appendix c: community and municipal greenhouse gas...
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S A N B E R N A R D I N O C O U N T Y W I D E P L A N D R A F T P E I R C O U N T Y O F S A N B E R N A R D I N O
Appendices
June 2019
Appendix C: Community and Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory
S A N B E R N A R D I N O C O U N T Y W I D E P L A N D R A F T P E I R C O U N T Y O F S A N B E R N A R D I N O
Appendices
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SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY COMMUNITY AND MUNICIPAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY
P R E P A R E D F O R :
CountyofSanBernardino385N.ArrowheadAvenueSanBernardino,CA92415888.818.8988PlaceWorks3MacArthurPlace,Suite1100SantaAna,CA92707Contact:ColinDrukker714.966.9220
P R E P A R E D B Y :
ICFSanFrancisco,CAContact:CoryMatsuiandRichWalter415.677.7100
October2017
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ICF.2017.SanBernardinoCountyCommunityandMunicipalGreenhouseGasInventory.Draft.October.(ICF#00580.15.)SanFrancisco,CA.PreparedfortheCountyofSanBernardinoandPlaceWorks,SantaAna,CA.
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San Bernardino County Community and Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory i October 2017
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Contents
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... ii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... iiii
Page
Chapter 1 Introduction and Background Information ........................................................................ 1-11.1 Objectives of this Report ................................................................................................. 1-11.2 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Definitions ............................................................................ 1-11.3 Community and Municipal—Overlap and Differences .................................................... 1-41.4 Contents of the GHG Inventory Report ........................................................................... 1-51.5 Overview of San Bernardino County ................................................................................ 1-51.6 Background on Climate Change and GHG Emissions ....................................................... 1-6
Chapter 2 Updated Greenhouse Gas Inventories ............................................................................... 2-12.1 Community Inventory ...................................................................................................... 2-1
Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 2-12.2 Municipal Inventory ......................................................................................................... 2-5
Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Chapter 3 Key Greenhouse Gas Inventory Trends .............................................................................. 3-13.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3-13.2 Community GHG Inventory Trends: 2007–2014.............................................................. 3-13.3 Municipal GHG Inventory Trends: Fiscal Years 2006–2015 ............................................. 3-33.4 Sector Trends ................................................................................................................... 3-5
Building Energy ............................................................................................................................. 3-5On-Road Transportation ............................................................................................................... 3-7Off-Road Transportation ............................................................................................................... 3-8Solid Waste/Landfills .................................................................................................................... 3-9Water .......................................................................................................................................... 3-10Wastewater ................................................................................................................................. 3-11Refrigerants ................................................................................................................................. 3-12Agriculture .................................................................................................................................. 3-12Stationary Sources and Cement Production ............................................................................... 3-13Residential Fires and Cooking/Residential Fuel Use ................................................................... 3-14
Chapter 4 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 4-1
Chapter 5 References ........................................................................................................................ 5-1
Appendix A Inventory Methodology Details
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Tables
Page
1-1 Socioeconomic Data for Unincorporated San Bernardino County by Region in 2014 ................. 1-6
1-2 Principal Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................................................ 1-8
2-1 San Bernardino County 2014 Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory ........................................ 2-2
2-2 San Bernardino County Fiscal Year 2015 Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory ......................... 2-5
3-1 Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory Comparison Table (2007–2014) .................................... 3-2
3-2 Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory Comparison Table: Fiscal Years 2006–2015 ..................... 3-4
Figures
Page
1-1 Overlap between Community Emissions and Municipal Emissions ............................................. 1-5
1-2 The Greenhouse Effect ................................................................................................................. 1-7
2-1 San Bernardino County 2014 Community Inventory by Sector .................................................... 2-2
2-2 San Bernardino County 2014 Municipal Inventory by Sector ....................................................... 2-6
3-1 County Community Emissions Trend, 2007–2014 ........................................................................ 3-3
3-2 County Municipal Emissions Trend, Fiscal Years 2006–2015 ....................................................... 3-5
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AB AssemblyBillARB CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardCEQA CaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityActCFCs chlorofluorocarbonsCH4 methaneCO2 carbondioxideCounty SanBernardinoCountyEMFAC emissionfactordatabaseprogramEPA U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyFY fiscalyearGHG greenhousegasGWP globalwarmingpotentialHCFCs hydrochlorofluorocarbonsHFCs hydrofluorocarbonsICLEI LocalGovernmentsforSustainabilitykWh kilowatthoursLPG liquidpetroleumMMTCO2e millionMTCO2eMTCO2 metrictonsofcarbondioxideN2O nitrousoxideO3 ozonePFCs perfluorocarbonsSANBAG SanBernardinoAssociatedGovernmentsSB SenateBillSBCTA SanBernardinoCountyTransportationAuthoritySCAG SouthernCaliforniaAssociationofGovernmentsSCAQMD SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictSCE SouthernCaliforniaEdisonSF6 sulfurhexafluorideSP ServicePopulationVMT vehiclemilestraveled DRAFT
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Background
1.1 Objectives of this Report InSeptember2011,SanBernardinoCounty(County)completedaninventoryofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsforcommunityandmunicipaloperations.Inthe2011GHGinventoryreport,theCountyidentifiedagoalofreducingGHGemissionsforbothcommunityandmunicipaloperationsby15%belowcurrentlevelsatthetime,by2020(SanBernardinoCounty2011).Toassesstheprogresstowardreachingthe2020GHGreductiongoalsincethe2011analysis,are‐inventoryofemissionsiscriticalindeterminingtheCounty’semissionstrajectory.Thisanalysisservesasamid‐courseassessmentoftheCounty’sprogresstowardthereductiongoalandcanhelpinformtheCounty’sdecision‐makingprocessesforGHGreductionstrategies.
Theprimarypurposeofthisreportistopresentanupdatedcommunityandmunicipalemissionsinventory.ThisreportisintendedtodemonstratehowtheCounty’sGHGemissionshavechangedfromthepreviousinventoryanalysis(2007andfiscalyear2006)tothecurrentanalysis(2014andfiscalyear[FY]2015),aswellastoprovideinsightonthedriversofthesechangessoastoinformcurrentandfuturepolicyaimedatreducingGHGemissions.
1.2 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Definitions Definitionsofrelevanttermsusedinthisreportareincludedbelow.
AB32.TheCaliforniaGlobalWarmingSolutionsActof2006,widelyknownasAssemblyBill(AB)32,requirestheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(ARB)todevelopandenforceregulationsforthereportingandverificationofstatewideGHGemissions.TheheartofthebillistherequirementthatstatewideGHGemissionsmustbereducedto1990levelsbytheyear2020oftheAB32ScopingPlan.
AB32ScopingPlan.TheScopingPlanforAB32wasdevelopedbyARBandapprovedinDecember2008.TheScopingPlanhasarangeofGHGreductionactions,whichincludedirectregulations,compliancemechanisms,monetaryandnon‐monetaryincentives,voluntaryactions,andmarket‐basedmechanismssuchasacap‐and‐tradesystem.ARBhasalreadyadoptednumerousregulationsandiscurrentlyconductingadditionalrulemakingforreducingGHGemissionstoachievetheemissionscapby2020.OnMay15,2014,ARBpostedthefirstupdatetotheScopingPlan.ThisupdatebuildsontheinitialScopingPlanwithnewstrategiesandrecommendations,identifiesopportunitiestoleverageexistingandnewfunds,definestheclimatechangeprioritiesofARBforthenext5years,andbuildsafoundationtosupportthelong‐termgoalsidentifiedinExecutiveOrdersS‐3‐05andB‐16‐2012.Theupdatealsopresentsthestate’sprogresstowardmeetingthe2020GHGemissionreductiongoalsdefinedintheinitialscopingplan.TheAB32ScopingPlanprovidesaroadmapforachievingthesereductionsandrecommendsacomplementaryreductiongoalforlocalgovernmentsof15%belowcurrentemissionslevels(2008),whichisroughlyequivalentto1990emissionlevels.ARBiscurrentlyworkingonthe2030SecondUpdatetotheAB32ScopingPlan,whichwilloutlinepoliciesandactionsforthestate’s2030GHGemissiontarget,as
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outlinedunderSB32(discussedbelow).TheSecondUpdatetotheAB32ScopingPlan,the2030DraftScopingPlan,wasreleasedonJanuary20,2017,forpubliccomment.TheDraft2017ScopingPlanUpdatebuildsontheprogramssetinplaceaspartofthepreviousScopingPlanthatwasdraftedtomeetthe2020reductiontargetsperAB32.
AB1383,Short‐LivedClimatePollutants.MethaneEmissions:DairyandLivestock:OrganicWaste:Landfills.AB1383requiresARBtoapproveandimplementaplantoreducemethaneby40%,fluorinatedgases(F‐gases)by40%,andanthropogenicblackcarbonby50%below2013levelsby2030.AB1383establishesspecifictargetsforreducingorganicwasteinlandfills(50%by2020and75%by2025comparedto2014).Thelegislationalsoadoptedregulationstoreducemethaneemissionsfromlivestockmanuremanagementoperationsanddairymanagementoperationsthatwouldtakeeffectin2024.
Baselineyear.Thebaselineyearforanyentityistheyearforwhichemissionsareinventoriedandreported.Forthecommunityandmunicipalinventories,thebaselineyearsforthisreportare2014andFY2015,respectively.
Boundary.AGHGinventoryrepresentsemissionsduetoactivitiesassociatedwithacertainboundary,whichcanbeorganizational,operational,orgeographic.Theseboundariesdeterminewhichemissionsareaccountedforandreportedbytheentity.
CAP/GreenhouseGasReductionPlan.ClimateActionPlan(CAP)isatermcommonlyusedinCaliforniaforaplanningdocumentdesignedtoreduceanentity’sGHGemissionsoveraperiodoftime.SomecommunitiesusedifferenttermssuchasaGreenhouseGasReductionPlan.ThespecificcomponentsofaGHGreductionplanarenotrequiredbylaworarticulatedinCaliforniaGHGlegislation.However,airdistrictsandotheragenciessuchasLocalGovernmentsforSustainability(ICLEI)haveproducedguidanceforwhatshouldbeincludedinaGHGreductionplan.Inaddition,CaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityAct(CEQA)guidelinesadoptedin2010describeelementsrequiredinGHGreductionplansifajurisdictionintendstotierCEQAprojectcomplianceoffajurisdictionalreductionplan.GHGreductionplanstypicallyincludeabaselineGHGinventory,aprojectionofGHGemissionsto2020(orotherfutureyears),aGHGreductiontargetfor2020(orotherfutureyears),GHGreductionstrategiesthattogetherachievethetarget,implementationactions,monitoringrequirements,andadaptivestepstobetakentoensurethejurisdictionmeetsitsidentifiedtarget.
CommunityGHGinventory.AcommunityinventoryincludesGHGemissionsassociatedwiththeactivitiesofthecommunityasawhole,includingresidents,businesses,andthemunicipalgovernmentoperations.1Forexample,acommunityGHGinventoryincludesemissionsduetoenergyusedtopowerandheathomesandbusinesses;fuelusedbyvehiclesthathaveeitheranoriginordestinationwithinthejurisdiction;wastethatisgeneratedbyresidentsandbusinessesinthejurisdictionandsenttolandfills;fueluseatlargestationarysourcessuchasfactoriesorindustrialfacilities;livestockandfertilizeruse;fuelusebyoff‐roadequipment;andothers.In2011,aGHGemissionsinventorywaspreparedfortheCounty’scommunityoperationsaspartoftheGHGreductionplan.Thisinventorywasreferredtoasanexternalinventory,whichisanothertermforacommunityinventory.
1Municipalgovernmentemissionsareincludedintheregionalcommunityinventorywhentheemissionsoccurwithinthecountyboundaryoverall.Sometimesmunicipalgovernmentemissionsdonotoccurwithinthecommunityboundary.
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Directemissions.DirectemissionsincludedirectreleasesofGHGsthatphysicallyoccurwithintheboundaryandarerelatedtofuelcombustion,processemissionsorfugitiveemissions.Examplesincludethecombustionoffuelbyvehiclesdrivingwithintheboundary,thecombustionofnaturalgasorotherfuelbyindustriesorfacilitieswithintheboundary,orthereleaseofmethanefromlivestockphysicallylocatedwithinajurisdiction.
Emissionfactor.AnemissionfactorisauniquevalueequatingtheamountofGHGsemittedperunitofagivenactivity,forexamplemetrictonsofcarbondioxide(MTCO2)pergallonofgasolineburned.
Emissionsector.AnemissionssectorisacategoryofGHGemissionsreflectingthenatureoftheactivityproducingtheGHGemissions,forexamplebuildingenergyoron‐roadtransportation.GHGemissionsectorsincludedinthisinventoryare:agriculture,buildingenergy,off‐roadtransportation,on‐roadtransportation,highglobalwarmingpotentialgases(refrigerants),wastelandfills,wastegeneration,wastewatertreatment,waterconsumptionandstationarysources.
Greenhousegas.AGHGisanygasthatabsorbsinfraredradiationintheatmosphere.GHGsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,watervapor,carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs),ozone(O3),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),perfluorocarbons(PFCs),andsulfurhexafluoride(SF6).Ofthese,allbutwatervaporandO3areregulatedunderAB32andSB32andaccountedforinthestate’sGHGinventory.
Indirectemissions.IndirectemissionsareindirectreleasesofGHGs.IndirectreleasesareGHGemissionsthatresultfromactivitythatoccurswithintheboundarybutthephysicalreleaseoftheGHGemissionoccursoutsideoftheboundary.Forexample,residentsandbusinessesinthecountyuseelectricitybyturningonlightsorotherelectronicequipment,butthepowerplantwheretheelectricityisgenerated,andwherefuelisburnedtogeneratetheelectricity,maybelocatedfarawayfromthecounty.Electricityuseisconsideredanindirectemissionactivity.
MunicipalGHGinventory.AmunicipalinventoryincludesGHGemissionsassociatedwithacityorcounty’sservicesandmunicipaloperations.Forexample,amunicipalGHGinventoryincludesemissionsduetothefollowing:energyusedbycityorcountybuildingssuchasthecourthouse,cityhallorthejail;fuelusedbythecityorcountyvehiclefleet;wastegeneratedbythecityandcountyemployees;processemissionsassociatedwithtreatingwastewaterifthecityorcountyoperatesaplant;fugitiveemissionsofmethanefromlandfillsifthecityorcountyoperatesalandfill;andfuelusebycityandcountyemployeescommutingtoandfromwork.GHGemissionsassociatedwithacityorcounty’smunicipaloperationsaretypically1to5%ofthecommunity’semissionsasawhole.In2011,aGHGemissionsinventorywaspreparedfortheCounty’smunicipaloperationsaspartoftheGHGreductionplan.Thisinventorywasreferredtoasaninternalinventory,whichisanothertermforamunicipalinventory.
SB32andAB197.SenateBill(SB)32(Pavley)billrequiresARBtoensurethatstatewideGHGemissionsarereducedtoatleast40%belowthe1990levelby2030,consistentwiththetargetsetforthinEOB‐30‐15.AB197createsrequirementstoformtheJointLegislativeCommitteeonClimateChangePolicies;requiresARBtoprioritizedirectemissionreductionsfromstationarysources,mobilesources,andothersourcesandconsidersocialcostswhenadoptingregulationstoreduceGHGemissionsbeyondthe2020statewidelimit;requiresARBtopreparereportsonsourcesofGHGs,criteriaairpollutants,andtoxicaircontaminants;establishes6‐yeartermsforvotingmembersofARB;andaddstwolegislatorsasnon‐votingmembersofARB.BothbillsweresignedbyGovernorBrowninSeptember2016.
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Unitofmeasure.TheunitofmeasureusedthroughouttheCAPUpdateismetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MTCO2e).PresentinginventoriesincarbondioxideequivalenceallowscharacterizationofthecomplexmixtureofGHGasasingleunittakingintoaccountthateachgashasadifferentglobalwarmingpotential(GWP).Forthisanalysis,theGWPvaluesfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)FifthAssessmentReportwereused.ThepreviousinventoryanalysisusedGWPvaluesfromtheIPCC’sSecondAssessmentReport.OnemillionMTCO2eisabbreviatedMMTCO2e.
1.3 Community and Municipal—Overlap and Differences
ThisanalysiscomprisestwoseparateGHGinventories:oneforcommunityoperationsandoneformunicipaloperations.ThecommunityinventoryfocusesonGHGemissionsthatresultfromactivitieswithintheunincorporatedareasoftheCounty.Someoftheseemissionsmaybeduetomunicipalactivitiesandsomemaynot.ThemunicipalinventoryfocusesonGHGemissionsthatresultfromtheCounty’smunicipaloperationsanddoesnotincludeGHGemissionsgeneratedbythecommunity(i.e.,theseemissionsareincludedinthecommunityinventory).
However,theremaybesomeminoroverlapintheemissionsthatareaccountedforinbothinventorieswhereCountyfacilitiesandactionsoccurintheunincorporatedCountyareas.Theemissionsinthesesectorsmaybecountedasbothmunicipalandcommunityemissions,asillustratedinFigure1‐1.Forexample,employeecommuteemissionsarecountedasmunicipalemissions,buttheymayalsooccurintheunincorporatedareasandwould,therefore,beincludedinvehiclemilestraveleddatafortheunincorporatedareas.BecausesomeoftheCounty’soperationstakeplacewithinthejurisdictionofcitiesandpertainonlytomunicipaloperations,theCounty’smunicipalemissionsdonotentirelyoverlapwithcommunityemissionsintheunincorporatedareas(Figure1‐1).
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Figure 1-1. Overlap between Community Emissions and Municipal Emissions2
1.4 Contents of the GHG Inventory Report ThisGHGinventoryreportconsistsofthefollowingchapters.
Chapter1,IntroductionandBackgroundInformation,describesthepurposeofthisreportandprovidesrelevantbackgroundinformationongreenhousegasinventories.
Chapter2,GreenhouseGasInventories,summarizestheresultsoftheupdatedcommunityandmunicipalinventories.Abriefoverviewofthemethodsusedfortheinventoriesisalsopresented.
Chapter3,KeyGHGInventoryTrends,includesasummaryanddiscussionoftheCounty’semissionsbetweenthepreviousinventoryreportandthisanalysis.
Chapter4,References,includescitationsforthedocumentsusedtopreparetheinventoryreport.
1.5 Overview of San Bernardino County SanBernardinoCountyislocatedintheSouthernCaliforniaregionandisthelargestcountyintheUnitedStates.ItisborderedbythecountiesofInyo,Kern,LosAngeles,Orange,andRiverside,andthestatesofNevadaandArizona.TheCountyhasadiversevarietyoflandscapes,includingforests,mountains,lakes,anddeserts.Thereare24incorporatedwithintheCounty,aswellasmanyothercensus‐designatedplacesandunincorporatedcommunities.ThelargestemployersintheCountyareintheindustriesofrailroads,schools/universities,hospitals,andstateandcountygovernment.Over2millionpeopleliveintheentireCounty3ofwhich325,000liveintheunincorporatedCountyarea.
2Thesizesofthecirclesarenottoscalebutattempttoillustratethedifferencebetweencommunityandmunicipalemissions.3UnitedStatesCensus:https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/AFN120212/06071.
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FortheanalysisoftheCounty’sGHGemissions,onlytheunincorporatedareasoftheCountyareincludedintheinventory.TheunincorporatedareasoftheCountyaredividedintofourdistinctregions:eastdesert,mountains,northdesert,andvalley.Thesocioeconomicdatafortheseregions(i.e.,population,employmentandhouseholddata),whicharerelevanttotheGHGinventoryanalysis,areshowninTable1‐1.
Table 1-1. Socioeconomic Data for Unincorporated San Bernardino County by Region in 2014
Region Population Households Employment
EastDesert 25,453 10,435 2,443
Mountains 60,110 22,126 7,715
NorthDesert 95,580 30,886 9,587
Valley 143,920 34,432 37,680
TotalUnincorporatedCounty 325,064 97,879 57,425
Source:pers.comm.Hicks2016
1.6 Background on Climate Change and GHG Emissions
ThephenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffectkeepstheatmosphereneartheEarth’ssurfacewarmenoughforthesuccessfulhabitationofhumansandotherlifeforms.Thegreenhouseeffectiscreatedbysunlightthatpassesthroughtheatmosphere(Figure1‐2).SomeofthesunlightstrikingtheEarthisabsorbedandconvertedtoheat,whichwarmsthesurface.Thesurfaceemitsaportionofthisheatasinfraredradiation,someofwhichisabsorbedbyGHGsintheatmosphereandre‐emittedinalldirections,includingbacktowardtheEarth’ssurface.HumanactivitiesthatgenerateGHGsincreasetheamountofinfraredradiationabsorbedbytheatmosphere,thusenhancingthegreenhouseeffectandamplifyingthewarmingoftheEarth(CenterforClimateandEnergySolutions2011).
