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APPENDIX D3 – VEGETATION REPORT
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Vegetation Report
Proposed dune stabilisation and rehabilitation on
Erf 347 in Cape St Francis in the Eastern Cape
Report done in-house by
Merika Louw
Botanical Specialist
CEN IEM Unit
August 2018
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1. Introduction
CEN IEM Unit was appointed by the applicant, the Cheron Kraak Family Trust, to conduct a
site survey and vegetation assessment on their seafront property, Erf 347, in the northern
residential area of Cape St Francis in the Kouga Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape
[approximate central GPS coordinates: 34° 12.006’ S, 24° 50.063’ E]. The property is located
at the eastern-most extent of De Jonge Thomas Avenue, and falls within close proximity to
the southern boundary of the Seal Bay Local Authority Nature Reserve (Formal land-based
protected areas: National Biodiversity Assessment, 2011; BGIS, 2007).
The property is located, in terms of the larger landscape, on an established i.e. largely
vegetated coastal dune system, and is located within 100 m of the high water mark of the
beach, to the east. There are existing residences to the north and west of the property, a
tarred road to the north-west (from which the property is accessed), and foredunes in an
established or vegetated state, an incipient dune in a partly-vegetated state, and dune
blowouts, to the west, south and east of the property. The property itself can be classified as
an established i.e. vegetated foredune in the northern portion of the property (less than
50%), and dune blowout (with the potential to become an incipient dune, and later an
established dune, with active intervention) in the southern portion of the property.
The applicant intends to stabilise and rehabilitate the dune blowout on the property, using
stabilising structures and re-vegetation, in order to develop a residence on the property in
future.
1.1 Terms of reference
This vegetation report aims to –
Review available publications for the area and extract important information which
needs to be considered when assessing the sensitivity of, and potential impacts on,
on-site vegetation.
Do a site survey to describe the biophysical composition and characteristics of the
site, and identify important ecological attributes and / or sensitive areas.
Identify Protected Plants and Species of Conservation Concern (SCC’s) which may
require permits prior to disturbance during development.
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2. Vegetation Maps and Conservation Plans
2.1 Mucina and Rutherford (2006) / National Vegetation Map (2012 beta 2)
Mucina and Rutherford (2006) have mapped vegetation on the property as AZs1 Algoa
Dune Strandveld vegetation, an Azonal vegetation type, part of the Eastern Strandveld
Bioregion. Algoa Dune Strandveld is assigned a conservation status of Least threatened and
a protection status of Poorly protected [conservation target: 20%; protected: 4.1% (+7.2%);
remaining: 88.9%; Mucina and Rutherford, 2006; see Figure 1, below].
Algoa Dune Strandveld vegetation is described as ‘tall (up to 5 m) dense thickets on dunes
mainly outside the influence of salt spray, dominated by stunted trees, shrubs (often armed
with spines and thorns), abundant lianas and sparse herbaceous and grassy undergrowth’.
This vegetation type is present on aeolian dune sands of the Schelm Hoek Formation of the
Algoa Group (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006).
Important Taxa for Algoa Dune Strandveld (species in RED were identified on the property):
(SStunted shrubby forms of trees) Succulent Tree: Aloe africana (d). Succulent Shrubs:
Cotyledon velutina, Lycium cinereum, Zygophyllum morgsana. Tall Shrubs: Azima
tetracantha (d), Brachylaena discolorS (d), Chrysanthemoides monilifera (d), Cussonia
thyrsifloraS (d), Euclea racemosa subsp. racemosaS (d), Maytenus procumbens (d),
Mystroxylon aethiopicumS (d), Pterocelastrus tricuspidatusS (d), Rhus crenata (d), Schotia
afra var. afraS (d), Scutia myrtinaS (d), Sideroxylon inermeS (d), Tarchonanthus littoralisS (d),
Canthium spinosumS, Cassine peraguaS, Dovyalis rotundifoliaS, Euclea natalensisS, E.
racemosa subsp. macrophylla, Grewia occidentalis, Gymnosporia buxifolia, G. capitata,
Nylandtia spinosa, Olea exasperata, Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhus glauca, R. pterota,
Zanthoxylum capenseS. Low Shrubs: Carissa bispinosa (d), Dimorphotheca fruticosa,
Pelargonium suburbanum subsp. suburbanum, Robsonodendron maritimum. Succulent
Woody Climber: Sarcostemma viminale. Woody Climbers: Rhoicissus digitata (d),
Asparagus retrofractus, Solanum africanum. Herbaceous Climbers: Cynanchum natalitium
(d), C. ellipticum, C. obtusifolium, Secamone alpini. Succulent Herb: Sansevieria
hyacinthoides. Graminoids: Brachiaria chusqueoides (d), Panicum deustum.
