550 N0331806



08MAL008A,B,C Soil E0795828 N0331785 Bank btw WQ Stations 3 & 4.

08MAL009A,B,C Sediment E0795860 N 0331785 Sludge collected from the edge of leachate treatment pond

08MAL010A,B,C Soil E0796100 N 0332016 Residential area South of entrance.

08MAL011A,B,C Soil E0795945 N 0331456 Residential area South of site.

08MAL012A,B,C Soil E0795708 N 0331643 Playground South East of site.

08MAL014A,B,C Fish Muscle E0795867 N0331847 Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Collected from the River stretch btw WQ Stations 3 & 4.

08MAL015A Fish Liver As above As above

08MAL016A,B,C Fish Muscle E0795550 N0331806 Walking catfish, (Clarias batrachus) Collected from the River stretch below WQ Stations 5.

08MAL017A Fish Liver As above As above

08MAL018A Fish Testes As above As above

08MAL019A,B,C Fish Muscle E0795550 N0331806 Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Collected from the River stretch below WQ Stations 5.

Figure 5.8 Sample collection sites from the Air Hitam Landfill in Selangor, Malaysia, from August 18-19, 2008.

All samples were carefully stored, documented and the chain of custody forms were completed before shipping.

Figure 5.9 Field sampling activities at the Air Hitam Landfill Site in Selangor, on August 19, 2008.


Figure 5.9 (Cont’d.)



5.6.1 Sample Handling and Analytical Plan

As per the SOPs, all samples were collected in triplicate: sample series A for Canada for analysis by AXYS Analytical Laboratories (High resolution GCMS); Sample series B for Japan by Hiyoshi Corporation (CALUX Analysis); and Sample series C for Malaysia (status of analyses to be determined).

The Project Team transported a total of 24 samples (series A) to Canada on 20 August 2008. Samples were transferred immediately to freezer facilities at Hatfield upon arrival in Vancouver.

The shipment included 5 soils + 7 sediments for analysis in Canada (Series A), and 5 soils + 7 sediments for CALUX analysis (Series B). The latter were shipped to Xenobiotic Detection Systems (XDS) Laboratories in the United States for chemical extraction and cleanup. On 28 August, extracts of these samples were shipped from XDS to Hiyoshi for CALUX analyses.

Hiyoshi staff were instructed by the Project Team to analyze the following two contaminant groups using the CALUX bioassay:

Total PCDDs/Fs fraction; and

DL-PCBs fraction.

Both contaminant groups will be quantified first in units of CALUX-TEQs. These concentration values will then be converted into WHO-TEQs for total PCDDs/Fs fraction and DL-PCBs fraction for the accumulated data available using WHO-TEF2006.

The preliminary results from CALUX pre-screening is expected by the end of September or early October 2008. After receiving the preliminary results from Hiyoshi, the Project Team will select a sub-set of samples for analysis by AXYS Analytical Laboratories (High resolution GCMS). The analytical results are expected to be available by end of October or mid-November.

The Malaysian NRE contracted ALS Technichem (Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia) to analyze all fish tissue samples collected from the AHSL site. NRE contributed the budget for the fish tissue analysis. All samples were analyzed using the USEPA method 8270 C and low resolution GCMS.

5.7 SOCIAL AND HUMAN EXPOSURE QUESTIONNAIRES

The National Consultant Team will conduct the human exposure surveys in late October (after two major religious holidays in Malaysia) using adapted versions of the questionnaire forms provided in the POPs Project Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs).


6.0 STATUS OF ALL FIELD SAMPLES AND ANALYSIS

The field sampling programs were completed successfully. Table 6.1 below summarizes the status of all samples collected.

Table 6.1 Sample analytical plan, POPs Project.

Hiyoshi AXYS

Country Types of Samples No. of

Samples

When Analysis

Instructions Submitted

Expected Results

Date No. of

Samples

When Analysis

Instruction Submitted

Expected Results

Date

Comments

Cambodia Soil/dust 23 Aug 10 Sept 5

Sediment 1 Aug 10 Sept 5

Fish 4 Aug 10 Sept 5

Blood 14 Aug 27 Late October

PCB

Lao PDR Soil/dust 21 Aug 28

Sediment 9 Aug 28 2 waters

Fish 3

Blood 11 Aug 27 Late October

PCB

Thailand Soil/dust 16 Sept 10 Late Sept

Sediment 13 Sept 10 Late Sept

Fish 6 Aug 18 Late Sept

Malaysia Soil/dust 5 Aug 28 Mid Sept

Sediment 7 Aug 28 Mid Sept

Fish 6 NRE holds them

APPENDICES

Appendix A1

Field Sample Schedules

Available in http://www.popstoolkit.com/collaboration, then check folder “Document/Data Library”, sub-folder “2nd Field Sampling Program July -

August 2008”.

Appendix A2

List of Participants and

Persons Met


August 2008”.

Appendix A3

Training Material (Power Point

Presentations)


August 2008”.

Appendix A4

Blood Sampling Protocols


August 2008”.

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