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Figure 1-2. The Greenhouse Effect
IncreasesinfossilfuelcombustionanddeforestationhaveexponentiallyincreasedconcentrationsofGHGsintheatmospheresincetheIndustrialRevolution.RisingatmosphericconcentrationsofGHGsinexcessofnaturallevelsresultinincreasingglobalsurfacetemperatures—aphenomenoncommonlyreferredtoasglobalwarming.Higherglobalsurfacetemperatures,inturn,resultinchangestoEarth’sclimatesystem,includingincreasedoceantemperatureandacidity,reducedseaice,variableprecipitation,andincreasedfrequencyandintensityofextremeweatherevents(IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange2013).Large‐scalechangestoEarth’sclimatesystemarecollectivelyreferredtoasclimatechange.
Whilechangesinglobalclimatehavebeenrecordedthroughouthistory,thereisstrongconsensusamongthescientificcommunitythatrecentchangesaretheresultofhuman‐madeGHGemissions.ArecentstudypublishedinEnvironmentalResearchLettersindicatesthat97%ofclimatescientistsagreethathumanactivityis“verylikely”causingcurrentglobalwarmingtrends(Cooketal.2013).Everynationalacademyofscienceintheworldlikewiseconcursthathuman‐madeGHGemissions
Climate Change and Global Warming
Thetermsglobalwarmingandclimatechangeareoftenusedsynonymously,buttheyrefertotwodifferentprocesses.IncreasingglobalsurfacetemperaturesasaresultofrisingatmosphericconcentrationsofGHGs,inexcessofnaturallevels,isknownasglobalwarming.Large‐scalechangestotheEarth’ssysteminducedbyhigherglobalsurfacetemperaturesarecollectivelyreferredtoasclimatechange.DRAFT
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areacceleratingthemagnitudeandpaceofclimatechange.Asstatedpreviously,AB32identifiesthefollowingsixcompoundsasthemajorGHGs:CO2,CH4,N2O,PFCs,SF6,andHFCs.Generally,theseemissionsarequantifiedintermsofMTCO2eemittedperyear,whichaccountsfortherelativewarmingcapacity,orGWPofeachgas.WatervaporisnotidentifiedbyAB32asakeyGHGbecausenaturalconcentrationsandfluctuationsfaroutweighanthropogenicinfluence.Table1‐2describesthekeycharacteristicsandsourcesofthesixmajorGHGsidentifiedbyAB32.
Table 1-2. Principal Greenhouse Gas Emissions
GreenhouseGasChemicalFormula(s) PrimaryEmissionsSources
GlobalWarmingPotentiala
AtmosphericLifetime(years)
Carbondioxide CO2 BurningoffossilfuelsGasflaringCementproductionLandusechangesDeforestation
1 50–200
Methane CH4 AgriculturalpracticesNaturalgascombustionLandfilloutgassing
28 12.4
Nitrousoxide N2O AgriculturalpracticesNylonproductionGas‐firedpowerplantsNitricacidproductionVehicleemissions
265 121
Perfluorinatedcarbons
CF4C2F6
AluminumproductionSemiconductormanufacturing
6,630–11,100 10,000–50,000
Sulfurhexafluoride SF6 PowerdistributionSemiconductormanufacturingMagnesiumprocessing
23,500 3,200
Hydrofluorocarbons HFC‐23HFC‐134aHFC‐152a
ConsumerproductsAutomobileairconditionersRefrigerants
138–12,400 1.5–222
Source:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange2013.aTheGWPslistedhereare100‐yearvalueswithoutcarbon‐climatefeedbacks,basedontheIPCC’sFifthAssessmentReport.
ThemajorityofGHGemissionsgeneratedintheUnitedStatesandCaliforniaareintheformofCO2.In2015,forexample,CO2accountedfor82%ofthefederalGHGinventory,withmostofthese
Sources, Sinks, and Global Warming Potentials for Greenhouse Gases
NaturalandhumanactivitiesthatgenerateGHGsarecommonlyreferredtoasemissionssources.TheburningoffossilfuelstopowerbuildingsandvehiclesistheprimarysourceofCO2andakeycontributorofCH4andN2Oemissions.AGHGsinkremovesandstoresGHGs.Forexample,vegetationisasinkbecauseitremovesatmosphericCO2duringphotosynthesis.
GHGsarenotcreatedequally.TheGlobalWarmingPotential,orGWP,isusedtocompareGHGsbasedontheirpotentialtotrapheatandremainintheatmosphere.Somegasescanabsorbmoreheatthanothers,andthushaveagreaterimpactonglobalwarming.Forexample,CO2isconsideredtohaveaGWPof1,whereasN2OhasaGWPof265.ThismeansthatN2Ois265timesmorepowerfulthanCO2.
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emissionsgeneratedthroughthecombustionoffossilfuels(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency2017).Fossilfuelsareburnedtocreateelectricityandheattopowerhomes,commercialbuildings,andvehicles.IntheUnitedStates,energyusedtopowerbuildingsistheprimarysourceofGHGemissions,representing29%ofthe2015federalGHGinventory.ThetransportationsectoristhenextlargestsourceGHGemissions(27%)(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency2017).InCalifornia,theemissionsprofileisslightlydifferent,withthetransportationsectorrepresentingthelargestsourceofemissions(39%),followedbyindustrialemissions(23%)andelectricitygeneration(19%)foratotalof81%ofthestate’semissions(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2017).OthersourcesofGHGemissionsgeneratedintheUnitedStatesandCaliforniaincludeindustrialprocesses,commercialandresidentialbuildings,andagriculturalactivities.
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Chapter 2 Updated Greenhouse Gas Inventories
2.1 Community Inventory Overview
SanBernardinoCounty’s2014CommunityInventoryincludesGHGemissionsgeneratedbyactivitieswithintheunincorporatedareasoftheCountyonly.Theinventoryalsoincludesemissionsthatoccuroutsidetheunincorporatedareas,butonlytotheextentthatsuchemissionsaretheresultofcommunityactivities.Forexample,GHGemissionsgeneratedbyregionalpowerplantstoprovideelectricitytolocalhomesandbusinessesintheunincorporatedareasareincludedintheinventoryeventhoughthepowerplantsthemselvesmaynotbelocatedwithintheunincorporatedareasoftheCounty.TheanalysisofcommunityGHGemissionsisbasedontheICLEIU.S.CommunityProtocolforAccountingandReportingGreenhouseGasEmissions,whichisacomprehensiveprotocolforquantifyingGHGemissions(LocalGovernmentsforSustainability2013).
TotalGHGemissionsproducedbycommunityactivitiesintheunincorporatedareasoftheCountyin2014were2,952,859MTCO2e,whichisapproximately0.7%ofCalifornia’sGHGemissionsinthesameyear.4
AsshowninTable2‐1andFigure2‐1,on‐roadtransportationandbuildingenergyemissionsrepresentthelargestsourcesofcommunityemissions(approximately40%and30%ofthe2014CommunityInventory).On‐roadtransportationistypicallyaconsiderablecomponentofacommunity’stotalGHGemissions,rangingfrom30to70%dependingonothersourcesandlocalconditions.Themajorityofon‐roademissionsintheCountycomefrompersonalandlight‐dutyvehicles.BuildingenergyisalsooftenoneofthelargestsourcesofGHGemissionsincommunityinventoriesandincludesenergyconsumedforheating,cooling,lighting,andcookingintheresidential,commercial,industrial,andothersectors.Thethird‐largestsourceislandfillemissions,withacontributionof16%ofthetotal2014CommunityInventory.Thenextlargestsourcesintheinventoryarerefrigerants(5%),wateruse(3%),off‐roadvehiclesandequipment,wastewatertreatment,andagriculture(2%each),andresidentialfueluse(lessthan1%).Stationarysourceemissionsfromemissionsproducingfacilities(includingcementproductionfacilities)intheCountyrepresentalargesourceofemissions(4.5MMTCO2e);however,asdiscussedabove,theseemissionsareprovidedforinformationalpurposesandarenotincludedintheinventorytotal,becauseofthelackofjurisdictionalcontrolthattheCountyhasoverthesesources.ThemethodsusedtoquantifycommunityGHGemissionsarediscussedinAppendixA.
4CaliforniastatewideGHGemissionsin2014were441.9millionmetrictonsofCO2e(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2017).
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Table 2-1. San Bernardino County 2014 Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory
EmissionSector
2014Inventory
Emissions(MTCO2e) Percent(%)ofInventory
BuildingEnergy 875,681 29.7
On‐RoadTransportation 1,188,893 40.3
Off‐RoadVehiclesandEquipment 48,442 1.6
SolidWaste/Landfills 468,140 15.9
WaterUse 89,694 3.0
WastewaterTreatment 65,335 2.2
Refrigerants 146,823 5.0
Agriculture 68,752 2.3
ResidentialFuelUse 1,099 0.04
CountyTotal 2,952,859 100.0
EmissionsforInformationalPurposes
StationarySources 2,208,124 N/A
CementProduction 2,308,909 N/A
N/A=notapplicable
Figure 2-1. San Bernardino County 2014 Community Inventory by Sector
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AsshowninTable2‐1,the2014communityinventoryisdividedintonineprimarysectors.Eachsectorrepresentsasubsetofcommunityemissions,andsomecomprisemultipleemissions‐generatingactivities.Forexample,naturalgasandelectricityconsumptionarebothincludedinthebuildingenergysector.Theninesectorsanalyzedrepresentthemajoremissionscategorieswithinthecountyandaredefinedasfollows.
Buildingenergy.Thebuildingenergysectorconsistsofemissionsfromelectricitygenerationandnaturalgascombustionbyresidential,commercial,industrial,andotherbuildingslocatedintheCounty.Thissectorisprimarilycomposedoftwomainsourcesofemissions:electricityconsumption(approximately73%ofemissions)andnaturalgasconsumption(approximately27%ofemissions).In2014,thetopthreeconsumersofelectricityweretheindustrial(55%),residential(31%),andcommercial(14%)sectors.Fornaturalgas,thethreelargestconsumersareresidential(70%),commercial(22%),andindustrial(6%).Buildingenergyistypicallyoneofthelargestsectorsinajurisdiction.IntheCounty,buildingenergyemissionsareapproximately30%oftotalemissions,whichisthesecond‐largestsector.
On‐roadtransportation.Theon‐roadtransportationsectorconsistsoffuelconsumptionemissionsfromvehicletripsrelatedtolanduseswithintheCounty.VehicletripsrelatedtolandusesintheCountytraveledanestimated2.4billionmilesin2014,resultinginapproximately1.2MMTCO2e.Approximately93%oftheannualmilestraveledareestimatedtobelightdutyvehicles(i.e.,passengervehicles),while7%areestimatedtobeheavy‐dutyvehicles(i.e.,trucks).On‐roadtransportationisthelargestemissionsectorfortheCounty’scommunityinventory(40%ofcommunityemissions),whichisconsistentwithGHGinventoriesforothermunicipaljurisdictions.
Off‐roadvehiclesandequipment.Theoff‐roadvehiclesandequipmentsectorconsistsoffuelconsumptionemissionsfromuseofoff‐roadequipment(e.g.,cranes,bulldozers,lawnmowers,watercraft).Off‐roadvehiclesandequipmentintheCountyconsumedanestimated4.9milliongallonsoffuelin2014,resultingin48,442MTCO2e.Thetypesoffuelconsumedincludegasoline,diesel,andliquefiedpetroleumgas.Thissectoristypicallyasmallportionofajurisdiction’sGHGinventory,astheactivityinvolved(i.e.,operatinglawnmowers,bulldozers)isminorwhencomparedtoon‐roadvehicletravelorbuildingenergy.In2014,thissectorrepresentslessthan2%ofGHGemissions.
Waste/landfills.Thewaste/landfillssectorincludesCH4emissionsfromwastegeneratedwithintheCounty,andCH4emissionsreleaseddirectlyfromCounty‐ownedlandfills.WastegeneratedintheCountyin2014includesapproximately102,000tonsofresidentialwasteandnearly141,000tonsofnon‐residentialwaste.ThewastegeneratedintheCountywassentto23landfillsoperatedbytheCountyandtwolandfillsnotoperatedbytheCounty.Solidwasteemissionsarethethird‐largestsectoroftheCommunityinventory,representingnearly16%oftheCounty’stotalemissions.EmissionsfromwastegeneratedbythecommunityareincludedasaseparateitemonlyfortheportionofwastethatissenttolandfillsnotoperatedbytheCounty.ForallotherwastegeneratedbythecommunityandsenttolandfillsoperatedbytheCounty,thedecompositionemissionsareincludedinthelandfillcomponentofthewastesector.
Wateruse.Thewaterusesectorconsistsofemissionsfromelectricityandnaturalgasconsumptionassociatedwithwateruse,includinggroundwaterpumping,localwaterdistribution,andsurfacewaterdiversion.ItisestimatedthatwaterconsumptionintheCountyin2014isover32billiongallons,resultinginover345millionkilowatthours(kWh)of
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electricityconsumedtotreat,convey,anddistributewater.Theindirectelectricityemissionsresultingfromthewater‐relatedelectricityconsumptionarenearly90,000MTCO2e.
Wastewatertreatment.ThewastewatertreatmentsectorconsistsofFugitiveemissionsfromcommunitywastewatertreatment,andemissionsfromelectricityconsumedatwastewatertreatmentplantsduetoCountywastewatergeneration.Emissionsinthissectorrepresentabout2%oftheCounty’stotalemissions,whichisoneofthesmallestsectorsintheCommunityinventory.Electricityconsumptionassociatedwithwatertreatmentplantsandwastewaterconveyanceisestimatedtobeover194millionkWhin2014.Electricityconsumptionaccountsforapproximately78%ofwastewatertreatmentemissions.Approximately6%ofthewastewatertreatmentsectoristheresultoffugitiveemissionsdirectlyemittedfromwastewaterattreatmentplants,while16%ofthissectoristheresultofdirectemissionsfromseptictanksystemsintheCounty(i.e.,residencesnotconnectedtoacentralsewersystem).
Refrigerants.Therefrigerantssectorconsistsofhigh‐GWPgasesareemittedfromresidentialandcommercial/industrialstationaryrefrigerationandair‐conditioningequipment.High‐GWPrefrigerantsincludechlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),HCFCs,andHFCs.ThissectoristhefourthlargestsectorintheCounty,resultinginapproximately5%oftheCommunityinventoryemissions.
Agriculture.TheagriculturesectorconsistsofN2OemissionsfromfertilizerapplicationandCH4emissionsfrommanuremanagementandentericfermentationfromlivestockintheunincorporatedareas.Emissionsemitteddirectlyfromlivestockandtheirmanureisthepredominantemissionssourceforthissector(approximately96%ofagricultureemissions).TheseemissionsincludeCH4andN2Oemitteddirectlyfromcows,chickensandturkeysandtheirmanure.EmissionsresultingfromtheuseoffertilizeroncropsintheCountyrepresentasmallerportionofagricultureemissions(approximately4%).Thereareawidevarietyoffruit,vegetable,andgraincropsintheCountythatwouldrequireanestimated1.3millionpoundsoffertilizerin2014.TheagriculturesectorisoneofthesmallersectorsintheCounty,representingapproximately2%oftotalemissions.
Residentialfueluse.Theresidentialfuelusesectorconsistsofstationaryfuelcombustionatresidencesofpropane/liquidpetroleum(LPG),kerosene,andwood.Thissectorincludessourcesofenergyresultingfromheatingorotherpurposesatresidencesfromenergysourcesotherthanelectricityandnaturalgas,whichareincludedintheBuildingEnergysector.Themajorityofenergyconsumedamongthesesourcesisfromwood(81%),whileLPGandkerosenerepresentsmallerportions(19%andlessthan1%,respectively).BecausetheCO2emissionsreleasedwhenwoodisburnedareconsideredtobebiogenic,5woodburningemissionsonlyincludeCH4andN2O.Non‐buildingenergysourcesofenergyareasmallportionoftheenergyconsumedintheCounty,andthusemissionsforthissectorareless0.5%ofthetotalCommunityemissions.
Additionalemissionswereestimatedforinformationalpurposesbutwerenotincludedintheinventoryforthefollowingreasons.
Stationarysourcesandcementproduction.Stationaryfuelcombustionandprocessemissionsforindustrialandcommercialfacilities(doesnotincludenaturalgascombustion;thisisincludedinthebuildingenergysector),andcementproductionfacilitieswerenotincludedintheCounty’stotalcommunityGHGemissions.Theseemissionswerenotincludedbecausethe
5EmissionsthatbiogenicarefromnaturalsourcesandarenotincludedinGHGaccountingprotocols.
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Countyhaslimitedjurisdictionalcontroloverstationarysources,andlargestationarypointsourceemissionsareregulatedbytheStateofCalifornia(underAB32throughcap‐and‐trade)andthroughtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)andSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(undertheCleanAirAct)forGHGemissions.Thus,inparticularforthelargerstationarypointsources,localregulationofsuchsourcescanbeduplicativeofstateandfederalauthority.
2.2 Municipal Inventory Overview
TheCounty’sFY2015MunicipalInventoryincludesGHGemissionsgeneratedbytheCounty’slocalgovernmentoperationsasitprovidesservicestothepublic.Theinventoryincludesemissionsthatoccureitherinsideoroutsidetheunincorporatedareas,butonlytotheextentthatsuchemissionsaretheresultofmunicipalactivities.Forexample,GHGemissionsgeneratedbyaCountyemployeewholivesinRiversideCountyandcommutestoworkareincludedintheinventoryeventhoughmostoftheemissionsmaynotbeemittedwithintheunincorporatedareasoftheCounty.TheanalysisofmunicipalGHGemissionsisbasedontheLocalGovernmentOperationsProtocolfortheQuantificationandReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissionsInventories,whichisamethodologyintendedforlocalgovernmentstoquantifytheirGHGemissionsassociatedwithmunicipaloperations(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardet.al.2010).
The2015MunicipalInventoryisdividedinto10majorsectors.Eachsectorrepresentsasubsetofmunicipalemissions,andsomecomprisemultipleemissions‐generatingactivities.TotalGHGemissionsproducedbymunicipalactivitiesintheunincorporatedareasoftheCountyinFY2015were635,829MTCO2e,whichisapproximately0.1%ofCalifornia’sGHGemissionsinthesameyear.6
AsshowninTable2‐2andFigure2‐2,solidwaste/landfillsisthelargestsourceofemissionsbyasubstantialmargin.WhiletheCountyownsandoperatesanumberoflandfills,non‐Countywasteissenttotheselandfills.Buildingenergyandemployeecommuteemissionsrepresentthenextlargestsourcesofcommunityemissions(approximately9%oftheMunicipalinventoryeach).TheCountyownsandleasesmanybuildingsforitsmunicipaloperationsandhasover19,000employees,soenergyconsumptionandvehiclecommuteemissionsrepresentsizableportionsofthemunicipalinventory.ThenextlargestsourcesintheinventoryaretheCountyvehiclefleet.Therestofthesectorsintheinventoryrepresentlessthan1%ofthetotalemissions.ThemethodsusedtoquantifymunicipalGHGemissionsarediscussedinAppendixA.
Table 2-2. San Bernardino County Fiscal Year 2015 Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory
EmissionSectora
2014Inventory
Emissions(MTCO2e) Percent(%)ofInventory
BuildingEnergy 58,742 9.2
StreetlightsandTrafficSignals 670 0.1
6CaliforniastatewideGHGemissionsin2015were440.4millionmetrictonsofCO2e(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2017).
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EmissionSectora
2014Inventory
Emissions(MTCO2e) Percent(%)ofInventory
VehicleFleet 38,656 6.1
SolidWaste/Landfills 468,024 73.6
EmployeeCommute 58,961 9.3
Water&WastewaterPumpingEquipment 1,713 0.3
WaterUse 3,083 0.5
WastewaterTreatment 4,349 0.7
Refrigerants 1,631 0.3
MunicipalTotal 635,829 100.0
Figure 2-2. San Bernardino County 2014 Municipal Inventory by Sector
AsshowninTable2‐2,themunicipalinventoryisdividedintonineprimarysectors.Eachsectorrepresentsasubsetofcommunityemissions,andsomecomprisemultipleemissions‐generatingactivities.Forexample,naturalgasandelectricityconsumptionarebothincludedinthebuildingenergysector.TheninesectorsanalyzedrepresentthemajoremissionscategorieswithintheCountyandaredefinedasfollows.