Endemic Taxa for Algoa Dune Strandveld:
Succulent Shrub: Cotyledon adscendens. Tall Shrubs: Gymnosporia elliptica, Rapanea
gilliana. Herb: Lobelia zwartkopensis. Geophytic Herb: Brunsvigia litoralis (Mucina and
Rutherford, 2006).
Vegetation on the property can be described as a dense, stunted form of AZs1 Algoa
Dune Strandveld vegetation. Very few of the species listed as Important Taxa for
Algoa Dune Strandveld are present on the property. This is, however, not
unexpected on a property consisting largely of bare sand in a dune blowout; in an
area located very close to the ocean, which experiences salt-spray and continuous
wind erosion, and is under partial invasion by Acacia cyclops trees (Rooikrans).
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Figure 1. Mucina and Rutherford (2006) / National Vegetation Map (2012 beta 2)
classification of vegetation types present on the property and surrounds i.e. AZs1 Algoa
Dune Strandveld [in pink], and AZd3 Cape Seashore vegetation along the shoreline [in light
green]. Seal Bay Local Authority Nature Reserve indicated as green hashed area.
2.2 National List of Threatened Ecosystems (2011)
The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004): National
List of Threatened Ecosystems (2011) indicates that the property is not categorised as falling
within a threatened ecosystem.
2.3 Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (2007)
The Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (2007) indicates that the property falls
within a Terrestrial Critical Biodiversity Area 2 [CBA_step T3, CBA_coast T2, CBA_corr1
Corridor1] (see Figure 2, below). Terrestrial CBA 2 areas are included within Biodiversity
Land Management Class1 2: Near-natural landscapes. The recommended land use
objectives for BLMC 2 areas are to ‘maintain biodiversity in a near natural state with minimal
loss of ecosystem integrity. No transformation of natural habitat should be permitted’
(Berliner et al., 2007). The recommended permissible land uses for Terrestrial BLMC2 areas
are: conservation, game farming, and communal livestock keeping (Berliner et al., 2007).
The property does not fall within a Freshwater Aquatic CBA. It falls within quaternary sub-
catchment K80F, which includes the Slang Estuary (NBSAP ranking: 63).
Given that the property is located in a residential area, adjacent to existing
residences, and is relatively small in size i.e. compared to the remaining established
coastal dune areas in Cape St Francis, some of which are formally protected – a
significant change in its contribution to conservation, and the functioning of the
surrounding natural area as a Terrestrial CBA 2, is not anticipated.
1 Biodiversity Land Management Class (BLMC) refers to the desired ecological state that a parcel of
land should be kept in, so as to ensure biodiversity persistence (designations may be at the scale of habitat patch, landscape or catchment) (Berliner et al., 2007).
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Figure 2. The property falls within a Terrestrial CBA 2 [in light green] (ECBCP, 2007).
2.4 Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Project (2006)
The Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Project (STEP, 2006), which has largely been used to
inform CBA layers of the ECBCP (2007), identifies the property as falling within an
Endangered ecosystem (see Figure 3, below). Endangered ecosystems are described as
‘ecosystems whose original extent has been severely reduced, and whose health,
functioning and existence is endangered’ (Pierce, 2006). The ‘General Rule’ for development
of Endangered ecosystems is that it ‘can only withstand minimal loss of natural area through
disturbance or development’ (Pierce, 2006).
The STEP equivalent vegetation type for AZs1 Algoa Dune Strandveld (Mucina and
Rutherford, 2006) is Algoa Dune Thicket (Vlok and Euston-Brown, 2002).
The property is part of the northern residential area in Cape St Francis, and is a
privately-owned property i.e. not part of a nature reserve. Given the small size of the
property, a significant change in the ecological functioning of the surrounding natural
area is not anticipated, despite its proximity to the boundaries of Seal Bay Local
Authority Nature Reserve.
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Figure 3. The property [at the red star, approx.] falls within an Endangered ecosystem
[areas in orange], according to the STEP Mapbook (Pierce, 2006).
2.5 National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas project (2011)
The National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (NFEPA) project (2011) does not classify
the property as falling within a NFEPA. There are no wetlands present on the property.
The property falls within the Tsitsikamma Sub-water Management Area, in the larger Fish to
Tsitsikamma Water Management Area.