Buildingenergy.ThebuildingenergysectorconsistsofemissionsfromelectricitygenerationandnaturalgascombustionbyCounty‐ownedandleasedbuildings.TheenergyconsumedtopowerCounty‐ownedbuildingsresultsin9%oftheCounty’stotalmunicipalemissions,whichmakesthissectorthethirdlargest.TheCountyownsandleasesmanybuildingsacrossdifferentregionsandserviceareastohouseitsmunicipalemployees.Basedontheavailabledata,itis
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estimatedthatbuildingsassociatedwithCountyoperations(includingownedandleasedbuildings)consumedmorethan161millionkWhofelectricityand3millionthermsofnaturalgasinFY2015.Themajorityofthemunicipalbuildingenergyemissionsarefromelectricityconsumption(71%),whilenaturalgasconsumptioncontributesasmallerportion(28%).Propaneuseinmunicipalbuildingscontributeslessthan1%tobuildingenergyemissions.
Streetlightsandtrafficsignals.ThestreetlightsandtrafficsignalssectorconsistsofemissionsfromelectricitygenerationtooperateCounty‐ownedstreetlightsandtrafficsignals.EmissionsfromthissectorareasmallcomponentoftheCounty’smunicipalinventory,resultinginabout0.1%ofemissions.ElectricityconsumptionforstreetlightsandtrafficsignalsownedbytheCountyisestimatedtobe2.7millionkWh.
Vehiclefleet.ThevehiclefleetsectorconsistsoffuelconsumptionemissionsfromCountyvehicles(e.g.,policecars,firetrucks).EmissionsgeneratedbyCounty‐ownedvehiclesresultedinover38,000MTCO2einFY2015,whichmakesthissectorthefourthlargest.EstimatedfuelconsumptioninCountyon‐roadvehiclesisover4milliongallons,themajorityofwhichisgasoline(82%)anddiesel(18%).Off‐roadvehiclesownedbytheCountyconsumednearly142,000gallonsoffuelinFY2015,themajorityofwhichisdiesel(98%).ThevehiclefleetsectoralsoincludesCounty‐ownedequipmentthatispoweredbyfuelbutisnotnecessarilyavehicle,suchasemergencygeneratorsandotherstationaryequipment.
Employeecommute.TheemployeecommutesectorconsistsoffuelconsumptionemissionsfromCountyemployeescommutingtoandfromtheirworksites.Employeecommuteemissionsaretypicallyoneofthelargestsectorsinajurisdiction’smunicipalinventory.FortheCounty,municipalemployeescommutingtoandfromworkgeneratesover9%ofthetotalmunicipalemissions.InFY2015,municipalemployeesassociatedwiththeCountytraveledalmost143millionmiles.Itisestimatedthat86%ofCountyemployeescommutetoworkalonebycar,whilenearly12%commuteinacarpoolwithmorethanoneperson.Lessthan2%ofCountyemployeesareestimatedtocommutetoworkviaothermeans,suchasbybus,bicycle,walking,etc.
Waste/landfills.Thewaste/landfillssectorconsistsofCH4emissionsfromwastegeneratedinmunicipalbuildings,andCH4emissionsreleaseddirectlybyCounty‐ownedlandfills.ThesolidwasteandlandfillssectoristhelargestsourceofGHGemissionsfortheCounty’smunicipaloperationsbyfar.InFY2015,theCountyhadjurisdictionalcontrolover23landfills.Wastesenttotheselandfills,however,camefrommanyjurisdictionsnotassociatedwiththeCounty,itspopulation,oremployees.AllofthewasteemissionsfromlandfillsareattributedtotheCounty,consistentwithGHGaccountingprotocols,becausetheCountymaintainsjurisdictionalcontroloverthelandfills.TheCounty’scontroloverthelandfillsisrelevanttopotentialfutureGHGreductionplanningefforts,suchasinstallingCH4captureand/orCH4flaringatlandfills.
WaterandwastewaterpumpingEquipment.ThewaterandwastewaterpumpingsectorconsistsofemissionsfromenergyusedtoconveyandpumpwaterandwastewaterbyCounty‐ownedpumpingequipment.County‐ownedequipmentthatpumpswaterorwastewatermayservemunicipalornon‐municipalbuildings,buttheCountyhasjurisdictionalcontrolovertheequipment.ThissectorrepresentsasmallportionoftheCounty’smunicipalinventory(lessthan0.3%oftotalemissions).ElectricityconsumedforCounty‐ownedpumpingequipmentisestimatedtobe6.5millionkWh.
Wateruse.ThewaterusesectorconsistsofemissionsfromelectricityandnaturalgasconsumptionassociatedwithwaterconsumptioninCounty‐ownedbuildings.Emissionsinthis
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sectorwouldcontributeapproximately3,083MTCO2eofGHGemission,whichislessthan0.5%oftheCounty’stotalmunicipalemissions.EstimatedwaterconsumptioninCountybuildingsandforCountyoperationsisover1billiongallonsforFY2015,resultingin11.9millionkWhofelectricitytotreatanddistributethatwater.
Wastewatertreatment.ThewastewatertreatmentsectorconsistsoffugitiveemissionsfromwastewatertreatmentthatisproducedinCounty‐ownedbuildings.Emissionsinthissector,generatedaswastewaterfromCountybuildingsandoperationsaretreatedinwastewatertreatmentplants,wouldcontributelessthan1%oftotalemissions.ElectricityconsumptionresultingfromCountywastewaterwouldbenearly16millionkWhinFY2015.
Refrigerants.Therefrigerantssectorconsistsoffugitiveemissions(leaks)fromequipmentthatrequiretheuseofrefrigerantsinCountyfacilities(e.g.,vendingmachines,refrigerators,airconditioners).Thissectorisoneofthesmallestsourcesofemissionsinthemunicipalinventory(eighthlargest).TherefrigerantquantityusedinCounty‐ownedequipmentandvehiclesinFY2015isestimatedtobe1.2metrictons.
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Chapter 3 Key Greenhouse Gas Inventory Trends
3.1 Introduction ThischapterdiscussestrendsinemissionsbetweentheCounty’spreviousinventoriesandcurrentinventories,includingemissionstrendsbysectorforboththecommunityandmunicipalinventories.Thischapteralsodescribestheunderlyingfactorsthatmayhavecontributedtotheseemissionstrends,includingchangesindemographics,economicforces,andotherexternalchanges,andattemptstodistinguishthesechangesfrommethodologicaldifferencesbetweenthecurrentandpriorinventorymethods.Forsomesectors,asdiscussedbelow,emissionsmethodologiesdifferbetweenthedifferentinventoryyearssuchthatidentificationofclearemissionstrendsforthesesectorsisnotpossible.
3.2 Community GHG Inventory Trends: 2007–2014 Basedonastrictcomparisonoftheprior2007inventoryandthecurrent2014inventory,communityGHGemissionshaveoveralldecreasedby13%.Asdiscussedbelow,thetwoinventoriesdiffersubstantiallyinmethodologyduetochangesininventoryguidanceandpracticeovertime,andassuch,astrictcomparisonofthetwoinventoriesisnotanappropriatereflectionofthechangeinemissionsbetween2007and2014.ThereasonsforthechangesbetweeninventoriesisdiscussedinSection3.4,SectorTrends..
AsshowninTable3‐1,acomparisonofthetwoinventoriesindicatesdecreasedemissionsforsomesectorsandincreasedemissionsinothersectors.Sectorswithsubstantialinventoriedincreasesoverthepreviousinventoryincludelandfills,waterconveyance,wastewater,andresidentialfueluse.Inventoriedemissionsinothersectorshavedecreasedbymoderateamounts(buildingenergy,on‐roadtransportation,off‐roadvehiclesandequipment),whiletheagriculturesectorhasexperiencedaminorincrease.Therefrigerantssectorwasnotincludedinthepreviousinventory.
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Table 3-1. Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory Comparison Table (2007–2014)
EmissionSector
2007InventoryEmissions(MTCO2e)
2014InventoryEmissions(MTCO2e)
ChangeinInventoriedEmissions
2007–2014(%)
BuildingEnergy 1,280,931 875,681 ‐32
On‐RoadTransportation 1,631,666 1,188,893 ‐27
Off‐RoadVehiclesandEquipment 157,185 48,442 ‐69
SolidWaste/Landfills 213,191 468,140 120
WaterConveyance/WaterUse 10,696 89,694 739
WastewaterTreatment 27,994 65,335 133
Refrigerants Notincluded 146,823 N/A
Agriculture 64,619 68,752 6
ResidentialFuelUsea 346 1,099 218
CountyTotal 3,386,628 2,952,859 ‐13
CountyTotalw/oSolidWaste/Landfillsb 3,173,437 2,484,719 ‐21
EmissionsforInformationalPurposes
StationarySources 137,174 2,208,124 1,510
CementProduction 2,729,261 2,308,909 ‐15Notes:aThenameofthissectorinthepreviousinventoryisMiscellaneous:Residentialfires&cookingbTotalprovidedasthemajorityofsolidwasteinCountylandfillsisnotderivedfromtheunincorporatedCountyitself.N/A=notapplicable
Figure3.1illustratesGHGemissions,theCountypopulation,andthepercapitarateofemissionsforboththepreviousandcurrentinventoryyear.Althoughthepopulationhasincreasedbetween2007and2014,asshowninFigure3.1,totalandpercapitaemissionshavebothdecreased.AnotherusefulmetrictoevaluateemissionsistheServicePopulation(SP)metric,whichisthesumofpopulationandemployment.Figure3.1alsoincludestheSPmetricandshowsthatthe2014GHGemissionswere7.7MTCO2e/SPcomparedto2007GHGemissionsof10.2MTCO2e/SP,whichisadeclineof32%inemissionsintensity.
Becausethetotalinventoryemissionsaresimplythesumofeachofthesectors,thereasonsforthechangesillustratedinFigure3.1arediscussedindetailbysectorinSection3.4,SectorTrends.Someofthechangesreflectdifferencesininventorymethodologyasopposedtoreal‐worldchangesinemissions.DRAFT
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Figure 3-1. County Community Emissions Trend, 2007–2014
3.3 Municipal GHG Inventory Trends: Fiscal Years 2006–2015
MunicipalGHGemissionsbetweenthepreviousinventoryandthecurrentinventoryhaveincreasedbyasubstantialmargin(approximately87%).AsshowninTable3‐1,emissionsforsomesectorshavedecreasedmoderately(waterandwastewaterpumpingequipment),whileemissionsforothersectorshaveincreasedsubstantially(streetlightsandtrafficsignals,solidwaste/landfills,andemployeecommute).Thebuildingenergysectorexperiencedaminordecreaseof7%betweenthepreviousandcurrentinventories,whilethevehiclefleetsectorexperiencedanincreaseof11%.Anumberofsectorshavebeenincludedinthecurrentinventorythatwerenotincludedinthepreviousinventory(waterconsumption,wastewatertreatment,andrefrigerants).Onaper‐employeebase,GHGemissionshavechangedfrom20MTCO2e/employeeinFY2006to32.7MTCO2e/employeeinFY2015.
Thereasonsforthechangesbetweeninventoriesisbestexplainedinthediscussionofindividualsectortrends,inSection3.4,SectorTrends.DRAFT
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Table 3-2. Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory Comparison Table: Fiscal Years 2006–2015
EmissionSector2006Emissions
(MTCO2e)2015Emissions
(MTCO2e)
ChangeinEmissions
2006–2015(%)
BuildingEnergy 62,981 58,742 ‐7
StreetlightsandTrafficSignals 276 670 143
VehicleFleet 34,958 38,656 11
SolidWaste/Landfills 206,817 468,024 126
EmployeeCommute 32,490 58,961 81
Water&WastewaterPumpingEquipment
2,192 1,713 ‐22
WaterConsumption Notincluded 3,083 N/A
WastewaterTreatment Notincluded 4,349 N/A
Refrigerants Notincluded 1,631 N/A
MunicipalTotals 339,714 635,829 87
ExcludingSolidWaste/Landfills 132,987 167,805 26
N/A=notapplicable
Figure3.2illustratesmunicipalGHGemissions,Countyemployees,andthepermunicipalemploymentrateofemissionsforboththepreviousandcurrentinventoryyear.ThenumberofCountyemployeeshasincreasedbetweenFYs2006and2015,asshowninFigure3.2,andtotalandpermunicipalemploymentemissionshaveallincreasedbyapproximately87%.Asdiscussedabove,thesolidwaste/landfillsectoremissionsinthecurrentinventoryaresubstantiallygreaterthanthepreviousinventory,whichistheprimaryreasonforthe87%increase.Ifoneexcludesthesolidwaste/landfillsector,thenmunicipalemissionshaveincreasedby26%fromFY2006to2015.Onaperemployeebasis,municipalemissionshaveincreased64%since2006.However,whenexcludingthesolidwaste/landfillsector,thenperemployeeemissionsaresimilarbetweenFYs2006and2015(7.8and8.6MTCO2e/employee,respectively).
Thereasonsforthechangesinsolidwaste/landfillsectoremissionsbetweeninventories,andforallothermunicipalsectors,arediscussedinSection3.4,SectorTrends.
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Figure 3-2. County Municipal Emissions Trend, Fiscal Years 2006–2015
3.4 Sector Trends Thesubsectionsbelowdiscussthetrendsobservedbetweenthepreviousandthecurrentinventories.Lookingattheindividualsectortrendsprovidesamorerevealingassessmentofhowemissionshavechangedcomparedtoacommunity‐ormunicipal‐widecomparison.
Building Energy Community
Community‐widebuildingenergyemissionshavedecreasedbyapproximately32%betweenthepreviousinventoryandcurrentinventory,despiteanincreaseinpopulationandemployment.AportionoftheincreasecanbeexplainedbyadecreaseintheemissionsintensityofelectricityproducedintheSouthernCaliforniaregion.SouthernCaliforniaEdison(SCE),whichsuppliesthemajorityofelectricitytotheCounty,iscontinuallyincreasingitsrenewableenergyportfolio.In2014,36%ofSCE’selectricitysourceswerefromnon‐GHG‐emittingsources(e.g.,geothermal,solar,wind,nuclear)resultinginaGHGemissionsfactorfor2014(260kilogramspermega‐watthourofelectricity)thatisapproximately10%lessthantheGHGemissionsfactorusedinthe2007inventory(291kilogramspermegawatthourofelectricity)(SouthernCaliforniaEdison2014,2015).ElectricityemissionsfactorsforotherutilitiesthatprovidetheCountywithelectricity(BearValleyElectricServices,CityofColtonElectricUtility,andCityofNeedlesElectricUtility)werenotincludedinthepreviousinventorybutareincludedinthecurrentinventory;thus,thedownwardtrendis
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primarilytheresultofSCE’sincreasedrenewableportfolio.Energyefficiencyimprovementsinresidencesandbusinessesarealsolikelyacontributortothedecreaseinemissions.
Anotherreasonforthedifferenceinemissionsisadifferenceinemissionsreportingacrosssectors.Inthepreviousinventory,somewaterandwastewaterrelatedenergyemissionswereincludedinthissector.Forinstance,inthepreviousinventory,onlywater‐relatedenergyemissionstoimportwaterfromoutsideoftheCountyareincludedinthewatersector,whileallotherwater‐relatedenergy(conveyanceanddistributionwithintheCounty)areincludedinthebuildingenergysector.Additionally,thepreviousinventoryonlyincludesfugitiveemissionsreleasedfromwastewaterinthewastewatersectorbutincludesenergyconsumptionatwastewatertreatmentplantsinthebuildingenergysector.
Thecurrentinventoryreportsallwater‐andwastewater‐relatedenergyemissionsintheirrespectivesectorstotheextentpossible.FromaGHGreductionplanningperspective,itismostpracticaltoincludeallwaterandwastewateremissionsintheirownsectors,eveniftheemissionsarefromenergyconsumption,becausethisallowsastraightforwardassessmentofwhichsectorswillbemostaffectedbyGHG‐reductionefforts.Forexample,ifwater‐relatedemissionsareincludedinthebuildingenergysectorandappeartoinflatethetotalemissionsinthatsector,investinginwater‐specificGHG‐reductionefforts,suchasinstallingmoreefficientwaterpumpingequipment,maynotbeanobviouschoice.Thus,thecurrentinventoryisreportingemissionsforthebuildingenergysectorandoverlapping/relatedsectorsdifferentlythanthepreviousinventory.
Municipal—County Facilities BuildingenergyemissionsgeneratedbyenergyconsumedinCountyfacilitiesdecreasedbetweenthepreviousinventoryandcurrentinventorybyapproximately7%.Adecreaseinemissionsisexpected,however,asdiscussedintheCommunitytrendsdiscussion,theemissionsintensityofelectricityproducedintheSouthernCaliforniaregionhasdecreased.BecausetheemissionintensityoftheelectricityconsumedinCountyfacilitieshasdecreased,itisreasonablethattheoverallbuildingenergyemissionshaveexperiencedadownwardtrend.Becauseclimatechangeiscausingglobaltemperaturestoincrease,itispossiblethedecreaseinemissionsisnotaslargeasitwouldotherwisebe,becauseincreasedenergydemandfrombuildingcoolingcouldbepartiallyoffsettingtheincreasedrenewableenergyportfoliosoftheutilityproviders.
EmissionsresultingfromnaturalgasorpropaneconsumptioninCountyfacilitiesarenotaffectedbytheincreasedrenewableenergysources,becausenaturalgasandpropanearecombusteddirectlyatthepointofuse(instoves,furnaces,etc.).Theemissionsintensityofnaturalgasconsumptionis,thus,approximatelythesamebetweenthetwoinventoriesandisnotresponsibleforanytrendsinemissions.
Municipal—Streetlights and Traffic Signals Outdoorlights,streetlights,andtrafficsignalsrepresentasmallportionoftheCounty’municipalinventory.Emissionsinthissectorincreasedby143%,however,betweenthepreviousandcurrentinventories.Whileitislikelythatoutdoorlightinghasincreasedintheyearsbetweentheinventories,anincreaseof143%isnotlikelyarealtrend.Thedifferencesinemissionsbetweentheinventoriesislikelypartiallycausedbydifferencesindatasetcompletenessandmethodology.Giventhethorougheffortstakenforthecurrentinventorytocollectacomprehensivesetofdata,itispossiblethatthedatasetusedforthepreviousinventorywasincomplete,andthatthecurrent
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inventorydatasetincludesoutdoorlightingdatanotpreviouslyaccountedfor.Thus,anupwardtrendinoutdoorlightingemissionsisexpected,butthe143%increasebetweenthepreviousandcurrentinventoriesislikelyartificiallyhigh.Itisprobablethattheactualincreaseissmaller,butthisisnotreflectedinthe2006to2015comparisonduetoincompletedataintheFY2006inventory.
On-Road Transportation Community
GHGemissionsfromon‐roadvehicleshavedecreasedbyapproximately27%between2007and2014.AlthoughtheCountyhasexperiencedgrowthinpopulation,jobs,andhousingunitsduringthistimeperiod,thedecreaseinemissionsispartiallyduetoashiftinthevehiclepopulationoftheCounty.TheemissionfactorsusedinthepreviousandcurrentinventoriestodeterminehowmuchGHGsareemittedpermileofvehicletravelarefromtheARB’semissionfactordatabaseprogram(EMFAC)(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardn.d.).TheemissionfactorsinEMFACgenerallydecreasewithtime(i.e.,EMFACassumesthatvehiclesgetcleanerwithtime).Thereasonforthisdecreaseisbecauseoldervehiclesareretiredandreplacedbynewer,cleanervehicleswithimprovedfueleconomy.AcomparisonoftheEMFACemissionfactorsbetween2007and2014showsthat,everythingelsebeingequal,emissionswoulddecreasebyapproximately3%betweentheseyears,whichissubstantiallylessthanthe27%decreaseinemissionsbetweentheinventories.
Adirectcomparisonofvehiclemilestraveled(VMT)betweentheinventoriescannotbemade,becausethe2007inventoryusedtheCounty‐wideSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(SCAQMD)GHGemissionsforon‐roadsourcesandapportionedemissionstotheunincorporatedCountyusingpopulation.ThecurrentinventoryusesmodeledVMTdataspecifictotheunincorporatedCountyprovidedbyFehrandPeersratherthananentireCountyestimateappliedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingpopulation.ThecurrentVMTanalysisisbasedontheorigin‐destinationapproach,7whichistherecommendedapproachofCalifornia’sRegionalTargetsAdvisoryCommittee.ThepreviousinventoryusedtotalCountyemissionsfromtheEMFACprogram,whichdoesnotconstituteanorigin‐destinationanalysis.Assuch,thepreviousanalysisincludesthrough‐trips,whicharetripsthatneitherbeginnorendintheCounty.Becausethecurrentanalysisdoesnotincludethrough‐trips,consistentwiththestate’srecommendedapproach,VMTandemissionsarelikelyoverestimatedinthepreviousinventoryrelativetothecurrentinventory.Despitethesedifferencesinmethodology,thedownwardtrendinon‐roademissionsisreasonableconsideringtheeffectofoldtonewvehicleturnover.
Municipal—Employee Commute Employeecommuteemissionshaveincreasedbyapproximately81%betweenthepreviousinventoryandnewinventory.Oneofthereasonsforthisincreaseisbecauseofgrowthinthenumberofmunicipalemployees.Thepreviousinventoryquantifiedemissionsforapproximately17,000employees,whilethecurrentinventoryassumesapproximately19,500employees(anincreaseof15%).However,thesubstantialincreaseincommuteemissionsislikelycausedbydifferencesinmethodologies.Afterareviewofthepreviousinventorymethodology,itisunclear
7Anorigin‐destinationanalysisaccountsfortripsinthefollowingmanner:100%oftripsthatstartandendintheCounty,50%ofthetripsthatstartintheCountybutendoutsideoftheCounty,and50%ofthetripsthatstartoutsideoftheCountybutendintheCounty.TripsthatneitherbeginnorendintheCountyareconsideredthrough‐tripsarenotincludedintheCounty’semissionstotal.
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whytheemployeecommuteemissionsareinthe32,500MTCO2erangegiventhenumberofCountyemployees(17,000),andlengthoftheaverageone‐waycommutetrip(17miles).Giventhesenumbers,usingthemethodsusedfortheFY2015inventoryemissionsshouldbeinthe55,000MTCO2erange,whichisconsistentwiththecurrentinventoryemissions(~59,000MTCO2e)afteraccountingforemployeegrowthandslightlydifferenttriplengthassumptions.Thus,thesubstantialincreaseinemployeecommuteemissionsislikelyanartificialtrendduetomethodologydifferencesinthepreviousinventory.
Municipal—Vehicle Fleet EmissionsproducedbyvehiclesintheCounty’svehiclefleethaveincreasedbyapproximately11%betweenthepreviousinventoryandthecurrentinventory,duetogrowthattheCountybetweentheseyears.AlthoughtheCountyhasexperiencedgrowthinthistimeframe,theeffectofimprovedvehiclefueleconomycausesadecreasingeffectonemissionsofapproximately3%.Asdescribedabove,vehiclesbecomecleanerwithtime;thus,astheCountyretiredoldervehiclesandpurchasednewvehicles,theoverallemissionsofthefleettrendsdownward.TheincreaseinCountyvehiclefuelconsumptionbetweenthe2inventoryyearsisprimarycauseoftheupwardtrend,however.
Off-Road Transportation Community
Emissionsresultingfromoff‐roadequipmentintheCountydecreasedbyalmost70%betweenthe2007andcurrentinventories.ThepreviousinventoryreportedthefindingsoftheSCAQMDGHGinventory,which,inturn,usedtheARB’sOFFROADmodeltoquantifyemissions(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2016).However,afterreviewoftheanalysisconductedpreviously,itislikelythatoff‐roademissionswereoverestimatedduetopriormethodologies,whichapportionedCounty‐wideemissionsusingpopulationonly.ThecurrentinventoryalsousesARB’sOFFROADmodeltoquantifyemissions,andapportionsemissionsfromeachequipmenttype(i.e.,construction,industrial,lawn)bytherelevantsocioeconomicmetricfortheCounty(i.e.,population,employment,households)whichisamoreaccuratemethod.Forinstance,lawnequipmentemissionsaremodeledfortheentireCounty(incorporatedplusunincorporated)andareapportionedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingthepercentageofhouseholdsintheunincorporatedareasrelativetothewholeCounty.AgriculturalequipmentemissionswereapportionedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingagriculturalcropdataratherthansocioeconomicdata.
Ifcomparingtwoinventoriesconductedusingidenticalmethodologies,off‐roadequipmentactivitywouldlikelyincreasebetween2007and2014astheCountygrows,butemissionswouldalsoexperienceamoderatedownwardeffectasvehicleefficiencyimprovesandfuelsbecomecleaner.Theresultingtrendinemissionsbetweeninventoriescouldeitherbeupwardordownwarddependingontherateofgrowth.FortheCounty’sinventories,becauseofthediscrepancyinmodelingresultsinthepreviousinventory,thesubstantialdecreaseof70%betweeninventoriesisanartificialtrendandshouldnotbeconsideredtobereflectiveofdecreasedgrowthorsubstantialimprovementsinvehiclesorfuels.DRAFT
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Solid Waste/Landfills Community
Landfillemissionsfrommunicipallyownedlandfillsmorethandoubledbetweenthepreviousinventoryandcurrentinventory.Therearelikelymultiplecausesfortheincreaseinemissions.Morethanhalfoftheemissionsincreasesoccurredatlandfillsthatarecurrentlyopenandwereacceptingwastebetween2006and2015,andasmallerportionoftheincreaseoccursatlandfillsclosedpriorto2006.Becausewastewasdepositedattheopenlandfillsintheyearsbetweeninventories,itisreasonablethatemissionsattheopenlandfillswouldincreaseasthenewwasteundergoesdecayandreleasesadditionalmethanenotcapturedinthepreviousinventory.Atlandfillsclosedpriorto2006,however,emissionswouldbeexpectedtodecreaseinthe2006–2015timeframe,becausenonewwastewouldbeaddedtoincreaseCH4emissions.Thus,theportionofincreasedemissionsattheclosedlandfillsislikelyduetodifferencesindatasetsbetweentheinventories.Boththepreviousandcurrentinventoryusedwaste‐in‐placedataavailableatthetimeoftheanalyses,butitispossiblethatmethodsusedtoquantifywaste‐in–placedataateachlandfillarenotconsistent.Becausethewaste‐in‐placedataarethekeycomponenttothecalculations,anyinconsistenciesinthecollectionorreportingofthisdatawouldresultindivergingemissionsestimatesbetweentheinventories.Indeed,thepreviousinventoryusedwaste‐in‐placedataprovidedbyEPA,whilethecurrentinventoryusesthemostrecentdataprovideddirectlybytheCounty.Thedatasetsarenotconsistentandwerelikelycollectedusingdifferentmethods.Thus,althoughsomeupwardtrendinemissionsisexpectedbecauseofthedepositionofnewwasteatopenlandfills,theincreaseinemissionsatclosedlandfillsisnotexpectedandislikelyrepresentativeofanartificialtrendduetodatainconsistencies.
Landfillemissionsatthenon‐County‐ownedlandfillsareaverysmallportionoftheCounty’scommunitywasteemissions,becausemostoftheCounty’swasteisdepositedatCounty‐ownedlandfills.However,thenon‐County‐ownedlandfillwasteemissionsdecreasedaswellbetweenthetwoinventories,eventhoughtheselandfillsarestillopenandacceptingwastefromtheCounty.
AccordingtotheCaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesandRecycling,residentsandemployeesintheCountygeneratedmorewastein2007(approximately342,000tons)thanin2014(approximately243,000tons),whichappearstocontradictthetrendofincreasingemissionsbetweenthe2007inventoryand2014inventory(CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesandRecycling2017).However,asdiscussedabove,theemissionsfromthissectorareprimarilyafunctionofthewaste‐in‐placedataattheCounty‐ownedlandfills.Asdiscussedabove,becausethewaste‐in‐placedatasetsarenotconsistent,theincreasingtrendinemissionsisartificial.
Municipal Thetrendinlandfillemissionsatmunicipallyownedlandfillsisdiscussedaboveinthecommunityinventorydiscussion.Thissourceofemissionsisthesameforboththecommunityandmunicipalinventories,sothetrenddiscussionaboveapplieshere.Non‐County‐ownedlandfillsarenotpartofamunicipalinventory,sothediscussionofemissionsatnon‐County‐ownedlandfillsabovedoesnotapplytothemunicipalinventory.DRAFT
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Water Community
EmissionsrelatedtowateruseintheCountyincreasedapproximatelyseven‐fold.SomeofthissubstantialincreaseinemissionsislikelyduetopopulationgrowthintheCounty,butitisprobablethatdifferencesinmethodologyandreportingpracticesaretheprimarycause.Inthepreviousinventory,onlyemissionsassociatedwithimportingwaterintotheCountywereincludedinthewatersector,andtheamountofwaterimportedwasestimatedtobeapproximately7.1billiongallonsin2007.EnergyemissionsfromtreatingimportedwateranddistributingitlocallyafteritenterstheCountywereincludedinthebuildingenergysector,andanyemissionsassociatedwithwatersourcedfromwithintheCountywerealsoincludedinthebuildingenergysector.Inthecurrentinventory,emissionsresultingfromenergyusedtoconvey,treat,anddistributewaterlocallyareincludedinthissectorandnotthebuildingenergysector,whichisconsistentwithcurrentstandardpractice.ThecurrentinventoryincludesbothimportedwaterandwatersourcedwithintheCountyinthissector,andwaterconsumptionisestimatedtobeover32billiongallonsin2014(versus7.1billiongallonsofonlyimportedwaterincludedinthepreviousinventorysector).Includingthewaterconveyance,treatment,andlocaldistributionemissionsinthewatersectorratherthanthebuildingenergysectorisamorepracticalapproachforGHGreductionplanning,becausesuchanapproachmakesiteasierandmoreeffectivetoidentifystrategiesintheappropriatesectortoreduceGHGs.
Emissionsassociatedwithheatingand/orcoolingwaterinhouses,business,etc.areincludedinthebuildingenergysector,becauseitisnotfeasibletoseparatetheseemissionsfrombuildingenergyemissions.
Additionally,thecurrentinventoryusesUrbanWaterManagementPlansfromtheCaliforniaDepartmentofWaterResourcesforeverycommunitywithanapplicableplantoestimateaCounty‐wideaveragepercapitawaterconsumptionrate,whichisthenappliedtotheentireunincorporatedCountypopulation.ThepreviousinventoryusedimportedwaterquantitiesfromtheCounty’sgeneralplan.Becauseofthesubstantialdifferencesinbothmethodologyandreporting,thesubstantialincreaseinwateremissionsbetween2007and2014islikelyanartificialtrend.Whileitisprobablethatwateremissionsincreasedbetweenthese2years,waterconsumptionoremissionsintensitydidnotlikelyincreasebyafactorof7giventhatthepreviousinventoryincludedonlyimportedwaterinthissectorwhilethecurrentinventoryincludesallestimatedwaterconsumptioninthissector.
Municipal—Water and Wastewater Pumping Equipment Waterandwastewaterpumpingequipmentemissionshavedecreasedby22%betweenthepreviousandcurrentinventories.TheseemissionsaretheemissionsthatresultfromtheelectricityandnaturalgasconsumedinpumpingequipmentownedbytheCounty.BoththepreviousandcurrentinventoriescollecteddatafromtheCounty’sSpecialDistrictsdepartment,whichisresponsibleforoperatingtheCounty‐ownedwaterandsewerpumpingequipment.ItisprobablethattheprimarycauseofthedecreaseinemissionsisduetoincreasedrenewableenergyproductioninFY2015comparedtoFY2006.Asdescribedforothersectors,SCE,hasincreaseditsrenewableenergyportfolio,whichhasledtolower‐emittingelectricity.Thus,althoughtheCounty’spumpingequipmentmayhaveprocessedmorewaterin2015than2006,theintensityoftheelectricityandtheassociatedemissionshavedecreased.
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Giventhescaleofthedecreaseinemissions(22%)relativetothedecreaseinGHGintensityoftheSCEelectricityemissionfactors(10%;seediscussionforBuildingEnergy),itispossibleothermethodologicalfactorsareinfluencingtheemissionstrendaswell.ThepreviousinventoryreportnotedthatdatafromtheSpecialDistrictfacilitiesmayincludeelectricityassociatedwithnon‐pumpinguses,becauseitwasnotpossibletodisaggregatetheSpecialDistrictsdataanyfurther.Thereportalsonotesthatpumpingislikelythedominantsourceofenergyandnon‐pumpingenergyvaluesarelikelysmall,however.Consequently,itispossiblethepreviousinventoryincludednon‐pumping‐relatedenergyinthissector,whilethecurrentinventorydoesnotincludethissourceofemissionsinthissector.Thetrendinwaterandwastewaterpumpingequipment,then,islikelydownwardtosomeextentgiventheimprovementsinSCE’srenewableenergyportfolio,butpartofthedownwardtrendmaybeduetomethodologyordatacollectiondiscrepanciesbetweentheinventories.
Municipal—Water Consumption in Municipal Facilities WaterconsumptionemissionsinCounty‐ownedfacilitieswerenotincludedinthepreviousinventory.Thissourceofemissionsisincludedinthecurrentinventory,usingthesamemethodsasdescribedpreviouslyforthecommunityinventory.UsingwaterconsumptionestimatesatallCountyfacilitiesprovidedbytheCountydepartments,municipalfacilitywateremissionswerequantified.Becausethissourceofemissionswasnotincludedinthepreviousinventory,thereisnoemissionstrend.
Wastewater Treatment Community
Between2007and2014,wastewatertreatmentemissionsincreasedsubstantially,byapproximately130%.ThelikelyreasonforthislargechangeinemissionsistheresultofmethodologicaldifferencesandnotchangesinpopulationorthenatureofwastewatertreatmentintheCounty.Inthepreviousinventory,statewidewastewateremissionsfromtheARB’sGHGinventorywerescaledtotheCountyusingtheCounty’sproportionofpopulationrelativetothestate’spopulation.ThecurrentinventoryusesthemostrecentmethodsfromtheICLEI2013CommunityProtocol,which,whilealsopopulation‐based,accountsforconditionsspecifictoalocaljurisdiction.Thestatewideemissions,usedinthepreviousinventory,coverawiderangeofcommunitiesandwastewatertreatmentfacilitiesandisthusnecessarilybroad.Further,apportioningstatewideemissionstotheCountyusingpopulationassumesthattheCounty’swastewatertreatmentfacilitiesaresimplyrepresentedbythestatewideaverageintermsofemissions.Inactuality,someareashavehigherorloweremissionsintensitywastewatertreatmentfacilitiesthanthestatewideaverage.
TheCounty’swastewateremissionsmaybehigherthanthestatewideaverageduetoahighproportionofseptictankusersintheruralareasoftheCounty.Thiseffectwouldnotbeaccountedforinatop‐downapproachusingstatewideemissions,aswasdoneinthepreviousinventory,butisaccountedforusingtheICLEI2013CommunityProtocolmethods.
Additionally,asdiscussedpreviously,thepreviousinventoryonlyincludesfugitiveemissionsandnotbuildingenergyemissionsfromwastewatertreatmentplantsinthissector.Becausethecurrentinventoryincludesbothfugitiveandwastewatertreatmentplantbuildingenergyemissions,theemissionsreportingbetweentheinventoriesarenotconsistent.
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Becausethescopeofthemethodsusedforthepreviousinventoryissubstantiallydifferentthanthescopeofthemethodsusedforthecurrentinventory,andbecausethereportingofemissionsisnotequivalent,theapparentupwardtrendinwastewateremissionsislikelyanartificialone.Wastewatertreatmentemissionsarehighlydependentonpopulation,sothereislikelyarealupwardtrendinemissionsbetween2007and2014.Theextentofthatpopulation‐driventrendisnotdiscerniblewhencomparingthetwoinventories,however.
Municipal WastewateremissionsforwastewatergeneratedbyCountyemployeesinCounty‐ownedfacilitieswasnotincludedinthepreviousinventory,becausesufficientinformationwasnotavailableatthetime.Thissourceofemissionsisincludedinthecurrentinventory,usingthesamemethodsasdescribedforthecommunityinventory.UsingtheICLEI2013CommunityProtocolmethodsandthenumberofCountyemployees,municipalfacilitywastewateremissionswerequantified.Becausethissourceofemissionswasn’tincludedinthepreviousinventory,thereisnoemissionstrend.
Refrigerants Community
Refrigerantemissionswerenotincludedinthepreviousinventory,becausesufficientinformationwasnotavailableatthetime.Thissourceofemissionsisincludedinthecurrentcommunityinventory,but,becausethissourceofemissionswasnotincludedinthepreviousinventory,thereisnoemissionstrend.
Municipal Refrigerantemissionswerenotincludedinthepreviousinventory,becausesufficientinformationwasnotavailableatthetime.Thissourceofemissionsisincludedinthecurrentmunicipalinventory,but,becausethissourceofemissionswasnotincludedinthepreviousinventory,thereisnoemissionstrend.
Agriculture Community
Agricultureemissionsexperienceda6%increasebetweenthe2007inventoryandthecurrentinventory.Theprimaryreasonfortheincreaseinagricultureemissionsisduetomethodologicaldifferencesbetweentheinventoriesratherthanachangeinagriculturalactivity.ThepreviousinventorysummarizedtheemissionssourcesincludedintheSCAQMDGHGinventory,whereasthecurrentinventoryusesmethodsfromtheICLEI2013Communityprotocol.DatasetsforbothinventoriesincludeinformationfromtheCountyDepartmentofAgriculture.However,itislikelythecurrentinventoryincludesamorecomprehensiveevaluationoflivestockoperations,becausethepreviousinventoryuseddatafromtheCountyagriculturalcommissionerin1990andforecastedto2007usingagriculturegrowthprojectionsfromtheSouthernCaliforniaAssociationofGovernments(SCAG).Incontrast,thecurrentinventoryusesdataprovidedbytheCountyagriculturalcommissionerfortheactualinventoryyear(2014).Thus,usinga1990datasetandforecastingversususingdatafrom2014isthelikelycauseofthedifferencesintheagricultureemissions.
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However,comparingthecropreportsin2007and2014fromtheCountyagriculturalcommissionershowsthatthenumberoflivestockintheCountyincreasedbyapproximately7%between2007and2014(SanBernardinoCountyDepartmentofAgriculture/WeightsandMeasures2007,2014).Whilethelivestockpopulationforsomeanimalsdecreasedandothersincreased,thetrendintotalanimalsincreasedby7%.Giventhattheincreaseinlivestockanimalsissimilartothetotalincreaseinagricultureemissions,thesmallupwardtrendinemissionsmaybearealisticreflectionofhowagricultureactivityhaschangedintheCountybetween2007and2014.
However,becauseofthedifferencesinmethodologyandbecauselivestockareonlyonecomponentoftheagriculturesector,itcannotbedeterminedwithcertaintywhattrendagricultureemissionshavefollowedbetween2007and2014.WhiletheCountyhasgrownbetweentheseyears,theeffectsoftheeconomicdowntownandsubsequentrecoveryduringthistimeframemakeitdifficulttoestimatehowtheagricultureindustryanditsGHGemissionshavebeenaffected.Thus,anyassessmentofemissionstrendsbetweentheinventoriesshouldbelimited.
Stationary Sources and Cement Production Community
Stationarysourceemissionsincreasedbyapproximately58%overallbetweenthe2007inventoryandcurrentinventory.Theemissionsfromnon‐cementstationarysourcesinthecurrentinventoryaremorethan2MTCO2ehigherthanthepreviousinventory,whiletheemissionsfromcementsourcesare15%lowerinthecurrentinventorythanthepreviousinventory.Theincreaseinemissionsfromnon‐cementsourcesispartiallytheresultofanincreaseinstationarysourceactivityinthe2007–2014timeframeastheCountyexperiencedgrowthineconomicactivity.However,thereareotherreasonsfortheincrease,whicharerelatedtodifferencesindatasetsandmethodologybetweenthetwoinventories.ThepreviousinventoryusedfuelconsumptiondatafromtheSCAQMDGHGinventorytoestimateemissionsfornon‐cementsourcesandusedclinker8consumptiondatatoestimateemissionsforcementsources.Fornon‐cementsources,thepreviousinventorymethodsincludedscalingthetotalcountywide(incorporatedplusunincorporated)emissionstotheunincorporatedCountyonlybymultiplyingbytheproportionofunincorporatedCountypopulation.Thisapproachwasidentifiedasadatalimitationinthepreviousinventory,becausepopulationandstationarysourceactivityarenotnecessarilycorrelated.ThecurrentinventorymethodsusethedirectreportingemissionsdatafromtheARB.OnlyemissionssourcesinunincorporatedCountyzipcodeswereincludedfromtheARBdata.
Thenon‐cementsourceemissionsinthecurrentinventoryaredirectlyreportedtotheARB,soitislikelythisisanaccuraterepresentationofemissionsintheCounty.ItispossibletheSCAQMDdatasetforthepreviousinventorymaynothaveincludedallsourcesintheCounty,orthemethodofscalingusingpopulationwasnotanaccurateapproach.Alternatively,oneormoreverylargesourcesofemissionscouldhavebegunoperatinginthetimeframebetweentheinventories,resultingintheverylargeincreaseinemissionsobserved.Eitherway,cautionshouldbeusedwhencomparingtheemissionstrendbetweeninventories,becausethetrendobservedfrom2007–2014maybeartificiallyinflatedduetodatasetormethodologydiscrepanciesorskewedbyoneormorelargeemissionssources.