2.6 Garden Route Biodiversity Sector Plan (2010)
The Garden Route BSP (2010), which stems from the Garden Route Initiative (2008), is the
most fine-scale bioregional conservation plan, with associated maps, available for the Kouga
Local Municipality area. The greatest portion of the property is mapped as not falling within a
CBA (only the eastern-most ‘wedge’ is included within a CBA, and this area is unlikely to be
developed, as it falls on the property boundary; see Figure 4). The property is classified as
falling within a Transformed area: Urban, due to its presence in a residential area (see
Figure 5).
Vegetation on the property is mapped as Hartenbos Primary Dune, a solid vegetation type
within the Primary Dune habitat classification in the Marine Biome (see Figure 6). The
National Equivalent Ecosystem Status2 assigned to Hartenbos Primary Dune is Least
Threatened (Vromans et al., 2010).
Hartenbos Primary Dune vegetation is characterised by the presence of ‘Ammophila
arenaria (alien), Arctotheca populifolia, Gazania rigens, Hebenstretia cordata, Ipomoea pes-
caprae, Senecio elegans, Scaevola plumieri, Tetragonia decumbens and Thinopyrum
distichum. The plants tend to be sparse, but just inland (secondary dunes) the vegetation
becomes rapidly more dense and taller, with shrubs such as Metalasia muricata, Morella
cordifolia, Passerina rigida, Rhus crenata and often somewhat stunted Sideroxylon inerme
2 Ecosystem status of terrestrial ecosystems is based on the degree of habitat loss that has occurred
in each ecosystem, relative to two thresholds: one for maintaining healthy ecosystem functioning, and one for conserving the majority of species associated with the ecosystem (Vromans et al., 2010).
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present. The latter constitute the transition to Dune Thicket vegetation and the cut-off point
between these two units is often difficult to determine. We used the absence of species such
as Scaevola plumieri, Tetragonia decumbens and Thinopyrum distichum as indicating the
transition from Primary Dune to Dune Thicket units. The Primary Dune units act as a
precursor to the Dune Thicket units. Wherever they are absent, often due to stabilization of
the supporting Drift Sands habitat, wave action starts eating into the secondary dunes,
undermining the sands of the Dune Thicket. Gladiolus gueinzii is the only uncommon plant
species present in this unit’ (Vlok et al., 2008).
Given the presence of Coastal Thicket-type species in the northern portion of the
property, on an established foredune, vegetation on the (vegetated portion) of the
property is more accurately described as St Francis Strandveld, which is mapped
for the western, inland areas beyond the coastal foredunes on which the property is
located. Vegetation of the beach berms and (smaller, partly-vegetated) incipient
dunes located before (i.e. mostly east of) established, vegetated foredunes in the
area can be described as Hartenbos Primary Dune vegetation – consisting mostly of
dune pioneers.
St Francis Strandveld vegetation is described as patches of Dune Thicket which form
in dune slacks, are generally 2 to 3 m tall, and contain a diverse mix of resprouting
woody species. Vegetation can also be stunted, less than 1 m tall, and contain an
unusual mix of Fynbos-related species. It is a fire-tolerant vegetation type, but not as
fire-dependent as Fynbos or Grassland vegetation, and tolerates long inter-fire
periods with this altering its mosaic structure or diversity (Vlok et al., 2008).
Figure 4. The greatest portion of the property does not fall within a Critical Biodiversity Area
[areas in light green] (Garden Route BSP, 2010).
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Figure 5. The greatest portion of the property falls within a Transformed area: Urban [areas
in orange]. Areas in light green are classified as Natural (Garden Route BSP, 2010).
Figure 6. Vegetation on the property is classified as Hartenbos Primary Dune [in red].
Vegetation to the north-west is classified as St Francis Strandveld [in purple], and to the
south-east as Kleinkrantz Drift Sands [in blue] (Garden Route BSP, 2010).
2.7 Summary of available literature:
Available biodiversity planning documents indicate that the property includes:
A Least threatened vegetation type (AZs1 Algoa Dune Strandveld; Mucina and
Rutherford, 2006 / National Vegetation Map, 2012 beta 2);
An Endangered ecosystem (STEP, 2006);
A Terrestrial Critical Biodiversity Area 2 [CBA_step T3, CBA_coast T2, CBA_corr1
Corridor1], with no Freshwater Aquatic CBA present (ECBCP, 2007);
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An area not classified as a CBA, in an area deemed Transformed due to Urban land
use, with vegetation classified as Hartenbos Primary Dune, though more aptly
described as St Francis Strandveld vegetation (Garden Route BSP, 2010);
No wetlands present on site, and no freshwater ecosystem priority areas present on
site (NFEPA, 2011).