8Clinkerisaningredientusedincementproduction.
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Cementsourceemissionsdecreasedmodestlybetweentheinventoryyears,byapproximately15%.Thereasonsforthisdecreasearelikelypartiallyduetothedifferencesinmethodologydescribedabove(clinkerconsumptionversusARB‐reportedemissions)butcouldalsobetheresultofadeclineincementproductionintheCounty.BasedoncementproductiondatafromtheU.S.GeologicalSurvey,cementshipmentsfromSouthernCaliforniadecreasedbyapproximately33%between2007and2014(U.S.GeologicalSurvey2010,2017).Thus,itislikelythetrendincementsourceemissionsisanegativeonebetween2007and2014.However,themagnitudeofthatdownwardtrendwithintheCountycannotbedeterminedwithcertainty,becauseofthedifferencesinmethodsbetweenthetwoinventories.
BecausetheseemissionsarelargelynotwithintheCounty’sjurisdictionalcontrol,thetrendsexperiencedinstationarysourceandcementproductionemissionsisnotacriticalcomponentfortheCounty’sGHGplanningefforts.
Residential Fires and Cooking/Residential Fuel Use Community
ThepreviousinventoryincludedGHGemissionsfrommiscellaneoussources,namelymethaneemissionsgeneratedbyfiresandcookingatresidences,andthesesourcesofemissionswereaminorcomponentofthepreviousinventory(approximately0.01%).Toquantifyemissions,thepreviousinventoryusedcountywideestimatesforfireandcookingemissionsandscaledtotheunincorporatedareasusingpopulation.CookingemissionsatresidentialusesarenottypicallyincludedinGHGinventoriesasaseparatesector(naturalgasandelectricity‐basedcookingareincludedinthebuildingenergysector),becausetherearelimiteddatasourcesforoutdoorcooking,andsuchemissionsareunlikelytobealargesourceofemissions.Thecurrentinventoryfocusesonresidentialfueluseforheatingpurposes,suchaskerosene,LPG,andwood,asdataonhomeheatingsourcesaregenerallyavailable.Thus,thesectorofthepreviousinventorydoesnotoverlapcompletelywiththesectorofthecurrentinventory.Nevertheless,bothinventoriesincludenon‐biogenicemissionsfromwoodburning,butthecurrentinventoryalsoincludeskeroseneandLPG.Thus,theincreaseof230%isnotarealistictrendbutisonecausedbydifferencesinmethodology.Thissectorrepresentslessthan0.05%ofbothinventories,however,andisaverysmallcontributorofemissions.
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Chapter 4 Recommendations
AsdiscussedthroughoutChapter3,KeyGreenhouseGasInventoryTrends,therearesubstantialdifferencesinmethodologiesanddatasourcesbetweenthe2007and2014communityinventoryandtheFY2006andFY2015municipalinventory.SincetheCountyneedsanaccuratecomparisonofchangesinGHGemissionsovertimeinordertoevaluateprogresstowardtheCounty’sGHGadoptedreductiontargets,ICFrecommendsthefollowing:
1. Preparearevised2007communityinventoryusing2014inventorymethodsandupdateddatasetsasfeasibleandusetherevised2007inventoryasthebaselineforassessingprogresstowardmeetingtheCounty’sadoptedcommunityGHGreductiontarget.TheCountymaybeabletouseexistingdatafromtheSanBernardinoAssociatedGovernments(SANBAG)(nowSanBernardinoCountyTransportationAuthority[SBCTA])RegionalGHGReductionPlanwhichincludedsomeCountydatainitsinventoryingefforts,particularlyinrelationtoVMTfromtheSCAGregionaltraveldemandmodel.
2. PreparearevisedFY2006municipalinventoryusingFY2015inventorymethodsandupdateddatasets,asfeasible,andusetherevisedFY2006inventoryasthebaselineforassessingprogresstowardmeetingtheCounty’sadoptedmunicipalGHGreductiontarget.
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Chapter 5 References
CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.Nodate.EMFACWebDatabase.Available:https://www.arb.ca.gov/emfac/.
CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2016.MobileSourceEmissionsInventory–Categories–Off‐RoadMotorVehicles.Available:https://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/categories.htm#offroad_motor_vehicles.
CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2017.CaliforniaGreenhouseGasInventory–2017Edition.Lastupdated:June6,2017.Available:https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/data.htm.Accessed:June8,2017.
CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,CaliforniaClimateActionRegistry,ICLEI‐LocalGovernmentsforSustainability,andtheClimateRegistry.2010.LocalGovernmentOperationsProtocolfortheQuantificationandReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissionsInventories.Version1.1.May.Available:https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/protocols/localgov/pubs/lgo_protocol_v1_1_2010‐05‐03.pdf.
CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesandRecycling.2017.DisposalReportingSystem:Single‐yearCountywideOriginDetail–SanBernardinoCounty2007and2014.Available:http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/lgcentral/Reports/DRS/Origin/WFOrgin.aspx.
CenterforClimateandEnergySolutions.2011.TheGreenhouseEffect.Available:http://www.c2es.org/facts‐figures/basics/greenhouse‐effect.Accessed:May22,2017.
Cook,J.,D.Nuccitelli,S.Green,M.Richardson,B.Winkler,R.Painting,R.Way,P.Jacobs,andA.Skuce.2013.QuantifyingtheConsensusonAnthropogenicGlobalWarmingintheScientificLiterature.EnvironmentalResearchLetters8(2):024024.
Hicks,Brock,SpatialAnalystandPlanner,CalthorpeAnalytics.EmailtoCoryMatsui(ICF)providingsocioeconomicdatafortheCounty.
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.2013.AnthropogenicandNaturalRadiativeForcing.In:ClimateChange2013:ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheFifthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.Available:http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf.Accessed:May22,2017.
LocalGovernmentsforSustainabilityUSA(ICLEI).2013.U.S.CommunityProtocolforAccountingandReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissions,Version1.1.July.Available:http://icleiusa.org/publications/us‐community‐protocol/.
SanBernardinoCounty.2011.GreenhouseGasEmissionsReductionPlan.Available:http://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/lus/GreenhouseGas/FinalGHGFull.pdf.
SanBernardinoCountyDepartmentofAgriculture/WeightsandMeasures.2007.CropandLivestockReport.Available:http://cms.sbcounty.gov/Portals/13/CropReports/2007CropReport.pdf?ver=2010‐07‐09‐122426‐810.Accessed:August1,2017.
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References
San Bernardino County Community and Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory 5-2 October 2017
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SanBernardinoCountyDepartmentofAgriculture/WeightsandMeasures.2014.AnnualCropReport2014.Available:http://cms.sbcounty.gov/Portals/13/CropReports/2014CropReport.pdf?ver=2015‐07‐16‐090201‐963.Accessed:August1,2017.
SouthernCaliforniaEdison.2014.PowerContentLabel.Available:https://www.sce.com/wps/wcm/connect/a268aec1‐0fc4‐423e‐9476‐e3ac98ec7ede/2014_PCL.pdf?MOD=AJPERES.Accessed:May24,2017.
SouthernCaliforniaEdison.2015.CorporateResponsibilityReport.Available:https://www.sce.com/wps/wcm/connect/c0fceef5‐e04a‐4287‐8301‐8e66e3e5fbac/2014_Corporate+Responsibility+Report_FINAL+single‐page.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&ContentCache=NONE.Accessed:May24,2017.
StanCOG2005asreportedbyFehr&Peers2012
U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2017.InventoryofU.S.GreenhouseGasEmissionsandSinks.LastUpdated:April14.Available:https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory‐us‐greenhouse‐gas‐emissions‐and‐sinks.Accessed:May22,2017.
U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2010.2007MineralsYearbook.Available:https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/myb1‐2007‐cemen.pdf.Accessed:August23,2017.
U.S.GeologicalSurvey.2017.2014MineralsYearbook.Available:https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/myb1‐2014‐cemen.pdf.Accessed:August23,2017.
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-1 October 2017
Appendix A Inventory Methodology Details
Introduction Thisappendixsummarizesthedatasourcesandgeneralmethodsthatwereusedtodevelopthecommunityandmunicipalgreenhousegas(GHG)inventoriesforSanBernardinoCounty.Thiswillbereferredtoasthe“inventory”inthisappendix.
ThisappendixdescribesthegeneralmethodsfordevelopingthecommunityandmunicipalGHGemissionsforeachemissionssector.
Inventory Update Year – 2014 and Fiscal Year 2015 TheinventoryupdateyearforthecommunityGHGinventoryis2014,whiletheinventoryupdateyearforthemunicipalGHGinventoryisfiscalyear(FY)2015.FY2015beganinJuly2014andendedinJune2015.Theseyearswerechosen,becauseitwasanticipatedthatcompleteornearlycompleteactivitydatawouldbeavailableforallofthesectorsintheinventoryforthistimeframe.Socioeconomicdatafor2014(includingpopulation,employment,andhousing)wasprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics.Forsectorswhere2014orFY2015datawasnotavailable,appropriatescalingmethodologiesweredevelopedtoprojectdatatotheinventoryyears.
Inventory Protocol The2013U.S.CommunityProtocolforAccountingandReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissions(ICLEI‐LocalGovernments,2013)wasusedtoquantifycommunityemissionswhereverapplicableandappropriate.TheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard’s(ARB)LocalGovernmentsOperationsProtocol(LGOP)wasusedtodevelopthemunicipalinventory(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardet.al.2010).
Inventory Differences Overview Thefollowingsectionsummarizesthekeydifferencesindatasources,methods,andemissionssourcesbetweenthepreviouscommunityandmunicipalinventoriesandthecurrentcommunityandmunicipalinventories.TablesA‐1andA‐2outlinethereasonsfordifferencesbetweentheinventoriesforeachsector.DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-2 October 2017
Table A-1. Community Inventory Differences Summary Table
Emissions Sector Reasons for Inventory Differences
Building Energy
Increased renewable energy sources. Building energy efficiency improvements. Some water and wastewater related energy emissions were included in this sector in the previous inventory. In this
inventory, water and wastewater emissions are included their respective sectors to the extent possible. Current inventory includes small amount of electricity from an additional provider not included in the previous
inventory (City of Needles electric utility customers located in unincorporated County)
On-Road Transportation
Vehicles become cleaner with time Retirement of older, higher emitting vehicles Previous inventory used Countywide data and scaled to the unincorporated County using population Current inventory uses specific data to the unincorporated County
Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment Methodology differences. Previous emissions estimate is likely an overestimate.
Solid Waste/Landfills
Differences in datasets are likely the reason for the large increase: o Previous inventory used U.S. EPA landfill waste data o Current inventory uses landfill waste data provided by County.
Current inventory includes two additional landfills that were not included in the previous inventory (Cajon and Heaps Peak landfills)
EPA waste data is lower than County’s, which explains the increase in emissions.
Water Conveyance/Water Use
Previous inventory includes any imported water energy in this sector (i.e. the energy required to move water from its source to the unincorporated County border). All other water energy is included in Building Energy sector.
Current inventory includes all water-related energy in this sector to the extent possible (i.e. water conveyance, water pre-treatment, local distribution).
Wastewater Treatment
Previous inventory only includes fugitive emissions in this sector (i.e. energy consumed at the wastewater treatment plants is not included in this sector). Energy emissions for treating wastewater are included in Building Energy sector.
Current inventory includes all wastewater-related emissions in this sector to the extent possible (fugitive + energy emissions).
Agriculture Emissions are similar, but there are differences in methodology DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-3 October 2017
Previous inventory used 1990 agriculture data and projected to 2007 using SCAG population data. Current inventory uses County’s 2014 crop report
Refrigerants Insufficient data were available to include this sector at the time of the previous inventory.
Residential Fuel Use Previous inventory only includes wood burning Current inventory includes wood burning, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas consumed in residences
County Total Overall, emissions have decreased due to decreases in the largest 2 sectors (on-road and building energy), despite
large increases in other, smaller sectors (water, wastewater, waste).
Stationary Sources Previous inventory used South Coast AQMD Countywide data and scaled to the unincorporated areas using population Current inventory uses direct emissions provided by CA Air Resources Board, by zip code
Cement Production Previous inventory used clinker production as a proxy for emissions Current inventory uses direct emissions provided by ARB, by zip code and emissions source category
Table A-2. Municipal Inventory Differences Summary Table
Emissions Sector Reasons for Inventory Differences
Building Energy
Increased renewable energy sources. Building energy efficiency improvements. The previous inventory and current inventory include data from the same County departments. A comprehensive
building by building consistency check could not be conducted, however.
Streetlights and Traffic Signals Differences in datasets. Current inventory likely includes more comprehensive data.
Vehicle Fleet
Vehicles become cleaner with time Retirement of older, higher emitting vehicles Current inventory includes additional vehicles that were purchased between FY 2006 and FY 2015
Solid Waste/Landfills Differences in datasets are likely the reason for the large increase: Previous inventory used U.S. EPA landfill waste data DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-4 October 2017
Current inventory uses landfill waste data provided by County. Current inventory includes two additional landfills that were not included in the previous inventory (Cajon and Heaps
Peak landfills) EPA waste data is lower than County’s, which explains the increase in emissions.
Employee Commute Methodology differences. Previous emissions estimate is likely an underestimate. Current inventory includes additional County employees hired between FY 2006 and FY 2015.
Water & Wastewater Pumping Equipment
Increased renewable energy sources. Differences in datasets: previous inventory dataset may have included some non-pumping energy that couldn’t be
subtracted out
Water Consumption The previous inventory did not include this source, which includes energy emissions associated with water
consumption in County facilities (by non-County owned equipment).
Wastewater Treatment Insufficient data were available to include this sector at the time of the previous inventory.
Refrigerants Insufficient data were available to include this sector at the time of the previous inventory.
Municipal Total
Overall, emissions have increased, which is primarily driven by the increase in waste/landfill emissions. As discussed for that sector, it is likely that the increase is due to differences in datasets between the inventories. The current inventory uses data provided directly by the County, while the previous inventory used data available at the time from the U.S. EPA.
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Emission Sectors Thefollowingsectionincludesdetailedmethodsandsupportinginformationfortheinventory.Thissectionisorganizedbysector.Foreachsector,thefollowinginformationisprovided:
Overview:abriefdescriptionoftheemissioncalculation(s).
MethodsUsedinPreviousInventory:abriefdescriptionofthemethodsusedintheCounty’s2007communityandFY2006municipalGHGinventories.
DataandModels:alistofdataandmodelsthatwereusedtocalculateemissions.
InventoryMethods:thedetailedmethodologyforcalculatingemissionsforboththecommunityandmunicipalinventoriesfor2014andFY2015.
Building Energy (Community and Municipal), Streetlights and Traffic Signals (Municipal), and Water and Wastewater Pumping Equipment (Municipal)
Overview ThebuildingenergysectorincludesGHGemissionsfromelectricityandnaturalgasconsumptionforresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andmunicipalbuildingsintheCounty.Althoughseparatesectors,streetlightsandtrafficsignals,andwaterandwastewaterpumpingequipmentarealsodiscussedhere,becausethemethodologiesarethesameasthebuildingenergymethodology.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory TheCounty’spreviousinventoryforthebuildingenergysectoruseddataprovidedbytheutilityprovidersintheCounty(forcommunity)andbytheCountyitself(formunicipal).Theenergyconsumptiondata(electricityandnaturalgas)fortheCountywasmultipliedbyanelectricityemissionsfactorforSouthernCaliforniaEdison.NaturalgasconsumptionwasmultipliedbyGHGemissionfactorsrepresentativeofnaturalgas.Similarly,municipalbuildingenergyemissionsfromCounty‐ownedbuildingswerequantifiedusingthesameenergygenerationemissionfactors.Emissionsfrommunicipalstreetlightingandtrafficsignals,andwaterpumpingweredeterminedusingthesamemethods.
Data and Models for Current Inventory
Community Electricityconsumption(kWh)providedbySouthernCaliforniaEdison(SCE),BearValley
Electric(BVE)forresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andotherbuildings
Numberofcustomersbytype(i.e.residential,commercial)intheCityofNeedlesElectricUtilityterritory
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Naturalgasconsumption(therms)providedbySoCalGasCompanyandSouthwestGasforresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andotherbuildings
UtilityspecificelectricityGHGemissionfactorsforSCEandregionalaverageemissionfactorsfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(U.S.EPA)forBVE,CityofNeedles,andformethane(CH4)andnitrousoxide(N2O)(EdisonInternational2015;U.S.EPA2014)
GHGemissionfactorsfornaturalgas(ClimateRegistry2016)
Municipal ElectricityandnaturalconsumptionfromthefollowingCountydepartmentsandotherentities
forallownedandleasedbuildingsassociatedwithCountyoperations:SpecialDistricts(dataforSpecialDistrictfacilities,streetlights/trafficlights,andwaterandwastewaterpumpingequipmentownedbytheCounty),CountyLibraries,RealEstateServices,ArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenter,andSoCalGasCompany.
InadditiontotheelectricityGHGfactorsforcommunity,electricityGHGemissionfactorsforregionalaverageemissionfactorsfromthe(U.S.EPA)forCityofColtonElectricUtilityandNevada(U.S.EPA2017).
Inventory Methods for the Current Inventory CommunityandMunicipal:Communityenergydatawasobtainedindividuallythroughtheelectricityandnaturalgasproviders,asindicatedabove.MunicipalbuildingenergydatawasobtainedthroughtherelevantCountydepartments.TheSpecialDistrictsdepartmentprovidedenergyconsumptiondatafortheSpecialDistrictsfacilities;thestreetlightsandtrafficlightsoperatedbytheCounty;andthewaterandwastewaterpumpingequipmentownedbytheCounty.Althoughstreetlights,trafficlights,andpumpingequipmentownedbytheCountyareincludedinseparatesectors,themethodologytocalculateemissionsforthesesourcesareessentiallyidenticaltothebuildingenergysector,becausethecalculationinvolvesmultiplyingelectricitybyutilityemissionfactors.Thus,themethodologyforthesesectorsisnotdiscussedfurther.
CO2emissionsfromelectricityprovidedbyallutilitiesthatservetheCountywerecalculatedbymultiplyingelectricityusebytheutility‐specificCO2emissionfactorsfordeliveredelectricity,ascitedabove.The2014emissionfactorsrepresenttheemissionsrelatedtoelectricitydeliveriesintheCountyin2014(andFY2015forthemunicipalinventory)1.Methane(CH4)andnitrousoxide(N2O)emissionsforbothutilitieswerecalculatedusingU.S.EPAeGRIDyear2014emissionfactorsfortheCAMX/WECCregion(thisregionrepresentselectricityprimarilygeneratedinCalifornia,andthelatestyearofemissionfactorcurrentlyavailableis2014.).
Thecommunityinventoryincludesemissionsforresidential,commercial,industrial,andinstitutionalbuildings.Themunicipalinventoryincludesemissionsforallmunicipalbuildings(thosethatareownedandthoseinwhichtheCountyleasesspace).Wateruseandwastewater‐treatmentrelatedenergyusewassubtractedfromthebuildingenergysectortoavoiddoublecounting.Theenergyemissionsassociatedwithwaterandwastewaterareincludedintherespectivesectors.
1ThetwoprimaryemissionfactorsusedintheanalysisareforSCEandeGRID,whichareequalto573and569poundsofcarbondioxideequivalentpermegawatthourin2014,respectively.
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-7 October 2017
Transmissionanddistribution(T&D)electricitylosses,whichoccurbetweenthepointsofgenerationandthepointsofconsumption,werealsoincludedinthebuildingenergysector.TheT&Dlossvalueusedintheinventorywas4.79%(U.S.EPA2017).TheCAMX/WECCemissionfactorscitedabovewereusedtoestimateGHGemissionsforthiselectricity.
GHGemissionsfromnaturalgasconsumptionwerecalculatedbymultiplyingthenaturalgasconsumptiondatabyemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistry,forbothcommunityandmunicipalenergy.Thestreetlightsandtrafficsignalscomponentofthemunicipalinventorydoesnotinvolveanynaturalgasconsumption.
On-Road Transportation (Community); Vehicle Fleet and Employee Commute (Municipal)
Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromfuelcombustedbyon‐roadvehicles.Forthemunicipalinventory,thisincludesCountyvehiclefleetemissionsandemployeecommutes.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory Community:The2007inventoryusedthecountywideSCAQMDGHGinventoryemissionsforon‐roadsourcesandapportionedemissionstotheunincorporatedCountyusingpopulation.EmissionswerebasedontheEMFACprogramassumptions,whichincludesallVMTintheCounty(includingpass‐throughtrips).