3. Vegetation / Site Description
Members of CEN IEM Unit conducted a site assessment on 19 June 2018. The site was
surveyed on foot. Observations included: a list of plant species present on site; the presence
of Protected Plants and / or Species of Conservation Concern (SCC’s); the presence of
different vegetation or habitat types, and the presence of man-made structures on site.
Photographs were taken at various points across the site. Photographs were compared to
photographs taken during an earlier site visit in December 2017 (see Figures 7 to 14,
below).
3.1 Vegetation description
The property consists of a raised, established i.e. vegetated, coastal foredune in the north to
north-western portion (running west to east), which is the highest point on the property,
sloping down into the central dune blowout area, which has no established vegetation and
also runs roughly west to east on the property. From the dune blowout the property again
slopes upwards to an established foredune that runs west to east beyond the southern
boundary of the property, parallel to the northern foredune on the property. [Foredunes form
parallel ‘fingers’, running west to east (towards the sea), all along the coast in the Cape St
Francis area, with dune blowouts forming naturally between foredunes in places.]
A low sand berm, causing a gentle upslope towards the east, is located along the eastern
property boundary fence – creating an elongated ‘bowl’ shape to the dune blowout. It is
unclear whether the sand berm occurs naturally, was man-made (before branches were laid
down as a stabilisation measure), or whether it has formed due to wind-blown sand
accumulation along the boundary fence (along which Vachellia karroo / Sweet Thorn tree
branches have also been laid down).
During an earlier site visit (December 2017), no attempts at stabilisation or rehabilitation of
the dune blowout area had yet been made (see Figures 9 and 10, below). By the time of
this assessment (June 2018), however, in an effort to restrict foot traffic across the property,
specifically the dune blowout which is sensitive to further erosion, and to encourage the
accumulation of wind-blown sand in the dune blowout ‘bowl’ area – branches of Coastal
Thicket shrubs and trees cut down elsewhere e.g. Brachylaena discolor, Osteospermum
moniliferum, Vachellia karroo and Searsia crenata, had been laid down along the edge of
Coastal Thicket at the access to the property, as well as across the entire dune blowout area
up to the existing established vegetation line on the foredunes, and the eastern property
boundary fence. All exposed sand, but the pathway from De Jonge Thomas Avenue up the
established foredune down to the dune blowout area, had been covered in branches. A
worker was laying down more branches at the time of this assessment.
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At the time of this assessment, therefore, the greatest portion of the property including the
dune blowout was covered in a high, dense layer of dead (brown) tree branches up to and
level with shrubs at the base of established foredunes around the dune blowout area.
The sand below dead tree branches was barely visible, and the understorey heavily
shaded. Successful recruitment of pioneer coastal dune species (which enable soil
binding and ultimately dune stabilisation) under heavily shaded conditions, and over
an extended period of time, is unlikely to occur. Tree branches will need to
decompose and break down fast and form a thinner layer of mulch at the base of the
dune blowout in order to allow sufficient heat, light and moisture retention for seed
germination of pioneer species.
Alternatively, the layer of tree branches should be thinned out once sufficient soil has
accumulated in the dune blowout.
The access to the property off De Jonge Thomas Avenue consists of a small lawn of
Cynodon dactylon (Kweek Gras / Couch Grass), with a few weedy herbs and forbs on
disturbed areas of exposed sand. The raised ‘façade’ of Coastal Thicket on the foredune in
the northern portion of the property has also been covered with tree branches.
Vegetation on the established (i.e. vegetated) foredunes in the northern portion of the
property can be described as solid St Francis Strandveld, with a mixture of woody Coastal
Dune Thicket and Fynbos-type species (Vlok et al., 2008; Garden Route BSP, 2010).
Dominant woody trees and shrubs include: Osteospermum moniliferum, Brachylaena
discolor, Metalasia muricata, Searsia crenata, and Acacia cyclops.
The overall plant species richness and diversity is, however, very low on the property
(see Table I, below).
Vegetation on the property, in its present state, can be considered to be of low
conservation value i.t.o. biodiversity, and its contribution to conservation of Coastal
Dune Thicket in the larger Cape St Francis area.