Municipal:TheCounty’smunicipalon‐roadtransportationemissions,whichincludesemployeecommuteandvehiclefleetemissions,weredeterminedusingemployeecommutesurveydatafromandvehiclefleetfuelconsumptiondatafromprovidedbytheCounty.Emissionswerequantifiedusinggasolineanddieselfuelemissionfactors(forvehiclefleetemissions)andon‐roadgramsofCO2permileemissionfactors(foremployeecommuteemissions).
Data and Models for Current Inventory TrafficmodelresultsfortheCommunityinventoryprovidedbyFehrandPeersfor2014.The
trafficmodelusedtheorigin‐destinationmethodforVMTfortheunincorporatedCounty.ThismethodassignstheVMTtotheCountyusingthefollowingprotocol:100%oftripsthatstartandendintheCounty,50%ofthetripsthatstartintheCountybutendoutsideoftheCounty,and50%ofthetripsthatstartoutsideoftheCountybutendintheCounty.Nothroughtripsareincluded.
ARB’sEMFAC2014modelemissionfactors2
Totalnumberofmunicipalemployees(19,460)
Employeecommutedataformunicipalemployees,conductedin2015
2TheEmissionsFactor(EMFAC)modelisatransportationmodelissuedbytheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.Itincludesasetofemissionfactorsthatrepresentthelocalvehiclefleet,speeds,andenvironmentalconditionsthatcanbeusefulinperformingproject‐levelairqualitymodeling
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-8 October 2017
Fuelconsumptionbyfueltype(diesel,gas,etc.)forallCounty‐ownedvehiclesandotherequipment(i.e.diesel‐poweredgenerators)forFY2015providedbyCountyFleetManagementdepartment
Fuelemissionsfactors(ClimateRegistry2016)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Community:Quantificationofon‐roadtransportationemissionsfollowedthe2013CommunityProtocol.CommunityVMTdatawasprovidedbyFehrandPeersfor2014.
TodeterminepassengerVMTfortheCounty,FehrandPeersapportionedone‐halfofthetripdistanceforanytripwithanoriginordestinationwithintheCounty.Thiseliminatesapportioningthrough‐tripsonfreewaysormajorarterialstotheCounty,whileaddingregionaltrafficburdentolandusesgeneratingtripsona50/50split.ThisisthecurrentrecommendedapproachoftheState’sRegionalTargetsAdvisoryCommittee(RTAC)andprovidesabetteraccountingofVMTassociatedwithlandusejurisdictionthanapproachesthatapportionVMTonapro‐ratashareoronthebasisofVMTthatoccurswithintheboundariesofajurisdiction.ThisapproachcanalsohelptorevealpotentialdifferencesinVMTgenerationthatcanbeusefulduringfuturelanduseandGHGreductionplanning.TheEMFAC2014modelwasusedtodetermineemissionfactors,andthosefactorsweremultipliedbyVMTtoquantifyGHGemissions.
Municipal:MunicipalGHGemissionsincludeemployeecommuteandvehiclefleetemissions.Employeecommuteemissionswereestimatedusingemployeecommutesurveydataconductedat10CountysitesthatareconsideredregulatedsitesbytheSCAQMD(siteswithmorethan250employees).Thesurveyaskedmunicipalemployeeshowtheygettoandfromwork(i.e.drivealone,carpool,motorcycle,bus,walk,bicycle,telecommute).Theresponsesfromallthesiteswereaggregatedandcomputedintopercentages(i.e.86%ofallsurveyedemployeesdrovealone,0.5%tookthebus),andthepercentageswerethenappliedtoallCountyemployees.Aone‐waycommutetripdistanceof16mileswasassumed,basedonsurveyresponses.EmployeecommuteVMTwasthencalculatedbasedontheaforementionedassumptions,andVMTwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactorsfromtheEMFACmodel.
VehiclefleetemissionswereestimatedusingtheCounty’smostrecentfuelconsumptiondata,mileagedata,andothervehiclefleetdata,providedbytheCountyFleetManagementdepartment.FuelconsumptiondatawasmultipliedbytheappropriatefuelemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistry(ClimateRegistry2016).
Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment (Community Only) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromsmalloff‐roadequipment(e.g.,recreational,harborcraft,railyard,privateairport,lawnandgarden,agricultural,commercial,andindustrialequipment).
Methods Used in Previous Inventory ThepreviousinventoryreportedthefindingsoftheSCAQMDGHGinventory,which,inturn,usedtheARB’sOFFROADmodeltoquantifyemissions(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2016).County‐wideemissionswereapportionedtotheunincorporatedareasusingpopulation.
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Data and Models for Current Inventory ARB’sOFFROADmodel
Fuelemissionsfactors(ClimateRegistry2016)
CountysocioeconomicdataprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics
AgriculturalacreageprovidedbyPlaceWorks
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Community:The2013CommunityProtocolrecommendsusingtheU.S.EPA’sNONROADmodel,butthisanalysisusesARB’sOFFROADmodelbecauseitismorespecifictoCaliforniacommunitiesthantheNONROADmodel.
ARB’sOFFROADmodelprovidesestimatesforemissionsatthecountylevelforavarietyofoff‐roadequipmenttypes,includingconstructionequipment,lawnandgardenequipment,airportgroundsupportequipment,andrecreationalequipment.Thisanalysiswasbasedonthemodel’sdefaultassumptionofannualhoursofoperationforallequipmentintheCounty.Emissionsresultingfromtheuseofagriculturalequipmentwereincludedunderthissector.
Emissionwereapportionedfromeachequipmenttype(i.e.construction,industrial,lawn)bytherelevantsocioeconomicmetricfortheCounty(i.e.population,employment,households).Forinstance,lawnequipmentemissionsaremodeledfortheentireCounty(incorporatedplusunincorporated)andareapportionedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingthepercentageofhouseholdsintheunincorporatedareasrelativetothewholeCounty.Householdswereassumedtobethemostrelevantmetrictolawnequipment.Forotherequipment,suchasconstructionorindustrialequipment,employmentdatawasusedtoscaleemissions,asthesemetricsaremostrelevanttothoseequipmenttypes.AgriculturalequipmentemissionswereapportionedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingagriculturalacreagedataratherthansocioeconomicdata.
Solid Waste/Landfills (Community and Municipal) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsassociatedwiththedecompositionofwastegeneratedbytheCounty.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory TheCounty’spreviouscommunityGHGinventoryusedwaste‐in‐placeandmethanecapturedataforCountyoperatedlandfillsfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandthefirst‐orderdecaymodeloutlinedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).
Data and Models for Current Inventory TonsofwastesenttoCounty‐operatedlandfillsin2014‐2015providedbytheCountySolid
WasteManagementDivision
ARB’sFirstOrderDecayModel(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2010)DRAFT
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WastedisposaltonsfromresidentialandcommercialusesinSanBernardinoCountyin2014,fromtheCaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery(CalRecycle2017)
WastematerialprofiledataforSanBernardinoCounty,fromtheCaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery(CalRecycle2017)
Wasteemissionfactorsfromthe2013CommunityProtocol(ICLEI2013)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Emissionsfromsolidwastewereestimatedusingawaste‐in‐placemethodologythataccountsforwastegeneratedanddisposedofinlandfillsoperatedbytheCounty.Afirstorderdecay(FOD)modelcreatedbytheARBandbasedonIPCCmethodologywasusedtoestimateemissionsfromwastethatdecaysinlandfills(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2010).TheFODmodelaccountsforallwastegeneratedbytheCommunitythatissenttoCounty‐operatedlandfills,whichisthevastmajorityofwasteintheCounty.AsmallportionoftheCounty’swasteissenttonon‐Countyoperatedlandfills.DatafromCalRecyclefortheselandfillswasusedtodeterminetheemissionsattributedto“wastegeneration”emissionsfromthecommunityfromwastenotaccountedforintheCountyoperatedemissions.
Formunicipalemissions,itwasassumedthatallwastegeneratedaspartofCountyoperationsissenttoCounty‐operatedlandfills.ThetotalmunicipalemissionsarethenequaltotheFODmodelemissionsresultsfortheCounty‐operatedlandfills.
Water Use (Community and Municipal) Waterconsumption‐relatedemissionsoriginatefromenergyusedtotransport,treat,andpumpwatertotheCounty,includingwaterconsumedatCounty‐ownedfacilities.Emissionsfromwaterusewereestimatedforthefollowingsources:1)theenergyassociatedwithwaterusageinsidetheCounty(suchaslocalpumpsdistributingwaterwithintheCounty)and2)energyassociatedwithwatertransportfromoutsidetheCounty(suchasregionalpumpsdeliveringwatertotheCounty’sborders).Electricityusedtotreatanddistributewaterlocallyiscapturedwithinthebuildingenergysector;allattemptsweremadetoavoidanydoublecountingofthisenergyuseandresultingemissionsbysubtractingwater‐relatedemissionsfromthebuildingenergysector.
Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsassociatedwithwaterconsumptionintheCounty.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory WaterconsumptionemissionswereestimatedinthepreviousinventorybyusingimportedwaterquantitiessuppliedtotheCountyandenergyintensityfactorsfromtheCaliforniaEnergyCommissiontocalculateelectricityassociatedwithimportedwater.GHGemissionswerequantifiedbymultiplyingenergyconsumptionandtheutilityGHGemissionfactor.
Data and Models for Current Inventory WaterdemandquantitiesforareasintheCountywithurbanwatermanagementplans,compiled
byPlaceWorks
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CountysocioeconomicdataprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics
Water‐relatedelectricityintensityfactorsforSouthernCaliforniafromthe2013CommunityProtocol
WaterconsumptionatCountyfacilitiesprovidedbyCountydepartments
UtilityspecificelectricityGHGemissionfactorsforSCEandregionalaverageemissionfactorsfromtheU.S.EPAforallotherutilityCO2estimates,andforCH4andN2O
Numberofmunicipalemployees
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Community:WaterdatafromallrelevanturbanwatermanagementplansintheCountywerecompiledandprovidedbyPlaceWorks.Fromthisdata,percapitawaterestimateswerecalculatedforeachregion.BecausetheurbanwatermanagementplanswerenotavailableforeverywaterproviderintheCounty,thepercapitawaterestimateswereappliedtotheentireunincorporatedCounty’spopulationtoensurethattheestimatesofwaterconsumptionwouldbecomprehensive.Energyusetosupply,treat,anddistributewaterwascalculatedbyusingthewaterenergyemissionfactorsforSouthernCaliforniainthe2013CommunityProtocol.GHGemissionswerethencalculatedusingtheappropriateutilityemissionfactors.Water‐relatedenergyusewassubtractedfromthebuildingenergysectortoavoiddoublecounting.
Municipal:MunicipalwaterconsumptionwasprovidedbyindividualCountydepartments.Datawasprovidedfromwaterbillingdataasfeasiblebutwasestimatedbasedonbuildingsquarefootageforbuildingswherewater‐specificdatawasnotavailable.TotalgallonsofwaterconsumedinmunicipalbuildingsweremultipliedbythesameenergyintensityfactorsdiscussedaboveandmultipliedbytheutilityGHGemissionfactors.
Wastewater Treatment (Community and Municipal) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromthetreatmentofindustrial,residential,commercial,andmunicipalwastewaterproducedwithintheCounty.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory Inthepreviousinventory,statewidewastewateremissionsfromtheARB’sGHGinventorywerescaledtotheCountyusingtheCounty’sproportionofpopulationrelativetothestate’spopulation.
Data and Models for Current Inventory 2013CommunityProtocolpopulation‐basedequationsforemissionscalculations(ICLEI–
2013).
CountysocioeconomicdataprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics
Totalnumberofmunicipalemployees(19,460)
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Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Community:Wastewaterflowsandtheresultingfugitiveemissionsweredeterminedusingpopulationbasedequationsinthe2013CommunityProtocol.GHGemissionsfromelectricityconsumptionatwastewatertreatmentplantswerecalculatedaccordingtothe2013CommunityProtocol,bymultiplyingwastewaterflowtotalsbyenergyintensityfactorsforthetreatmentofwastewater.Aftercalculatingthecommunitywastewateremissions,apercapitarateofemissionswascalculatedbasedontheunincorporatedCountypopulation.Thepercapitarateofemissionswasthenappliedtothenumberofmunicipalemployeestocalculatedwastewateremissiongeneratedfrommunicipalemployees.
Refrigerants (Community and Municipal) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromtheleakageofrefrigerantsthatcontainorconsistofHFCcompoundsthatcontributetoglobalwarming.Thesechemicalsareusedinrefrigeration,firesuppressionequipment,airconditioners,andchillers.Throughtheinstallation,use,anddisposalofthesesystemsandproducts,leaksarelikelytooccur.Althoughtheleaksaregenerallysmall,emissionsmaybesignificantbecausethesechemicalstypicallyhavehighglobalwarmingpotentials(GWPs).
Methods Used in Previous Inventory RefrigerantemissionswerenotincludedintheCounty’spreviousGHGinventory.
Data and Models for Current Inventory StatewiderefrigerantemissionsfromtheARB’s2014GHGinventory(CaliforniaAirResources
Board2017)
Californiastatewidepopulation(CaliforniaDepartmentofFinance2016)
RefrigerantpurchasesandusageinCounty‐ownedequipment,providedbytheSpecialDistrictsdepartmentandArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenter
TheU.S.EPA’sAccountingTooltoSupportFederalReportingofHFCEmissions(U.S.EPA2017)
GWPsfromtheLGOPandtheIPCC(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardet.al.2010;IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange2013)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory
Community
BecauserefrigerantdataattheCountylevelisgenerallynotavailable,theCommunityinventoryusesatop‐downpopulation‐basedapproach.StatewiderefrigerantemissionswereobtainedfromtheARB’s2014GHGinventory.TocalculateCounty‐levelrefrigerantemissions,aper‐capitarateofemissionswascalculatedforthestatewideinventory.ThepercapitarateofemissionswasthenmultipliedbythenumberofpeopleintheunincorporatedCounty.
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Municipal
The2013CommunityProtocol,theLGOP,andaU.S.EPAtoolwereusedtoquantifyemissionsfrommunicipalrefrigerantuse.TotalrefrigerantpurchasesbyrefrigeranttypeandbyweightwereobtainedfromtheCountySpecialDistrictsdepartmentandfortheArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenter.GiventhattherearemanymorebuildingsownedorleasedbytheCountythathaverefrigerant‐consumingequipmentthantheSpecialDistrictsandArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenterbuildings,datacollectioneffortswouldhavebeenoverlyburdensome.TheU.S.EPA’sAccountingTooltoSupportFederalReportingofHFCEmissionswasusedtoclosethegapforallotherbuildingswherepurchaseorconsumptiondatawasnotavailable.TheEPA’stoolisintendedformunicipalusesandcalculatesrefrigerantusebasedonsquarefootageandbuildingtype(i.e.school,office,hospital,etc.).
FortheequipmentforwhichrefrigerantconsumptiondatawaseasilyavailablefromtheCounty(equipmentinSpecialDistrictsfacilitiesandArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenter),therefrigerantquantitiesweremultipliedbytheapplicableGWPfromtheIPCCand/orLGOP.
Agriculture (Community Only) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfrommanuremanagement(fugitiveemissionsofmethaneandnitrousoxide),entericfermentation(fugitiveemissionsofmethaneandnitrousoxide),andfertilizeruse(fugitiveemissionsofnitrousoxide).Otheremissionsourcesfromagriculturewereexcludedbecausetheyarenotcoveredinthe2013CommunityProtocol.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory TheCounty’spreviousinventoryestimatedagriculture‐relatedemissionsassociatedwithfarmingoperations,includingentericfermentationandmanuremanagement,andwasteburninganddisposal.Livestock‐relatedagriculturalemissionswerequantifiedusinglivestockpopulationdatafromtheCountyDepartmentofAgriculture,Weights,andMeasuresfor1990andprojectedto2007usingpopulationdata.WasteburninganddisposalemissionswerecalculatedusingemissionfactorsfromtheARB.TheagricultureemissionsfortheunincorporatedareaswerethencalculatedbyusingtheunincorporatedCounty’sratioofpopulationrelativetothewholeCounty.
Data and Models for Current Inventory SanBernardinoCountyCropReportfor2014(SanBernardinoCounty2014)
U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)NationalAgriculturalStatisticsService(U.S.DepartmentofAgriculturen.d.)
Emissionsfactorsfromthe2013CommunityProtocol(ICLEI2013)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Emissionsfromagriculturalvehicleswerebasedoncountywideactivitylevelsofthesevehicles,basedontheOFFROADmodeloutputs(theseemissionswereincludedintheoff‐roadvehiclesand
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Equipmentsector).Itshouldbenotedthatthe2013CommunityProtocoldoesnotincludeagriculturalvehicle‐relatedemissionswithotheragriculturalemissions.
ManuremanagementemissionswerecalculatedusinglivestockpopulationnumbersestimatedfromtheCountyAgricultureCommissionerfordairycows,beefcows,othercattle,chickens,andturkeysfortheentireCounty.StandardemissionsfactorsfromU.S.EPAandARB,and2013CommunityProtocolequationsspecifictomanuremanagementwereused.Similarly,emissionsresultingfromentericfermentationwerecalculatedusinglivestockpopulationnumbersfromtheAgricultureCommissionerforcows,standardemissionsfactorsfromARBandU.S.EPA,and2013CommunityProtocolequationsspecifictoentericfermentation.
BecausethecropreportappliestotheentireCounty,emissionswerescaledtoonlytheunincorporatedCountythroughconsultationwiththeagriculturalcommissioner.TheCountyagriculturecommissionerindicatedthat90%ofdairyfacilitiesintheCountyarelocatedintheCityofChinoand10%arelocatedintheVictorvilleandBarstowareas(Lampmanpers.comm.).BasedonareviewofGoogleEarthimagery,itwasassumedthatthedairieslocatedintheVictorvilleandBarstowareasarenotlocatedwithinincorporatedareasandarethereforelocatedintheunincorporatedCounty.Thus,only10%ofthelivestockemissionscalculatedusingthecountywidecropreportwereincludedintheinventorytotaltoapproximatetheunincorporatedCounty’sportionoflivestockemissions.
Emissionsresultingfromfertilizerusewerecalculatedusingthecropacreagedatainthecountywidecropreportasthebasisforthefertilizeranalysis.ThequantitiesoffertilizerappliedtothecropswerecalculatedusingtheUSDA’sNationalAgriculturalStatisticsServicedata,whichprovidesestimatesfortheaverageamountsoffertilizerappliedperacrefordifferentcroptypesinCalifornia.DatayearsfortheUSDAfertilizerdatarangefrom1990to2015,thoughsomeyearsdonothaveanydata.Anaveragewastakenacrossallyearstoestimateanaveragefertilizerapplicationrateforeachcroptype.UsingthetotalfertilizerquantitiesappliedtocropsintheCountyin2014andthe2013CommunityProtocolequationsforfertilizeruse,N2Oemissionsemittedfromthefertilizerwerequantified.Consistentwiththe2013CommunityProtocol,agriculturalwasteburninganddisposalemissionswerenotincludedintheinventory.
Residential Fuel Use (Community Only) Overview CalculationofGHGemissionsfromresidentialcombustionoffossilfuels,exceptingnaturalgas(accountedforinthebuildingenergyusesector).Thisincludespropane,kerosene,andwood.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory ThepreviousinventoryincludedGHGemissionsfrommiscellaneoussources,namelymethaneemissionsgeneratedbyfiresandcookingatresidences,andthesesourcesofemissionswereaminorcomponentofthepreviousinventory(approximately0.01%).Toquantifyemissions,thepreviousinventoryutilizedcountywideestimatesforfireandcookingemissionsfromtheSCAQMDinventoryandscaledtotheunincorporatedareasusingpopulation.DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-15 October 2017
Data and Models for Current Inventory CountysocioeconomicdataprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics
U.S.CensusdataonhomeheatingfuelsfromtheAmericanCommunitySurvey(U.S.Census.2014)
EnergyInformationAdministration’sResidentialEnergyConsumptionSurveydatasetforhomeheatingfuels(EnergyInformationAdministration2009)
EIAStateEnergyDataSystem(SEDS)(EnergyInformationAdministration2017)
FuelcombustionemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistry(ClimateRegistry2017)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory TheCountyusedquantificationmethodsconsistentwiththe2013CommunityProtocoltoquantifyGHGemissionsfromresidentialfuelcombustion.ThenumberofhouseholdsintheCountythatuseeachtypeoffuelwasdeterminedusingstatewideinformationfromtheEnergyInformationAdministration(EIA)andtheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Fuelconsumptionforeachfueltypewascalculatedusingstate‐levelfuelusefromtheEIA’sStateEnergyDataSystem.ThefuelusewasthenmultipliedbyfuelcombustionemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistryprotocolstodetermineemissions.
Community Emissions Sectors for Informational Purposes Only
Thefollowingsectorsarepresentedasinformationalitemsbutwerenotaddedtotheemissionstotalforthecommunityinventoryorforecast.
Stationary Sources (Community Only) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromnonresidentialstationary(typicallyindustrial)combustionoffossilfuelsofanytypeexceptnaturalgas(accountedforinthebuildingenergyusesector)andfugitiveemissionsfromindustrialprocessesintheCounty.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory ThepreviousinventoryutilizedfuelconsumptiondatafromtheSCAQMDGHGinventorytoestimateemissionsfornon‐cementsourcesandused2008ARBemissionsandclinker3consumptiondatatoestimateemissionsforcementsources.Fornon‐cementsources,thepreviousinventorymethodsincludedscalingthetotalcountywide(incorporated+unincorporated)emissionstotheunincorporatedCountybymultiplyingbytheproportionofunincorporatedCountypopulation.Thisapproachwasidentifiedasadatalimitationinthepreviousinventory,becausepopulationandstationarysourceactivityarenotnecessarilycorrelated.Forcementsources,2008cementplant
3Clinkerisaningredientusedincementproduction
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-16 October 2017
emissionswereobtainedfromtheARBandadjustedfor2007usingthechangeinclinkerdatabetween2007and2008.
Data and Models for Current Inventory GHGemissionsdatafromtheARB’sonlineGHGEmissionsReportingToolandtheIntegrated
EmissionsMappingTool(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2017)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory GHGemissionsdataforallfacilitiesthatemitmorethan10,000MTCO2eperyearintheCountywereprovidedbytheARBbyzipcodeandcounty.ThecountylevelemissionswereallocatedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingeachfacility’szipcode.
Literature Cited Printed
CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,CaliforniaClimateActionRegistry,ICLEI‐LocalGovernmentsforSustainability,andtheClimateRegistry.2010.LocalGovernmentOperationsProtocolfortheQuantificationandReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissionsInventories.Version1.1.May.Available:<https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/protocols/localgov/pubs/lgo_protocol_v1_1_2010‐05‐03.pdf>.
CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2017.CaliforniaGreenhouseGasEmissionInventory–2017Edition.Available:<https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/data.htm>.Accessed:August22,2017.
CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.2017.MandatoryGHGReporting–ReportedEmissions.Available:<https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/reporting/ghg‐rep/reported‐data/ghg‐reports.htm>.Accessed:June13,2017.
CaliforniaDepartmentofFinance.2016.E‐4PopulationEstimatesforCities,Counties,andtheState,2011‐2016with2010CensusBenchmark,Table2.Available:<http://www.dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/Estimates/E‐4/2011‐20/>.Accessed:August22,2017.
CaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesandRecycling.2017.DisposalReportingSystem:Single‐yearCountywideOriginDetail–SanBernardinoCounty2007and2014.Available:<http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/lgcentral/Reports/DRS/Origin/WFOrgin.aspx>.
ClimateRegistry.2016.TheClimateRegistry's2016DefaultEmissionFactors.Available:<https://www.theclimateregistry.org/wp‐content/uploads/2014/11/2016‐Climate‐Registry‐Default‐Emission‐Factors.pdf>.Accessed:August22,2017.
EdisonInternational.2015.CorporateResponsibilityReport.Page28.Available:<https://www.sce.com/wps/wcm/connect/c0fceef5‐e04a‐4287‐8301‐8e66e3e5fbac/2014_Corporate+Responsibility+Report_FINAL+single‐page.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&ContentCache=NONE>.Accessed:August22,2017.DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-17 October 2017
EnergyInformationAdministration.2009.ResidentialEndUseConsumptionSurvey.TableCE4.10EndUseConsumptionbyFuel,Averages,WestHomes.Available:<https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/c&e/ce4.10.xlsx>and<https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.php?view=consumption#end‐use‐by‐fuel>.Accessed:June17,2017.
EnergyInformationAdministration.2017.StateEnergyDataSystem(SEDS):1960‐2015.Available:<https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds‐data‐complete.php?sid=US#Consumption>.Accessed:June17,2017.
ICLEI–LocalGovernmentsforSustainabilityUSA.2013.U.S.CommunityProtocolforAccountingandReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissions,Version1.1.July.Available:<http://icleiusa.org/publications/us‐community‐protocol/>.
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.2013.FifthAssessmentReport,Chapter8,Table8.7:Available:<http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf>.Accessed:August22,2017.
SanBernardinoCounty.2014.AnnualCropReport2014.Available:<http://cms.sbcounty.gov/Portals/13/CropReports/2014CropReport.pdf?ver=2015‐07‐16‐090201‐963>.Accessed:August01,2017.
U.S.Census.2014.AmericanCommunitySurvey.TableB25040:HouseHeatingFuelforSanBernardinoCounty.Available:<http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t>.Accessed:June17,2017.
U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.n.d.NationalAgriculturalStatisticsService.Available:<https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/Accessed:May27,2017.
U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2017.Emissions&GenerationResourceIntegratedDatabase(eGRID).eGRID2014.Available:<https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions‐generation‐resource‐integrated‐database‐egrid>.Accessed:August22,2017.
U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2017.ReducingHydrofluorocarbon(HFC)UseandEmissionsintheFederalSectorthroughSNAP.Available:<https://www.epa.gov/snap/reducing‐hydrofluorocarbon‐hfc‐use‐and‐emissions‐federal‐sector‐through‐snap#accounting‐tool>.Accessed:August22,2017.
Personal Communications Lampman,Allen,AssistantAgriculturalCommissioner/SealerofWeights&Measures,CountyofSan
Bernardino.PhoneconversationwithCoryMatsui(ICF)aboutthelocationsofdairyfacilitiesintheCounty.DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-1 October 2017
Appendix A Inventory Methodology Details
Introduction Thisappendixsummarizesthedatasourcesandgeneralmethodsthatwereusedtodevelopthecommunityandmunicipalgreenhousegas(GHG)inventoriesforSanBernardinoCounty.Thiswillbereferredtoasthe“inventory”inthisappendix.
ThisappendixdescribesthegeneralmethodsfordevelopingthecommunityandmunicipalGHGemissionsforeachemissionssector.
Inventory Update Year – 2014 and Fiscal Year 2015 TheinventoryupdateyearforthecommunityGHGinventoryis2014,whiletheinventoryupdateyearforthemunicipalGHGinventoryisfiscalyear(FY)2015.FY2015beganinJuly2014andendedinJune2015.Theseyearswerechosen,becauseitwasanticipatedthatcompleteornearlycompleteactivitydatawouldbeavailableforallofthesectorsintheinventoryforthistimeframe.Socioeconomicdatafor2014(includingpopulation,employment,andhousing)wasprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics.Forsectorswhere2014orFY2015datawasnotavailable,appropriatescalingmethodologiesweredevelopedtoprojectdatatotheinventoryyears.
Inventory Protocol The2013U.S.CommunityProtocolforAccountingandReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissions(ICLEI‐LocalGovernments,2013)wasusedtoquantifycommunityemissionswhereverapplicableandappropriate.TheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard’s(ARB)LocalGovernmentsOperationsProtocol(LGOP)wasusedtodevelopthemunicipalinventory(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardet.al.2010).
Inventory Differences Overview Thefollowingsectionsummarizesthekeydifferencesindatasources,methods,andemissionssourcesbetweenthepreviouscommunityandmunicipalinventoriesandthecurrentcommunityandmunicipalinventories.TablesA‐1andA‐2outlinethereasonsfordifferencesbetweentheinventoriesforeachsector.DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-2 October 2017
Table A-1. Community Inventory Differences Summary Table
Emissions Sector Reasons for Inventory Differences
Building Energy
Increased renewable energy sources. Building energy efficiency improvements. Some water and wastewater related energy emissions were included in this sector in the previous inventory. In this
inventory, water and wastewater emissions are included their respective sectors to the extent possible. Current inventory includes small amount of electricity from an additional provider not included in the previous
inventory (City of Needles electric utility customers located in unincorporated County)
On-Road Transportation
Vehicles become cleaner with time Retirement of older, higher emitting vehicles Previous inventory used Countywide data and scaled to the unincorporated County using population Current inventory uses specific data to the unincorporated County
Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment Methodology differences. Previous emissions estimate is likely an overestimate.
Solid Waste/Landfills
Differences in datasets are likely the reason for the large increase: o Previous inventory used U.S. EPA landfill waste data o Current inventory uses landfill waste data provided by County.
Current inventory includes two additional landfills that were not included in the previous inventory (Cajon and Heaps Peak landfills)
EPA waste data is lower than County’s, which explains the increase in emissions.
Water Conveyance/Water Use
Previous inventory includes any imported water energy in this sector (i.e. the energy required to move water from its source to the unincorporated County border). All other water energy is included in Building Energy sector.
Current inventory includes all water-related energy in this sector to the extent possible (i.e. water conveyance, water pre-treatment, local distribution).
Wastewater Treatment
Previous inventory only includes fugitive emissions in this sector (i.e. energy consumed at the wastewater treatment plants is not included in this sector). Energy emissions for treating wastewater are included in Building Energy sector.
Current inventory includes all wastewater-related emissions in this sector to the extent possible (fugitive + energy emissions).
Agriculture Emissions are similar, but there are differences in methodology DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-3 October 2017
Previous inventory used 1990 agriculture data and projected to 2007 using SCAG population data. Current inventory uses County’s 2014 crop report
Refrigerants Insufficient data were available to include this sector at the time of the previous inventory.
Residential Fuel Use Previous inventory only includes wood burning Current inventory includes wood burning, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas consumed in residences
County Total Overall, emissions have decreased due to decreases in the largest 2 sectors (on-road and building energy), despite
large increases in other, smaller sectors (water, wastewater, waste).
Stationary Sources Previous inventory used South Coast AQMD Countywide data and scaled to the unincorporated areas using population Current inventory uses direct emissions provided by CA Air Resources Board, by zip code
Cement Production Previous inventory used clinker production as a proxy for emissions Current inventory uses direct emissions provided by ARB, by zip code and emissions source category
Table A-2. Municipal Inventory Differences Summary Table
Emissions Sector Reasons for Inventory Differences
Building Energy
Increased renewable energy sources. Building energy efficiency improvements. The previous inventory and current inventory include data from the same County departments. A comprehensive
building by building consistency check could not be conducted, however.
Streetlights and Traffic Signals Differences in datasets. Current inventory likely includes more comprehensive data.
Vehicle Fleet
Vehicles become cleaner with time Retirement of older, higher emitting vehicles Current inventory includes additional vehicles that were purchased between FY 2006 and FY 2015
Solid Waste/Landfills Differences in datasets are likely the reason for the large increase: Previous inventory used U.S. EPA landfill waste data DRAFT
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-4 October 2017
Current inventory uses landfill waste data provided by County. Current inventory includes two additional landfills that were not included in the previous inventory (Cajon and Heaps
Peak landfills) EPA waste data is lower than County’s, which explains the increase in emissions.
Employee Commute Methodology differences. Previous emissions estimate is likely an underestimate. Current inventory includes additional County employees hired between FY 2006 and FY 2015.
Water & Wastewater Pumping Equipment
Increased renewable energy sources. Differences in datasets: previous inventory dataset may have included some non-pumping energy that couldn’t be
subtracted out
Water Consumption The previous inventory did not include this source, which includes energy emissions associated with water
consumption in County facilities (by non-County owned equipment).
Wastewater Treatment Insufficient data were available to include this sector at the time of the previous inventory.
Refrigerants Insufficient data were available to include this sector at the time of the previous inventory.
Municipal Total
Overall, emissions have increased, which is primarily driven by the increase in waste/landfill emissions. As discussed for that sector, it is likely that the increase is due to differences in datasets between the inventories. The current inventory uses data provided directly by the County, while the previous inventory used data available at the time from the U.S. EPA.
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Emission Sectors Thefollowingsectionincludesdetailedmethodsandsupportinginformationfortheinventory.Thissectionisorganizedbysector.Foreachsector,thefollowinginformationisprovided:
Overview:abriefdescriptionoftheemissioncalculation(s).
MethodsUsedinPreviousInventory:abriefdescriptionofthemethodsusedintheCounty’s2007communityandFY2006municipalGHGinventories.
DataandModels:alistofdataandmodelsthatwereusedtocalculateemissions.
InventoryMethods:thedetailedmethodologyforcalculatingemissionsforboththecommunityandmunicipalinventoriesfor2014andFY2015.
Building Energy (Community and Municipal), Streetlights and Traffic Signals (Municipal), and Water and Wastewater Pumping Equipment (Municipal)
Overview ThebuildingenergysectorincludesGHGemissionsfromelectricityandnaturalgasconsumptionforresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andmunicipalbuildingsintheCounty.Althoughseparatesectors,streetlightsandtrafficsignals,andwaterandwastewaterpumpingequipmentarealsodiscussedhere,becausethemethodologiesarethesameasthebuildingenergymethodology.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory TheCounty’spreviousinventoryforthebuildingenergysectoruseddataprovidedbytheutilityprovidersintheCounty(forcommunity)andbytheCountyitself(formunicipal).Theenergyconsumptiondata(electricityandnaturalgas)fortheCountywasmultipliedbyanelectricityemissionsfactorforSouthernCaliforniaEdison.NaturalgasconsumptionwasmultipliedbyGHGemissionfactorsrepresentativeofnaturalgas.Similarly,municipalbuildingenergyemissionsfromCounty‐ownedbuildingswerequantifiedusingthesameenergygenerationemissionfactors.Emissionsfrommunicipalstreetlightingandtrafficsignals,andwaterpumpingweredeterminedusingthesamemethods.
Data and Models for Current Inventory
Community Electricityconsumption(kWh)providedbySouthernCaliforniaEdison(SCE),BearValley
Electric(BVE)forresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andotherbuildings
Numberofcustomersbytype(i.e.residential,commercial)intheCityofNeedlesElectricUtilityterritory
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Naturalgasconsumption(therms)providedbySoCalGasCompanyandSouthwestGasforresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andotherbuildings
UtilityspecificelectricityGHGemissionfactorsforSCEandregionalaverageemissionfactorsfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(U.S.EPA)forBVE,CityofNeedles,andformethane(CH4)andnitrousoxide(N2O)(EdisonInternational2015;U.S.EPA2014)
GHGemissionfactorsfornaturalgas(ClimateRegistry2016)
Municipal ElectricityandnaturalconsumptionfromthefollowingCountydepartmentsandotherentities
forallownedandleasedbuildingsassociatedwithCountyoperations:SpecialDistricts(dataforSpecialDistrictfacilities,streetlights/trafficlights,andwaterandwastewaterpumpingequipmentownedbytheCounty),CountyLibraries,RealEstateServices,ArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenter,andSoCalGasCompany.
InadditiontotheelectricityGHGfactorsforcommunity,electricityGHGemissionfactorsforregionalaverageemissionfactorsfromthe(U.S.EPA)forCityofColtonElectricUtilityandNevada(U.S.EPA2017).
Inventory Methods for the Current Inventory CommunityandMunicipal:Communityenergydatawasobtainedindividuallythroughtheelectricityandnaturalgasproviders,asindicatedabove.MunicipalbuildingenergydatawasobtainedthroughtherelevantCountydepartments.TheSpecialDistrictsdepartmentprovidedenergyconsumptiondatafortheSpecialDistrictsfacilities;thestreetlightsandtrafficlightsoperatedbytheCounty;andthewaterandwastewaterpumpingequipmentownedbytheCounty.Althoughstreetlights,trafficlights,andpumpingequipmentownedbytheCountyareincludedinseparatesectors,themethodologytocalculateemissionsforthesesourcesareessentiallyidenticaltothebuildingenergysector,becausethecalculationinvolvesmultiplyingelectricitybyutilityemissionfactors.Thus,themethodologyforthesesectorsisnotdiscussedfurther.
CO2emissionsfromelectricityprovidedbyallutilitiesthatservetheCountywerecalculatedbymultiplyingelectricityusebytheutility‐specificCO2emissionfactorsfordeliveredelectricity,ascitedabove.The2014emissionfactorsrepresenttheemissionsrelatedtoelectricitydeliveriesintheCountyin2014(andFY2015forthemunicipalinventory)1.Methane(CH4)andnitrousoxide(N2O)emissionsforbothutilitieswerecalculatedusingU.S.EPAeGRIDyear2014emissionfactorsfortheCAMX/WECCregion(thisregionrepresentselectricityprimarilygeneratedinCalifornia,andthelatestyearofemissionfactorcurrentlyavailableis2014.).
Thecommunityinventoryincludesemissionsforresidential,commercial,industrial,andinstitutionalbuildings.Themunicipalinventoryincludesemissionsforallmunicipalbuildings(thosethatareownedandthoseinwhichtheCountyleasesspace).Wateruseandwastewater‐treatmentrelatedenergyusewassubtractedfromthebuildingenergysectortoavoiddoublecounting.Theenergyemissionsassociatedwithwaterandwastewaterareincludedintherespectivesectors.
1ThetwoprimaryemissionfactorsusedintheanalysisareforSCEandeGRID,whichareequalto573and569poundsofcarbondioxideequivalentpermegawatthourin2014,respectively.
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Transmissionanddistribution(T&D)electricitylosses,whichoccurbetweenthepointsofgenerationandthepointsofconsumption,werealsoincludedinthebuildingenergysector.TheT&Dlossvalueusedintheinventorywas4.79%(U.S.EPA2017).TheCAMX/WECCemissionfactorscitedabovewereusedtoestimateGHGemissionsforthiselectricity.
GHGemissionsfromnaturalgasconsumptionwerecalculatedbymultiplyingthenaturalgasconsumptiondatabyemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistry,forbothcommunityandmunicipalenergy.Thestreetlightsandtrafficsignalscomponentofthemunicipalinventorydoesnotinvolveanynaturalgasconsumption.
On-Road Transportation (Community); Vehicle Fleet and Employee Commute (Municipal)
Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromfuelcombustedbyon‐roadvehicles.Forthemunicipalinventory,thisincludesCountyvehiclefleetemissionsandemployeecommutes.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory Community:The2007inventoryusedthecountywideSCAQMDGHGinventoryemissionsforon‐roadsourcesandapportionedemissionstotheunincorporatedCountyusingpopulation.EmissionswerebasedontheEMFACprogramassumptions,whichincludesallVMTintheCounty(includingpass‐throughtrips).
Municipal:TheCounty’smunicipalon‐roadtransportationemissions,whichincludesemployeecommuteandvehiclefleetemissions,weredeterminedusingemployeecommutesurveydatafromandvehiclefleetfuelconsumptiondatafromprovidedbytheCounty.Emissionswerequantifiedusinggasolineanddieselfuelemissionfactors(forvehiclefleetemissions)andon‐roadgramsofCO2permileemissionfactors(foremployeecommuteemissions).
Data and Models for Current Inventory TrafficmodelresultsfortheCommunityinventoryprovidedbyFehrandPeersfor2014.The
trafficmodelusedtheorigin‐destinationmethodforVMTfortheunincorporatedCounty.ThismethodassignstheVMTtotheCountyusingthefollowingprotocol:100%oftripsthatstartandendintheCounty,50%ofthetripsthatstartintheCountybutendoutsideoftheCounty,and50%ofthetripsthatstartoutsideoftheCountybutendintheCounty.Nothroughtripsareincluded.
ARB’sEMFAC2014modelemissionfactors2
Totalnumberofmunicipalemployees(19,460)
Employeecommutedataformunicipalemployees,conductedin2015
2TheEmissionsFactor(EMFAC)modelisatransportationmodelissuedbytheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard.Itincludesasetofemissionfactorsthatrepresentthelocalvehiclefleet,speeds,andenvironmentalconditionsthatcanbeusefulinperformingproject‐levelairqualitymodeling
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San Bernardino Greenhouse Gas Inventory Update A-8 October 2017
Fuelconsumptionbyfueltype(diesel,gas,etc.)forallCounty‐ownedvehiclesandotherequipment(i.e.diesel‐poweredgenerators)forFY2015providedbyCountyFleetManagementdepartment
Fuelemissionsfactors(ClimateRegistry2016)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Community:Quantificationofon‐roadtransportationemissionsfollowedthe2013CommunityProtocol.CommunityVMTdatawasprovidedbyFehrandPeersfor2014.