The property is, however, of high environmental sensitivity overall. The property
consists largely of a dune blowout with bare, unconsolidated sand which is highly
sensitive to water and wind erosion. The sparsely-vegetated incipient dunes and
sand berms are also highly sensitive to water and wind erosion, as well as the
established foredunes. The steep, exposed slopes of coastal foredunes still
experience some water and wind erosion, and steep slopes may experience
slumping during heavy rainfall, despite the layer of shrubs and roots binding and
stabilising the upper soil layers.
The only alien invasive tree species present on the property is Acacia cyclops (Rooikrans –
introduced for its efficacy as a coastal dune pioneer, and stabiliser of coastal dunes), with
densely-growing, stunted plants present on the higher foredunes in the north-western portion
of the property.
Rooikrans trees should not be cleared at this stage of the stabilisation and
rehabilitation process, as it will encourage soil erosion and destabilisation of the
established foredune in the north-western portion of the property. Recruitment of
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Rooikrans seedlings must be discouraged and eliminated in areas that are newly-
disturbed, or which have not yet been invaded.
Figure 7. December 2017 – Facing south, overlooking a footpath through Coastal Thicket
vegetation on an established foredune (the highest point on the property), at the northern
access to the property off De Jonge Thomas Avenue.
Figure 8. June 2018 – Facing south, at the northern access to the property, where branches
have been lain to discourage foot traffic on the property and encourage sand build-up.
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Figure 9. December 2017 – Facing east from the top of the established foredune in the
north-western portion of property, facing east towards to beach, overlooking the dune
blowout in the central portion of the property.
Figure 10. December 2017 – Facing west from the dune blowout, or central ‘bowl’ of the
property, towards the established foredune in the north-western portion of the property.
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Figure 11. June 2018 – Coastal Thicket of the established foredune along the eastern
property boundary, facing north-west. The dune blowout area (to the left in the photograph)
has been filled up with branches, level with vegetation at the base of the foredune.
Figure 12. June 2018 – Facing north from the south-western property boundary. The
western and eastern property boundaries have been fenced, a sand berm formed along the
eastern property boundary, and branches packed in the dune blowout to encourage sand
build-up.
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Figure 13. June 2018 – Facing north-east from the south-western property boundary fence,
overlooking branches lain in the dune blowout.
Figure 14. June 2018 – Facing east from the south-western property boundary fence.
Branches end at the eastern property boundary (in the centre in the photograph), which
slopes gently upwards to a sand berm.
3.2 Protected Plants and Species of Conservation Concern (SCC’s)
The following legislation was consulted when annotating the list of plant species identified on
the property:
Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act No. 43 of 1983;
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 – Alien and Invasive Species Lists (published July 2016);
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Red List of South African Plants (version 2017.1);
National Forests Act No. 84 of 1998 – List of Protected Trees (published 23 December 2016);
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 – Amendment of Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable and Protected Species List (14 December 2007);
Eastern Province Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 19 of 1974;
Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill of 2003.
A total of 29 plant species were identified on the property (see Table I), of which one is listed
as an alien invasive plant i.e. Acacia cyclops (Rooikrans) (see Table II).
Protected plants, listed under the Eastern Province Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 19
of 1974 and the Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill of 2003, identified on the
property, include: a number of mesems, a bulb or geophyte, Chasmanthe sp., Sideroxylon
inerme subsp. inerme (White Milkwood), and Rhoicissus digitata.
No protected trees, listed under the National Forests Act 84 of 1998 (updated 23 December
2016), were identified on the property. However, it is possible, given the presence of Coastal
Thicket-type vegetation, and the layer of branches covering vegetation on the property, that
Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme occurs on the property and, where required, a permit from
DAFF must be obtained before disturbing or removing tree(s).
Please note: Protected plants and trees require permits from the relevant authorities
i.e. DEDEAT and DAFF, prior to their disturbance (which includes the trimming of the
branches of protected trees), removal, and / or transplantation.
3.3 Soils
The general description for soil on the property is ‘greyish, sandy soils’ (Biodiversity GIS
online interactive maps, 2007) – soil on the property, however, consists of white dune sand.
Soil is classed as ‘imperfectly drained sandy soils’. This soil class has favourable water-
holding properties. Limitations are that soil ‘may be highly erodible’ (Biodiversity GIS online
interactive maps, 2007) – consisting of white dune sand, and located on a foredune, soil on
the property is highly susceptible to wind and water erosion.
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Table I. Full annotated list of plant species observed on Erf 347 in Cape St Francis. Species in GREEN are Protected Plants / Species of
Conservation Concern (SCC’s). Species in RED are exotic and / or alien invasive plants.