TodeterminepassengerVMTfortheCounty,FehrandPeersapportionedone‐halfofthetripdistanceforanytripwithanoriginordestinationwithintheCounty.Thiseliminatesapportioningthrough‐tripsonfreewaysormajorarterialstotheCounty,whileaddingregionaltrafficburdentolandusesgeneratingtripsona50/50split.ThisisthecurrentrecommendedapproachoftheState’sRegionalTargetsAdvisoryCommittee(RTAC)andprovidesabetteraccountingofVMTassociatedwithlandusejurisdictionthanapproachesthatapportionVMTonapro‐ratashareoronthebasisofVMTthatoccurswithintheboundariesofajurisdiction.ThisapproachcanalsohelptorevealpotentialdifferencesinVMTgenerationthatcanbeusefulduringfuturelanduseandGHGreductionplanning.TheEMFAC2014modelwasusedtodetermineemissionfactors,andthosefactorsweremultipliedbyVMTtoquantifyGHGemissions.
Municipal:MunicipalGHGemissionsincludeemployeecommuteandvehiclefleetemissions.Employeecommuteemissionswereestimatedusingemployeecommutesurveydataconductedat10CountysitesthatareconsideredregulatedsitesbytheSCAQMD(siteswithmorethan250employees).Thesurveyaskedmunicipalemployeeshowtheygettoandfromwork(i.e.drivealone,carpool,motorcycle,bus,walk,bicycle,telecommute).Theresponsesfromallthesiteswereaggregatedandcomputedintopercentages(i.e.86%ofallsurveyedemployeesdrovealone,0.5%tookthebus),andthepercentageswerethenappliedtoallCountyemployees.Aone‐waycommutetripdistanceof16mileswasassumed,basedonsurveyresponses.EmployeecommuteVMTwasthencalculatedbasedontheaforementionedassumptions,andVMTwasmultipliedbytheappropriateemissionfactorsfromtheEMFACmodel.
VehiclefleetemissionswereestimatedusingtheCounty’smostrecentfuelconsumptiondata,mileagedata,andothervehiclefleetdata,providedbytheCountyFleetManagementdepartment.FuelconsumptiondatawasmultipliedbytheappropriatefuelemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistry(ClimateRegistry2016).
Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment (Community Only) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromsmalloff‐roadequipment(e.g.,recreational,harborcraft,railyard,privateairport,lawnandgarden,agricultural,commercial,andindustrialequipment).
Methods Used in Previous Inventory ThepreviousinventoryreportedthefindingsoftheSCAQMDGHGinventory,which,inturn,usedtheARB’sOFFROADmodeltoquantifyemissions(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2016).County‐wideemissionswereapportionedtotheunincorporatedareasusingpopulation.
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Data and Models for Current Inventory ARB’sOFFROADmodel
Fuelemissionsfactors(ClimateRegistry2016)
CountysocioeconomicdataprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics
AgriculturalacreageprovidedbyPlaceWorks
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Community:The2013CommunityProtocolrecommendsusingtheU.S.EPA’sNONROADmodel,butthisanalysisusesARB’sOFFROADmodelbecauseitismorespecifictoCaliforniacommunitiesthantheNONROADmodel.
ARB’sOFFROADmodelprovidesestimatesforemissionsatthecountylevelforavarietyofoff‐roadequipmenttypes,includingconstructionequipment,lawnandgardenequipment,airportgroundsupportequipment,andrecreationalequipment.Thisanalysiswasbasedonthemodel’sdefaultassumptionofannualhoursofoperationforallequipmentintheCounty.Emissionsresultingfromtheuseofagriculturalequipmentwereincludedunderthissector.
Emissionwereapportionedfromeachequipmenttype(i.e.construction,industrial,lawn)bytherelevantsocioeconomicmetricfortheCounty(i.e.population,employment,households).Forinstance,lawnequipmentemissionsaremodeledfortheentireCounty(incorporatedplusunincorporated)andareapportionedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingthepercentageofhouseholdsintheunincorporatedareasrelativetothewholeCounty.Householdswereassumedtobethemostrelevantmetrictolawnequipment.Forotherequipment,suchasconstructionorindustrialequipment,employmentdatawasusedtoscaleemissions,asthesemetricsaremostrelevanttothoseequipmenttypes.AgriculturalequipmentemissionswereapportionedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingagriculturalacreagedataratherthansocioeconomicdata.
Solid Waste/Landfills (Community and Municipal) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsassociatedwiththedecompositionofwastegeneratedbytheCounty.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory TheCounty’spreviouscommunityGHGinventoryusedwaste‐in‐placeandmethanecapturedataforCountyoperatedlandfillsfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandthefirst‐orderdecaymodeloutlinedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).
Data and Models for Current Inventory TonsofwastesenttoCounty‐operatedlandfillsin2014‐2015providedbytheCountySolid
WasteManagementDivision
ARB’sFirstOrderDecayModel(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2010)DRAFT
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WastedisposaltonsfromresidentialandcommercialusesinSanBernardinoCountyin2014,fromtheCaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery(CalRecycle2017)
WastematerialprofiledataforSanBernardinoCounty,fromtheCaliforniaDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery(CalRecycle2017)
Wasteemissionfactorsfromthe2013CommunityProtocol(ICLEI2013)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Emissionsfromsolidwastewereestimatedusingawaste‐in‐placemethodologythataccountsforwastegeneratedanddisposedofinlandfillsoperatedbytheCounty.Afirstorderdecay(FOD)modelcreatedbytheARBandbasedonIPCCmethodologywasusedtoestimateemissionsfromwastethatdecaysinlandfills(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2010).TheFODmodelaccountsforallwastegeneratedbytheCommunitythatissenttoCounty‐operatedlandfills,whichisthevastmajorityofwasteintheCounty.AsmallportionoftheCounty’swasteissenttonon‐Countyoperatedlandfills.DatafromCalRecyclefortheselandfillswasusedtodeterminetheemissionsattributedto“wastegeneration”emissionsfromthecommunityfromwastenotaccountedforintheCountyoperatedemissions.
Formunicipalemissions,itwasassumedthatallwastegeneratedaspartofCountyoperationsissenttoCounty‐operatedlandfills.ThetotalmunicipalemissionsarethenequaltotheFODmodelemissionsresultsfortheCounty‐operatedlandfills.
Water Use (Community and Municipal) Waterconsumption‐relatedemissionsoriginatefromenergyusedtotransport,treat,andpumpwatertotheCounty,includingwaterconsumedatCounty‐ownedfacilities.Emissionsfromwaterusewereestimatedforthefollowingsources:1)theenergyassociatedwithwaterusageinsidetheCounty(suchaslocalpumpsdistributingwaterwithintheCounty)and2)energyassociatedwithwatertransportfromoutsidetheCounty(suchasregionalpumpsdeliveringwatertotheCounty’sborders).Electricityusedtotreatanddistributewaterlocallyiscapturedwithinthebuildingenergysector;allattemptsweremadetoavoidanydoublecountingofthisenergyuseandresultingemissionsbysubtractingwater‐relatedemissionsfromthebuildingenergysector.
Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsassociatedwithwaterconsumptionintheCounty.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory WaterconsumptionemissionswereestimatedinthepreviousinventorybyusingimportedwaterquantitiessuppliedtotheCountyandenergyintensityfactorsfromtheCaliforniaEnergyCommissiontocalculateelectricityassociatedwithimportedwater.GHGemissionswerequantifiedbymultiplyingenergyconsumptionandtheutilityGHGemissionfactor.
Data and Models for Current Inventory WaterdemandquantitiesforareasintheCountywithurbanwatermanagementplans,compiled
byPlaceWorks
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CountysocioeconomicdataprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics
Water‐relatedelectricityintensityfactorsforSouthernCaliforniafromthe2013CommunityProtocol
WaterconsumptionatCountyfacilitiesprovidedbyCountydepartments
UtilityspecificelectricityGHGemissionfactorsforSCEandregionalaverageemissionfactorsfromtheU.S.EPAforallotherutilityCO2estimates,andforCH4andN2O
Numberofmunicipalemployees
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Community:WaterdatafromallrelevanturbanwatermanagementplansintheCountywerecompiledandprovidedbyPlaceWorks.Fromthisdata,percapitawaterestimateswerecalculatedforeachregion.BecausetheurbanwatermanagementplanswerenotavailableforeverywaterproviderintheCounty,thepercapitawaterestimateswereappliedtotheentireunincorporatedCounty’spopulationtoensurethattheestimatesofwaterconsumptionwouldbecomprehensive.Energyusetosupply,treat,anddistributewaterwascalculatedbyusingthewaterenergyemissionfactorsforSouthernCaliforniainthe2013CommunityProtocol.GHGemissionswerethencalculatedusingtheappropriateutilityemissionfactors.Water‐relatedenergyusewassubtractedfromthebuildingenergysectortoavoiddoublecounting.
Municipal:MunicipalwaterconsumptionwasprovidedbyindividualCountydepartments.Datawasprovidedfromwaterbillingdataasfeasiblebutwasestimatedbasedonbuildingsquarefootageforbuildingswherewater‐specificdatawasnotavailable.TotalgallonsofwaterconsumedinmunicipalbuildingsweremultipliedbythesameenergyintensityfactorsdiscussedaboveandmultipliedbytheutilityGHGemissionfactors.
Wastewater Treatment (Community and Municipal) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromthetreatmentofindustrial,residential,commercial,andmunicipalwastewaterproducedwithintheCounty.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory Inthepreviousinventory,statewidewastewateremissionsfromtheARB’sGHGinventorywerescaledtotheCountyusingtheCounty’sproportionofpopulationrelativetothestate’spopulation.
Data and Models for Current Inventory 2013CommunityProtocolpopulation‐basedequationsforemissionscalculations(ICLEI–
2013).
CountysocioeconomicdataprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics
Totalnumberofmunicipalemployees(19,460)
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Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Community:Wastewaterflowsandtheresultingfugitiveemissionsweredeterminedusingpopulationbasedequationsinthe2013CommunityProtocol.GHGemissionsfromelectricityconsumptionatwastewatertreatmentplantswerecalculatedaccordingtothe2013CommunityProtocol,bymultiplyingwastewaterflowtotalsbyenergyintensityfactorsforthetreatmentofwastewater.Aftercalculatingthecommunitywastewateremissions,apercapitarateofemissionswascalculatedbasedontheunincorporatedCountypopulation.Thepercapitarateofemissionswasthenappliedtothenumberofmunicipalemployeestocalculatedwastewateremissiongeneratedfrommunicipalemployees.
Refrigerants (Community and Municipal) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromtheleakageofrefrigerantsthatcontainorconsistofHFCcompoundsthatcontributetoglobalwarming.Thesechemicalsareusedinrefrigeration,firesuppressionequipment,airconditioners,andchillers.Throughtheinstallation,use,anddisposalofthesesystemsandproducts,leaksarelikelytooccur.Althoughtheleaksaregenerallysmall,emissionsmaybesignificantbecausethesechemicalstypicallyhavehighglobalwarmingpotentials(GWPs).
Methods Used in Previous Inventory RefrigerantemissionswerenotincludedintheCounty’spreviousGHGinventory.
Data and Models for Current Inventory StatewiderefrigerantemissionsfromtheARB’s2014GHGinventory(CaliforniaAirResources
Board2017)
Californiastatewidepopulation(CaliforniaDepartmentofFinance2016)
RefrigerantpurchasesandusageinCounty‐ownedequipment,providedbytheSpecialDistrictsdepartmentandArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenter
TheU.S.EPA’sAccountingTooltoSupportFederalReportingofHFCEmissions(U.S.EPA2017)
GWPsfromtheLGOPandtheIPCC(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardet.al.2010;IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange2013)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory
Community
BecauserefrigerantdataattheCountylevelisgenerallynotavailable,theCommunityinventoryusesatop‐downpopulation‐basedapproach.StatewiderefrigerantemissionswereobtainedfromtheARB’s2014GHGinventory.TocalculateCounty‐levelrefrigerantemissions,aper‐capitarateofemissionswascalculatedforthestatewideinventory.ThepercapitarateofemissionswasthenmultipliedbythenumberofpeopleintheunincorporatedCounty.
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Municipal
The2013CommunityProtocol,theLGOP,andaU.S.EPAtoolwereusedtoquantifyemissionsfrommunicipalrefrigerantuse.TotalrefrigerantpurchasesbyrefrigeranttypeandbyweightwereobtainedfromtheCountySpecialDistrictsdepartmentandfortheArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenter.GiventhattherearemanymorebuildingsownedorleasedbytheCountythathaverefrigerant‐consumingequipmentthantheSpecialDistrictsandArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenterbuildings,datacollectioneffortswouldhavebeenoverlyburdensome.TheU.S.EPA’sAccountingTooltoSupportFederalReportingofHFCEmissionswasusedtoclosethegapforallotherbuildingswherepurchaseorconsumptiondatawasnotavailable.TheEPA’stoolisintendedformunicipalusesandcalculatesrefrigerantusebasedonsquarefootageandbuildingtype(i.e.school,office,hospital,etc.).
FortheequipmentforwhichrefrigerantconsumptiondatawaseasilyavailablefromtheCounty(equipmentinSpecialDistrictsfacilitiesandArrowheadRegionalMedicalCenter),therefrigerantquantitiesweremultipliedbytheapplicableGWPfromtheIPCCand/orLGOP.
Agriculture (Community Only) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfrommanuremanagement(fugitiveemissionsofmethaneandnitrousoxide),entericfermentation(fugitiveemissionsofmethaneandnitrousoxide),andfertilizeruse(fugitiveemissionsofnitrousoxide).Otheremissionsourcesfromagriculturewereexcludedbecausetheyarenotcoveredinthe2013CommunityProtocol.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory TheCounty’spreviousinventoryestimatedagriculture‐relatedemissionsassociatedwithfarmingoperations,includingentericfermentationandmanuremanagement,andwasteburninganddisposal.Livestock‐relatedagriculturalemissionswerequantifiedusinglivestockpopulationdatafromtheCountyDepartmentofAgriculture,Weights,andMeasuresfor1990andprojectedto2007usingpopulationdata.WasteburninganddisposalemissionswerecalculatedusingemissionfactorsfromtheARB.TheagricultureemissionsfortheunincorporatedareaswerethencalculatedbyusingtheunincorporatedCounty’sratioofpopulationrelativetothewholeCounty.
Data and Models for Current Inventory SanBernardinoCountyCropReportfor2014(SanBernardinoCounty2014)
U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)NationalAgriculturalStatisticsService(U.S.DepartmentofAgriculturen.d.)
Emissionsfactorsfromthe2013CommunityProtocol(ICLEI2013)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory Emissionsfromagriculturalvehicleswerebasedoncountywideactivitylevelsofthesevehicles,basedontheOFFROADmodeloutputs(theseemissionswereincludedintheoff‐roadvehiclesand
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Equipmentsector).Itshouldbenotedthatthe2013CommunityProtocoldoesnotincludeagriculturalvehicle‐relatedemissionswithotheragriculturalemissions.
ManuremanagementemissionswerecalculatedusinglivestockpopulationnumbersestimatedfromtheCountyAgricultureCommissionerfordairycows,beefcows,othercattle,chickens,andturkeysfortheentireCounty.StandardemissionsfactorsfromU.S.EPAandARB,and2013CommunityProtocolequationsspecifictomanuremanagementwereused.Similarly,emissionsresultingfromentericfermentationwerecalculatedusinglivestockpopulationnumbersfromtheAgricultureCommissionerforcows,standardemissionsfactorsfromARBandU.S.EPA,and2013CommunityProtocolequationsspecifictoentericfermentation.
BecausethecropreportappliestotheentireCounty,emissionswerescaledtoonlytheunincorporatedCountythroughconsultationwiththeagriculturalcommissioner.TheCountyagriculturecommissionerindicatedthat90%ofdairyfacilitiesintheCountyarelocatedintheCityofChinoand10%arelocatedintheVictorvilleandBarstowareas(Lampmanpers.comm.).BasedonareviewofGoogleEarthimagery,itwasassumedthatthedairieslocatedintheVictorvilleandBarstowareasarenotlocatedwithinincorporatedareasandarethereforelocatedintheunincorporatedCounty.Thus,only10%ofthelivestockemissionscalculatedusingthecountywidecropreportwereincludedintheinventorytotaltoapproximatetheunincorporatedCounty’sportionoflivestockemissions.
Emissionsresultingfromfertilizerusewerecalculatedusingthecropacreagedatainthecountywidecropreportasthebasisforthefertilizeranalysis.ThequantitiesoffertilizerappliedtothecropswerecalculatedusingtheUSDA’sNationalAgriculturalStatisticsServicedata,whichprovidesestimatesfortheaverageamountsoffertilizerappliedperacrefordifferentcroptypesinCalifornia.DatayearsfortheUSDAfertilizerdatarangefrom1990to2015,thoughsomeyearsdonothaveanydata.Anaveragewastakenacrossallyearstoestimateanaveragefertilizerapplicationrateforeachcroptype.UsingthetotalfertilizerquantitiesappliedtocropsintheCountyin2014andthe2013CommunityProtocolequationsforfertilizeruse,N2Oemissionsemittedfromthefertilizerwerequantified.Consistentwiththe2013CommunityProtocol,agriculturalwasteburninganddisposalemissionswerenotincludedintheinventory.
Residential Fuel Use (Community Only) Overview CalculationofGHGemissionsfromresidentialcombustionoffossilfuels,exceptingnaturalgas(accountedforinthebuildingenergyusesector).Thisincludespropane,kerosene,andwood.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory ThepreviousinventoryincludedGHGemissionsfrommiscellaneoussources,namelymethaneemissionsgeneratedbyfiresandcookingatresidences,andthesesourcesofemissionswereaminorcomponentofthepreviousinventory(approximately0.01%).Toquantifyemissions,thepreviousinventoryutilizedcountywideestimatesforfireandcookingemissionsfromtheSCAQMDinventoryandscaledtotheunincorporatedareasusingpopulation.DRAFT
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Data and Models for Current Inventory CountysocioeconomicdataprovidedbyCalthorpeAnalytics
U.S.CensusdataonhomeheatingfuelsfromtheAmericanCommunitySurvey(U.S.Census.2014)
EnergyInformationAdministration’sResidentialEnergyConsumptionSurveydatasetforhomeheatingfuels(EnergyInformationAdministration2009)
EIAStateEnergyDataSystem(SEDS)(EnergyInformationAdministration2017)
FuelcombustionemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistry(ClimateRegistry2017)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory TheCountyusedquantificationmethodsconsistentwiththe2013CommunityProtocoltoquantifyGHGemissionsfromresidentialfuelcombustion.ThenumberofhouseholdsintheCountythatuseeachtypeoffuelwasdeterminedusingstatewideinformationfromtheEnergyInformationAdministration(EIA)andtheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Fuelconsumptionforeachfueltypewascalculatedusingstate‐levelfuelusefromtheEIA’sStateEnergyDataSystem.ThefuelusewasthenmultipliedbyfuelcombustionemissionfactorsfromtheClimateRegistryprotocolstodetermineemissions.
Community Emissions Sectors for Informational Purposes Only
Thefollowingsectorsarepresentedasinformationalitemsbutwerenotaddedtotheemissionstotalforthecommunityinventoryorforecast.
Stationary Sources (Community Only) Overview ThissectorincludesGHGemissionsfromnonresidentialstationary(typicallyindustrial)combustionoffossilfuelsofanytypeexceptnaturalgas(accountedforinthebuildingenergyusesector)andfugitiveemissionsfromindustrialprocessesintheCounty.
Methods Used in Previous Inventory ThepreviousinventoryutilizedfuelconsumptiondatafromtheSCAQMDGHGinventorytoestimateemissionsfornon‐cementsourcesandused2008ARBemissionsandclinker3consumptiondatatoestimateemissionsforcementsources.Fornon‐cementsources,thepreviousinventorymethodsincludedscalingthetotalcountywide(incorporated+unincorporated)emissionstotheunincorporatedCountybymultiplyingbytheproportionofunincorporatedCountypopulation.Thisapproachwasidentifiedasadatalimitationinthepreviousinventory,becausepopulationandstationarysourceactivityarenotnecessarilycorrelated.Forcementsources,2008cementplant
3Clinkerisaningredientusedincementproduction
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emissionswereobtainedfromtheARBandadjustedfor2007usingthechangeinclinkerdatabetween2007and2008.
Data and Models for Current Inventory GHGemissionsdatafromtheARB’sonlineGHGEmissionsReportingToolandtheIntegrated
EmissionsMappingTool(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2017)
Inventory Methods for Current Inventory GHGemissionsdataforallfacilitiesthatemitmorethan10,000MTCO2eperyearintheCountywereprovidedbytheARBbyzipcodeandcounty.ThecountylevelemissionswereallocatedtotheunincorporatedCountyusingeachfacility’szipcode.
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