Family Species Red List of South African Plants, 2017.1
EP Nat. Cons. Ordinance No. 19 of 1974
Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill, 2003
AIZOACEAE Carpobrotus deliciosus (L.Bolus) L.Bolus LC Schedule 4: Protected Schedule 5: Protected
AIZOACEAE Mesembryanthemum aitonis Jacq. LC Schedule 4: Protected Schedule 5: Protected
AIZOACEAE Tetragonia decumbens Mill. LC Schedule 4: Protected Schedule 5: Protected
ANACARDIACEAE Searsia crenata (Thunb.) Moffett LC
APOCYNACEAE Cynanchum natalitium Schltr. LC
Schedule 5: Protected
ARALIACEAE Cussonia thyrsiflora Thunb. LC
ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce LC
ASTERACEAE Arctotheca populifolia (P.J.Bergius) Norl. LC
ASTERACEAE Brachylaena discolor DC. LC
ASTERACEAE Metalasia muricata (L.) D.Don LC
ASTERACEAE Osteospermum moniliferum L. LC
ASTERACEAE Sonchus oleraceus L. NE
ASTERACEAE Stoebe plumosa (L.) Thunb. LC
ASTERACEAE Tarchonanthus littoralis P.P.J.Herman LC
BRASSICACEAE Sisymbrium orientale L. NE
CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch NE
CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium album L. NE
CYPERACEAE Cyperus sp. LC
FABACEAE Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don NE
FABACEAE Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Gallaso LC
FABACEAE Medicago sp. NE
IRIDACEAE Chasmanthe (cf. aethiopica (L.) N.E.Br.) LC Schedule 4: Protected Schedule 5: Protected
POACEAE Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. LC
POACEAE Ehrharta villosa J.H.Schult. LC
POACEAE Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. NE
POLYGONACEAE Rumex crispus L. NE
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Family Species Red List of South African Plants, 2017.1
EP Nat. Cons. Ordinance No. 19 of 1974
Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Bill, 2003
SAPOTACEAE Sideroxylon inerme L. subsp. inerme LC
Schedule 5: Protected
THYMELACEAE Passerina rigida Wikstr. LC
VITACEAE Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & M.Brandt LC
Schedule 5: Protected
Total: 29
Table II. Exotic and / or alien invasive plants identified on Erf 347 in Cape St Francis, listed under the Conservation of Agricultural
Resources Act, Act 43 of 1983, and the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 – Alien and Invasive Species
Lists (published July 2016).
Family Species CARA (1983) NEM:BA (2004)
ASTERACEAE Sonchus oleraceus L.
BRASSICACEAE Sisymbrium orientale L.
CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch
CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium album L.
FABACEAE Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don Category 2: Invader Category 1b
FABACEAE Medicago sp.
POACEAE Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.
POLYGONACEAE Rumex crispus L.
Total: 8
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4. References
Berliner D. and P. Desmet. 2007. Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan: Technical Report.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Project No 2005-012, Pretoria.
Berliner, D., Desmet, P. and R. Hayes. August 2007. Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan
Handbook. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Project No 2005-012, King William’s Town.
BiodiversityGIS (BGIS) online interactive maps. South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2007.
DEA-SANBI. 2012. National Biodiversity Assessment 2011: An assessment of South Africa’s biodiversity
and ecosystems. Synthesis Report. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Department of
Environmental Affairs, Pretoria.
Holness, S.D., Bradshaw, P. and Brown, A.E. 2010. Critical Biodiversity Areas of the Garden Route.
Conservation Planning Report March 2010. Garden Route Initiative. South African National Parks.
Knysna. 31 pp.
Mucina, L. and M.C. Rutherford (Eds.). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and
Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute: Pretoria. 807 pp.
Nel et al. August 2011. Technical Report for the National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas project.
Report to the Water Research Commission. WRC Report No. 1801/2/11.
Pierce, S.M. 2003. The STEP Handbook. Integrating the natural environment into land use decisions at
the municipal level: towards sustainable development. Terrestrial Ecology Research Unit Report No. 47.
University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Pierce, S.M. 2006. The STEP Mapbook, part of: The STEP Handbook. Integrating the natural environment
into land use decisions at the municipal level: towards sustainable development. Centre for African
Conservation Ecology Report Number 47 (Revised Edition). Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University,
South Africa.
SANBI, 2017. Red List of South African Plants, version 2017.1. (Red List of South African Plants, 2017.1)
South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2012. Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and
Swaziland [vector geospatial dataset] 2012. Available from the Biodiversity GIS website.
South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2012. Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and
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